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1218:(DPCM) encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value. If the prediction is reasonable, fewer bits can be used to represent the same information. For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by about 25% compared to PCM.
4655:
4634:
688:, the beam was swept horizontally at the sample rate while the vertical deflection was controlled by the input analog signal, causing the beam to pass through higher or lower portions of the perforated plate. The plate collected or passed the beam, producing current variations in binary code, one bit at a time. Rather than natural binary, the grid of Goodall's later tube was perforated to produce a glitch-free
4665:
1011:
1402:, in which the information to be encoded is represented by discrete signal pulses of varying width or position, respectively. In this respect, PCM bears little resemblance to these other forms of signal encoding, except that all can be used in time-division multiplexing, and the numbers of the PCM codes are represented as electrical pulses.
1065:
can apply the procedure of modulation in reverse. After each sampling period, the demodulator reads the next value and transitions the output signal to the new value. As a result of these transitions, the signal retains a significant amount of high-frequency energy due to imaging effects. To remove
1789:
798:
In 1972, Denon unveiled the first 8-channel digital recorder, the DN-023R, which used a 4-head open reel broadcast video tape recorder to record in 47.25 kHz, 13-bit PCM audio. In 1977, Denon developed the portable PCM recording system, the DN-034R. Like the DN-023R, it recorded 8 channels at
1842:
1266:
Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8-bit μ-law or A-law PCM samples into a series of 4-bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is
1199:
Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the analog-to-digital process; newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern
1123:
LPCM encodes a single sound channel. Support for multichannel audio depends on file format and relies on synchronization of multiple LPCM streams. While two channels (stereo) is the most common format, systems can support up to 8 audio channels (7.1 surround) or more.
1496:
is much simpler. In some systems, no explicit filtering is done at all; as it is impossible for any system to reproduce a signal with infinite bandwidth, inherent losses in the system compensate for the artifacts — or the system simply does not require much
1022:(red curve) is sampled and quantized for PCM. The sine wave is sampled at regular intervals, shown as vertical lines. For each sample, one of the available values (on the y-axis) is chosen. The PCM process is commonly implemented on a single
1366:
will tend to move communications circuits out of their operating range. In this case, special measures are taken to keep a count of the cumulative DC bias and to modify the codes if necessary to make the DC bias always tend back to zero.
1000:
container format (defined in 2007) uses LPCM and also allows non-PCM bitstream storage: various compression formats contained in the RF64 file as data bursts (Dolby E, Dolby AC3, DTS, MPEG-1/MPEG-2 Audio) can be "disguised" as PCM
1147:
shows PCM devices can operate without introducing distortions within their designed frequency bands if they provide a sampling frequency at least twice that of the highest frequency contained in the input signal. For example, in
1030:(ADC). This produces a fully discrete representation of the input signal (blue points) that can be easily encoded as digital data for storage or manipulation. Several PCM streams could also be multiplexed into a larger aggregate
1359:, but where the data can be recovered exactly by a complementary descrambler. In this case, long runs of zeroes or ones are still possible on the output but are considered unlikely enough to allow reliable synchronization.
634:
in France. He described the theory and its advantages, but no practical application resulted. Reeves filed for a French patent in 1938, and his US patent was granted in 1943. By this time Reeves had started working at the
1535:
A slight difference between the encoding and decoding clock frequencies is not generally a major concern; a small constant error is not noticeable. Clock error does become a major issue if the clock contains significant
1258:
PCM (Europe and most of the rest of the world). These are logarithmic compression systems where a 12- or 13-bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8-bit value. This system is described by international standard
1189:
As samples are dependent on time, an accurate clock is required for accurate reproduction. If either the encoding or decoding clock is not stable, these imperfections will directly affect the output quality of the
1160:
to 3400 Hz. For effective reconstruction of the voice signal, telephony applications therefore typically use an 8000 Hz sampling frequency which is more than twice the highest usable voice frequency.
1333:(NRZ). For a NRZ system to be synchronized using in-band information, there must not be long sequences of identical symbols, such as ones or zeroes. For binary PCM systems, the density of 1-symbols is called
541:) is a specific type of PCM in which the quantization levels are linearly uniform. This is in contrast to PCM encodings in which quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the
1175:
Between samples no measurement of the signal is made; the sampling theorem guarantees non-ambiguous representation and recovery of the signal only if it has no energy at frequency
2284:
1378:
code, non-zero pulses alternate between being positive and negative. These rules may be violated to generate special symbols used for framing or other special purposes.
1344:
encoding, where the PCM code is expanded into a slightly longer code with a guaranteed bound on ones-density before modulation into the channel. In other cases, extra
1135:
format videos, or 44.1 kHz as used in CDs. Sampling frequencies of 96 kHz or 192 kHz can be used on some equipment, but the benefits have been debated.
2211:
P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and J. L. Flanagan, "Adaptive quantization in differential PCM coding of speech," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, pp. 1105–1118, Sept. 1973.
