Liquid-propellant rocket

2050:, on liquid-fuel rockets. By May 1929, the engine produced a thrust of 200 kg (440 lb.) "for longer than fifteen minutes and in July 1929, the Opel RAK collaborators were able to attain powered phases of more than thirty minutes for thrusts of 300 kg (660-lb.) at Opel's works in Rüsselsheim," again according to Max Valier's account. The Great Depression brought an end to the Opel RAK activities. After working for the German military in the early 1930s, Sander was arrested by Gestapo in 1935, when private rocket-engineering became forbidden in Germany. He was convicted of treason to 5 years in prison and forced to sell his company, he died in 1938. Max Valier's (via 234: 1748: 1844:

engines to be regeneratively cooled by the liquid oxygen, which flowed around the inner wall of the combustion chamber before entering it. Problems with burn-through during testing prompted a switch from gasoline to less energetic alcohol. The final missile, 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) long by 140 millimetres (5.5 in) in diameter, had a mass of 30 kilograms (66 lb), and it was anticipated that it could carry a 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) payload to an altitude of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi). The GIRD X rocket was launched on 25 November 1933 and flew to a height of 80 meters.

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important. Interlocks are rarely used for upper, uncrewed stages where failure of the interlock would cause loss of mission, but are present on the RS-25 engine, to shut the engines down prior to liftoff of the Space Shuttle. In addition, detection of successful ignition of the igniter is surprisingly difficult, some systems use thin wires that are cut by the flames, pressure sensors have also seen some use.

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7 kg empty and 16 kg with fuel. The maximum thrust was 45 to 50 kp, with a total burning time of 132 seconds. These properties indicate a gas pressure pumping. The main purpose of these tests was to develop the liquid rocket-propulsion system for a Gebrüder-Müller-Griessheim aircraft under construction for a planned flight across the English channel. Also spaceflight historian

412:. Recently some aerospace companies have used electric pumps with batteries for this. In simpler small engines an inert gas stored in a tank at a high pressure is sometimes used instead of pumps to force propellants into the combustion chamber. These engines may have a higher mass ratio, but are usually more reliable, and are therefore used widely in satellites for orbit maintenance. 584:, suffers from the extremely low temperatures required for storing liquid hydrogen (around 20 K or −253.2 °C or −423.7 °F) and very low fuel density (70 kg/m or 4.4 lb/cu ft, compared to RP-1 at 820 kg/m or 51 lb/cu ft), necessitating large tanks that must also be lightweight and insulating. Lightweight foam insulation on the 644:, both RP1 and LNG engines can be designed with a shared shaft with a single turbine and two turbopumps, one each for LOX and LNG/RP1. In space, LNG does not need heaters to keep it liquid, unlike RP1. LNG is less expensive, being readily available in large quantities. It can be stored for more prolonged periods of time, and is less explosive than LH 1641:

Injectors are commonly laid out so that a fuel-rich layer is created at the combustion chamber wall. This reduces the temperature there, and downstream to the throat and even into the nozzle and permits the combustion chamber to be run at higher pressure, which permits a higher expansion ratio nozzle

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Fuel- and oxidizer-rich mixtures are burned in separate preburners and driving the turbopumps, then both high-pressure exhausts, one oxygen rich and the other fuel rich, are fed directly into the main chamber where they combine and combust, permitting very high pressures and high efficiency. Example:

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A small percentage of the propellants are burnt in a preburner to power a turbopump and then exhausted through a separate nozzle, or low down on the main one. This results in a reduction in efficiency since the exhaust contributes little or no thrust, but the pump turbines can be very large, allowing

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The propellants are forced in from pressurised (relatively heavy) tanks. The heavy tanks mean that a relatively low pressure is optimal, limiting engine power, but all the fuel is burned, allowing high efficiency. The pressurant used is frequently helium due to its lack of reactivity and low density.

1874:. At RNII Tikhonravov worked on developing oxygen/alcohol liquid-propellant rocket engines. Ultimately liquid propellant rocket engines were given a low priority during the late 1930s at RNII, however the research was productive and very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket program. 1661:

Ignition can be performed in many ways, but perhaps more so with liquid propellants than other rockets a consistent and significant ignitions source is required; a delay of ignition (in some cases as small as a few tens of milliseconds) can cause overpressure of the chamber due to excess propellant.

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and gasoline as propellants. The rocket, which was dubbed "Nell", rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that rockets utilizing liquid propulsion were possible. Goddard proposed liquid propellants about fifteen years earlier

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Fuel and oxidizer must be pumped into the combustion chamber against the pressure of the hot gasses being burned, and engine power is limited by the rate at which propellant can be pumped into the combustion chamber. For atmospheric or launcher use, high pressure, and thus high power, engine cycles

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Injectors can be as simple as a number of small diameter holes arranged in carefully constructed patterns through which the fuel and oxidizer travel. The speed of the flow is determined by the square root of the pressure drop across the injectors, the shape of the hole and other details such as the

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launched the first Soviet liquid-propelled rocket (the GIRD-9), fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline. It reached an altitude of 400 metres (1,300 ft). In January 1933 Tsander began development of the GIRD-X rocket. This design burned liquid oxygen and gasoline and was one of the first

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Safety interlocks are sometimes used to ensure the presence of an ignition source before the main valves open; however reliability of the interlocks can in some cases be lower than the ignition system. Thus it depends on whether the system must fail safe, or whether overall mission success is more

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Testing for stability often involves the use of small explosives. These are detonated within the chamber during operation, and causes an impulsive excitation. By examining the pressure trace of the chamber to determine how quickly the effects of the disturbance die away, it is possible to estimate

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Paulet was clearly a pioneer in the field of rocketry and it is unsurprising that the Nazis were keen to recruit him to assist their efforts. The German Astronautical Society invited him to Germany to become part of a team of researchers into rocket propulsion and he was initially interested, but

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Nevertheless, particularly in larger engines, a high speed combustion oscillation is easily triggered, and these are not well understood. These high speed oscillations tend to disrupt the gas side boundary layer of the engine, and this can cause the cooling system to rapidly fail, destroying the

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Cryogenic fuel (hydrogen, or methane) is used to cool the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle. Absorbed heat vaporizes and expands the fuel which is then used to drive the turbopumps before it enters the combustion chamber, allowing for high efficiency, or is bled overboard, allowing for

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Peru holds a special place among Latin America's EMSAs because the country was home to Pedro Paulet, who invented the world's first liquid-propelled rocket engine in 1895 and the first modern rocket propulsion system in 1900. ... According to Wernher von Braun, 'Paulet should be considered the

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To prevent these issues the RS-25 injector design instead went to a lot of effort to vaporize the propellant prior to injection into the combustion chamber. Although many other features were used to ensure that instabilities could not occur, later research showed that these other features were

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on April 10 and April 12, 1929. These Opel RAK rockets have been the first European, and after Goddard the world's second, liquid-fuel rockets in history. In his book "Raketenfahrt" Valier describes the size of the rockets as of 21 cm in diameter and with a length of 74 cm, weighing

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invented the centripetal injector in the early 1930s, and it has been almost universally used in Russian engines. Rotational motion is applied to the liquid (and sometimes the two propellants are mixed), then it is expelled through a small hole, where it forms a cone-shaped sheet that rapidly

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which is a relatively low speed oscillation, the engine must be designed with enough pressure drop across the injectors to render the flow largely independent of the chamber pressure. This pressure drop is normally achieved by using at least 20% of the chamber pressure across the injectors.

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A fuel- or oxidizer-rich mixture is burned in a preburner and then drives turbopumps, and this high-pressure exhaust is fed directly into the main chamber where the remainder of the fuel or oxidizer undergoes combustion, permitting very high pressures and efficiency. Examples:

344:. The density and low pressure of liquid propellants permit lightweight tankage: approximately 1% of the contents for dense propellants and around 10% for liquid hydrogen. The increased tank mass is due to liquid hydrogen's low density and the mass of the required insulation. 1233:

Injectors today classically consist of a number of small holes which aim jets of fuel and oxidizer so that they collide at a point in space a short distance away from the injector plate. This helps to break the flow up into small droplets that burn more easily.

