1709:. The author, Arjee Restar, argued that Littman's study was fatally methodologically flawed, beginning with the choice to sample exclusively from users of three websites "known for telling parents not to believe their child is transgender", with the result that three-quarters of those surveyed had rejected their child's gender identity; 91 percent of respondents were white, 82 percent were women, and 66 percent were between the ages of 46 and 60. She wrote that the study was mostly composed of "white mothers who have strong oppositional beliefs about their children's trans identification" and that there was very little evidence that Littman's survey responses were representative of trans youth and young adults as a whole. She additionally argued "the majority of methodological and design issues stem from the use of a pathologizing framework and language of pathology to conceive, describe, and theorize the phenomenon as tantamount to both an infectious diseaseâŠand a disorder".
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and stated that despite the flaws that led to the paper's correction it "is a staple of arguments against gender-affirming care for minors because if it were true, it would suggest that the bulk of youth presenting for care: (a) are dissimilar enough from prior samples that any evidence for benefits could not be applied to them, and (b) are unlikely to be really trans, and therefore will likely regret transition should they access it. The expert witnesses thus uncritically accept
Littmanâs (2018) findings as established fact, and either ignore widespread criticisms of the paper (e.g., Levine, Hruz) and/or dismiss them as authoritarian âsilencingâ of sound science (e.g., Levine, Hruz, and Kaliebe)." They had previously stated "The rise of
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gender dysphoria from a younger age. The authors sought to establish whether there was any link between later awareness of gender ("rapid onset") and other factors including mental health problems, lack of parental support, and high level of support from online and/or transgender friends. No evidence was found for any link between "rapid onset" and mental health problems, lack of parental support, or high level of support from online or transgender friends. Where relationships were found, they were in the opposite direction to that suggested by
Littman's work. For instance, trans adolescents who had been dissatisfied with their gender for longer were more likely to suffer anxiety and more likely to misuse
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perspectives; and 2) recruitment included parents from community settings in which treatments for gender dysphoria are viewed with scepticism and are criticized. However, these findings have not been replicated. For a select subgroup of young people, susceptibility to social influence impacting gender may be an important differential to consider (Kornienko et al., 2016). However, caution must be taken to avoid assuming these phenomena occur prematurely in an individual adolescent while relying on information from datasets that may have been ascertained with potential sampling bias (Bauer et al., 2022; WPATH, 2018).
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increase in AFAB youth. It also found trans youth were more likely to be bullied than cisgender lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth and a substantial percentage of trans youth identified as LGB as well. This lack of increase in AFAB youth was interpreted as inconsistent with the social contagion hypothesis. The higher rates of bullying for trans youth compared to cisgender LGB youth and substantial percentage of transgender youth who also identified as LGB were also interpreted as evidence against the hypothesis that youth are transitioning to avoid stigma related to being a
1830:"very good-faith attempt" to "find out what's going on" and adding, "As a person I am liberal; I'm pro-LGBT. I saw a phenomenon with my own eyes and I investigated, found that it was different than what was in the scientific literature." Littman has also stated that her paper "does not apply to all cases of gender dysphoria" and "doesn't imply that nobody benefits from transition". Littman stood by the core claims she made in her study, including its conclusion that more research needs to be conducted.
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affirmation." Costa suggested, "Several procedures still need to be adopted to generate a potential new subcategory of gender dysphoria that has not yet been clinically validated. One of these procedures is the assessment of mental health professionals trained according to the World
Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, interviewing not just the family, but the youth (longitudinally)."
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adolescence, and said it was "premature and inappropriate" to use "official-sounding labels" that might influence professionals or the public to reach conclusions about how or when adolescents decide to come out as transgender. WPATH concluded by warning against the use of any term intended to cause fear about an adolescent's possible transgender status with the goal of avoiding or deterring them from accessing the appropriate treatment, in line with the
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described as "fundamentally flawed in a number of critical ways". Additionally, the encyclopedia entry notes that, although the parents may have believed the development of their child's gender identity to have been abrupt, the data were not collected from the youths themselves, and so
Littman's study cannot ascertain whether these individuals had simply chosen not to reveal their gender identity at an earlier time.
1410:, and Youth TransCritical Professionals (YTCP), though Littman said she encouraged wide distribution of the survey beyond these three sites. The study states that participants were encouraged to distribute the study only to "individuals or communities that they thought might include eligible participants", which the study defined as parents who believed "their child had a sudden or rapid onset of gender dysphoria".
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nonconformity in childhood in older presenters, although less extreme than in the younger presenting group, which speaks against this suggested subtype". They noted the Bauer finding as well as the
Littman response to it, and concluded that better insight into this question would require more studies using both self and parent report measures.
1786:. In 2021, there were over 100 bills in the United States targeting transgender adolescents, many of which were based on the unsupported claims of ROGD. In 2022, over 25 states introduced anti-trans bills which often cited ROGD. In Florida, it was cited multiple times to justify banning Medicaid funding for adult transition-related healthcare.
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circumstances is a sign of responsible publishing", where further scrutiny was called for to "clarify whether the conclusions presented are indeed backed up by the analysis and data of that original study". Heber later stated, "At its core, the survey of the parents stands as it is... We let the original results stand."
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processes that are standard for clinical science." The statement also states that the term "ROGD" is likely to stigmatize and cause harm to transgender people, and that misinformation surrounding ROGD is used to justify laws suppressing the rights of transgender youth. The statement was cosigned by the
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said the paper "laundered what had previously been the rantings of online conspiracy theorists and gave it the resemblance of serious scientific study" and "It is astonishing that such a blatantly bad-faith effort has been taken so seriously". Littman rejected the characterization, describing it as a
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opened an investigation on the paper in question. They said that "given the concerns raised about research design and methods, the most responsible course of action was to stop publicizing the work published in this particular instance. We would have done this regardless of the topic of the article."