1106:
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The electronics involved in producing an accurate analog signal from the discrete data are similar to those used for generating the digital signal. These devices are
1923:
1394:
refers to the pulses to be found in the transmission line. This perhaps is a natural consequence of this technique having evolved alongside two analog methods,
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3909:
1281:
have been developed to achieve further compression. Some of these techniques have been standardized and patented. Advanced compression techniques, such as
662:
researchers who designed the SIGSALY system became aware of the use of PCM binary coding as already proposed by Reeves. In 1949, for the
Canadian Navy's
3124:
3276:
1946:
1058:(depending on type) that represents the value presented on their digital inputs. This output would then generally be filtered and amplified for use.
2777:
459:
1624:"RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences – Registration of Media Type audio/L8"
1224:(ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given
4617:
4589:
4584:
3609:
1186:); higher frequencies will not be correctly represented or recovered and add aliasing distortion to the signal below the Nyquist frequency.
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is a form of DPCM that uses one bit per sample to indicate whether the signal is increasing or decreasing compared to the previous sample.
1221:
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423:
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847:(SC) circuit technology, developed in the early 1970s. This led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s. The
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calls sampled at 8 kHz and 8-bit resolution. This development improved capacity and call quality compared to the previous
600:. He obtained intelligible speech from channels sampled at a rate above 3500–4300 Hz; lower rates proved unsatisfactory.
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introduced time-division switching into the US telephone system in 1976, based on medium scale integrated circuit technology.
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to remove some of the aliasing, converting the signal from digital to analog at a higher sample rate such that the analog
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1969:
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994:(defined in 2002), a single-cable digital audio/video connector interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.
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979:(since 2006) standards. It is also defined as a part of various digital video and audio storage formats (e.g.
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A PCM stream has two basic properties that determine the stream's fidelity to the original analog signal: the
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Choosing a discrete value that is near but not exactly at the analog signal level for each sample leads to
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871:
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2540:"RFC 3108 – Conventions for the use of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer Connections"
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RFC 4856 – Media Type
Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences
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A Short
History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing
1762:
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630:, unaware of previous work, conceived the use of PCM for voice communication in 1937 while working for
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1034:, generally for transmission of multiple streams over a single physical link. One technique is called
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built a working PCM radio system that was able to transmit digitized radar data over long distances.
271:
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2020:
1719:
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810:, was recorded. It was recorded in 50 kHz, 16-bit linear PCM using a 3M digital tape recorder.
564:, which determines the number of possible digital values that can be used to represent each sample.
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Sampling and quantization of a signal (red) for 4-bit LPCM over a time domain at specific frequency
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and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. In
January 1971, using NHK's PCM recording system, engineers at
677:
408:
291:
2869:– Contains information about, and specifications for the implementation of LPCM used in WAV files.
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and W.C. Black in 1980, has since been the industry standard for digital telephony. By the 1990s,
227:
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audio container formats (defined in 1988). LPCM data may also be stored in other formats such as
707:
as the inventors of PCM, as described in "Communication System
Employing Pulse Code Modulation",
305:
184:
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4704:
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White paper Blu-ray Disc Format – 2.B Audio Visual
Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM
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821:
sampling frequency and 16-bit resolution and stores up to 80 minutes of stereo audio per disc.
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In other cases, the long term DC value of the modulated signal is important, as building up a
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for time-division multiplexing multiple telegraph signals; he also applied this technology to
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817:(CD) brought PCM to consumer audio applications with its introduction in 1982. The CD uses a
780:
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592:(TDM) as early as 1853. Electrical engineer W. M. Miner, in 1903, used an electro-mechanical
337:
3634:
2853:: A description of PCM with links to information about subtypes of this format (for example
1682:"RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio"
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RFC 3190 – RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear
Sampled Audio
8:
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B. M. Oliver; J. R. Pierce & C. E. Shannon (November 1948). "The
Philosophy of PCM".
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2008:
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filed in 1946 and 1952, granted in 1956. Another patent by the same title was filed by
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used telegraph signaling of characters punched in paper tape to send samples of images
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and Bob
Badgley invented multi-level PCM independently in their work at Bell Labs on
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1965:
1902:
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system, introduced in 1961, uses two twisted-pair transmission lines to carry 24 PCM
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and produced all bits simultaneously by using a fan beam instead of a scanning beam.
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are added into the stream, which guarantees at least occasional symbol transitions.
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How to control internal/external hardware using
Microsoft's Media Control Interface
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In telephony, a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8,000
1164:
Regardless, there are potential sources of impairment implicit in any PCM system:
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2677:"Computer-controlled PCM system for investigation of dichotic speech perception"
2264:
The Ry Cooder Bop Till You Drop album was the first digitally recorded pop album
584:
sources and to convey them over a single telegraph cable. The American inventor
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2863:– Contains links to information about implementations and their specifications.
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on the data, which will tend to turn the data stream into a stream that looks
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that suppresses energy outside the expected frequency range (greater than the
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PCM is the method of encoding typically used for uncompressed digital audio.