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propellants have the advantage of self igniting, reliably and with less chance of hard starts. In the 1940s, the Russians began to start engines with hypergols, to then switch over to the primary propellants after ignition. This was also used on the American

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uses a system of fluted posts, which use heated hydrogen from the preburner to vaporize the liquid oxygen flowing through the center of the posts and this improves the rate and stability of the combustion process; previous engines such as the F-1 used for the

1835:– a scientist and inventor – was designing and building liquid rocket engines which ran on compressed air and gasoline. Tsander investigated high-energy fuels including powdered metals mixed with gasoline. In September 1931 Tsander formed the Moscow based ' 631:

because higher density allows for smaller motors, propellant tanks and associated systems. LNG also burns with less or no soot (less or no coking) than RP1, which eases reusability when compared with it, and LNG and RP1 burn cooler than

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in zero-gravity or during staging to avoid sucking gas into engines at start up. They are also subject to vortexing within the tank, particularly towards the end of the burn, which can also result in gas being sucked into the engine or

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to help develop rocket technology, though he refused to assist after discovering that the project was destined for weaponization and never shared the formula for his propellant. According to filmmaker and researcher Álvaro Mejía,

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The flow of propellant into the combustion chamber can be throttled, which allows for control over the magnitude of the thrust throughout the flight. This enables real-time error correction during the flight along with efficiency

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procedures which attempt to remove as much of the vapor from the system as possible. Ice can also form on the outside of the tank, and later fall and damage the vehicle. External foam insulation can cause issues as shown by the

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for variable thrust operation. Some allow control of the propellant mixture ratio (ratio at which oxidizer and fuel are mixed). Some can be shut down and, with a suitable ignition system or self-igniting propellant, restarted.

2046:, curator at National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, confirms the Opel group was working, in addition to their solid-fuel rockets used for land-speed records and the world's first crewed rocket-plane flights with the 297:

to pump liquid propellants are complex to design, and can suffer serious failure modes, such as overspeeding if they run dry or shedding fragments at high speed if metal particles from the manufacturing process enter the

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Additionally, injectors are also usually key in reducing thermal loads on the nozzle; by increasing the proportion of fuel around the edge of the chamber, this gives much lower temperatures on the walls of the nozzle.

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when he discovered that the intention was to construct a weapon that would be used for military purposes he declined the invitation. As late as 1965, Oberth described him as one of the true pioneers of rocket science.

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rocket engine and up to 180:1 with the vacuum version. Instead of a pump, some designs use a tank of a high-pressure inert gas such as helium to pressurize the propellants. These rockets often provide lower

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For injection into the combustion chamber, the propellant pressure at the injectors needs to be greater than the chamber pressure. This is often achieved with a pump. Suitable pumps usually use centrifugal

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After World War II the American government and military finally seriously considered liquid-propellant rockets as weapons and began to fund work on them. The Soviet Union did likewise, and thus began the

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ignites on contact with air and will ignite and/or decompose on contact with water, and with any other oxidizer—it is one of the few substances sufficiently pyrophoric to ignite on contact with cryogenic

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Even Wernher von Braun described Paulet as 'one of the fathers of aeronautics' and 'the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor'. He declared that 'by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the Moon'.

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pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor ... by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the moon.' Paulet went on to found Peru's National Pro-Aviation League, a precursor of the Peruvian Air Force.

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Liquid rocket engines can swivel throughout flight. Swiveling allows the rocket engine to be pointed in different directions, which allows for finer-tuned control over the trajectory of the rocket.

304:, such as liquid oxygen, freeze atmospheric water vapor into ice. This can damage or block seals and valves and can cause leaks and other failures. Avoiding this problem often requires lengthy 1485:

turbines to pump propellant, then is exhausted. Since not all propellant flows through the main combustion chamber, the tap-off cycle is considered an open-cycle engine. Examples include the

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atomizes. Goddard's first liquid engine used a single impinging injector. German scientists in WWII experimented with impinging injectors on flat plates, used successfully in the

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and most spacecraft, including crewed vehicles, planetary probes, and satellites, storing cryogenic propellants over extended periods is unfeasible. Because of this, mixtures of

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in 1927, claiming he had experimented with a liquid rocket engine while he was a student in Paris three decades earlier. Historians of early rocketry experiments, among them

1824:. A total of 100 bench tests of liquid-propellant rockets were conducted using various types of fuel, both low and high-boiling and thrust up to 300 kg was achieved. 1779:

found a German translation of a book by Tsiolkovsky of which "almost every page...was embellished by von Braun's comments and notes." Leading Soviet rocket-engine designer

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have been employed in the past. Turbopumps are usually lightweight and can give excellent performance; with an on-Earth weight well under 1% of the thrust. Indeed, overall

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but higher than that of RP1 (kerosene) and solid propellants, and its higher density, similarly to other hydrocarbon fuels, provides higher thrust to volume ratios than LH

1771:, multi-staged rockets, and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant rockets. Tsiolkovsky influenced later rocket scientists throughout Europe, like 249:

shifts significantly rearward as the propellant is used; one will typically lose control of the vehicle if its center mass gets too close to the center of drag/pressure.

1940:, have given differing amounts of credence to Paulet's report. Valier applauded Paulet's liquid-propelled rocket design in the Verein für Raumschiffahrt publication 5322: 636:

so LNG and RP1 do not deform the interior structures of the engine as much. This means that engines that burn LNG can be reused more than those that burn RP1 or LH

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In the case of an emergency, liquid propelled rockets can be shutdown in a controlled manner, which provides an extra level of safety and mission abort capability.

3236: 265:, which has frequently led to loss of control of the vehicle. This can be controlled with slosh baffles in the tanks as well as judicious control laws in the 1669:

Generally, ignition systems try to apply flames across the injector surface, with a mass flow of approximately 1% of the full mass flow of the chamber.

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Selecting an engine cycle is one of the earlier steps to rocket engine design. A number of tradeoffs arise from this selection, some of which include:

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Liquid rocket engines have tankage and pipes to store and transfer propellant, an injector system and one or more combustion chambers with associated

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The first injectors used on the V-2 created parallel jets of fuel and oxidizer which then combusted in the chamber. This gave quite poor efficiency.

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and Heylandt), who died while experimenting in 1930, and Friedrich Sander's work on liquid-fuel rockets was confiscated by the German military, the

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had significant issues with oscillations that led to destruction of the engines, but this was not a problem in the RS-25 due to this design detail.

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because the mass of the pressurant tankage reduces performance. In some designs for high altitude or vacuum use the tankage mass can be acceptable.

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H°, is −5,105.70 ± 2.90 kJ/mol (−1,220.29 ± 0.69 kcal/mol). Its easy ignition makes it particularly desirable as a

565: 3834: 3952: 2070:, working on liquid rockets in the early 1930s, and many of whose members eventually became important rocket technology pioneers, including 3071:

Max, Valier, Raketenfahrt: Eine technische Möglichkeit Gebundene Ausgabe – Großdruck, 1. Januar 1930, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Reprint 2019 (

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The pintle injector permits good mixture control of fuel and oxidizer over a wide range of flow rates. The pintle injector was used in the

3573: 2982:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles" 2887:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles" 3116: 3054: 1839:', better known by its Russian acronym "GIRD". In May 1932, Sergey Korolev replaced Tsander as the head of GIRD. On 17 August 1933, 237:

Bipropellant liquid rockets are simple in concept but due to high temperatures and high speed moving parts, very complex in practice.

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For liquid-propellant rockets, four different ways of powering the injection of the propellant into the chamber are in common use.

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In Germany, engineers and scientists became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing them in the late 1920s within

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Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:

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When operated within an atmosphere, pressurization of the typically very thin-walled propellant tanks must guarantee positive

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replaced Glushko and continued development of the ORM engines, including the engine for the rocket powered interceptor, the

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Non-storable liquid rockets require considerable preparation immediately before launch. This makes them less practical than

4171: 2914: 2179: 2169: 2145: 1412:. The electric motor is powered by a battery pack. It is relatively simple to implement and reduces the complexity of the 168:, where the fuel and oxidizer, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are gases which have been liquefied at very low temperatures. 3431: 2400: 2189: 1760: 1214:

that can be achieved. A poor injector performance causes unburnt propellant to leave the engine, giving poor efficiency.