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Ferrara, Pietro; Ruiz, Roberta; Corsello, Giovanni; Giardino, Ida; Carrasco-Sanz, Angel; Vural, Mehmet; Namazova-Baranova, Leyla; Indrio, Flavia; Pop, Tudor Lucian; Pettoello-Mantovani, Massimo (2022). "Adequate
Training and Multidisciplinary Support May Assist Pediatricians in Properly Handling and
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In a correction of the original article published in PLOS One in 2019, author Lisa
Littman stated: "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time. This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does
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Joerg Heber, speaking in 2019 as editor-in-chief of PLOS One, which published
Littman's article and the correction, wrote the following, in an apology published at PLOS One: "In our view, the corrected article now provides a better context of the work, as a report of parental observations, but not a
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caused by trauma. Of the parents surveyed, 76.5% "believed their child was incorrect in their belief of being transgender" and over 85% said their child had increased their internet use and/or had trans friends before identifying as trans; Littman acknowledged "parent-child conflict may also explain
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Arnoldussen et al. suggested that there may be different gender identity developmental pathways and described ROGD as one subtype that has been proposed, but their data did not allow a conclusion as to whether or not the ROGD subtype exists, though they noted "our results show that there was gender
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examined data on a cohort of 173 trans adolescents from Canada to assess whether there was evidence for a rapid-onset pathway for gender dysphoria. The authors noted that while it was common to see adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria around puberty, in many cases patients had been aware of
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published an analysis of citations used in anti-LGBT expert reports, declarations, and legal complaints in 4 high-profile ongoing cases regarding gender-affirming care. They reported
Littman's 2019 paper, described as "a centerpiece for anti-trans arguments in general" was tied for most cited paper
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who state that being trans is not a mental disorder. The encyclopedia further states that bias appears to be present at every stage of the study, including its basic premise, the absence of random sampling, self-selection bias in the recruitment process, and the data collection procedure, which was
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According to bioethicist
Florence Ashley, "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria" (or ROGD) is "a hypothesized new clinical subgroup of transgender youth, which would be characterized by coming out as transgender out of the blue in adolescence or early adulthood." Ashley states that ROGD is often associated
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With regards to the referrals, in line with international trends , Italian's population of trans* youths seem to be growing, particularly with respect to AFABs. Some respondents depicted referrals with traits of the so-called 'rapid onset' of gender incongruence, especially when describing AFABs,
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stated "anti-LGBTQ+ activists often use concerns about internet safety in order to spread harmful rumors about the LGBTQ+ community. You may see opponents of trans people specifically use junk science by Lisa Littman at Brown University to falsely claim that access to social media and the internet
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citing previously published criticism of the study, stating it had multiple biases and flaws in methodology, as it drew its subjects from "websites openly hostile to transgender youth" and based its conclusions on the beliefs of parents who presupposed the existence of ROGD. Noting Littman had not
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editor Joerg Heber apologized "to the trans and gender variant community" for the previous review and publication, saying "the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected." Heber noted that the
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An email leak in 2023 revealed Lisa Marchiano, a Pennsylvania-based psychotherapist, was the author of YTCP; Marchiano also contributes to 4thWaveNow and Transgender Trend. Littman's manuscript thanked Marchiano for her "feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript" but did not disclose that she
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Ferrara et al. noted the controversy that rose around the possibility of a rapid-onset of gender dysphoria condition and the position of major medical associations not to recognize ROGD and to discourage its use, due to a lack of consistent scientific evidence for the concept. They also cited the
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Editors decided to republish the article, replacing the original version of record with a revised version in which the author has updated the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, to address the concerns raised in the editorial reassessment. The Materials and methods
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One researcher attempted to study and describe a specific form of later-presenting gender diversity experience (Littman, 2018). However, the findings of the study must be considered within the context of significant methodological challenges, including 1) the study surveyed parents and not youth
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at the conclusion of its review, academic editor and professor of social psychology Angelo Brandelli Costa wrote, "the level of evidence produced by the Dr. Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender
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This study of parent observations and interpretations serves to develop the hypotheses that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a phenomenon and that social influences, parent-child conflict, and maladaptive coping mechanisms may be contributing factors for some individuals. ... This report did not
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from these years. The study found that AMAB trans youth were more common than AFAB youth in both years, that the number of total trans youth declined between 2017 and 2019, and that there was a relative increase in AFAB youth over timeâbut this was due more to a decrease in AMAB youth than an
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s editor wrote that "the corrected article now provides a better context of the work, as a report of parental observations, but not a clinically validated phenomenon or a diagnostic guideline". On behalf of the journal, Heber wrote: "Correcting the scientific record in this manner and in such
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The paper initially proposing the concept was based on surveys of parents of transgender youth recruited from three anti-trans websites; following its publication, it was re-reviewed and a correction was issued highlighting that ROGD is not a clinically validated phenomenon. Since the paper's
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In 2021, the Coalition for the Advancement and Application of Psychological Science released a statement calling for the elimination of the concept of ROGD from clinical and diagnostic use, as "there are no sound empirical studies of ROGD and it has not been subjected to rigorous peer-review
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The paper was immediately met with criticism from health researchers and transgender activists. The main criticisms of the study were: only parents were interviewed, the websites used to recruit those parents were biased, it suggested that gender dysphoria or a transgender identity could be
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clinical phenomenon that may or may not warrant further peer-reviewed scientific investigation." They affirmed the need for academic freedom and scientific exploration without censorship, and that much is still unknown about the factors contributing to the development of gender identity in
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section was updated to include new information and more detailed descriptions about recruitment sites and to remove two figures due to copyright restrictions. Other than the addition of a few missing values in Table 13, the Results section is unchanged in the updated version of the article.
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Some clinicians state that an increasing prevalence of trans youth first presenting in early adolescence, as described in Littman's research, is consistent with their patient population, though they are uncertain as to causes or implications for clinical treatment. In a 2020 commentary in
1661:(SOC-8)âa publication providing clinical guidance for healthcare professionals working with transgender and gender diverse individualsâcriticized the study due to its methodological flaws. The study's focus on parents of transgender youth recruited from communities with skepticism towards
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Encyclopedia of Trans Studies describes ROGD as "an anti-trans theory" that "violates principles of research methods by using a pathologizing framework and language", using terminology that compares gender dysphoria and transgender identification to a contagious disease, in opposition to
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said they had not infringed on academic freedom, noted that the paper was still accessible online, and stated that Brown's commitment to only "publicize research that unassailably meets the highest standards of excellence" required Brown to remove the press release after
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Lisa Littman, who had not previously studied transgender health care or gender dysphoria, noticed a few teenagers in the same friend group who started identifying as trans, and decided to survey parents. The term first appeared in a July 2016 notice that was posted to a
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1360:. ROGD is not recognized as a valid mental health diagnosis by any major professional association, which discourage its use due to a lack of reputable scientific evidence for the concept, major methodological issues in existing research, and its stigmatization of
1913:, called Brown University's failure to defend Littman "an indictment of the integrity of their academic and administrative leadership", and described Brown's explanation of the retraction as "anti-intellectual" and "completely antithetical to academic freedom".
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described the first two websites (4thWaveNow and Transgender Trend) as "gathering places for parents concerned by their children's exploration of a transgender identity", with the third, Youth TransCritical Professionals (YTCP), being closed to non-members.
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for the study was published in February 2017, using the phrase "Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria" in the title. Littman presented preliminary results at a 2017 conference. Littman's study reported on information the parents reported about their children's
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Littman critiqued Bauer et al., saying that Bauer had used an incorrect definition of 'ROGD', by relating it to having a short history of gender incongruence, whereas it actually refers to not having gender incongruence before puberty.
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1680:, bioethicist Florence Ashley described the study as an attempt to circumvent existing research supporting gender-affirming care. Sociologists Natacha Kennedy and Victoria Pitts-Taylor, in two separate 2020 publications in the
1775:. The Southern Poverty Law Center has described these organizations as involved in producing anti-LGBTQ+ pseudoscience and stated "many of the groups' members have made numerous misleading, false and conspiratorial claims."
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From Scientific American: "The American Psychological Association and 61 other health care providersâ organizations signed a letter in 2021 denouncing the validity of rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) as a clinical
1810:", listing the original study as an example, further stating "anti-LGBTQ media circulated the study widely, and ACPeds' Cretella touted the study at the 2018 Values Voter gathering (sponsored by anti-LGBTQ hate group
1936:
heavily publicized the article and criticized Brown recalling its initial press release concerning the paper. Conservative outlets cite the paper to claim that transgender identity is a "trend, phase, or disease".
