822:
838:
750:
762:
57:
782:
810:
679:. This is just to the north of Cottesford Place, where excavations in the 1960s revealed a probable Roman Bathhouse, which could have been supplied with water from this source. Another pipeline, encased in concrete was found in 1857 by the Greestone Stairs, to the east of the wall, and this pipeline had presumably branched off from the aqueduct and supplied water to the Lower Colonia. Thompson calculated that it would be necessary to raise the water about 70 feet at the source at the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ for there to be sufficient pressure for the water to reach the tank at the East Bight by the
462:
85:
92:
64:
505:
738:
794:
307:, baths, temples, buildings and shops of the colonia which was enclosed by walls. The walls of the Upper Colonia started to be built in the earlier part of the 2nd century, while the Lower Colonia was walled in either the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries. The Roman settlement also spread to the south of the river Witham in the area known as the Wigford. In the early 3rd century with the re-organisation of the Roman Empire, a case can be made that Lindum Colonia had become the provincial capital of
36:
649:
562:), around 200. Between this point, and the city's peak in the early 4th century the town could maintain a population of between six and eight-thousand. There was also an industrial suburb over the river which had pottery production facilities. The town had the best developed sewerage system in the province and a fine octagonal public fountain and part of its
669:
Thomas
Sympson had written in the mid 18th century, "There must have been some contrivance for raising the water a good deal above its natural level before it would run to Lindum; the spring being evidently lower than the Town: and indeed there are some traces of a Tower, or some such building at the
660:
Roman
Lincoln had a very sophisticated water supply. It was fed by the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ spring to the North East of the city and then ran parallel with the Nettleham Road towards the N.E corner of the Upper Colonia. The ceramic pipes were encased in concrete that provided a waterproof seal and allowed
716:
excavated a kiln site producing gray ware storage jars at
Swanpool, to the S.W. of Lincoln. This was followed in 1950 by the excavation of further mortaria kilns found on the Lincoln Racecourse by Phillip Corder. Kilns producing mortaria by a potter called CATTO and also colour painted and rosette
690:
in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to
Nettleham showed that there was limescale , indicating that the aqueduct had been in use. This length of the aqueduct had ceramic pipes, joined with collared joints , but other lengths of the aqueduct
622:
church was probably built either in the 5th or 6th century in the centre of the old forum. This church was large enough to hold around 100 worshippers, challenging the idea that
Lincoln was nearly deserted. Instead, it fits with other evidence for Lincoln retaining its central position in the
1050:: "16. Paulinus also preached the Word to the province of Lindsey, which is the first on the south side of the river Humber, stretching as far as the sea; and he first converted to the Lord the reeve of the city of Lincoln, whose name was Blaecca, with his whole house."
674:
drew sections of the sheathed pipe and also where it emerged from the ground at the spring. Over the years further lengths of the aqueduct have been uncovered and the base for a watertank fed by the aqueduct discovered just inside the Roman Wall to the east of the
821:
541:
within the walls and using the street grid of the hilltop fortress, with the addition of an extension of about equal area, down the hillside to the waterside below. The town became a major flourishing settlement, accessible from the sea both through the
1046:: "16. Praedicabat autem Paulinus uerbum etiam prouinciae Lindissi, quae est prima ad meridianam Humbre fluminis ripam, pertingens usque ad mare, praefectumque Lindocolinae ciuitatis, cui nomen erat Blaecca, primum cum domu sua conuertit ad Dominum."
749:
837:
761:
737:
558:, were erected in the 2nd century. The hilltop was largely filled with private homes, but the slopes became the town's commercial centre. They gained stone walls, like the upper region (including the
781:
1147:
Darling 1984. Darling, M. J., Roman
Pottery from the Upper Defences, Lincoln Archaeological Trust. Monograph, 16/2, Council for British Archaeology for the Lincoln Archaeological Trust, London.
683:. This may imply that there was some form of water tower and the Romans may either have used some form of pump or siphon to raise the water, or a revolving bucket and chain system.
691:
had pipes which were about 7.5 inches in diameter, narrowing to 4 inches and when laid, the narrow or spigot end of the pipe fitted into the broad or socket end of the next pipe.