541:. The main advantages of this mixture are a clean burn (water vapor is the only combustion product) and high performance. 785:

electrolysis from the Martian atmosphere without requiring use of any of the Martian water resources to obtain Hydrogen.

5437: 3755: 101:.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high 3829: 3303: 2961: 2709: 2089:

By the late 1930s, use of rocket propulsion for crewed flight began to be seriously experimented with, as Germany's

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weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention — the first liquid rocket.

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or its derivatives in combination with nitrogen oxides are generally used for such applications, but are toxic and

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series rockets, although reuse of solid rocket motors was also effectively demonstrated during the Shuttle program.

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Frank H. Winter, "1928-1929 Forerunners of the Shuttle: the 'Von Opel Flights'", SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 21,2, Feb. 1979

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made the first crewed rocket-powered flight using a liquid rocket engine, designed by German aeronautics engineer

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Tank pressure limits combustion chamber pressure and thrust; heavy tanks and associated pressurization hardware

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Must use cryogenic fuel; heat transfer to the fuel limits available power to the turbine and thus engine thrust

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would also describe Paulet as "the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor" and stated that "Paulet helped

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Typical liquid propellants have densities roughly similar to water, approximately 0.7–1.4g/cm. An exception is

4118: 2814: 1851:(RNII). At RNII Gushko continued the development of liquid propellant rocket engines ОРМ-53 to ОРМ-102, with 1327:

engine. These kinds of oscillations are much more common on large engines, and plagued the development of the

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The injector implementation in liquid rockets determines the percentage of the theoretical performance of the

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higher power turbopumps. The limited heat available to vaporize the fuel constrains engine power. Examples:

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Rocket 09 (left) and 10 (GIRD-09 and GIRD-X). Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology; St. Petersburg.

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The idea of a liquid-fueled rocket as understood in the modern context first appeared in 1903 in the book

233: 2682: 2505: 2246: 1944:, saying the engine had "amazing power" and that his plans were necessary for future rocket development. 1768: 1405: 1370: 585: 3216: 2370: 2097:

on June 20, 1939. The only production rocket-powered combat aircraft ever to see military service, the

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27% (AK27) and kerosene/gasoline mixture (TM-185) – various Russian (USSR) cold-war ballistic missiles (

5513: 5457: 4791: 4510: 4472: 2726: 2348:"Thomas Mueller's answer to Is SpaceX's Merlin 1D's thrust-to-weight ratio of 150+ believable? - Quora" 1961: 1417: 1381: 1152: 763: 545: 3341: 3322: 3251:"A tiny start-up based in Brooklyn has a 3D-printed rocket engine it says is the largest in the world" 4756: 4751: 3914: 3773: 1787:

studied Tsiolkovsky's works as youths and both sought to turn Tsiolkovsky's theories into reality.

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Heister, Stephen D.; Anderson, William E.; Pourpoint, Timothée L.; Cassady, R. Joseph (2019-02-07).

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Space Policy in Developing Countries: The Search for Security and Development on the Final Frontier

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and in an effort to shift the public image of von Braun away from his history with Nazi Germany.

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Liquid propellants are often pumped into the combustion chamber with a lightweight centrifugal

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A liquid rocket engine can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous

4818: 3237:"Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste" 627:, although its density is not as high as that of RP1. This makes it specially attractive for 5462: 5412: 5332: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5156: 4931: 4881: 4819: 4267: 3639: 3632: 3447: 2981: 2886: 2450: 2001: 1871: 1802:. This resulted in the creation of ORM (from "Experimental Rocket Motor" in Russian) engines 1721: 1677: 1636: 1164: 1148: 1102: 1072: 898: 811: 694: 678: 553: 121: 5337: 3217:"Relativity Space will 3D-print rockets at new autonomous factory in Long Beach, California" 1416:

design, but at the expense of the extra dry mass of the battery pack. Example engine is the

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s), principally because carbon monoxide and oxygen can be straightforwardly produced by

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using three types of propellant are rare. Liquid oxidizer propellants are also used in

61: 1798:(GDL), where a new research section was set up for the study of liquid-propellant and 4103: 4069: 4024: 3924: 3824: 3526: 3500: 3367: 3072: 2957: 2768: 2758: 2728:

Problems of Flight by Jet Propulsion-Interplanetary Flights (Translated from Russian)

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Shutdown and restart capabilities allow for multiple burn cycles throughout a flight.

3090:"Fritz von Opel, Speech at Deutsches Museum, April 3, 1968, re-print in "Opel Post"" 1857: 1819: 1653:, which uses the fuel or less commonly the oxidizer to cool the chamber and nozzle. 5387: 5367: 4089: 4079: 4029: 3735: 3488: 3384:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div 3353: 2470: 2314: 2269: 2194: 2153: 1937: 1832: 1780: 1302: 616: 569: 273: 202: 102: 3138: 1891: 1808: 1602:

High specific impulse; high combustion chamber pressures allowing for high thrust

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Because the propellant is a very large proportion of the mass of the vehicle, the

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than solids and hybrid rocket motors and can provide very high tankage efficiency.

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A Liquid rocket engine can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the

149: 51: 3358: 4761: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4355: 4192: 4160: 4148: 4034: 3969: 3670: 3510: 2141: 2090: 2051: 2014: 1945: 1867: 1784: 1725: 1690: 1496: 1413: 1401: 1296: 1195: 1110: 1079: 1007: 253: 3028:"Un documental reivindicará al peruano Paulet como pionero de la astronáutica" 2038: 1882: 5502: 4766: 4550: 4466: 4392: 4211: 4149: 4044: 3964: 3819: 3788: 3568: 3558: 3553: 3476: 3466: 2614: 2308: 2128:

engines started being used for spaceflight. Examples of such engines include

2009: 1718: 1706: 1549: 1472: 1462: 1291: 1199: 1060: 1015: 874: 794: 590: 459: 209: 179: 161: 133: 90: 37: 3010:

Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

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Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

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Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

2838:"The alleged contributions of Pedro E. Paulet to liquid-propellant rocketry" 2772: 2581: 2318: 1969:

would later attempt to discredit Paulet's discoveries in the context of the

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Greatly increased complexity &, therefore, mass (more-so for full-flow)

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as damping mechanisms to stop particular resonant frequencies from growing.

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Nasa, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2

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near Berlin. Max Valier was a co-founder of an amateur research group, the

1957: 1953: 1911: 1886: 1764: 1363: 1280: 1191: 1187: 1106: 895: 870: 745: 722: 718: 714: 710: 698: 682: 674: 670: 518: 514: 510: 397: 317: 280: 137: 3376: 2629: 2313:, Springer Praxis Books, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005, pp. 1–34, 2273: 2074:. Von Braun served as head of the army research station that designed the 241:

Use of liquid propellants can also be associated with a number of issues:

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Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974

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and began to seriously experiment with them in 1921. The German-Romanian

1989: 1086: 1011: 990: 986: 887: 862: 5482:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations 5272: 3416: 604:, as a piece broke loose, damaged its wing and caused it to break up on 4911: 4084: 3541: 2734:. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 32, 38–39, 58–59 2129: 2118: 2075: 2047: 2030: 1929: 1900: 1697: 1681: 1663: 1596:

Simple; low dry mass; allows for high power turbopumps for high thrust

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which has a much lower density, while requiring only relatively modest

294: 112:. This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low. 2108:, which produced up to 1,700 kgf (16.7 kN) thrust at full power. 5247: 5242: 4891: 3221: 2953: 1981: 1933: 1791: 1482: 1466: 1183: 1118: 1114: 1021: 409: 361: 3285:"Meet Launcher, the rocket engine builder with just eight employees" 2757:. Bill Sweetman. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International. p. 47. 1728:

to create triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TEB.

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and better system performance. A liquid rocket engine often employs

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published a book in 1922 suggesting the use of liquid propellants.

1970: 1903: 1454: 1446: 1434: 1389: 1328: 1276: 982: 782: 759: 706: 702: 581: 470: 444: 288: 213: 157: 3403: 2104:

in 1944-45, also used a Walter-designed liquid rocket engine, the

5447: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4687: 4650: 4640: 4635: 4609: 4498: 4385: 4330: 4324: 3860: 3493: 3406:"How to Design, Build, and Test Small Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines" 2157: 2029:, the world's first rocket program, in Rüsselsheim. According to 1507: 830: 818: 741: 729: 366: 360:

including a turbopump have been as high as 155:1 with the SpaceX

276:

where the rocket suffers from uncommanded cycles of acceleration.