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RFC 3551 – RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control
2737:
2437:"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) – Audio details of DVD-Video"
2235:
1411:
1371:
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these undesirable frequencies, the demodulator passes the signal through a
848:
814:
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685:
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that transmitted its signal using 5-bit PCM, encoded by an opto-mechanical
577:
553:
is a more general term, it is often used to describe data encoded as LPCM.
492:
433:
373:
352:
2035:
1986:
1794:. Telecommunications (Revised ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. p. 50.
560:, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the
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4200:
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4095:
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4015:
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3318:
3245:
2718:(2nd ed.). Carmel, Indiana: Sams/Prentice-Hall Computer Publishing.
1514:/2. In the ideal case (with a fully linear ADC and signal level >>
1345:
1038:(TDM) and is widely used, notably in the modern public telephone system.
1031:
921:
LPCM is used for the lossless encoding of audio data in the compact disc
915:
899:
627:
516:
2414:"DVD Technical Notes (DVD Video – "Book B") – Audio data specifications"
4555:
4262:
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1374:, where the pulses can be positive, negative or absent. In the typical
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775:'s research facilities in Japan. The 30 kHz 12-bit device used a
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4005:
3820:
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1992:
1791:
Highway of Dreams: A Critical View Along the Information Superhighway
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Ones-density is often controlled using precoding techniques such as
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3534:
3524:
2144:"National Inventors Hall of Fame announces 2004 class of inventors"
1925:
Pulse Code Modulation: It all Started 75 Years Ago with Alec Reeves
1844:
Experimenting the Human: Art, Music, and the Contemporary Posthuman
165:
1680:
Bormann, C.; Casner, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Ogawa, A. (January 2002).
1242:, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 kbit/s digital signal known as
4530:
4515:
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3144:
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2484:"AVCHD Information Website – AVCHD format specification overview"
1363:
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Another technique used to control ones-density is the use of a
936:
883:
788:
787:. In 1969, NHK expanded the system's capabilities to 2-channel
723:. The three of them published "The Philosophy of PCM" in 1948.
643:
2507:
EBU Tech 3306 – MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio
4545:
4482:
3790:
3224:
3154:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2746:"The Haskins Laboratories pulse code modulation (PCM) system"
1459:
1268:
1260:
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984:
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with digital sound have an LPCM track on the digital channel.
792:
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383:
1182:/2 or higher (one half the sampling frequency, known as the
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Common sample depths for LPCM are 8, 16, 20 or 24 bits per
997:
991:
932:
851:
783:) to extend the dynamic range, and stored the signals on a
123:
107:
3139:
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Floyd, Michael D.; Hillman, Garth D. (October 8, 2018) .
1458:
The first recording with this new system was recorded in
1243:
1132:
1128:
972:
949:
772:
127:
111:
2613:"24/192 Music Downloads, and why they do not make sense"
2386:
1111:
1061:
To recover the original signal from the sampled data, a
854:(complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed by
1988:
Electron Beam Deflection Tube for Pulse Code Modulation
1157:
948:
On PCs, PCM and LPCM often refer to the format used in
1010:
515:
to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.
2789:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2750:
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers
2638:
https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-039/_5829.htm
1566:
Alvestrand, Harald Tveit; Salsman, James (May 1999).
1079:
2374:
Global Networks: Engineering, Operations and Design
2290:. In Maloberti, Franco; Davies, Anthony C. (eds.).
1522:over this interval, with zero mean and variance of
1304:
2711:
1424:(SQNR), one method of measuring quantization error
1212:Linear PCM (LPCM) is PCM with linear quantization.
1100:
795:recorded the first commercial digital recordings.
3277:List of digital television deployments by country
2371:
1565:
771:In 1967, the first PCM recorder was developed by
4681:
1817:"A Brief History of the Single-Chip DSP, Part I"
27:Digital representation of sampled analog signals
2709:
835:The rapid development and wide adoption of PCM
499:and other digital audio applications. In a PCM
2033:
1959:
874:(VLSI) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in
3603:
3303:
2906:
2803:
2784:
1921:
1897:U.S. patent number 1,608,527; also see p. 8,
1865:
673:PCM in the late 1940s and early 1950s used a
453:
2776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2681:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2538:Mostafa, Mohamed; Kumar, Rajesh (May 2001).
2537:
2338:
1984:
1568:"RFC 2586 – The Audio/L16 MIME content type"
939:is based) is a particular format using LPCM.
4618:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2847:filed in 1943: N-ary Pulse Code Modulation.
2334:
2332:
2330:
2225:
1917:
1915:
1222:Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
756:
743:adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
572:Early electrical communications started to
4654:
3610:
3596:
3310:
3296:
2913:
2899:
2857:), and references to their specifications.
2808:(1st ed.). Boston, MA: Artech House.
2615:. Chris "Monty" Montgomery. Archived from
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2228:"The dawn of commercial digital recording"
1901:, Walter Allan Kester, ed., Newnes, 2005,
1763:"Linear Pulse Code Modulated Audio (LPCM)"
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1267:doubled. The technique is detailed in the
964:(header-less file) and various multimedia
799:47.25 kHz, but it used 14-bits "with
650:encryption equipment, conveyed high-level
623:. The machine did not go into production.