319:. After the departure of the Romans in the 5th century Lindum declined in size and population, although archaeological evidence suggests some degree of continuity.
1917:
1438:
717:
decorated pottery are known from South
Carlton, to the north of Lincoln. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Lincolnshire produced a coarse ware ceramic known as
809:
793:
1907:
1927:
704:
Lincoln was an important centre for pottery production. The earliest discovery of a pottery kiln was on the site of the
Technical College (now
606:
The city and its waterways eventually fell into decline, and, by the end of the 5th century, it was virtually deserted. However, the church of
1897:
755:
RIB 258 Tombstone of Titus
Valerius Pudens of the Second Legion, Adiutrix. Found at No 2 Monson Street in 1849. Now in the British Museum.
291:, a settlement for retired soldiers sanctioned by the Emperor. The colonia now developed and a second enclosure, often referred to as the
743:
RIB 250 Tombstone of
Volusia Faustina and Aurelius Senecio. Found in 1859 in the wall of the Lower Colonia and now in the British Museum.
1912:
1431:
661:
the water to pass through the pipes under pressure. The course of the aqueduct had been well known from the start of the 18th century.
56:
1272:
The Defences of the Lower City: Excavations at the Park and West Parade 1970-2 and the discussion of other sites excavated up to 1994
153:
1932:
528:
by 77-78 AD the Legionary fort would have been left on a care and maintenance basis. The exact date that it was converted into a
534:
is unknown, but a generally favoured date is 86 AD. This was an important settlement for retired legionaries, established by the
84:
1424:
1302:
712:
stamped with the maker's name VITALIS. who was probably working around 90-115 AD. A further discovery was made in 1947 when
1922:
1878:
1061:
887:
1351:
1330:
1129:’‘Thompson’’ (1954), 110,- the ceramic pipe, formerly in Lincoln City and County Museum is illustrated on PlateVII, C
670:
end of the Aquaeduct by the Spring, which one may suppose would have had a reservoir on its Top." In 1782 the artist
1902:
1726:
686:
Before 2007 it was questioned whether the Roman aqueduct at Lincoln had ever worked as there was no evidence of
1316:
1286:
713:
787:
RIB 256 Tombstone of Lucius Sempronius Flavinus of the Ninth Legion, a Spaniard. From 17 Lindum Road, Lincoln.
1174:
Loughlin, N. 1977. 'Dales Ware: a contribution to the study of Roman coarse pottery', in Peacock (ed.) 1977.
705:
610:
continued as a place of worship until at least 450 and its churchyard was in use into the 6th century. When
1118:
831:. Tombstone of Flavius Helius, a Greek by race, lived 40 years. Flavia Ingenua set this up for her husband.
430:
for veteran soldiers at Lincoln is thought to have been established during the reign of the Roman Emperor
1654:
485:, high on a hill overlooking the natural lake formed by the widening of the River Witham (the modern day
465:
Tombstone of Gaius Valerius, a standard bearer of the Ninth Legion. Found on the South Common, Lincoln (
1937:
800:
339:
255:
994:
594:. However, it is now thought more likely that Lincoln would have been the administrative capital of
414:, a listing of towns in the Roman Empire compiled in the 7th century AD, Lincoln is referred to as
578:. On the basis of Lindum's size and the patently corrupt list of British bishops who attended the
1456:
Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.
671:
1373:
Trollope Rev E. and A. Trollope (1860), "Roman Inscriptions and sepulchral remains at Lincoln",
315:
in 314 AD. In the 4th century Lincoln continued to develop and there is increasing evidence for
1781:
1697:
1601:
1335:
Richmond, Sir I. A. (1946), "The Roman City of Lincoln and the Four Colonia of Roman Britain",
579:
535:
332:
312:
1447:
1366:
1292:
328:
123:
524:
around 71 AD Then, after a probable short occupation by the Second Legion, who had moved to
473:
The Romans conquered this part of Britain in AD 48 and shortly afterwards built a legionary
1733:
1709:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
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1188:
466:
461:
8:
1565:
587:
575:
482:
410:
370:
1062:"The fifth- to sixth-century British church in the forum at Lincoln: a brief discussion"
1594:
1497:
1470:
772:
628:
591:
395:
20:
1047:
1830:
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1347:
1326:
1312:
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308:
270:
1822:
1678:
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877:
844:
662:
611:
513:
335:
259:
239:
1176:
Pottery and Early Commerce: Characterisation and trade in Roman and Later Ceramics
1043:
882:
425:
288:
1411:
1858:
1745:
1416:
665:
had shown the line of the aqueduct on his plan of Lincoln in 1722. The Lincoln
583:
563:
448:, but, as yet, there have been no Roman inscriptions found that confirm this.