1350:

the stability and redesign features of the chamber if required.

1190:. Consequently, to improve handling, some crew vehicles such as 477:

of Blue Origin's New Shepard, the first and second stage of the

198:

must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability.

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The Heinkel He 176, worlds's first liquid-fuel rocket aircraft

3411: 3203:"Orbex unveiled largest 3D printed rocket engine in the world" 2000:

of a liquid-propellant rocket took place on March 16, 1926 at

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Simple; no turbopumps; low dry mass; high specific impulse

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unnecessary, and the gas phase combustion worked reliably.

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Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles

384:

feed system, valves, regulators, propellant tanks and the

372:

The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the

190:

The use of liquid propellants has a number of advantages:

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Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR

2236:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 25, 186, 187. 749: 448: 436: 2848: 2536:

Issledovaniye mirovykh prostranstv reaktivnymi priborami

2525:

Rocket Propulsion elements - Sutton Biblarz, section 8.1

1366:. For orbital use, lower power cycles are usually fine. 256:

at all times to avoid catastrophic collapse of the tank.

3271:"Air Force funding keeps Launcher development on track" 2491:, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001. 313:. Non-cryogenic propellants do not cause such problems. 2791: 2540:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами 2913:

Von Braun, Wernher; Ordway III, Frederick I. (1968).

2557: 2425:"Methane Engine Just for Future Space Transportation" 2037:

launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in

777:

vehicle (with a specific impulse of approximately 250

182:

apply a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to a solid fuel.

2659: 2545: 2140:

and also engines used for first or second stages in

1948:

would name Paulet as a pioneer in rocketry in 1965.

1481:

of the rocket engine and routes them through engine

789: 4542: 2912: 352:due to their high power and light weight, although 41:

A simplified diagram of a liquid-propellant rocket.

