219:. Gently rubbing the alloy into the surface may help induce wetting. However, this observation of "wetting by rubbing into glass surface" has created a widely spread misconception that the gallium-based liquid metals wet glass surfaces, as if the liquid breaks free of the oxide skin and wets the surface. The reality is the opposite: the oxide makes the liquid wet the glass. In more details: as the liquid is rubbed into and spread onto the glass surface, the liquid oxidizes and coats the glass with a thin layer of oxide (solid) residues, on which the liquid metal wets. In other words, what is seen is a gallium-based liquid metal wetting its solid oxide, not glass. Apparently, the above misconception was caused by the super-fast oxidation of the liquid gallium in even a trace amount of oxygen, i.e., nobody observed the true behavior of a liquid gallium on glass, until research at the
168:
34:
294:
Liquid metal can sometimes be used for biological applications, i.e., making interconnects that flex without fatigue. As
Galinstan is not particularly toxic, wires made from silicone with a core of liquid metal would be ideal for intracardiac pacemakers and neural implants where delicate brain tissue
131:
conductivity far superior to ordinary non-metallic liquids, allowing liquid metal to efficiently transfer energy from the heat source to the liquid. They also have a higher electrical conductivity that allows the liquid to be pumped more efficiently, by electromagnetic pumps. This results in the use
179:
have been removed from the substrate surface, most liquid metals will wet most metallic surfaces. At room temperature, liquid metals are often reactive and soluble to metallic surfaces, though some solid metals are resistant to attack by the common liquid metals. For example gallium is
143:
The viscosity of liquid metals can vary greatly depending on the atomic composition of the liquid, especially in the case of alloys. In particular, the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid metals may range from the standard
295:
cannot tolerate a conventional solid implant. In fact, a wire constructed of this material can be stretched to 3 or even 5 times its length and still conduct electricity, returning to its original size and shape with no loss.
318:) in such a way to generate contraction when the surface tension increases. The principles of muscle-like contraction in liquid metal actuators have been studied for their potential as a next-generation
227:, a gallium-based alloy that is liquid at room temperature, in an oxygen-free environment. Note: These alloys form a thin dull looking oxide skin that is easily dispersed with mild
310:. The force-generating mechanisms in liquid metal actuators are typically achieved by modulation of their surface tension. For instance, a liquid metal droplet can be designed to
239:
Because of their excellent characteristics and manufacturing methods, liquid metals are often used in wearable devices, medical devices, interconnected devices and so on.
827:
152:. A physical model for the viscosity of liquid metals, which captures this great variability in terms of the underlying interatomic interactions, was also developed.
103:, meaning that the alloy's melting point is lower than any of the alloy's constituent metals. The standard metal for creating liquid alloys used to be
741:
Liu, T.; S., Prosenjit; Kim, C.-J. (April 2012). "Characterization of
Nontoxic Liquid-Metal Alloy Galinstan for Applications in Microdevices".
727:
155:
The electrical resistance of a liquid metal can be estimated by means of the Ziman formula, which gives the resistance in terms of the static
459:
72:(Hg), which is molten above −38.8 °C (234.3 K, −37.9 °F). Three more stable elemental metals melt just above room temperature:
743:
905:"Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn): a liquid metal alloy for the formation of stable structures in microchannels at room temperature"
800:
642:
Fu, Yu; Li, Hongxia; Tang, Kai; Yang, Shenglan; Shi, Yue; Liu, Bin; Luo, Qun; Zhang, Lijun; Li, Qian; Pan, Fusheng (2024-06-01).
262:
and heating designs. Uniquely, they can be used to conduct heat and/or electricity between non-metallic and metallic surfaces.
220:
903:
Dickey, Michael D; Chiechi, Ryan C; Larsen, Ryan J; Weiss, Emily A; Weitz, David A; Whitesides, George M (2008).
1256:
599:
Miner, A.; Ghoshal, U. (2004-07-19). "Cooling of high-power-density microdevices using liquid metal coolants".
149:
20:
88:(Fr) is probably liquid close to room temperature as well. Calculations predict that the radioactive metals
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266:
643:
211:, gallium and gallium-containing alloys have the ability to wet to many non-metallic surfaces such as
1266:
993:
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904:
274:
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Tang, Shi-Yang; Tabor, Christopher; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kourosh; Dickey, Michael D. (26 July 2021).