605:Bartlane cable picture transmission system
460:
446:
30:"PCM" redirects here. For other uses, see
2761:
2700:
2256:"I Can't Keep Up With All The Formats II"
2253:
1689:
1675:
1673:
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1669:
1617:
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637:Telecommunications Research Establishment
511:at uniform intervals, and each sample is
63:audio/L16, audio/L8, audio/L20, audio/L24
2920:
2327:
1912:
1194:
1156:band ranges from approximately 300
1009:
745:(ADPCM) was developed, by P. Cummiskey,
611:to 5 levels. In 1926, Paul M. Rainey of
2610:
2387:Blu-ray Disc Association (March 2005),
2282:
2269:
2221:
2219:
2217:
1840:
1814:
1748:
971:LPCM has been defined as a part of the
684:having encoding perforations. As in an
14:
4682:
3617:
3402:Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)
2434:
2372:Cambron, G. Keith (October 17, 2012).
1666:
1621:
1610:
1554:
1417:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
806:In 1979, the first digital pop album,
803:, making it equivalent to 15.5 bits."
3591:
3382:Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)
3291:
2894:
2875:– audio/L8 and audio/L16 (March 2007)
2376:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 345.
2341:"Pulse-Code Modulation Codec-Filters"
1815:Leibson, Steven (September 7, 2021).
1736:. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1112:Standard sampling precision and rates
632:International Telephone and Telegraph
4664:
3387:Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)
2806:Pulse Code Modulation Systems Design
2592:. Library of Congress. April 6, 2022
2214:
1875:. DigicamHistory.com. Archived from
1787:
1428:
824:
2503:
2037:Television by Pulse Code Modulation
1506:Quantization error swings between -
1443:Uzu: The World Of Stomu Yamash'ta 2
1127:Common sampling frequencies are 48
892:integrated services digital network
24:
2665:
2652:, December 1984, Vol. 22, No. 12,
2380:
1873:"The Bartlane Transmission System"
1422:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
1283:modified discrete cosine transform
1206:modified discrete cosine transform
905:
25:
4731:
3504:Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
3392:Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)
2830:PCM description on MultimediaWiki
2823:
2590:"PCM, Pulse Code Modulated Audio"
2296:IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
1254:PCM (North America and Japan) or
864:public switched telephone network
531:are credited with its invention.
4715:Quantized radio modulation modes
4663:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4253:Free-space optical communication
3357:
2944:Ultra-high-definition television
2787:Pulse Code Modulation Techniques
2118:National Inventor's Hall of Fame
2088:National Inventor's Hall of Fame
1305:Encoding for serial transmission
1145:Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
175:
3321:(digital baseband transmission)
2642:
2631:
2604:
2582:
2531:
2497:
2476:
2450:
2428:
2406:
2365:
2247:
2205:
2162:
2136:
2106:
2076:
2034:Goodall, W. M. (January 1951).
2027:
1978:
1953:
1935:
1891:
1849:The University of Chicago Press
1529:
1500:
1482:
1465:
1452:
1441:Among the first recordings was
1435:
1381:
1041:
935:(specified in 1985, upon which
736:frequency-division multiplexing
697:National Inventors Hall of Fame
3509:Alternate-phase return-to-zero
1964:. Beckham Publications Group.
1834:
1808:
1781:
1726:
1289:(LPC), are now widely used in
1138:
13:
1:
2675:; Ignatius Mattingly (1969).
2351:. pp. 26–1, 26–2, 26–3.
1985:Sears, R. W. (January 1948).
1547:
1005:
717:in 1945, and issued in 1948:
487:. It is the standard form of
4639:Telecommunication portal
4420:Telecommunications equipment
3478:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
2855:linear pulse-code modulation
2650:Digital Signaling Techniques
2285:"Switched Capacitor Filters"
1841:Barrett, G. Douglas (2023).
1471:Other methods exist such as
1250:encoding on a DS0 is either
1048:digital-to-analog converters
876:electronic switching systems
872:very-large-scale integration
535:Linear pulse-code modulation
51:.L16, .WAV, .AIFF, .AU, .PCM
7:
4156:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2714:Principles of Digital Audio
2345:The Communications Handbook
1922:John Vardalas (June 2013),
1405:
1028:analog-to-digital converter
646:by digital techniques, the
621:analog-to-digital converter
10:
4736:
3860:Telecommunications history
3560:Pulse-amplitude modulation
2934:High-definition television
2611:Christopher, Montgometry.
2283:Allstot, David J. (2016).
2183:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.231941
1314:
1308:
1036:time-division multiplexing
925:(informally also known as
860:telecommunication networks
828:
760:
695:In the United States, the
642:The first transmission of
590:time-division multiplexing
567:
369:Capacity-approaching codes
29:
4627:
4569:
4506:
4468:Public Switched Telephone
4428:
4392:
4349:
4290:
4280:telecommunication circuit
4241:Fiber-optic communication
4224:
3986:Francis Blake (telephone)
3933:
3781:Optical telecommunication
3625:
3517:
3496:
3410:
3366:
3355:
3326:
3269:
3233:
3123:
3102:
3066:
3030:
2998:
2952:
2926:
1788:Noll, A. Michael (1997).