2185:Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems 2085:Drawing of the He 176 V1 prototype rocket aircraft 861:as the fuel) – used for the Hellmuth-Walter-Werke 473:main stage and the Ariane 5 ECA second stage, the 27:Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers 2919:. París: Larousse / Paris -Match. pp. 51–52. 2812: 2058:and integrated into the activities under General 1680:, electrical (spark or hot wire), and chemical. 611:Liquid methane/LNG has several advantages over LH 5500: 2609:. Novosti Press Pub. House. pp. 12–14, 19. 1565:Tradeoff comparison among popular engine cycles 869:B Komet, an operational rocket fighter plane of 566:Propulsion Cryogenics & Advanced Development 396:, with pump-fed engines working in a variety of 3327:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3302:Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9 September 2013). 2451:"Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants" 1334:Some combustion chambers, such as those of the 1202:with non-toxic fuel and oxidizer combinations. 185: 3352:(14). Universidad Católica San Pablo: 95–122. 2752: 4134: 3432: 1599:High specific impulse; fairly low complexity 2677: 2815:"Pedro Paulet: pionero peruano del espacio" 2310:History and principles of rocket propulsion 1847:In 1933 GDL and GIRD merged and became the 1510:and Delta IV second stages (closed cycle), 4141: 4127: 3439: 3425: 3007: 2929: 2866: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2365: 2363: 2361: 521:, the first stage and second stage of the 171:Most designs of liquid rocket engines are 3446: 3357: 3136: 2442: 2399:Hagemann, Dr. Gerald (November 4, 2015). 1556: 324: 3851:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion 3342:"Pedro Paulet, sabio multidisciplinario" 3301: 2699: 2693: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2227: 2225: 2175:Comparison of orbital launchers families 2080: 1980: 1881: 1746: 1078: 793: 287:Liquid propellants can leak, especially 232: 36: 3374: 3320: 3305:Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age 3162:Heinkel He 176 – Dichtung und Wahrheit, 2947: 2797: 2785: 2724: 2718: 2665: 2653: 2621: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2358: 2234:Rocket Propulsion Elements, 3rd edition 1794:Glushko pursued rocket research at the 1763:. The magnitude of his contribution to 1313: 865:A, -B and -C engine family used on the 97:. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or 14: 5501: 2835: 2487:Sutton, George P. and Biblarz, Oscar, 2448: 2231: 2033:'s account, Opel RAK rocket designer, 1849:Reactive Scientific Research Institute 1837:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion 1742: 934:) and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine ( 509:rocket stage, the upper stages of the 124:using a single type of propellant, or 4122: 3420: 3339: 3114: 2854: 2808: 2806: 2389: 2303: 2301: 2222: 1666:can even cause an engine to explode. 1221: 810:Many non-cryogenic bipropellants are 4172:Comparison of orbital rocket engines 2916:Histoire Mondiale de L'Astronautique 2605:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973). 2590:, p. 3,166,182,187,205–206,208. 2257: 2255: 2180:Comparison of orbital rocket engines 2170:Comparison of orbital launch systems 2111: 1271:engine, it is currently used in the 576:One of the most efficient mixtures, 67:Combustion product gasses enter the 3175:"Astra Rocket Engine — Delphin 3.0" 3115:Boyne, Walter J. (September 2004). 2974: 2906: 2860: 2753:Gordon, E.; Sweetman, Bill (1992). 2190:List of space launch system designs 1724:. May be used in conjunction with 918:Inhibited red fuming nitric acid (I 136:, with some of the advantages of a 24: 3756:Field-emission electric propulsion 3020: 3001: 2941: 2923: 2879: 2803: 2298: 2240: 1956:". Paulet was later approached by 1906:for horizontal or vertical flight. 1433:for high power engines. Examples: 259:Liquid propellants are subject to 57:Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer. 25: 5530: 3830:Microwave electrothermal thruster 3397: 2455:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 2401:"LOX/Methane The Future is Green" 2252: 1543:Full-flow staged combustion cycle 1113:, interplanetary probes (Such as 790:Non-cryogenic/storable/hypergolic 740:OH) – early liquid rockets, like 728:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and alcohol ( 651: 564:(Blue Origin) engines. (See also 403: 5183: 4102: 3295: 3137:Magazines, Hearst (1 May 1931). 2836:Ordway, F. I. (September 1977). 2813:Paulet de Vásquez, Sara (2002). 2689:from the original on 2021-04-03. 1976: 1759:by the Russian rocket scientist 1642:to be used which gives a higher 1353: 1237:The main types of injectors are 342:pressure to prevent vaporization 128:using two types of propellant. 64:mixes and burns the two liquids. 3277: 3263: 3243: 3229: 3209: 3195: 3181: 3167: 3154: 3149:Popular Mechanics 1931 curtiss. 3130: 3108: 3099: 3082: 3065: 3047: 2829: 2746: 2671: 2627: 2528: 2519: 2494: 2481: 1318:To avoid instabilities such as 1167:and SuperDraco engines for the 1043:Unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine ( 1018:Development (or study): BA-3200 311:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster 3960:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket‎ 3856:High Power Electric Propulsion 3324:Rockets and People Volumes 1-4 3147:– via Internet Archive. 2502:"Sometimes, Smaller is Better" 2417: 2340: 2268:. Cambridge University Press. 2200:List of orbital launch systems 2062:in the early and mid-1930s in 2004:, when American professor Dr. 1864:RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft 1477:Takes hot gases from the main 1388:, and the second stage of the 1089:(50% UDMH, 50% hydrazine) and 415: 279:Liquid propellants often need 13: 1: 4968:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213 3815:Helicon double-layer thruster 3784:Electrodeless plasma thruster 3779:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster 2704:. Routledge. pp. 74–75. 2702:The Soviet Armaments Industry 2371:"About LNG Propulsion System" 2215: 1767:is astounding, including the 1331:, but were finally overcome. 1139:) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N 640:. Unlike engines that burn LH 533:, and the upper stage of the 201:Liquid systems enable higher 5519:Rocket engines by propellant 3143:. Hearst Magazines. p. 3008:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2930:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2867:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2683:"The Man Behind the Curtain" 1960:, being invited to join the 1676:Methods of ignition include 1380:, used in the Space Shuttle 1205: 677:-derived vehicles including 429: 186:Advantages and disadvantages 7: 3359:10.36901/persona.v14i14.209 2948:Harding, Robert C. (2012). 2163: 1988:, bundled against the cold 1769:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation 1656: 1406:brushless DC electric motor 1227:density of the propellant. 905:rocket fighter prototypes, 773:(CO) – proposed for a Mars 586:Space Shuttle external tank 142:Bipropellant liquid rockets 10: 5535: 3164:Jet&Prop 1/94 p. 17–21 2489:Rocket Propulsion Elements 2247:NASA:Liquid rocket engines 2232:Sutton, George P. (1963). 2020: 1962:Astronomische Gesellschaft 1735: 1731: 1634: 1630: 1362:are desirable to minimize 1153:orbital maneuvering system 619:) is lower than that of LH 481:, the upper stages of the 419: 29: 5478: 5192: 5181: 5121: 4811: 4533: 4381: 4200: 4191: 4180: 4167: 4100: 4017: 3996: 3940: 3887: 3878: 3843: 3797: 3774:Pulsed inductive thruster 3766: 3728: 3719: 3689: 3658: 3615: 3589: 3582: 3519: 3454: 2700:Albrecht, Ulrich (1993). 2630:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory" 2249:, 1998, Purdue University 2008:launched a vehicle using 1775:. Soviet search teams at 1571: 1569: 1265:Descent Propulsion System 841:, and hydrazine hydrate, 821:(80% hydrogen peroxide, H 74:Exhaust exits the rocket. 3948:Nuclear pulse propulsion 3707:Electric-pump-fed engine 3607:Hybrid-propellant rocket 3597:Liquid-propellant rocket 3404:An online book entitled 3095:. May 1968. p. 4ff. 3036:(in Spanish). 2012-04-05 2210:List of military rockets 2205:List of sounding rockets 2035:Friedrich Wilhelm Sander 1290:engine designed for the 769:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 758:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 657:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 615:. Its performance (max. 544:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 422:Liquid rocket propellant 320:for most weapon systems. 115: 83:liquid-propellant rocket 30:Not to be confused with 18:Liquid propellant rocket 5013:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262 4004:Beam-powered propulsion 3977:Fission-fragment rocket 3932:Nuclear photonic rocket 3900:Nuclear electric rocket 3666:Staged combustion cycle 3602:Solid-propellant rocket 3321:Chertok, Boris (2005). 