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dependence, to a much steeper (non-Arrhenius) dependence such as that given empirically by the
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at room temperature and toxicity, are being used as a replacement in various applications.
8:
525:
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404:"Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12"
259:
1198:"Liquid Metal Actuators: A Comparative Analysis of Surface Tension Controlled Actuation"
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1149:"Muscle-Inspired Linear Actuators by Electrochemical Oxidation of Liquid Metal Bridges"
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Khan, Mohammad Rashed; Eaker, Collin B; Bowden, Edmond F; Dickey, Michael D (2014).
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Kunquan, Ma; Jing, Liu (October 2007). "Liquid metal management of computer chips".
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1049:"Liquid metal actuator driven by electrochemical manipulation of surface tension"
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of these materials for specific heat conducting and/or dissipation applications.
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of the liquid as can be determined by neutron or X-ray scattering measurements.
1222:
977:
960:
766:
659:
112:
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472:
306:, liquid metals have been found to be a remarkable material for creating soft
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1090:"Giant and switchable surface activity of liquid metal via surface oxidation"
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Another advantage of liquid alloy systems is their inherent high densities.
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that offers several liquid-specific advantages over other solid materials.
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994:"Soft actuators by electrochemical oxidation of liquid metal surfaces"
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uses liquid metal to help cool high temperatures inside the console.
224:
181:
93:
1047:
Russell, Loren; Wissman, James; Majidi, Carmel (18 December 2017).
307:
291:
Liquid metal can be used for wearable devices and for spare parts.
247:
197:
189:
185:
100:
85:
81:
852:
Zhang, Mingkuan; Wang, Xiaohong; Huang, Zhiping; Rao, Wei (2020).
460:"Gallium: The liquid metal that could transform soft electronics"
193:
108:
77:
73:
38:
162:
76:(Cs), which has a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F);
216:
208:
58:
68:
The only stable liquid elemental metal at room temperature is
498:
402:
Mewes, Jan-Michael; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (11 February 2021).
212:
176:
50:
801:"PlayStation 5 uses liquid metal — here's why that's cool"
192:, which have a high resistance to corrosion, more so than
644:"Melt viscosity of light alloys: Progress and challenges"
336:
902:
854:"Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors"
691:
The
Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium
693:. Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 12.
118:
1087:
363:"Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review"
1046:
231:. The oxide-free surfaces are bright and lustrous.
1196:Liao, Jiahe; Majidi, Carmel; Sitti, Metin (2023).
558:Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China
401:
851:
16:Metal or alloy that is liquid at room temperature
1243:
96:(Fl) should also be liquid at room temperature.
1195:
1094:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
361:Neumann, Taylor V.; Dickey, Michael D. (2020).
277:because of its high thermal conductivity. The
648:Journal of Materials Science & Technology
360:
163:Wetting to metallic and non-metallic surfaces
111:-based alloys, which are lower both in their
961:"Fluid-like soft machines with liquid metal"
688:
641:
598:
948:(Ph.D. thesis). Carnegie Mellon University.
555:
1146:
991:
828:"Liquid Metal 3D Printing Makes Its Debut"
726:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
501:"Gallium Liquid Metal: The Devil's Elixir"
84:(Rb) (39 °C ). The radioactive metal
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298:Due to their unique combination of high
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242:Typical uses of liquid metals include
123:Alloy systems that are liquid at room
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1147:Liao, Jiahe; Majidi, Carmel (2022).
992:Liao, Jiahe; Majidi, Carmel (2021).
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526:10.1146/annurev-matsci-080819-125403
265:Liquid metal is sometimes used as a
99:Alloys can be liquid if they form a
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505:Annual Review of Materials Research
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223:debunked the above myth by testing
119:Thermal and electrical conductivity
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689:Wade, K.; Banister, A. J. (1975).
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171:Gallium wets skin, as shown here.
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799:Grubb, Jeff (October 7, 2020).
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367:Advanced Materials Technologies
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716:(2 ed.). Washington, D.C.
712:Lyon, Richard N., ed. (1952).