1891:
1757:
872:
547:
530:
486:
304:
168:
155:
141:
398:, a road book of the mid-2nd century AD, Lindum is mentioned three times as
1625:
1577:
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828:
680:
676:
653:
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559:
525:
478:
353:
316:
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243:
227:
127:
41:
728:
1570:
1526:
543:
391:
19:"Lindum" redirects here. For neighbourhood in Queensland, Australia, see
1364:
Thompson F. H. and Whitwell J. B. (1973), "The Gates of Roman Lincoln",
1277:
Collingwood R. G. and Wright R. P. Rev. edition Tomlin R. S. O. (1995),
1816:
1809:
1769:
1750:
1714:
1702:
1685:
1661:
1618:
1606:
1589:
1558:
1531:
718:
493:
481:. This was soon replaced, around the year 60, by a second fort for the
1850:
1836:
1804:
1774:
1738:
1666:
1479:
1265:
A Lifetime with Lincolnshire Archaeology: Looking back over 60 years.
709:
687:
666:
490:
358:
1786:
1762:
1721:
1690:
1630:
1506:
582:, the city is sometimes considered to have been the capital of the
551:
538:
521:
431:
284:
266:
201:
1864:
1844:
1582:
1394:
768:
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131:
1311:. Council for British Archaeology/Lincoln Archaeological Trust.
815:
RIB 263 Tombstone of Claudia Crysis, who lived to the age of 90.
1642:
1613:
1484:
638:
618:
called Blecca. Archaeological evidence indicates that a timber
571:
567:
474:
363:). The primary evidence that modern Lincoln was referred to as
247:
35:
265:, which probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at
767:
RIB 262 Tombstone of Sacer, son of Bruscus, a citizen of the
648:
385:
546:
and through the River Witham. Public buildings, such as the
1511:
619:
496:. That pool is very likely to have given Lincoln its name.
251:
1156:
Webster G and Booth, Antiquaries Journal, Vol 40, pp214-40
1117:
Archaeologists Find Evidence Romans Used Lincoln Aqueduct
614:
visited in 629, it was apparently under the control of a
520:
was probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at
434:(81–96), it has been suggested that the full name of the
1380:
Webster G. (1949), "The Legionary Fortress at Lincoln",
1357:
Thompson F. H. (1954), "The Roman Aqueduct at Lincoln",
721:, which was exported across the north of Roman Britain.
44:
is a surviving part of the north gate to the Upper City.
1249:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/251
1237:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/263
1225:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/256
1213:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/262
1201:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/258
1189:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/250
16:
Settlement founded by ancient Romans in eastern England
1344:
The Archaeology of the Lower City and Adjacent Suburbs
598:
and that York was the capital of Flavia Caesariensis.
311:
and possibly a Bishop from Lincoln was present at the
1267:
The Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.
269:
around c. 71 AD. Lindum was then garrisoned by the
799:Tombstone of a Boy holding a pet Hare, formerly in
287:and most likely after 86 AD, the fortress became a
258:suggests that Lincoln was first garrisoned by the
724:
376:, which was compiled in about 150 AD, where
1889:
1446:
408:or routes numbered V, VI and VIII. Then, in the
1918:Populated places established in the 1st century
827:RIB 251 Found in 1785, just to the west of the
1432:
601:
590:which was formed during the late-3rd century
1270:Colyer C. et al. (ed. Jones M. J. (1999)),
639:Planning, infrastructure, trade and religion
254:(58–68 AD) or possibly later. Evidence from
1412:Lindum Colonia on the Roman Britain website
1323:Roman Lincoln: Conquest, Colony and Capital
907:Roman Lincoln: Conquest, Colony and Capital
652:Stretch of Roman Wall at East Bight by the
442:
435:
423:
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383:
377:
364:
356:
1439:
1425:
1395:Lincoln City and County Museum (c. 1995).