2725:Tsander, F. A. (1964). 2319:10.1007/3-540-27041-8_1 2078:weapon for the Nazis. 1967:Frederick I. Ordway III 1877: 1800:electric rocket engines 1796:Gas Dynamics Laboratory 1615:Lower specific impulse 1522:Staged combustion cycle 1250:Centripetal or swirling 1247:Cross-impinging triplet 1157:Reaction control system 884:interceptor prototypes. 629:reusable launch systems 358:thrust to weight ratios 166:cryogenic rocket engine 32:Rocket-powered aircraft 4055:Non-rocket spacelaunch 3905:Nuclear thermal rocket 3805:Pulsed plasma thruster 3375:Siddiqi, Asif (2000). 3340:Mejía, Álvaro (2017). 3057:. NASA. Archived from 3012:. pp. Chapter 3. 2934:. pp. Chapter 3. 2871:. pp. Chapter 3. 2086: 1993: 1907: 1827:During this period in 1761:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1752: 1711:enthalpy of combustion 1557:Engine cycle tradeoffs 1244:Self-impinging doublet 1084: 1034:red fuming nitric acid 807: 766:'s first liquid rocket 325:Principle of operation 238: 164:. The engine may be a 122:monopropellant rockets 120:Liquid rockets can be 78: 5489:are under development 4877:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25 4656:RD-107, 108, 117, 118 3721:Electrical propulsion 3448:Spacecraft propulsion 3346:Persona & Cultura 3055:"Re-Creating History" 2274:10.1017/9781108381376 2084: 2002:Auburn, Massachusetts 1984: 1895:of 1902, featuring a 1885: 1872:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 1790:From 1929 to 1930 in 1750: 1637:Rocket engine cooling 1420:designed and used by 1149:Space Shuttle orbiter 1082: 1040:Anti-aircraft missile 965:Nitric acid 73% with 829:as the oxidizer) and 797: 568:project of NASA, and 554:liquefied natural gas 302:Cryogenic propellants 272:They can suffer from 236: 130:Tripropellant rockets 40: 3953:Antimatter-catalyzed 3751:Hall-effect thruster 3564:Solar thermal rocket 2819:Ciencia y tecnología 2788:, p. 167 Vol 1. 2656:, p. 165 Vol 1. 2134:launch escape system 1918:, wrote a letter to 1783:and rocket designer 1651:regenerative cooling 1340:Helmholtz resonators 1314:Combustion stability 1091:dinitrogen tetroxide 1049:dinitrogen tetroxide 967:dinitrogen tetroxide 867:Messerschmitt Me 163 386:rocket engine nozzle 126:bipropellant rockets 5509:American inventions 4978:RD-0216, 0217, 0235 4641:RD-0107, 0108, 0110 3895:Direct Fusion Drive 3810:Vacuum arc thruster 3697:Pressure-fed engine 3676:Gas-generator cycle 3583:Chemical propulsion 3520:Physical propulsion 3273:. 14 November 2019. 3259:. 20 February 2019. 3225:. 28 February 2020. 3205:. 13 February 2019. 3191:. 13 February 2019. 2857:, pp. 115–116. 2467:2001JSpRo..38..730L 1841:Mikhail Tikhonravov 1743:Russia–Soviet Union 1566: 1428:Gas-generator cycle 1261:Apollo Lunar Module 1125:Monomethylhydrazine 606:atmospheric reentry 464:Space Launch System 378:pyrotechnic igniter 354:reciprocating pumps 4109:Spaceflight portal 4075:Reactionless drive 4040:Aerogravity assist 3880:Nuclear propulsion 3287:. 9 November 2020. 3239:. 3 February 2020. 3124:Air Force Magazine 2578:, p. 6–7,333. 2106:Walter HWK 109-509 2087: 1994: 1954:man reach the Moon 1908: 1753: 1738:History of rockets 1583:Staged-combustion 1564: 1479:combustion chamber 1371:Pressure-fed cycle 1222:Types of injectors 1155:(OMS) engines and 1085: 996:High-test peroxide 808: 376:(thrust chamber), 374:combustion chamber 239: 196:quality management 103:specific impulse ( 95:liquid propellants 79: 62:combustion chamber 46:Liquid rocket fuel 5514:Rocket propulsion 5496: 5495: 5438:Space Shuttle SRB 5179: 5178: 5117: 5116: 4807: 4806: 4529: 4528: 4116: 4115: 4070:Atmospheric entry 4025:Orbital mechanics 3992: 3991: 3874: 3873: 3825:Resistojet rocket 3715: 3714: 3690:Intake mechanisms 3623:Liquid propellant 3527:Cold gas thruster 3140:Popular Mechanics 3077:978-3-486-76182-5 2764:978-0-87938-498-2 2681:(November 2007). 2634:Russian Space Web 2430:. IHI Corporation 2328:978-3-540-22190-6 2283:978-1-108-38137-6 2265:Rocket Propulsion 2112:Post World War II 2072:Wernher von Braun 2060:Walter Dornberger 2006:Robert H. Goddard 1986:Robert H. Goddard 1950:Wernher von Braun 1773:Wernher von Braun 1702:Triethylaluminium 1687:F-1 rocket engine 1628: 1627: 1396:Electric pump-fed 1169:Dragon spacecraft 1159:(RCS) thrusters. 1006:) and kerosene – 894:) and kerosene – 814:(self igniting). 99:solid propellants 71:through a throat. 16:(Redirected from 5526: 5187: 5186: 5023:RD-263, 268, 273 4954:along other LREs 4816: 4815: 4676:RD-191, 151, 181 4540: 4539: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4106: 4090:Alcubierre drive 4080:Field propulsion 4030:Orbital maneuver 4018:Related concepts 3885: 3884: 3736:Colloid thruster 3726: 3725: 3587: 3586: 3489:Specific impulse 3441: 3434: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3371: 3361: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2602: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2504:. Archived from 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2367: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2195:List of missiles 2154:Relativity Space 1861: 1833:Fredrich Tsander 1823: 1812: 1781:Valentin Glushko 1696:Ignition with a 1567: 1563: 1303:Valentin Glushko 1071:(used to launch 860: 840: 780: 617:specific impulse 593: 570:Project Morpheus 274:pogo oscillation 203:specific impulse 21: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5474: 5195: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5113: 5003:RD-0255 to 0257 4998:RD-0243 to 0245 4860: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4827: 4803: 4544: 4535: 4525: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4208: 4202: 4183: 4176: 4163: 4161:launch vehicles 4147: 4117: 4112: 4096: 4013: 3988: 3936: 3870: 3839: 3793: 3767:Electromagnetic 3762: 3711: 3702:Pump-fed engine 3685: 3654: 3611: 3578: 3515: 3506:Rocket equation 3472:Reaction engine 3450: 3445: 3400: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3330: 3328: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3135: 3131: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2956:. p. 156. 2946: 2942: 2928: 2924: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2834: 2830: 2811: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2765: 2755:Soviet X-planes 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2698: 2694: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2622: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2449:Landis (2001). 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2368: 2359: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2284: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2166: 2160:, or Launcher. 2142:launch vehicles 2138:SpaceX Dragon 2 2114: 2095:Hellmuth Walter 2056:Heereswaffenamt 2044:Frank H. Winter 2023: 1979: 1880: 1855: 1817: 1806: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1716: 1659: 1647: 1639: 1633: 1580:Expander cycle 1559: 1356: 1316: 1224: 1208: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1100: 1096: 1075:crew vehicles.) 1058: 1054: 1038:MIM-3 Nike Ajax 1031: 1027: 1005: 1001: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933: 929: 925: 893: 858: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 824: 792: 778: 771:carbon monoxide 739: 735: 654: 647: 643: 639: 635: 626: 622: 614: 589: 551: 457: 452: 442: 435:Liquid oxygen ( 432: 424: 418: 406: 338:liquid hydrogen 327: 267:guidance system 188: 156:, and a liquid 150:liquid hydrogen 118: 109: 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5532: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399:United States 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 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4603: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4458:United States 4456: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4338:United States 4336: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4195: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4150:Rocket engines 4146: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4035:Gravity assist 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3997:External power 3994: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3970:Bussard ramjet 3962: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3798:Electrothermal 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671:Expander cycle 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3640:Monopropellant 3637: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3511:Thermal rocket 3508: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3399: 3398:External links 3396: 3395: 3394: 3372: 3348:(in Spanish). 3337: 3318: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3276: 3262: 3242: 3228: 3208: 3194: 3180: 3166: 3153: 3129: 3107: 3098: 3081: 3064: 3061:on 2007-12-01. 