1622:Casner, S. (March 2007).
1462:during April 24–26, 1972.
1400:pulse-position modulation
890:applications such as the
841:metal–oxide–semiconductor
147:
134:
99:
88:
78:
68:
56:
44:
4379:Orbital angular-momentum
3816:Satellite communications
3655:Communications satellite
3555:Pulse modulation methods
3438:Alternate mark inversion
2887:– L8 and L16 (July 2003)
2710:Ken C. Pohlmann (1985).
1899:Data conversion handbook
1684:. The Internet Society.
1570:. The Internet Society.
1473:pulse-density modulation
1376:alternate mark inversion
1370:Many of these codes are
1287:linear predictive coding
866:(PSTN) had been largely
757:Digital audio recordings
507:of the analog signal is
58:Internet media type
4700:Digital audio recording
4258:Molecular communication
4081:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3910:Undersea telegraph line
3645:Cable protection system
3550:Ethernet physical layer
2657:Communications Magazine
1960:Porter, Arthur (2004).
1101:{\displaystyle f_{s}/2}
1050:(DACs). They produce a
306:Hierarchical modulation
4400:Communication protocol
4186:Charles Sumner Tainter
4001:Walter Houser Brattain
3946:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3754:Information revolution
2804:Bill Waggener (1999).
2785:Bill Waggener (1995).
2570:Cite journal requires
2171:Proceedings of the IRE
1962:So Many Hills to Climb
1714:Cite journal requires
1654:Cite journal requires
1598:Cite journal requires
1396:pulse-width modulation
1102:
1015:
952:(defined in 1991) and
929:), introduced in 1982.
580:samples from multiple
479:) is a method used to
4695:Computer file formats
4374:Polarization-division
4106:Narinder Singh Kapany
4071:Erna Schneider Hoover
3991:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3971:Alexander Graham Bell
3702:online video platform
3566:Pulse-code modulation
3483:Delay/Miller encoding
2939:High-definition video
2851:Information about PCM
2844:U.S. patent 3,912,868
2315:on September 30, 2021
2262:on October 20, 2002.
1520:uniformly distributed
1392:pulse-code modulation
1226:signal-to-noise ratio
1195:Processing and coding
1103:
1068:reconstruction filter
1013:
720:U.S. patent 2,437,707
710:U.S. patent 2,801,281
652:Allied communications
473:Pulse-code modulation
40:Pulse-code modulation
4216:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4176:Almon Brown Strowger
4146:Charles Grafton Page
3801:Prepaid mobile phone
3729:Electrical telegraph
3572:Serial communication
3545:Digital transmission
3448:Coded mark inversion
2990:8640p (16K Ultra HD)
2921:High-definition (HD)
2648:Stallings, William,
2619:on September 6, 2014
2520:on November 22, 2009
2298:. pp. 105–110.
2226:Thomas Fine (2008).
1879:on February 10, 2010
1494:anti-aliasing filter
1275:Audio coding formats
1204:techniques, such as
1077:
888:digital transmission
886:and a wide range of
588:conceived telegraph
576:signals in order to
74:"AIFF" for L16, none
32:PCM (disambiguation)
4166:Johann Philipp Reis
3925:Wireless revolution
3887:The Telephone Cases
3744:Hydraulic telegraph
3577:Category:Line codes
3458:Hybrid ternary code
3418:Conditioned diphase
3411:Extended line codes
3377:Return to zero (RZ)
3103:Filming and storage
2985:4320p (8K Ultra HD)
2980:2160p (4K Ultra HD)
2693:1969ASAJ...46..115C
2464:on December 6, 2007
2150:. February 11, 2004
2124:on December 6, 2010
2094:on December 5, 2010
1767:Library of Congress
1734:"Audio Media Types"
896:cordless telephones
880:telephone exchanges
785:video tape recorder
781:DBX Noise Reduction
41:
4364:Frequency-division
4341:Telephone exchange
4211:Charles Wheatstone
4141:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4116:Innocenzo Manzetti
4051:Reginald Fessenden
3786:Optical telegraphy
3619:Telecommunications
3497:Optical line codes
2763:10.3758/BF03204440
2742:Franklin S. Cooper
2673:Franklin S. Cooper
1847:. Chicago London:
1626:. The IETF Trust.
1342:run-length limited
1331:non-return-to-zero
1325:PCM can be either
1248:signal compression
1240:samples per second
1170:quantization error
1098:
1024:integrated circuit
1018:In the diagram, a
1016:
845:switched capacitor
228:Digital modulation
46:Filename extension
39:
4720:Telephony signals
4677:
4676:
4415:Store and forward
4410:Data transmission
4324:Network switching
4275:Transmission line
4121:Guglielmo Marconi
4086:Internet pioneers
3951:Mohamed M. Atalla
3920:Whistled language
3585:
3584:
3443:Modified AMI code
3334:Unipolar encoding
3285:
3284:
3031:Digital broadcast
2815:978-0-89006-776-5
2796:978-0-442-01436-0
2725:978-0-672-22634-2
2702:10.1121/1.1972688
2504:EBU (July 2009),
2177:(11): 1324–1331.