238:was the Roman settlement which is now the
34:
1309:The Defences of the Upper Roman Enclosure
847:, found in excavations on the Old Cinema
643:
1040:History of the English Church and People
647:
503:
460:
1908:Former populated places in Lincolnshire
940:, History of Lincolnshire, Vol 2. p. 27
566:have been partly uncovered. There were
303:. Evidence has been uncovered for the
1890:
1294:A Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln
971:Rivet A. L. F. & Smith C. (1979),
656:, where there was a water storage tank
390:or town within the tribal area of the
91:
63:
1928:Roman legionary fortresses in England
1420:
699:
1898:Archaeological sites in Lincolnshire
1879:List of Roman place names in Britain
708:) on Monks Road. This kiln produced
115:Lindum, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium
1291:Darling M. and Precious B. (2014),
1081:"Thompson" (1954), 108-9 and Pl.VII
888:List of Roman Sites in Lincolnshire
13:
1256:
962:, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 203.
960:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
550:with lifesize equestrian statues,
508:Roman north wall of Lindum Colonia
14:
1949:
1913:Roman towns and cities in England
1405:
1391:, History of Lincolnshire, Vol 2.
1059:
851:site in Hungate, Lincoln in 1985.
489:) and at the northern end of the
349:
1399:. Lincoln: Lincoln City Council.
973:The Place-Names of Roman Britain
836:
820:
808:
792:
780:
760:
748:
736:
250:during the reign of the Emperor
90:
83:
62:
55:
1933:Roman fortifications in England
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771:, set into the church tower of
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1090:“Whitwell”, (1970), pp. 31-33.
987:
978:
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952:
943:
930:
921:
912:
899:
725:Roman sculpture and tombstones
499:
1:
1361:, Vol. 111, pp. 106–128.
1279:Inscriptions of Roman Britain
893:
732:
99:Lindum Colonia (Lincolnshire)
1448:Major towns of Roman Britain
1165:"Whitwell" (1970), pp108-114
444:Colonia Domitiana Lindensium
283:Probably under the reign of
7:
1923:History of Lincoln, England
1307:Jones M. J. et al. (1980),
861:
694:
10:
1954:
1397:A Walk about Roman Lincoln
1274:. CBA Research Report 114.
1138:”Baker” (1985), 19 , fig 9
602:Decline and transformation
451:
18:
1876:
1797:
1546:
1522:
1495:
1468:
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1342:Steane K. et al. (2016),
801:Lincoln Cathedral Library
623:post-Roman polity called
223:
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184:
147:
137:
119:
111:
49:
33:
1382:Journal of Roman Studies
1281:, Alan Sutton, Stround.
936:Whitwell, J. B. (1970),
477:, possibly south of the
276:, which then went on to
248:Roman Legionary Fortress
102:Show map of Lincolnshire
1903:History of Lincolnshire
1387:Whitwell J. B. (1970),
1099:”Richmond” (1946), p.37
1042:, book 2, chapter 16.
984:Jones (2002), pp. 51–52
672:Samuel Hieronymus Grimm
322:
1782:Viroconium Cornoviorum
1602:Durovernum Cantiacorum
1377:, 1860, pp. 1–21.
1375:Archaeological Journal
1359:Archaeological Journal
1337:Archaeological Journal
1108:”Jones”(2002), pp96-98
995:"World-Class Research"
918:"Jones" (2002). p. 34.
657:
644:The Roman water supply
509:
470:
443:
436:
424:
417:
400:
384:
378:
365:
357:
352:"pool" or "lake"; cf.
295:was added between the
246:. It was founded as a
219:End of the 5th century
1020:"Jones" (2002) pg. 51
949:Jones (2002). p. 119.
651:
507:
464:
112:Alternative name
1734:Ratae Corieltauvorum
1710:Noviomagus Reginorum
1321:Jones M. J. (2002),
1029:"Jones", (2002), 119
1011:"Jones" (2002) pg 31
999:www.nottingham.ac.uk
927:Jones (2002). p. 34.