3046: 3019: 3000: 2973: 2962: 2940: 2922: 2905: 2878: 2859: 2847: 2828: 2802: 2800:, p. 8-9. 2790: 2778: 2763: 2745: 2717: 2710: 2692: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2628:Zak, Anatoly. 2620: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2534:Russian title 2527: 2518: 2493: 2480: 2475:10.2514/2.3739 2461:(5): 730–735. 2441: 2416: 2388: 2357: 2339: 2327: 2297: 2282: 2251: 2239: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2113: 2110: 2091:Heinkel He 176 2052:Arthur Rudolph 2022: 2019: 2015:Hermann Oberth 1978: 1975: 1946:Hermann Oberth 1879: 1876: 1868:Leonid Dushkin 1785:Sergey Korolev 1744: 1741: 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1726:triethylborane 1714: 1691:Apollo program 1658: 1655: 1645: 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577:Gas generator 1574: 1573: 1570: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1524: 1519: 1518:(bleed cycle). 1499: 1497:Expander cycle 1494: 1475: 1470: 1430: 1425: 1414:turbomachinery 1404:, generally a 1402:electric motor 1398: 1393: 1373: 1355: 1352: 1315: 1312: 1297:Apollo program 1257: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1223: 1220: 1207: 1204: 1200:hybrid rockets 1196:Space Ship Two 1173: 1172: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1111:service module 1098: 1094: 1076: 1056: 1052: 1041: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1003: 999: 993: 963: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 927: 923: 916: 891: 885: 856: 848: 844: 836: 826: 822: 791: 788: 787: 786: 767: 764:Robert Goddard 756: 737: 733: 726: 693:first stages, 653: 652:Semi-cryogenic 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 620: 612: 574: 573: 549: 546:liquid methane 542: 462:main engines, 455: 450: 440: 431: 428: 420:Main article: 417: 414: 405: 404:Pressurization 402: 326: 323: 322: 321: 314: 299: 292: 285: 277: 270: 257: 254:gauge pressure 250: 247:center of mass 231: 230: 227: 224: 220: 217: 206: 199: 187: 184: 180:Hybrid rockets 134:hybrid rockets 117: 114: 107: 76: 75: 72: 65: 58: 55: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5531: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137:RD-211 to 214 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008:RD-215 to 219 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:RD-0233, 0234 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:RD-0207, 0214 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4952:Paektusan LRE 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:RD-0105, 0109 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320:KVD-1 (RD-56) 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045:Oberth effect 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3965:Fusion rocket 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888:Closed system 3886: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3820:Arcjet rocket 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3789:Plasma magnet 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729:Electrostatic 3727: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3681:Tap-off cycle 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3650:Tripropellant 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3569:Photon rocket 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559:Magnetic sail 3557: 3555: 3554:Electric sail 3552: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3477:Reaction mass 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3467:Rocket engine 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296:Sources cited 3286: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3160:Volker Koos, 3157: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2963:9781136257902 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2713: 2711:3-7186-5313-3 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2566:, p. 27. 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2508:on 2012-04-14 2507: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2426: 2420: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2352:www.quora.com 2349: 2343: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010:liquid oxygen 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977:United States 1974: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938:John D. Clark 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1892:Avion Torpedo 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862:powering the 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719:rocket engine 1712: 1708: 1707:liquid oxygen 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Disadvantages 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586:Pressure-fed 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1562: 1551: 1550:SpaceX Raptor 1546: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1473:Tap-off cycle 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408:, drives the 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1354:Engine cycles 1351: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1292:Space Shuttle 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 997: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961: 957: 937: 921: 917: 915: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 889: 886: 883: 879: 878: 872: 868: 864: 854: 832: 820: 817: 816: 815: 813: 805: 801: 796: 784: 776: 772: 768: 765: 761: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 731: 727: 725:first stages. 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Atlas rockets 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661:(kerosene) – 660: 656: 655: 649: 630: 618: 609: 607: 603: 599: 598: 592: 591:Space Shuttle 587: 583: 579: 571: 567: 563: 560:(SpaceX) and 559: 556:, LNG) – the 555: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 461: 460:Space Shuttle 453: 446: 443:) and liquid 438: 434: 433: 427: 423: 413: 411: 401: 399: 398:engine cycles 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 345: 343: 339: 334: 332: 319: 318:solid rockets 315: 312: 307: 303: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 282: 281:ullage motors 278: 275: 271: 268: 264: 263: 258: 255: 251: 248: 244: 243: 242: 235: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 210:Space Shuttle 207: 204: 200: 197: 193: 192: 191: 183: 181: 177: 174: 169: 167: 163: 162:liquid oxygen 159: 155: 151: 147: 144:use a liquid 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 113: 111: 106: 100: 96: 92: 91:rocket engine 88: 87:liquid rocket 84: 73: 70: 66: 63: 59: 56: 53: 50: 47: 44: 43: 39: 33: 19: 5486: 5027: 4948:North Korea 4719: 4712: 4680: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4567: 4516: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4348: 4341: 4329: 4307: 4250: 4243: 4181: 4154:solid motors 4107: 4050:Space launch 3982:Fission sail 3910:Radioisotope 3741:Ion thruster 3659:Power cycles 3645:Bipropellant 3596: 3537:Steam rocket 3532:Water rocket 3405: 3386:. Retrieved 3377: 3349: 3345: 3329:. Retrieved 3323: 3310:. Retrieved 3304: 3279: 3265: 3254: 3245: 3231: 3220: 3211: 3197: 3183: 3177:. June 2020. 3169: 3161: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3117:"Rocket Men" 3110: 3101: 3084: 3067: 3059:the original 3049: 3038:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2992:. Retrieved 2990:(in Spanish) 2985: 2976: 2967: 2949: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2897:. Retrieved 2895:(in Spanish) 2890: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2850: 2841: 2831: 2818: 2798:Siddiqi 2000 2793: 2786:Chertok 2005 2781: 2754: 2748: 2736:. Retrieved 2727: 2720: 2701: 2695: 2679:Asif Siddiqi 2673: 2668:, p. 4. 2666:Siddiqi 2000 2661: 2654:Chertok 2005 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2633: 2623: 2606: 2588:Siddiqi 2000 2583: 2576:Siddiqi 2000 2571: 2564:Siddiqi 2000 2559: 2554:, p. 1. 