1858:978-0-226-82340-9
1801:978-0-8058-2557-2
1490:digital filtering
1488:Some systems use
1429:Explanatory notes
1202:audio compression
1184:Nyquist frequency
1072:Nyquist frequency
975:(since 1995) and
966:container formats
923:Red Book standard
837:digital telephony
831:Digital telephony
825:Digital telephony
808:Bop till You Drop
767:Digital recording
751:James L. Flanagan
701:Bernard M. Oliver
626:British engineer
617:facsimile machine
497:digital telephony
470:
469:
185:Analog modulation
160:
159:
130:, and many others
100:Contained by
16:(Redirected from
4727:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4508:Notable networks
4498:Wireless network
4438:Cellular network
4430:Types of network
4405:Computer network
4292:Network topology
4206:Thomas A. Watson
4061:Oliver Heaviside
4046:Philo Farnsworth
4021:Daniel Davis Jr.
3996:Charles Bourseul
3956:John Logie Baird
3665:Data compression
3660:Computer network
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3473:64b/66b encoding
3361:
3339:Bipolar encoding
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3210:Ultra HD Blu-ray
3022:MUSE (Hi-Vision)
3005:
3000:Analog broadcast
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2846:
2819:
2800:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2729:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2659:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2548:10.17487/RFC3108
2535:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2513:, archived from
2512:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2460:. Archived from
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2347:(2nd ed.).
2336:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2308:. Archived from
2289:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2258:. Archived from
2251:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2223:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2120:. Archived from
2114:"Claude Shannon"
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2084:"Bernard Oliver"
2080:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:. pp. 33–49
2040:. Vol. 30.
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:. pp. 44–57
1991:. Vol. 27.
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1769:. April 19, 2022
1759:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:10.17487/RFC3190
1677:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1632:10.17487/RFC4856
1619:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1576:10.17487/RFC2586
1563:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1504:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1439:
1232:Delta modulation
1216:Differential PCM
1200:transform-based
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
990:LPCM is used by
962:raw audio format
722:
712:
613:Western Electric
462:
455:
448:
179:
162:
161:
153:
140:
42:
38:
21:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4565:
4502:
4424:
4388:
4345:
4294:
4286:
4227:
4220:
4126:Robert Metcalfe
3981:Tim Berners-Lee
3929:
3749:Information Age
3621:
3616:
3586:
3581:
3513:
3492:
3468:8b/10b encoding
3406:
3362:
3353:
3322:
3316:
3286:
3281:
3265:
3229:
3126:
3119:
3098:
3062:
3026:
3012:819 line system
3003:
3002:
2994:
2975:1440p (Quad HD)
2970:1080p (Full HD)
2965:1080i (Full HD)
2948:
2922:
2919:
2861:Summary of LPCM
2842:
2826:
2816:
2797:
2769:
2768:
2738:Philip E. Rubin
2736:, E. R. Wiley,
2726:
2668:
2666:Further reading
2663:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2416:. July 21, 1996
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2337:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2254:Roger Nichols.
2252:
2248:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1920:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:. p. 102.
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1678:
1667:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1408:
1384:
1323:
1313:
1307:
1299:streaming media
1208:(MDCT) coding.
1197:
1180:
1154:voice frequency
1141:
1114:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1044:
1008:
908:
906:Implementations
856:David A. Hodges
839:was enabled by
833:
827:
769:
761:Main articles:
759:
718:
708:
682:plate electrode
668:Ferranti Canada
586:Moses G. Farmer
570:
547:μ-law algorithm
543:A-law algorithm
466:
329:Spread spectrum
148:
135:
64:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4641:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4359:Space-division
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Camille Tissot
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Claude Shannon
4168:
4163:
4161:Tivadar Puskás
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Antonio Meucci
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Charles K. Kao
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Harold Hopkins
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Emile Berliner
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Videotelephony
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3811:Radiotelephone
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
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2881:(January 2002)
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2825:
2824:External links
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2756:(6): 550–559.