1712:
In a letter to the editor, Littman responded that her methodologies were consistent with those that had been used, without controversy, in widely cited studies supporting gender identity affirmation health care.
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1436:, whose work has been criticized for suggesting non-heterosexual transgender women transition due to sexual arousal, wrote for the website 4thWaveNow to promote the concept of "rapid-onset gender dysphoria".
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presents difficulty in establishing social influence as a possible factor in development of gender dysphoria. According to the SOC-8, the study's results also have not been replicated by other researchers.
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From the MIT Technology Review: "PLOS One reissued the study with a large correction emphasizing that Littman's paper was simply a 'descriptive, exploratory' one and had not been clinically validated."
1860:, called for further study into the proposed phenomenon. Writer and transgender advocate Liz Duck-Chong described the hypothesized condition as "a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people" in an
1759:
at school. Littman serves as the president of the Institute for Comprehensive Gender Dysphoria Research (ICGDR), formed in January 2021, and serves on the board of the Gender Dysphoria Alliance with
1607:(WPATH) released an official statement on the proposed clinical phenomenon "rapid-onset gender dysphoria", stating that the term is not recognized by any professional association, nor listed in the
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blog asking parents to respond to a research survey if their child showed "a sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria". In total, three websites posted notices. An article published in
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with pressing requests to start soon hormone therapies and an (apparent) lack of history of gender incongruence. However, this is a very complex phenomenon that needs further exploration.
3858:"The Use of Methodologies in Littman (2018) Is Consistent with the Use of Methodologies in Other Studies Contributing to the Field of Gender Dysphoria Research: Response to Restar (2019)"
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with the work of Dr. Lisa Littman, who attempted to validate the ROGD hypothesis by publishing a study based on the reports of parents recruited from well-known, anti-trans websites.
2017:. This followed an open letter signed by a number of researchers and LGBTQ organizations criticizing the journal's publication of the paper, stating that Bailey's paper did not have
4309:
2624:
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1735:, "while theories and rumors about something like ROGD had quietly percolated online before the paper was published, Littman's descriptive study gave legitimacy to the concept.
1763:. The ICGDR funds open-access articles that question gender-affirming care and promote ROGD. It receives programmatic support and shares personnel with the overlapping groups
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1180:
5263:"The U.S. Transgender Survey of 2015 Supports Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria: Revisiting the "Age of Realization and Disclosure of Gender Identity Among Transgender Adults""
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2591:
2279:
1739:... The ROGD paper was not funded by anti-trans zealots. But it arrived at exactly the time people with bad intentions were looking for science to buoy their opinions."
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4496:
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1952:, citing Littman's paper among others, Annelou de Vries wrote that gender identity development was diverse and called for more research into this demographic cohort.
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described the first as "dedicated to opposing gender-affirmative care for trans youth", and the latter two as dedicated to opposing what they call "trans ideology".
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2011:
a paper by Diaz and Bailey on the rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) hypothesis "due to concerns about lack of informed consent", which had been published in the
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1518:"socially contagious", it relied on a pathologizing framework, and it made premature diagnostic suggestions. Another common concern was that the study had been
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Bauer finding of no support for ROGD being a distinct phenomenon, and concluded that the issue is still open, citing Sinai and the Littman response to Bauer.
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1604:
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announced its review, Brown University took down a press release it had earlier posted about the paper. Responding to critics, Brown University president
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518:
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513:
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1491:, announced two weeks after publication that it would open a post-publication review of the study's methodologies and analyses. On the same day that
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The study, originally titled "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports" was initially published in
3626:
1175:
4907:
Arnoldussen, Marijn; de Rooy, Frédérique B. B.; de Vries, Annelou L. C.; van der Miesen, Anna I. R.; Popma, Arne; Steensma, Thomas D. (2023).
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be replaced. Critics also argued that the paper disregarded countervailing evidence and used a biased method of gathering study participants.
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1324:
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completed its post-publication review, and Littman's corrected version of the paper was published on March 19, 2019. In the journal's blog,
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2614:
663:
613:
503:
1768:
1160:
2311:
1165:
1077:
383:
376:
904:
3798:"Decoding the Misinformation-Legislation Pipeline: an analysis of Florida Medicaid and the current state of transgender healthcare"
1170:
1067:
980:
576:
485:
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Pitts-Taylor, Victoria (November 17, 2020). "The untimeliness of trans youth: The temporal construction of a gender 'disorder'".
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508:
3446:"Formal comment on: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria"
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1905:-requested rewrite of the paper as an "Orwellian correction" involving additions and minor changes where no errors had existed.
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issues. Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a social coping mechanism for other disorders, such as
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Littman also noted that "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time." She wrote:
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Adams, Noah; AlmÄs, Elsa; Anderson, Erica E.; The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group; et al. (December 1, 2018).
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1966:. The authors considered that they found no evidence of "rapid onset gender dysphoria" being a distinct clinical phenomenon.
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interviewed the teens, the GDA stated onset may only have been "rapid" from parents' point of view because teens often delay
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857:
653:
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Giovanardi, Guido; Fortunato, Alexandro; Mirabella, Marta; Speranza, Anna Maria; Lingiardi, Vittorio (December 19, 2020).
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4615:"Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Qualitative Study on Specialized Centers' Model of Care and Network"
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2491:"Correction: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria"
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publication, the concept has frequently been cited in legislative attempts to restrict the rights of transgender youth.
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The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group (GDA) of 44 professionals in transgender health wrote an open letter to
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collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon.
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827:
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691:
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2008:
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groups has fueled a cottage industry of anti-trans research that in turn is promoted by anti-LGBTQ groups, including
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lists of disorders and diseases. They said in summary that "it is nothing more than an acronym created to describe a
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1424:. In October 2016, Lisa Marchiano published a blog post discussing ROGD. In 2017, Marchiano argued in a paper in
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3361:"Providing Affirmative Care to Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Disparities, Interventions, and Outcomes"
2212:"Journal Issues Revised Version of Controversial Paper That Questioned Why Some Teens Identify as Transgender"
4064:"Protecting Children in 'Gender Critical' Rhetoric and Strategy: Regulating Childhood for Cisgender Outcomes"
3554:"Transgender Embodiment as an Appeal to Thought: A Psychoanalytic Critique of "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria""
3201:"Methodological Critique of Littman's (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of 'Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria'"
2708:"Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria"
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Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; et al. (August 19, 2022).
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Several critiques of the study have been published in peer-reviewed journals. In a 2020 paper published in
1344:) is a controversial, scientifically unsupported hypothesis which claims that some adolescents identify as
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916:
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321:
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4909:"Demographics and gender-related measures in younger and older adolescents presenting to a gender service"
3278:"Brown University in row with transgender activists over claims gender dysphoria spreading among children"
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4793:"Do Clinical Data From Transgender Adolescents Support the Phenomenon of "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria"?"
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and argued that trans youth are often aware of their identity long before coming out to their parents.
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Rider, G. Nic; Tebbe, Elliot A. (2021). "Anti-Trans Theories". In Goldberg, A. E.; Beemyn, G. (eds.).