2552:Siddiqi 2000 2547: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2521: 2510:. Retrieved 2506:the original 2496: 2488: 2483: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2434:November 29, 2432:. Retrieved 2419: 2409:November 29, 2407:. Retrieved 2380:. Retrieved 2374: 2351: 2342: 2332:, retrieved 2309: 2264: 2242: 2233: 2123: 2115: 2101: 2088: 2024: 1997: 1995: 1958:Nazi Germany 1941: 1920: 1912:Pedro Paulet 1909: 1890: 1887:Pedro Paulet 1846: 1826: 1789: 1765:astronautics 1756: 1754: 1695: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1660: 1643: 1640: 1610: 1591: 1560: 1364:gravity drag 1360: 1357: 1348: 1344: 1338:engine, use 1333: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1301: 1285: 1281:Falcon Heavy 1258: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1209: 1198:plan to use 1192:Dream Chaser 1188:carcinogenic 1174: 1107:lunar module 1069:Long March 2 876: 871:World War II 852: 809: 806:rocket plane 803: 774: 746:World War II 723:Long March 8 719:Long March 7 715:Long March 6 711:Long March 5 671:Zenit rocket 610: 596: 575: 519:Long March 8 515:Long March 5 511:Long March 3 495:third stages 425: 407: 390:pressure-fed 371: 346: 335: 328: 305: 260: 240: 189: 178: 173:throttleable 170: 141: 138:solid rocket 119: 104: 86: 82: 80: 5485:Engines in 5132:RD-109, 119 5070:RD-864, 869 5055:RD-854, 861 5018:RD-253, 275 4666:RD-170, 171 4065:Aerocapture 4060:Aerobraking 3941:Open system 3925:"Lightbulb" 3866:Mass driver 3616:Propellants 3547:Diffractive 2039:Rüsselsheim 1990:New England 1921:El Comercio 1899:fixed to a 1856: [ 1818: [ 1807: [ 1678:pyrotechnic 1572:Cycle type 1241:Shower head 1087:Aerozine 50 1012:Black Arrow 991:Taepodong-2 987:North Korea 954:) – Soviet 888:Nitric acid 863:HWK 109-509 833:(methanol, 802:'s Me 163B 667:first stage 602:destruction 588:led to the 539:GSLV Mk-III 505:as well as 416:Propellants 89:utilizes a 5503:Categories 4872:YF-1, 2, 3 4820:Hypergolic 4792:Rutherford 4511:Prometheus 4473:Archimedes 4085:Warp drive 3915:Salt-water 3633:Hypergolic 3542:Solar sail 3040:2022-03-11 2994:2022-03-11 2899:2022-03-11 2855:Mejía 2017 2512:2010-06-01 2382:2020-08-25 2334:2023-11-29 2216:References 2130:SuperDraco 2126:3D printed 2119:Space Race 2076:V-2 rocket 2048:Opel RAK.1 2031:Max Valier 1996:The first 1942:Die Rakete 1930:Max Valier 1866:. In 1938 1777:Peenemünde 1698:pyrophoric 1682:Hypergolic 1664:hard start 1592:Advantages 1422:Rocket Lab 1418:Rutherford 1376:Examples: 1308:Wasserfall 1275:engine on 1267:) and the 1103:Titans 2–4 812:hypergolic 748:) A4, aka 535:GSLV Mk-II 467:core stage 382:propellant 350:turbopumps 295:Turbopumps 5413:Castor 30 5293:Zefiro 40 5288:Zefiro 23 5229:SpaB-140C 4626:NK-33, 44 4536:cryogenic 4382:Methalox 4201:Hydrolox 4193:Cryogenic 3628:Cryogenic 3368:258143557 3222:Space.com 2954:Routledge 2615:699561269 2292:203039055 2124:In 2010s 1934:Willy Ley 1910:Peruvian 1792:Leningrad 1483:turbopump 1384:, Apollo 1320:chugging, 1310:missile. 1283:rockets. 1263:engines ( 1206:Injectors 1184:hydrazine 1127:(MMH, (CH 1119:Voyager 2 1115:Voyager 1 1109:, Apollo 1105:, Apollo 1022:Hydrazine 903:MiG I-270 691:Saturn IB 499:Saturn IB 430:Cryogenic 410:turbopump 362:Merlin 1D 306:chilldown 5428:Orbus-21 5283:Zefiro 9 5046:Ukraine 4824:Aerozine 4812:Storable 4704:Ukraine 4646:RD-0110R 4543:Kerolox 3920:Gas core 3455:Concepts 2987:BBC News 2892:BBC News 2773:22704082 2687:Archived 2164:See also 2132:used in 2027:Opel RAK 1971:Cold War 1904:tiltwing 1657:Ignition 1463:Falcon 9 1455:Ariane 5 1447:Delta IV 1435:Saturn V 1390:Delta II 1329:Saturn V 1277:Falcon 9 1177:storable 1083:Titan II 1073:Shenzhou 1010:(1970s) 983:Shahab-5 977:-B,-D), 962:-c,-d,-e 958:-C, aka 909:-A, aka 783:Zirconia 760:gasoline 754:Redstone 707:Falcon 9 703:Falcon 1 687:Saturn I 663:Saturn V 597:Columbia 582:hydrogen 503:Saturn I 487:Saturn V 479:Delta IV 471:Ariane 5 445:hydrogen 394:pump-fed 289:hydrogen 214:Falcon 9 160:such as 158:oxidizer 148:such as 93:burning 52:Oxidizer 5487:italics 5448:Star 48 5443:Star 37 5423:Orbus-6 5344:Israel 5278:Waxwing 5234:Europe 5226:SpaB-65 5128:Russia 4993:RD-0237 4988:RD-0236 4959:Russia 4938:Israel 4898:Europe 4742:Kestrel 4688:S1.5400 4651:RD-0124 4617:Russia 4610:SCE-200 4506:Europe 4499:RD-0169 4494:Russia 4420:Longyun 4413:Lingyun 4331:RD-0146 4325:RD-0120 4316:Russia 4273:Vulcain 4259:Europe 4182:Liquid 4158:orbital 4009:Tethers 3861:MagBeam 3746:Gridded 3501:Staging 3494:Delta-v 3388:21 July 3331:21 July 3312:21 July 2844:. NASA. 2825:: 5–12. 2738:13 June 2639:20 July 2463:Bibcode 2158:Skyrora 2136:of the 2064:a field 2021:Germany 1732:History 1722:ignitor 1700:agent: 1689:on the 1631:Cooling 1508:Atlas V 1269:Kestrel 880:crewed 875:Ba 349 831:C-Stoff 819:T-Stoff 730:ethanol 695:Titan I 507:Centaur 367:delta-v 331:nozzles 5403:AJ-60A 5368:KM-V2b 5359:Japan 5333:Salman 5299:India 5273:Topaze 5238:Mage 1 5203:China 5194:Solid 5101:TR-201 5065:RD-856 5060:RD-855 5050:RD-843 5040:S5.98M 5029:RD-270 4923:India 4917:Viking 4907:Astris 4902:Aestus 4892:YF-50D 4868:China 4777:RS-27A 4767:Merlin 4757:LR-105 4721:RD-810 4714:RD-801 4698:TEPREL 4694:Spain 4682:RD-193 4671:RD-180 4661:RD-120 4605:India 4598:Welkin 4591:YF-130 4585:YF-115 4580:YF-102 4575:YF-100 4559:China 4487:Aeon R 4480:Aeon 1 4467:Raptor 4451:YF-215 4444:YF-209 4437:TQ-15A 4401:China 4294:Japan 4283:CE-7.5 4279:India 4234:YF-75D 4220:China 3835:VASIMR 3484:Thrust 3462:Rocket 3366: 3075: 2960: 2771: 2761: 2708: 2613: 2325: 2290: 2280: 2099:Me 163 1998:flight 1936:, and 1897:canopy 1853:ORM-65 1829:Moscow 1815:ORM-52 1709:. The 1533:RD-191 1467:Merlin 1273:Merlin 1254:Pintle 1212:nozzle 1161:SpaceX 1061:Proton 1047:) and 1032:) and 896:Soviet 877:Natter 873:, and 851:· 800:NMUSAF 779: 775:hopper 752:, and 742:German 689:, and 578:oxygen 558:Raptor 501:, and 491:second 483:Ares I 223:gains. 69:nozzle 5468:X-254 5463:X-248 5453:UA120 5433:Orion 5408:Algol 5393:SRB-A 5388:M-34c 5363:KM-V1 5353:RSA-3 5329:Iran 5222:FG-47 5217:FG-46 5212:FG-36 5207:FG-02 5168:XLR81 5162:RS-88 5157:Curie 5147:Gamma 5122:Other 5106:XLR81 5095:RS-88 5090:LR-91 5085:LR-87 5035:S5.92 4963:17D61 4932:Vikas 4912:Vexin 4887:YF-40 4882:YF-23 4855:, or 4835:, or 4829:UH 25 4797:XLR50 4782:RS-56 4772:RS-27 4752:LR-89 4747:LR-79 4631:RD-58 4621:NK-15 4569:TH-12 4563:TH-11 4534:Semi- 4431:TQ-12 4426:TQ-11 4406:BF-20 4371:RS-68 4366:RS-25 4343:BE-3U 4288:CE-20 4268:Vinci 4252:YF-90 4245:YF-79 4239:YF-77 4229:YF-75 4224:YF-73 3844:Other 3590:State 3382:(PDF) 3364:S2CID 3308:. RHK 3120:(PDF) 3093:(PDF) 2732:(PDF) 2428:(PDF) 2404:(PDF) 2288:S2CID 2150:Orbex 2146:Astra 2144:from 2102:Komet 1901:delta 1860:] 1822:] 1811:] 1804:ORM-1 1451:RS-68 1410:pumps 1378:AJ-10 1336:RS-25 1288:RS-25 1180:ICBMs 1165:Draco 1065:Rokot 938:, (CH 922:, HNO 804:Komet 683:Delta 679:Soyuz 594: 531:H-IIB 527:H-IIA 298:pump. 284:pump. 262:slosh 116:Types 5458:SRMU 5383:M-34 5378:M-24 5373:M-14 5348:LK-1 5338:Rafe 5323:S200 5318:S139 5268:P230 5263:P120 5196:fuel 5080:AJ10 4942:LK-4 4837:UDMH 4787:S-3D 4708:RD-8 4547:RP-1 4518:M-10 4462:BE-4 4361:RL10 4350:BE-7 4309:LE-9 4303:LE-7 4298:LE-5 4263:HM7B 4184:fuel 4156:for 4152:and 3574:WINE 3390:2022 3333:2022 3314:2022 3256:CNBC 3073:ISBN 2958:ISBN 2823:Lima 2769:OCLC 2759:ISBN 2740:2022 2706:ISBN 2641:2022 2611:OCLC 2436:2022 2411:2022 2376:JAXA 2323:ISBN 2278:ISBN 1926:Lima 1916:Peru 1878:Peru 1537:LE-7 1529:SSME 1516:LE-5 1512:H-II 1506:for 1504:RL10 1491:BE-3 1489:and 1487:J-2S 1459:HM7B 1441:and 1286:The 1279:and 1194:and 1175:For 1147:) – 1117:and 1101:) – 1059:) – 1045:UDMH 979:Iran 975:Scud 971:R-12 960:SS-1 956:Scud 936:UDMH 920:RFNA 914:SRBM 911:SS-1 907:Scud 901:and 899:BI-1 890:(HNO 798:The 721:and 705:and 697:and 659:RP-1 580:and 562:BE-4 537:and 523:H-II 493:and 475:BE-3 458:) – 212:and 154:RP-1 146:fuel 60:The 5418:GEM 5313:S12 5258:P80 5253:PAP 5248:P-6 5243:P-4 5143:UK 4927:PS4 4857:HNO 4853:MON 4833:MMH 4737:H-1 4732:F-1 4551:LOX 4393:LOX 4356:J-2 4212:LOX 3354:doi 3145:716 3033:EFE 2471:doi 2315:doi 2270:doi 2068:VfR 1924:in 1889:'s 1813:to 1713:, Δ 1514:'s 1465:'s 1457:'s 1449:'s 1443:J-2 1439:F-1 1437:'s 1400:An 1386:SPS 1382:OMS 1163:'s 1151:'s 1131:)HN 1016:USA 926:+ N 882:VTO 750:V-2 732:, C 675:R-7 665:'s 600:'s 548:(CH 489:'s 454:, H 439:, O 437:LOX 392:or 152:or 85:or 5505:: 5308:S9 5303:S7 4851:, 4840:/ 4831:, 4826:, 4549:/ 4391:/ 4386:CH 4210:/ 4205:LH 3362:. 3350:14 3344:. 3253:. 3219:. 3122:. 3030:. 2984:. 2966:. 2952:. 2889:. 2840:. 2821:. 2817:. 2805:^ 2767:. 2685:. 2632:. 2595:^ 2469:. 2459:38 2457:. 2453:. 2391:^ 2373:. 2360:^ 2350:. 2321:, 2300:^ 2286:. 2276:. 2254:^ 2224:^ 2156:, 2152:, 2148:, 2121:. 1932:, 1858:ru 1831:, 1820:ru 1809:ru 1693:. 1662:A 1646:SP 1535:, 1531:, 1461:, 1453:, 1445:, 1093:(N 1067:, 1063:, 1051:(N 1036:– 1024:(N 1014:, 1008:UK 998:(H 989:: 985:, 981:: 973:, 859:O) 855:(H 839:OH 835:CH 762:– 717:, 713:, 709:, 701:, 685:, 681:, 673:, 669:, 648:. 632:LH 608:. 572:.) 552:, 529:, 525:, 517:, 513:, 497:, 485:, 469:, 449:LH 400:. 380:, 333:. 140:. 108:sp 81:A 5170:* 5164:* 5108:* 5097:* 4862:) 4859:3 4848:4 4846:O 4844:2 4842:N 4822:( 4553:) 4545:( 4395:) 4388:4 4384:( 4214:) 4207:2 4203:( 4142:e 4135:t 4128:v 3440:e 3433:t 3426:v 3392:. 3370:. 3356:: 3335:. 3316:. 3126:. 3079:) 3043:. 2997:. 2902:. 2775:. 2742:. 2714:. 2643:. 2617:. 2542:) 2538:( 2515:. 2477:. 2473:: 2465:: 2438:. 2413:. 2385:. 2354:. 2317:: 2294:. 2272:: 1715:c 1644:I 1552:. 1539:. 1493:. 1469:. 1424:. 1392:. 1171:. 1145:4 1143:O 1141:2 1137:2 1135:H 1133:2 1129:3 1121:) 1099:4 1097:O 1095:2 1057:4 1055:O 1053:2 1030:4 1028:H 1026:2 1004:2 1002:O 1000:2 952:2 950:H 948:2 946:N 944:2 942:) 940:3 932:4 930:O 928:2 924:3 892:3 857:2 853:n 849:4 847:H 845:2 843:N 837:3 827:2 825:O 823:2 744:( 738:5 736:H 734:2 646:2 642:2 638:2 634:2 625:2 621:2 613:2 550:4 456:2 451:2 447:( 441:2 269:. 110:) 105:I 54:. 48:. 34:. 20:)

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Liquid-propellant rocket

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