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150:Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation
1:
909:Advanced Functional Materials
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21:Liquid metal (disambiguation)
458:Kleiner, Kurt (3 May 2022).
286:Liquid metal cooled reactors
138:
7:
325:
314:two moving parts (e.g., in
10:
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978:10.1016/j.matt.2021.01.009
767:10.1109/JMEMS.2011.2174421
660:10.1016/j.jmst.2023.11.002
267:thermal interface material
25:
18:
570:10.1007/s11708-007-0057-3
473:10.1146/knowable-050322-2
80:(Ga) (30 °C ); and
26:Not to be confused with
1115:10.1073/pnas.1412227111
1053:Applied Physics Letters
959:Majidi, Carmel (2021).
601:Applied Physics Letters
1214:10.1002/adma.202300560
1165:10.1002/advs.202201963
945:Liquid metal actuators
921:10.1002/adfm.200701216
714:Liquid Metals Handbook
421:10.1002/anie.202100486
380:10.1002/admt.202000070
172:
42:
41:metal, at 30°C (86°F).
1257:Brazing and soldering
304:fluidic deformability
184:to all metals except
170:
36:
942:Liao, Jiahe (2022).
871:10.3390/bios10110170
332:Electromagnetic pump
19:For other uses, see
1223:20.500.11850/641439
1106:2014PNAS..11114047K
1100:(39): 14047–14051.
1065:2017ApPhL.111y4101R
1010:2021SMat...17.1921L
613:2004ApPhL..85..506M
517:2021AnRMS..51..381T
1202:Advanced Materials
1018:10.1039/D0SM01851A
282:video game console
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43:
1074:10.1063/1.4999113
621:10.1063/1.1772862
464:Knowable Magazine
414:(14): 7703–7709.
408:Angewandte Chemie
320:artificial muscle
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834:. 2021-02-18
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810:. Retrieved
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47:liquid metal
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864:(11): 170.
806:VentureBeat
244:thermostats
207:Similar to
125:temperature
90:copernicium
61:at or near
55:metal alloy
28:Liquidmetal
1246:Categories
858:Biosensors
838:2022-07-23
699:B0007AXLOA
348:References
275:processors
252:barometers
202:molybdenum
1034:231577619
753:CiteSeerX
722:cite book
676:265424554
668:1005-0302
654:: 72–88.
629:0003-6951
586:195071023
578:1673-7504
543:236566966
535:1531-7331
389:2365-709X
308:actuators
229:agitation
225:Galinstan
182:corrosive
139:Viscosity
94:flerovium
92:(Cn) and
57:which is
1232:37358049
1183:35863909
1134:25228767
1026:33427274
890:33182535
775:30200594
440:33576164
326:See also
269:between
248:switches
198:titanium
190:tantalum
186:tungsten
101:eutectic
86:francium
82:rubidium
1174:9475532
1125:4191764
1102:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
1006:Bibcode
881:7696291
609:Bibcode
513:Bibcode
431:8048430
271:coolers
194:niobium
129:thermal
109:gallium
105:mercury
78:gallium
74:caesium
70:mercury
39:gallium
37:Liquid
1262:Alloys
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479:31 May
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312:bridge
217:quartz
209:indium
177:oxides
107:, but
59:liquid
1030:S2CID
925:S2CID
771:S2CID
672:S2CID
582:S2CID
539:S2CID
213:glass
175:Once
127:have
53:or a
51:metal
49:is a
1228:PMID
1179:PMID
1130:PMID
1022:PMID
886:PMID
814:2020
728:link
695:ASIN
664:ISSN
625:ISSN
574:ISSN
531:ISSN
481:2022
436:PMID
385:ISSN
302:and
273:and
221:UCLA
215:and
200:and
188:and
1218:hdl
1210:doi
1169:PMC
1161:doi
1120:PMC
1110:doi
1098:111
1069:doi
1057:111
1014:doi
973:doi
917:doi
876:PMC
866:doi
763:doi
656:doi
652:183
617:doi
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1036:.
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981:.
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931:.
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868::
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777:.
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730:)
701:.
678:.
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631:.
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588:.
568::
562:1
545:.
523::
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483:.
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418::
391:.
377::
371:5
30:.
23:.
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