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he post-publication review identified issues that needed to be addressed to ensure the article meets
1519:
990:
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426:
4471:"People noticed that anti-trans junk science is, in fact, junk. Conservatives aren't taking it well"
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about the concept, called it an explanation for the experiences of parents in an op-ed published in
5057:"Sex Assigned at Birth Ratio Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in the United States"
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4252:
4135:
3059:
2166:"News: New paper ignites storm over whether teens experience 'rapid onset' of transgender identity"
1988:
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4678:"Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues"
3341:(Press release) (March 19, 2019 ed.). Providence, R.I.: Brown University. September 5, 2018.
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Turban, Jack L.; Dolotina, Brett; Freitag, Thomas M.; King, Dana; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2023).
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Ashley, Florence (10 August 2020). "A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'".
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4857:"Saying that Bauer et al studied rapid onset gender dysphoria is inaccurate and misleading"
4739:
3459:
3026:"Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports"
2721:
2504:
2117:
1983:
1948:
1444:, also referred to Littman's poster presentation on ROGD in publications in 2017 and 2018.
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548:
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115:
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published the corrected study, a critique of the original study's methodology appeared in
8:
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has created a 'contagion' that causes many youth to mistakenly identify as transgender."
1402:
The study was based on 256 responses to an online survey of parents recruited from three
1210:
1109:
847:
618:
78:
5289:
5262:
5168:
5133:
5010:
Sinai, Joanne (2022). "Rapid onset gender dysphoria as a distinct clinical phenomenon".
4941:
4908:
3830:
3797:
3463:
2725:
2508:
2121:
1751:
globally despite the lack of scientific support for the concept. ROGD is often cited by
5249:
5086:
5037:
4992:
4886:
4832:
4715:
4649:
4614:
4595:
4044:
3942:
3887:
3778:
3741:
3688:
3653:
3581:
3534:
3482:
3445:
3396:
3227:
3200:
3003:
2744:
2707:
2682:
2527:
2490:
2149:
2039:
1892:
1441:
1276:
1250:
131:
5134:"Retraction Note: Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: Parent Reports on 1655 Possible Cases"
3654:"Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8"
3060:"Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Young Adults: a Descriptive Study"
3040:
3025:
1542:
In a notice of correction prefacing her updated version of the study, Littman stated:
5294:
5253:
5241:
5237:
5173:
5155:
5090:
5078:
5041:
5029:
4996:
4984:
4946:
4928:
4890:
4878:
4836:
4824:
4816:
4766:
4758:
4719:
4707:
4699:
4654:
4636:
4599:
4587:
4579:
4422:
4085:
4048:
4036:
4028:
3989:
3981:
3946:
3932:
3891:
3879:
3835:
3817:
3782:
3745:
3693:
3675:
3585:
3573:
3538:
3526:
3487:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3287:
3232:
3105:
3077:
3007:
2948:
2930:
2768:
2749:
2686:
2674:
2615:"Rapid onset gender dysphoria: what we know about the term amid JK Rowling trans row"
2532:
2219:
2183:
2170:
2141:
2133:
2108:
1756:
1476:
1433:
1418:
sent an email to members warning of the "danger" of ROGD, linking to a column in the
1407:
816:
810:
271:
136:
102:
2427:"PLOS appoints Dr. Joerg Heber Editor-in-Chief of PLOS ONE | The Official PLOS Blog"
2153:
5284:
5274:
5233:
5163:
5145:
5070:
5021:
4976:
4936:
4920:
4870:
4806:
4748:
4691:
4644:
4626:
4571:
4450:
4279:
4183:
4136:"Group dynamics and division of labor within the anti-LGBTQ+ pseudoscience network"
4075:
4020:
3973:
3924:
3871:
3825:
3809:
3770:
3733:
3683:
3667:
3565:
3518:
3477:
3467:
3372:
3222:
3214:
3167:
3073:
3035:
2995:
2920:
2797:
2789:
2760:
2739:
2729:
2666:
2522:
2512:
2175:
2125:
1921:
1887:
1846:
1629:
1500:
1496:
1357:
1349:
668:
314:
4957:
4376:"Irreversible Damage by Abigail Shrier review â resisting the 'transgender craze'"
3737:
3671:
3569:
3522:
3311:"Paxson '19, Locke '18: University committed to academic freedom, faculty support"
2925:
2908:
4324:"Rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people"
4304:
3472:
3334:
3250:
2764:
2734:
2517:
2129:
2042: â Pseudoscientific attempts to change sexual orientation or gender identity
2001:
1856:
1752:
1717:
1459:
1420:
1396:
1387:
1190:
864:
832:
822:
359:
141:
95:
5025:
4980:
4874:
4811:
4063:
3553:
3506:
2824:
5279:
5222:"Age of Realization and Disclosure of Gender Identity Among Transgender Adults"
5150:
4924:
4735:"Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents"
4695:
4575:
4408:
3875:
3376:
2022:
1437:
1353:
1220:
788:
783:
330:
4791:
Bauer, Greta R.; Lawson, Margaret L.; Metzger, Daniel L. (November 15, 2021).
4163:
4024:
3928:
3218:
1747:
Multiple anti-LGBT groups and activists have used ROGD to undermine access to
5309:
5159:
5108:
5074:
4932:
4820:
4762:
4753:
4734:
4703:
4640:
4583:
4557:
4534:
4501:
4426:
4370:
4089:
4032:
3985:
3821:
3774:
3679:
3577:
3530:
3384:
3291:
3136:"How the idea of a "transgender contagion" went viralâand caused untold harm"
3109:
2999:
2952:
2934:
2678:
2670:
2619:
2340:
For the lack of scientific evidence, see Kesslen (2022) and Broderick (2023).
2270:"How the idea of a "transgender contagion" went viralâand caused untold harm"
2223:
2187:
2137:
1906:
1807:
1760:
1472:
1429:
869:
852:
837:
798:
591:
533:
126:
5221:
4556:
Hutchinson, Anna; Midgen, Melissa; Spiliadis, Anastassis (January 1, 2020).
3360:
2179:
170:
5298:
5245:
5177:
5082:
5033:
4988:
4950:
4882:
4828:
4770:
4711:
4658:
4631:
4591:
4497:"The internet made trans people visible. It also left them more vulnerable"
4328:
4243:"How Online Communities and Resources Help LGBTQ+ Youth Live Authentically"
4040:
3993:
3883:
3853:
3839:
3813:
3717:"Deferral: the sociology of young trans people's epiphanies and coming out"
3697:
3491:
3392:
3236:
3055:
3021:
2772:
2753:
2703:
2536:
2486:
2145:
1866:
1721:
organizations such as WPATH, the American Psychiatric Association, and the
1468:
1288:
804:
467:
409:
277:
160:
4080:
4009:"Respecting the free will, authenticity and autonomy of transgender youth"
2458:"Correcting the scientific record on gender incongruence â and an apology"
1487:
The publication immediately sparked a debate. The publisher of the study,
245:
3761:
1995:(AMAB) youth to AFAB trans youth in the US in 2017 and 2019 by using the
1693:
1553:
s publication criteria. Given the nature of the issues in this case, the
673:
571:
285:
266:
240:
196:
177:
44:
4906:
3601:"Psychology Today Response â Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group"
2786:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
2364:
Coalition for the Advancement & Application of Psychological Science
1987:
investigated claims of trans identities as "social contagion" for youth
1539:
hypothesized condition of ROGD had "not yet been clinically validated".