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2572:|journal=
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2458:"How DV works"
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1477:Super Audio CD
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1447:Stomu Yamashta
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1327:return-to-zero
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1252:μ-law (mu-law)
1246:. The default
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829:Main article:
826:
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758:
755:
715:John R. Pierce
705:Claude Shannon
658:. In 1943 the
569:
566:
529:John R. Pierce
521:Claude Shannon
491:in computers,
485:analog signals
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4384:Code-division
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4369:Time-division
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4295:and switching
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4236:Coaxial cable
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4151:Radia Perlman
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4041:Lee de Forest
4039:
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4036:Thomas Edison
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4026:Donald Davies
4024:
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4011:Claude Chappe
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3855:Smoke signals
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3833:Semiconductor
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3692:Digital media
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3344:On-off keying
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3327:Main articles
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3135:Archival Disc
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3074:Dolby Digital
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3004:(All defunct)
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1475:used also on
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1393:
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1372:bipolar codes
1368:
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1360:
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1357:pseudo-random
1354:
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1343:
1338:
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1332:
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1295:voice over IP
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1291:mobile phones
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489:digital audio
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
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92:Uncompressed
91:
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83:
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
61:
59:
55:
49:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4710:Multiplexing
4690:Audio codecs
4351:Multiplexing
4226:Transmission
4191:Nikola Tesla
4181:Henry Sutton
4136:Samuel Morse
4066:Robert Hooke
4031:Amos Dolbear
3966:John Bardeen
3885:
3865:Telautograph
3769:Mobile phone
3724:Edholm's law
3707:social media
3640:Broadcasting
3565:
3521:
3215:Uncompressed
3125:HD media and
2835:Ralph Miller
2805:
2786:
2772:cite journal
2753:
2749:
2734:D. H. Whalen
2713:
2684:
2680:
2644:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2606:
2596:September 5,
2594:. Retrieved
2584:
2563:cite journal
2551:. Retrieved
2533:
2522:, retrieved
2515:the original
2506:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2435:Jim Taylor.
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2397:, retrieved
2389:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2344:
2319:November 29,
2317:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2291:
2263:
2260:the original
2249:
2240:
2236:ARSC Journal
2234:
2207:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:Science Blog
2147:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2087:
2078:
2046:. Retrieved
2036:
2029:
1997:. Retrieved
1987:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1937:
1924:
1898:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:the original
1867:
1843:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1790:
1783:
1773:September 5,
1771:. Retrieved
1738:. Retrieved
1728:
1707:cite journal
1695:. Retrieved
1647:cite journal
1635:. Retrieved
1591:cite journal
1579:. Retrieved
1531:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1484:
1467:
1454:
1442:
1437:
1412:Beta encoder
1391:
1390:in the term
1387:
1385:
1382:Nomenclature
1369:
1361:
1350:
1346:framing bits
1339:
1335:ones-density
1334:
1324:
1279:audio codecs
1273:
1265:
1237:
1198:
1176:
1163:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1042:Demodulation
1017:
987:since 2006).
983:since 1995,
926:
909:
862:such as the
849:silicon-gate
834:
815:compact disc
812:
805:
797:
779:(similar to
770:
747:Nikil Jayant
740:
725:
699:has honored
694:
686:oscilloscope
672:
656:World War II
641:
625:
602:
571:
555:
550:
538:
534:
533:
476:
472:
471:
434:Multiplexing
403:
374:Demodulation
80:Magic number
36:
4551:NPL network
4263:Radio waves
4201:Alfred Vail
4111:Hedy Lamarr
4096:Dawon Kahng
4056:Elisha Gray
4016:Yogen Dalal
3941:Nasir Ahmed
3875:Teleprinter
3739:Heliographs
3319:Line coding
3270:Deployments
3246:DisplayPort
3127:compression
2953:Resolutions
2687:(1A): 115.
2524:January 19,
2154:February 6,
2128:February 6,
2098:February 6,
2066:|work=
2017:|work=
1297:(VoIP) and
1285:(MDCT) and
1139:Limitations
1063:demodulator
1032:data stream
916:4ESS switch
900:cell phones
882:, user-end
678:coding tube
675:cathode-ray
628:Alec Reeves
615:patented a
517:Alec Reeves
379:Line coding
150:Free format
137:Open format
4684:Categories
4597:Antarctica
4556:Toasternet
4478:Television
3961:Paul Baran
3893:Television
3877:(teletype)
3870:Telegraphy
3848:transistor
3826:Phryctoria
3796:Photophone
3774:Smartphone
3764:Mass media
3397:Manchester
3369:line codes
3234:Connectors
2243:(1): 1–17.
1943:US 2272070
1883:January 7,
1548:References
1540:, however.
1497:precision.
1315:See also:
1271:standard.
1026:called an
1006:Modulation
943:LaserDiscs
594:commutator
582:telegraphy
549:). Though
483:represent
169:modulation
18:Linear PCM
4581:Americas
4570:Locations
4541:Internet2
4302:Bandwidth
4006:Vint Cerf
3903:streaming
3881:Telephone
3821:Semaphore
3712:streaming
3522:See also:
3241:Component
3160:DVD-Audio
2960:720p (HD)
2623:March 16,
2553:March 16,
2489:March 21,
2468:March 21,
2442:March 20,
2420:March 16,
2349:CRC Press
2191:0096-8390
2068:ignored (
2058:cite book
2042:Bell Labs
2019:ignored (
2009:cite book
1993:Bell Labs
1821:EEJournal
1740:March 16,
1697:March 16,
1637:March 16,
1581:March 16,
1386:The word
1353:scrambler
1321:E-carrier
1317:T-carrier
1311:Line code
1150:telephony
1020:sine wave
868:digitized
819:44,100 Hz
777:compander
741:In 1973,
738:schemes.