4530:"Gender Dysphoria Isn't A "Social Contagion," According To A New Study"
3977:
1896:
1795:
1635:
1464:
1403:
793:
216:
201:
3359:
Call, David C.; Challa, Mamatha; Telingator, Cynthia J. (2021-04-13).
2359:
4381:
3163:"Reader outcry prompts Brown to retract press release on trans teens"
2060: â Proposed medical diagnosis related to overuse of social media
1963:
1933:
1929:
1799:
1782:
of Georgia read part of the study when voicing his opposition to the
1658:
1271:
1060:
778:
235:
190:
155:
121:
4612:
4446:"Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: A saga of outrage and science reform"
1854:
by social conservatives. Madeleine Kearns, a contributing writer at
3450:
3030:
2825:"Foundations of the Contemporary Anti-LGBTQ+ Pseudoscience Network"
2712:
2495:
1917:
1870:, while Abigail Shrier, who later published the controversial book
1764:
1454:
1225:
251:
228:
5055:
Turban, Jack L.; Dolotina, Brett L.; King, Dana (August 3, 2022).
4300:"Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria Should Be Investigated, Not Smeared"
4619:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4130:
4128:
4126:
2878:"Guidance for Parents of Teens with Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria"
2783:
1480:
258:
184:
149:
5193:"Sexual Behavior Journal Under Fire Over Gender Dysphoria Paper"
3507:"Defacing Dionysus: The Fabrication of an Anti-Transgender Myth"
3337:. Expanded Brown University Statement â Tuesday, Sept. 5, 2018.
1525:
1428:
that "social contagion" was a component of ROGD. The same year,
2584:"There Is No Evidence That Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria Exists"
2393:
1654:, and dozens of other professional and academic organizations.
1522:
to give ammunition to those who opposed gender affirming care.
1215:
222:
4164:"Transgender Detransitioners Got Poor Care When Transitioning"
4123:
1861:
165:
3923:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 39â43.
1742:
5109:"Parent Survey of Children With Gender Dysphoria Retracted"
4963:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2563:
clinically validated phenomenon or a diagnostic guideline."
2337:
For the controversy, see Wadman (2018) and Bartlett (2019).
2312:"Evidence Undermines 'Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria' Claims"
1901:
1235:
206:
4558:"In Support of Research Into Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria"
2900:
5219:
4555:
2653:"A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'"
2396:"WPATH Position on "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)""
2048: â Discontent with sex assigned at birth in children
1612:
1240:
4677:
4349:"Bari Weiss Defends Transphobic Book Pulled From Target"
2808:
1825:
Gillian Branstetter, a communications strategist at the
27:
Controversy surrounding a hypothesised medical condition
3651:
1955:
A November 2021 study by Bauer et al. published in the
1806:, which has become a go-to for expertise in anti-trans
2909:"Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics"
3335:"Updated: Brown statements on gender dysphoria study"
3251:"Updated: Brown statements on gender dysphoria study"
2404:
World Professional Association for Transgender Health
2394:
WPATH Global Board of Directors (September 4, 2018).
2103:"'Rapid onset' of transgender identity ignites storm"
1605:
World Professional Association for Transgender Health
3358:
5261:Sapir, Leor; Littman, Lisa; Biggs, Michael (2023).
3418:"Why 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is bad science"
2869:
2720:(8) (March 19, 2019 corrected ed.): e0202330.
2021:(IRB) approval, and requested the journal's editor
1414:was the publisher of the YTCP. In August 2016, the
5131:
5054:
4790:
4374:
3412:
3410:
2101:
5260:
4203:
3752:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
5307:
4184:"Manufacturing the doubt that fuels the network"
4176:
4068:DiGeSt - Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies
3921:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies, Volume 1
2842:
1599:Following publication of the original report in
1440:, whose clinic was closed due to allegations of
175:
5316:LGBT-related controversies in the United States
5102:
5100:
4850:
4848:
4846:
3407:
2979:
2977:
2947:
2646:
2644:
2642:
3962:"The Anti-Transgender Medical Expert Industry"
3194:
3192:
3190:
2606:
2577:
2575:
2472:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
1380:
4965:Managing Gender Incongruence and Dysphoria".
4096:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3552:Farley, Lisa; Kennedy, R. M. (July 2, 2020).
3551:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2054: â Use of science for political purposes
1526:Post-publication review and correction (2019)
1318:
5097:
4843:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4521:
4104:"Timeline: Building a Pseudoscience Network"
3758:
3708:
3645:
2974:
2941:
2639:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
1755:groups as a reason not to allow children to
1447:
4316:
3659:International Journal of Transgender Health
3545:
3187:
3094:Melchior, Jillian Kay (September 9, 2018).
3089:
3087:
3048:
2572:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2242:
5321:Medical controversies in the United States
5132:Diaz, Suzanna; Michael Bailey, J. (2023).
5048:
5003:
4913:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
4606:
4488:
3918:
3905:
3802:Journal of the Medical Library Association
3795:
3789:
3444:Costa, Angelo Brandelli (March 19, 2019).
3199:Restar, Arjee Javellana (April 22, 2019).
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2440:
2418:
1769:Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine
1594:
1325:
1311:
5288:
5278:
5167:
5149:
4940:
4810:
4777:
4752:
4648:
4630:
4549:
4462:
4079:
3959:
3953:
3829:
3796:Lockmiller, Catherine (October 2, 2023).
3687:
3481:
3471:
3226:
3039:
2924:
2906:
2875:
2743:
2733:
2612:
2526:
2516:
2378:
2345:
2309:
1743:Anti-transgender activism and legislation
4733:de Vries, Annelou L. C. (October 2020).
4732:
3624:
3592:
3504:
3439:
3437:
3116:from the original on September 25, 2018.
3093:
3084:
2698:
2696:
2294:
2209:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1850:columns have condemned what they saw as
5106:
4854:
4726:
4527:
3852:
3715:Kennedy, Natacha (September 10, 2020).
3714:
3629:[I thought I was transgender].
3354:
3352:
3309:Paxson, Christina (September 9, 2018).
3275:
3269:
3133:
3120:
3096:"Peer Pressure and 'Transgender' Teens"
3054:
3020:
3014:
2702:
2485:
2424:
2267:
14:
5308:
4675:
4443:
4437:
4401:
4389:from the original on December 30, 2020
4369:
4346:
4336:from the original on November 1, 2018.
4312:from the original on January 19, 2019.
4298:Kearns, Madeleine (January 19, 2019).
4297:
4161:
4155:
4006:
4000:
3505:Literski, Nicholas S. (July 3, 2021).
3327:
3308:
3302:
3198:
2983:
2848:
2800:|...|checked=yes}}
2650:
2581:
2230:from the original on December 21, 2020
2163:
2100:Wadman, Meredith (September 7, 2018).
2099:
1773:Gender Exploratory Therapy Association
5190:
5009:
4494:
4267:
4061:
4055:
3966:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
3443:
3434:
3298:from the original on August 29, 2018.
3157:
3155:
2693:
2582:Ashley, Florence (December 3, 2018).
2550:Not a clinically validated phenomenon
2455:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2194:from the original on August 31, 2018.
2076:
4495:Burns, Katelyn (December 27, 2019).
4468:
4458:from the original on March 30, 2019.
4433:from the original on March 30, 2019.
3349:
3345:from the original on March 27, 2019.
2613:Andersson, Jasmine (June 12, 2020).
2425:Knutson, David (16 September 2016).
2310:Broderick, Timmy (August 24, 2023).
2282:from the original on August 31, 2022
2164:Wadman, Meredith (August 30, 2018).
4676:Zucker, Kenneth J. (October 2019).
4528:Keating, Shannon (April 22, 2019).
4413:"When Your Daughter Defies Biology"
4235:
4211:"American College of Pediatricians"
3627:"Je pensais que j'Ă©tais transgenre"
3276:Rudgard, Olivia (August 28, 2018).
2957:"Gender Dysphoria is Not One Thing"
2876:Marchiano, Lisa (27 October 2016).
1940:
1916:Conservative media outlets such as
1512:
360:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
24:
5213:
4407:
4291:
4162:McCall, Becky (November 4, 2021).
3319:. Brown University. Archived from
3257:from the original on April 5, 2019
3152:
2594:from the original on July 19, 2019
2198:
1981:An August 2022 study published in
1644:American Psychological Association
25:
5342:
4347:Valens, Ana (November 13, 2020).
4283:. August 30, 2018. Archived from
3625:Dubreuil, Ămilie (May 13, 2019).
3171:. August 29, 2018. Archived from
3041:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157.s001
2627:from the original on July 5, 2020
2216:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1991:(AFAB) by analyzing the ratio of
1581:In a formal comment published by
5238:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.023
3134:Kesslen, Ben (August 18, 2022).
3078:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.369
2849:Arnold, James (24 August 2016).
2268:Kesslen, Ben (August 18, 2022).
2210:Bartlett, Tom (March 19, 2019).
1833:
1648:American Psychiatric Association
1295:
1294:
1282:
1270:
421:Assisted reproductive technology
5184:
5125:
4669:
4363:
4340:
3846:
3618:
3558:Studies in Gender and Sexuality
3498:
3426:. 22 March 2018. Archived from
3243:
2543:
2456:Heber, Joerg (March 19, 2019).
1657:In 2022, the eighth edition of
1624:appropriate for the situation.
5191:Fiore, Kristina (2023-05-24).
4444:Jussim, Lee (March 20, 2019).
2907:Marchiano, Lisa (2017-07-03).
2651:Ashley, Florence (July 2020).
2328:
1827:American Civil Liberties Union
1652:Society of Behavioral Medicine
779:Cisgender / cissexual
774:Childhood gender nonconformity
400:Facial masculinization surgery
13:
1:
5107:Kincaid, Ellie (2023-05-30).
4275:"Criticism Is Not Censorship"
4007:Crosse, Leonie (2023-09-01).
3960:Caraballo, Alejandra (2022).
3738:10.1080/19361653.2020.1816244
3672:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
3570:10.1080/15240657.2020.1798184
3523:10.1080/00332925.2021.1996137
2926:10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804
2567:not validate the phenomenon."
2069:
2035:Causes of gender incongruence
1256:Social construction of gender
5226:Journal of Adolescent Health
4332:. London. October 22, 2018.
3473:10.1371/journal.pone.0212578
3065:Journal of Adolescent Health
2851:"The Weekly Digest: 8-24-16"
2765:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157
2735:10.1371/journal.pone.0202330
2518:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157
2130:10.1126/science.361.6406.958
2064:Social media use in politics
2058:Problematic social media use
2046:Gender dysphoria in children
1589:
1338:Rapid-onset gender dysphoria
828:Gender-sexuality questioning
7:
5267:Archives of Sexual Behavior
5138:Archives of Sexual Behavior
5026:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.005
4981:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.009
4875:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.003
4812:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.11.020
4683:Archives of Sexual Behavior
4563:Archives of Sexual Behavior
4469:Ford, Zack (Aug 31, 2018).
4216:Southern Poverty Law Center
4189:Southern Poverty Law Center
4141:Southern Poverty Law Center
4109:Southern Poverty Law Center
3863:Archives of Sexual Behavior
3206:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2829:Southern Poverty Law Center
2028:
2014:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1791:Southern Poverty Law Center
1706:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1669:
1381:Initial surveys (2016â2018)
393:Facial feminization surgery
10:
5347:
5280:10.1007/s10508-023-02754-9
5151:10.1007/s10508-023-02635-1
4925:10.1007/s00787-022-02082-8
4696:10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8
4576:10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9
4062:Amery, Fran (2023-12-11).
3876:10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z
3511:Psychological Perspectives
3377:10.1007/s11920-021-01245-9
3365:Current Psychiatry Reports
2913:Psychological Perspectives
2019:institutional review board
1997:Youth Risk Behavior Survey
1458:in August 2018. Littman's
1426:Psychological Perspectives
1416:Alliance Defending Freedom
1371:
763:Androphilia and gynephilia
463:Gender self-identification
5013:The Journal of Pediatrics
4968:The Journal of Pediatrics
4862:The Journal of Pediatrics
4798:The Journal of Pediatrics
4025:10.1177/09697330231180743
3929:10.4135/9781544393858.n12
3219:10.1007/s10508-019-1453-2
2052:Politicization of science
1852:politicization of science
1723:World Health Organization
1659:WPATH's Standards of Care
1448:Publication sparks debate
137:Non-binary or genderqueer
5075:10.1542/peds.2022-056567
4754:10.1542/peds.2020-010611
4566:(Letter to the Editor).
3866:(Letter to the Editor).
3775:10.1177/1363460720973895
3000:10.1177/0038026120934693
2671:10.1177/0038026120934693
1989:assigned female at birth
1778:In 2019, representative
582:Parental rights movement
491:Political office-holders
370:Gender-affirming surgery
4418:The Wall Street Journal
3101:The Wall Street Journal
2987:The Sociological Review
2658:The Sociological Review
2180:10.1126/science.aav2613
1879:The Wall Street Journal
1812:Family Research Council
1677:The Sociological Review
1595:Professional commentary
1484:some of the findings."
1364:for transgender youth.
176:
109:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
4855:Littman, Lisa (2022).
4632:10.3390/ijerph17249536
3814:10.5195/jmla.2023.1724
3323:on September 29, 2018.
3316:The Brown Daily Herald
1993:assigned male at birth
1911:Harvard Medical School
1789:In December 2023, the
1692:, described ROGD as a
1569:
1560:
1406:websites: 4thWaveNow,
1277:Transgender portal
1246:Sexâgender distinction
805:Gender detransitioning
692:Anatomical terminology
4373:(December 30, 2020).
4248:Human Rights Campaign
4081:10.21825/digest.85309
3725:Journal of LGBT Youth
3140:MIT Technology Review
2792:|...}}
2275:MIT Technology Review
1958:Journal of Pediatrics
1895:psychology professor
1819:Human Rights Campaign
1749:gender-affirming care
1732:MIT Technology Review
1683:Journal of LGBT Youth
1663:gender affirming care
1564:
1544:
1362:gender-affirming care
1231:Queer heterosexuality
843:Rapid-onset dysphoria
626:Yogyakarta Principles
4509:on December 27, 2019
4359:on December 3, 2020.