732:telephone
728:T-carrier
690:Gray code
660:Bell Labs
609:quantized
598:telephony
578:multiplex
562:bit depth
513:quantized
505:amplitude
481:digitally
70:Type code
4649:Category
4536:Internet
4526:CYCLADES
4443:Ethernet
4393:Concepts
4317:terminal
4268:wireless
4091:Bob Kahn
3934:Pioneers
3759:Internet
3650:Cable TV
3535:Bit rate
3525:Baseband
2927:Concepts
2744:(1990).
2399:July 26,
2199:51663786
1518:) it is
1406:See also
1329:(RZ) or
927:Audio CD
894:(ISDN),
801:emphasis
666:system,
361:See also
166:Passband
104:Audio CD
4669:Commons
4659:Outline
4612:Oceania
4531:FidoNet
4516:ARPANET
4329:circuit
3898:digital
3627:History
3145:Blu-ray
3043:DMB-T/H
2839:SIGSALY
2689:Bibcode
2048:May 14,
1999:May 14,
1510:/2 and
1364:DC bias
1190:device.
1056:current
1052:voltage
1001:linear.
977:Blu-ray
680:with a
654:during
648:SIGSALY
568:History
545:or the
509:sampled
4607:Europe
4577:Africa
4561:Usenet
4521:BITNET
4458:Mobile
4334:packet
3843:MOSFET
3838:device
3635:Beacon
3488:TC-PAM
3367:Basic
3190:MPEG-2
3185:HD VMD
3180:HD DVD
3017:HD MAC
2812:
2793:
2740:, and
2722:
2355:
2302:
2197:
2189:
1968:
1948:
1905:
1855:
1798:
1538:jitter
1118:sample
937:S/PDIF
884:modems
843:(MOS)
789:stereo
644:speech
574:sample
503:, the
501:stream
287:SC-FDE
84:Varies
4590:South
4585:North
4546:JANET
4483:Telex
4473:Radio
4312:Nodes
4307:Links
4228:media
3806:Radio
3791:Pager
3719:Drums
3685:video
3680:image
3670:audio
3568:(PCM)
3562:(PAM)
3225:W-VHS
3175:H.266
3170:H.265
3165:H.264
3155:D-VHS
3067:Audio
3058:SBTVD
2518:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2394:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
2288:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2195:S2CID
1460:Tokyo
1388:pulse
1269:G.726
1261:G.711
1256:A-law
985:AVCHD
870:with
793:Denon
664:DATAR
384:Modem
94:audio
4602:Asia
4488:UUCP
4448:ISDN
3530:Baud
3433:2B1Q
3428:4B5B
3423:4B3T
3256:HDMI
3220:VC-1
3150:CBHD
3053:ISDB
3038:ATSC
2810:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2778:link
2720:ISBN
2654:IEEE
2625:2013
2598:2022
2576:help
2555:2010
2526:2010
2491:2010
2470:2010
2444:2010
2422:2010
2401:2009
2353:ISBN
2321:2019
2300:ISBN
2187:ISSN
2156:2011
2130:2011
2100:2011
2070:help
2050:2017
2021:help
2001:2017
1966:ISBN
1930:IEEE
1903:ISBN
1885:2010
1853:ISBN
1828:2024
1796:ISBN
1775:2022
1742:2010
1720:help
1699:2010
1660:help
1639:2010
1604:help
1583:2010
1526:/12.
1398:and
1319:and
1277:and
1143:The
998:RF64
992:HDMI
954:AIFF
933:AES3
914:The
898:and
878:for
852:CMOS
813:The
765:and
749:and
726:The
703:and
539:LPCM
527:and
424:OFDM
353:THSS
348:FHSS
343:DSSS
257:MFSK
242:APSK
124:M2TS
116:AIFF
108:AES3
4493:WAN
4463:NGN
4453:LAN
3734:Fax
3675:DCT
3261:VGA
3251:DVI
3200:MVC
3140:AV1
3115:HDV
3110:DCI
3094:DTS
3089:DXD
3084:DSD
3048:DVB
2758:doi
2697:doi
2544:doi
2179:doi
1686:doi
1628:doi
1572:doi
1445:by
1244:DS0
1133:DVD
1129:kHz
1108:).
1054:or
973:DVD
950:WAV
773:NHK
551:PCM
477:PCM
429:FDM
419:ΔΣM
414:PWM
409:PDM
404:PCM
399:PAM
394:PoM
389:AnM
338:CSS
320:WDM
315:QAM
297:WDM
292:TCM
282:QAM
277:PSK
272:PPM
267:OOK
262:MSK
252:FSK
247:CPM
237:ASK
219:SSB
209:QAM
156:Yes
143:Yes
128:VOB
112:WAV
4686::
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1120:.
981:DV
960:,
958:AU
902:.
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523:,
519:,
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214:SM
204:PM
199:FM
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120:AU
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