4287:on November 1, 2018.
4223:on September 4, 2018
1838:Scholars writing in
1442:conversion practices
817:Gender transitioning
769:Blanchard's typology
697:Fictional characters
643:Events and awareness
549:Anti-gender movement
5326:Transgender studies
4255:on October 21, 2021
4192:. December 12, 2023
4144:. December 12, 2023
4112:. December 12, 2023
3464:2019PLoSO..1412578B
3253:. August 22, 2018.
3024:(August 16, 2018).
2955:(7 December 2017).
2831:. December 12, 2023
2726:2018PLoSO..1302330L
2706:(August 16, 2018).
2509:2019PLoSO..1414157L
2334:Multiple sources.
2316:Scientific American
2122:2018Sci...361..958W
1909:, a former dean of
1873:Irreversible Damage
1844:and journalists in
1757:socially transition
1211:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
756:Theory and concepts
638:Society and culture
619:Trans panic defense
4747:(4): e2020010611.
3978:10.1017/jme.2023.9
3430:on April 10, 2018.
2949:Bailey, J. Michael
2888:on 6 November 2017
2857:on 9 December 2016
2489:(March 19, 2019).
2468:on August 8, 2020.
2040:Conversion therapy
2007:In 2023, Springer
1893:Rutgers University
1251:Sexual orientation
1090:Disenfranchisement
659:Day of Remembrance
560:trans-exclusionary
45:Transgender topics
4919:(12): 2537â2546.
3938:978-1-5443-9382-7
3666:(sup1): S1âS259.
3058:(February 2017).
2116:(6406): 958â959.
1622:standards of care
1434:J. Michael Bailey
1408:Transgender Trend
1335:
1334:
1181:elected officials
811:Gender expression
664:Day of Visibility
473:Non-binary gender
439:Standards of Care
96:Gender identities
16:(Redirected from
5338:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5257:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5153:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4852:
4841:
4840:
4814:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4756:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4690:(7): 1983â1992.
4673:
4667:
4666:
4652:
4634:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4505:. Archived from
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4451:Psychology Today
4441:
4435:
4434:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4355:. Archived from
4344:
4338:
4337:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4251:. Archived from
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4219:. Archived from
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4132:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4019:(2â3): 331â341.
4004:
3998:
3997:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3856:(January 2020).
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3769:(5â6): 479â501.
3756:
3750:
3749:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3691:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3631:ICI Radio-Canada
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3423:The Conversation
3414:
3405:
3404:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3175:on March 4, 2023
3168:Retraction Watch
3159:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2884:. Archived from
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2853:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2778:Retraction Watch
2757:
2747:
2737:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2579:
2570:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2464:. Archived from
2453:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2360:"ROGD Statement"
2356:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2265:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2161:
2105:
2097:
1941:Further research
1922:The Daily Caller
1888:Psychology Today
1841:The Conversation
1798:sentiment among
1738:
1630:Psychology Today
1576:
1552:
1513:Common criticism
1501:Richard M. Locke
1497:Christina Paxson
1358:social contagion
1350:gender dysphoria
1327:
1320:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1289:LGBTQ portal
1287:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1125:
952:
819:
807:
765:
712:Media portrayals
565:
564:
563:radical feminism
561:
557:
509:Military service
441:
429:
412:
402:
395:
386:
379:
372:
362:
343:
333:
324:
317:
315:Gender dysphoria
310:
181:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
32:
31:
21:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5306:
5305:
5216:
5214:Further reading
5211:
5210:
5201:
5199:
5189:
5185:
5130:
5126:
5117:
5115:
5105:
5098:
5053:
5049:
5008:
5004:
4962:
4958:
4905:
4898:
4853:
4844:
4789:
4778:
4731:
4727:
4674:
4670:
4611:
4607:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4467:
4463:
4442:
4438:
4409:Shrier, Abigail
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4368:
4364:
4345:
4341:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4305:National Review
4296:
4292:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4060:
4056:
4005:
4001:
3958:
3954:
3939:
3917:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3851:
3847:
3794:
3790:
3757:
3753:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3593:
3550:
3546:
3503:
3499:
3458:(3): e0212578.
3442:
3435:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3357:
3350:
3339:News from Brown
3333:
3332:
3328:
3307:
3303:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3197:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3121:
3092:
3085:
3080:. Supplement 1.
3053:
3049:
3019:
3015:
2982:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2946:
2942:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2809:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2759:(Erratum:
2758:
2701:
2694:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2573:
2548:
2544:
2503:(3): e0214157.
2484:
2473:
2454:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2266:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2208:
2199:
2098:
2077:
2072:
2031:
2002:sexual minority
1943:
1891:opinion piece,
1857:National Review
1836:
1784:US Equality Act
1753:gender-critical
1745:
1736:
1672:
1597:
1592:
1574:
1550:
1530:In March 2019,
1528:
1515:
1471:use, and prior
1460:poster abstract
1450:
1421:National Review
1397:Florence Ashley
1388:gender-critical
1383:
1374:
1348:and experience
1331:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1119:
1113:
1106:
946:
891:
885:
875:
874:
865:Transmedicalism
833:Gender variance
823:Gender identity
815:
803:
761:
757:
749:
748:
688:
683:
654:Beauty pageants
645:
639:
631:
630:
587:Transgender men
562:
559:
556:Gender-critical
555:
554:
545:
495:
481:Rights movement
477:
458:
447:
446:
437:
425:
408:
405:
398:
391:
382:
375:
368:
365:
358:
341:Hormone therapy
339:
336:
329:
320:
313:
306:
302:
291:
290:
142:Gender fluidity
98:
88:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5304:
5303:
5273:(3): 863â868.
5258:
5232:(6): 852â859.
5215:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5183:
5124:
5096:
5047:
5002:
4975:: 121â123.e2.
4956:
4896:
4842:
4805:: 224â227.e2.
4776:
4725:
4668:
4605:
4548:
4520:
4487:
4475:Think Progress
4461:
4436:
4400:
4371:Turner, Janice
4362:
4339:
4315:
4290:
4266:
4234:
4202:
4175:
4154:
4122:
4095:
4054:
4013:Nursing Ethics
3999:
3972:(4): 687â692.
3952:
3937:
3904:
3845:
3808:(4): 750â761.
3788:
3751:
3707:
3644:
3617:
3591:
3564:(3): 155â172.
3544:
3517:(3): 360â368.
3497:
3433:
3406:
3348:
3326:
3301:
3268:
3242:
3186:
3151:
3119:
3083:
3072:(2): S95âS96.
3056:Littman, L. L.
3047:
3013:
2994:(4): 779â799.
2973:
2953:Blanchard, Ray
2940:
2919:(3): 345â366.
2899:
2868:
2841:
2807:
2692:
2665:(4): 779â799.
2638:
2605:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2542:
2471:
2439:
2417:
2377:
2366:. 26 July 2021
2344:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2327:
2293:
2241:
2197:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2023:Kenneth Zucker
1942:
1939:
1926:The Federalist
1899:described the
1835:
1832:
1744:
1741:
1699:Shortly after
1671:
1668:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1511:
1449:
1446:
1438:Kenneth Zucker
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1354:peer influence
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1221:Gender studies
1218:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:Cafeteria riot
1183:
1178:
1168:
1166:United Kingdom
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:United Kingdom
1065:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
953:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
813:
808:
801:
796:
791:
789:Cross-dressing
786:
784:Cisnormativity
781:
776:
771:
766:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Awareness Week
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
622:
621:
616:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
572:Discrimination
569:
568:
567:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
534:Bathroom bills
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
506:
501:
494:
493:
488:
483:
476:
475:
470:
465:
459:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
430:
423:
418:
413:
404:
403:
396:
389:
388:
387:
384:male-to-female
380:
377:female-to-male
364:
363:
356:
355:
354:
349:
335:
334:
331:Sex assignment
327:
326:
325:
311:
303:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:
274:
264:
263:
262:
255:
248:
238:
233:
232:
231:
226:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
187:
182:
173:
168:
158:
153:
146:
145:
144:
134:
129:
124:
119:
112:
105:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
76:
70:
67:
66:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5198:
5197:MedPage Today
5194:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5128:
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5110:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4901:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4851:
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4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
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4768:
4764:
4760:
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4729:
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4717:
4713:
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4705:
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4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4665:
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4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
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4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4537:
4536:
4535:BuzzFeed News
4531:
4524:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4353:The Daily Dot
4350:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4270:
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1907:Jeffrey Flier
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1864:published in
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1834:Popular press
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1808:pseudoscience
1805:
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1761:Ray Blanchard
1758:
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1729:According to
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1473:mental health
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1430:Ray Blanchard
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1085:United States
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870:Transmisogyny
868:
866:
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859:
856:
855:
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853:Transfeminism
851:
849:
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838:Postgenderism
836:
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799:Gender binary
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519:United States
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427:Voice therapy
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352:masculinizing
350:
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328:
323:
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308:Gender clinic
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127:Gender bender
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5225:
5200:. Retrieved
5196:
5186:
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5116:. Retrieved
5112:
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4625:(24): 9536.
4622:
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4608:
4570:(1): 79â80.
4567:
4561:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4533:
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4507:the original
4500:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4474:
4464:
4449:
4439:
4416:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4380:
4365:
4357:the original
4352:
4342:
4329:The Guardian
4327:
4318:
4303:
4293:
4285:the original
4278:
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4253:the original
4246:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:the original
4214:
4205:
4194:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
4167:. Retrieved
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4139:
4114:. Retrieved
4107:
4098:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4016:
4012:
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3965:
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3920:
3897:December 11,
3895:. Retrieved
3870:(1): 67â77.
3867:
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3805:
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3760:
3754:
3729:
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3657:
3647:
3637:December 24,
3635:. Retrieved
3630:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:
3594:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3514:
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3500:
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3449:
3428:the original
3421:
3368:
3364:
3338:
3329:
3321:the original
3314:
3304:
3281:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3245:
3213:(1): 61â66.
3210:
3204:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:the original
3166:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:
3099:
3069:
3063:
3050:
3029:
3016:
2991:
2985:
2964:. Retrieved
2960:
2943:
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2912:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2881:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:the original
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2828:
2796:{{
2788:{{
2777:
2775:,
2717:
2711:
2662:
2656:
2629:. Retrieved
2618:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2588:PsychCentral
2587:
2549:
2545:
2500:
2494:
2466:the original
2461:
2430:. Retrieved
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2402:
2368:. Retrieved
2363:
2330:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2286:September 4,
2284:. Retrieved
2273:
2232:. Retrieved
2215:
2169:
2156:– via
2113:
2107:
2012:
2006:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1915:
1900:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1867:The Guardian
1865:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1824:
1816:
1788:
1780:Doug Collins
1777:
1746:
1730:
1728:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1656:
1640:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1505:
1499:and Provost
1492:
1488:
1486:
1469:social media
1453:
1451:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1156:Nazi Germany
1108:
888:
842:
729:Publications
685:
642:
468:Legal gender
456:legal status
410:Hair removal
276:
257:
250:
221:
189:
161:Third gender
148:
114:
107:
29:
18:Lisa Littman
5331:LGBTQ youth
5144:(8): 3577.
4541:October 10,
4513:October 10,
4480:October 10,
4259:October 19,
3762:Sexualities
3633:(in French)
2966:10 November
2892:29 December
2861:29 December
2559:diagnosis."
1694:moral panic
1689:Sexualities
1520:politicized
1346:transgender
1120: [
1100:Transphobia
1053:South Korea
1023:New Zealand
947: [
514:South Korea
454:Rights and
322:in children
299:Health care
286:Transsexual
267:Transgender
241:Trans woman
197:Mudoko dako
178:Femminiello
5310:Categories
5202:2023-08-11
5118:2023-08-11
5062:Pediatrics
4740:Pediatrics
4227:October 9,
4196:2023-12-21
4169:2024-02-08
4148:2023-12-21
4116:2023-12-21
3286:. London.
3179:August 30,
3145:2022-09-04
2961:4thWaveNow
2835:2023-12-28
2631:January 9,
2462:PLOS Blogs
2321:2024-02-13
2070:References
1984:Pediatrics
1949:Pediatrics
1897:Lee Jussim
1800:anti-LGBTQ
1796:anti-trans
1771:, and the
1636:coming out
1477:depression
1467:dynamics,
1465:peer group
1404:anti-trans
991:Tamil Nadu
883:By country
794:Deadnaming
744:Television
722:non-binary
707:Literature
604:Inequality
577:Non-binary
504:Healthcare
347:feminizing
217:Two-spirit
202:Mukhannath
171:Faʻafafine
5254:257606873
5160:0004-0002
5091:251282056
5042:247332740
4997:250629468
4933:1018-8827
4891:247343540
4837:244283360
4821:0022-3476
4763:0031-4005
4720:197663705
4704:0004-0002
4641:1660-4601
4600:197541624
4584:1573-2800
4427:0099-9660
4393:August 4,
4382:The Times
4090:2593-0281
4049:261431214
4033:0969-7330
3986:1073-1105
3947:241937306
3892:210708422
3822:1536-5050
3783:228846045
3746:225241518
3732:: 53â75.
3680:2689-5269
3586:225077992
3578:1524-0657
3539:247295519
3531:0033-2925
3401:233224949
3385:1535-1645
3371:(6): 33.
3292:0307-1235
3261:March 21,
3110:0099-9660
3008:221097476
2935:0033-2925
2782:. If the
2687:221097476
2679:0038-0261
2370:August 4,
2234:March 19,
2224:0009-5982
2188:1095-9203
2162:See also
2138:0036-8075
2009:retracted
1964:marijuana
1934:Quillette
1930:Breitbart
1590:Reactions
1191:Stonewall
1161:Singapore
1129:Australia
1117:Argentina
1078:2022 bill
1038:Singapore
1011:2017 bill
1007:Pakistan
981:2014 bill
927:2016 bill
912:Australia
895:Argentina
416:Pregnancy
301:practices
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