616:Praefectus Civitatis
580:314 Council of Arles
382:is referred to as a
338:name which has been
169:53.23389°N 0.53806°W
71:Shown within England
1566:Corinium Dobunnorum
1263:Baker F. T. (1985)
975:, Batsford, p. 393.
958:Delamarre, Xavier,
588:Flavia Caesariensis
411:Ravenna Cosmography
165: /
74:Show map of England
30:
1498:Britannia Inferior
1471:Britannia Superior
1389:Roman Lincolnshire
1370:Vol. 104, 126–207.
1325:, Tempus, Stroud.
938:Roman Lincolnshire
773:St Mary le Wigford
700:Pottery production
658:
629:Kingdom of Lindsey
592:Diocletian Reforms
510:
471:
396:Antonine Itinerary
174:53.23389; -0.53806
28:
21:Lindum, Queensland
1885:
1884:
1831:Calleva Atrebatum
1650:Isurium Brigantum
1542:
1541:
1384:39 (1949), 57–78.
1303:978-1-78297-054-5
859:
858:
627:which became the
596:Britannia Secunda
309:Britannia Secunda
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1938:Coloniae (Roman)
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1859:Venta Icenorum
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560:Newport Arch
556:public baths
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483:Ninth Legion
479:River Witham
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457:Construction
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354:modern Welsh
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317:Christianity
301:River Witham
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260:Ninth Legion
244:Lincolnshire
235:
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211:Around 80 AD
128:Lincolnshire
42:Newport Arch
25:
1571:Cirencester
1527:Camulodunum
1067:17 December
633:Anglo-Saxon
544:River Trent
500:Development
392:Corieltauvi
369:comes from
172: /
148:Coordinates
1892:Categories
1817:Bannaventa
1810:Wendlebury
1770:Verulamium
1751:Winchester
1715:Chichester
1703:Carmarthen
1686:Luguvalium
1662:Lactodurum
1655:Aldborough
1619:Gloucester
1607:Canterbury
1595:Dorchester
1590:Durnovaria
1559:Chelmsford
1532:Colchester
1317:0906780004
1287:075090917X
894:References
775:, Lincoln.
719:Dales ware
554:, and the
494:Roman road
371:Ptolemy's
331:form of a
188:Settlement
160:00°32′17″W
157:53°14′02″N
1851:Wiltshire
1837:Hampshire
1805:Alchester
1775:St Albans
1739:Leicester
1698:Moridunum
1667:Towcester
1547:Surviving
1480:Londinium
1346:, Oxbow.
688:limescale
667:antiquary
491:Fosse Way
394:. In the
373:Geography
336:Brittonic
329:Latinized
216:Abandoned
142:Britannia
1787:Wroxeter
1763:Caerwent
1722:Petuaria
1691:Carlisle
1631:Caerleon
1507:Eboracum
1462:Capitals
1247:RIB 251
1235:RIB 263
1223:RIB 256
1211:RIB 262
1199:RIB 258
1187:RIB 250
909:, p. 34.
862:See also
710:Mortaria
695:Industry
635:period.
625:*Lindēs,
584:province
564:aqueduct
552:basilica
539:Domitian
475:fortress
432:Domitian
299:and the
285:Domitian
274:Adiutrix
202:Domitian
120:Location
1865:Norfolk
1845:Cunetio
1798:Extinct
1679:Lincoln
1583:Chester
1048:English
769:Senones
631:in the
620:apsidal
608:St Paul
576:Mercury
568:temples
536:emperor
531:colonia
526:Chester
518:Hispana
467:RIB 257
452:History
437:colonia
426:colonia
404:in the
289:colonia
278:Chester
263:Hispana
224:Periods
208:Founded
198:Builder
193:History
132:England
124:Lincoln
1727:Brough
1643:Exeter
1614:Glevum
1485:London
1350:
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1315:
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1285:
1038:Bede,
572:Apollo
379:Lindum
366:Lindum
345:Lindon
333:native
138:Region
1044:Latin
548:forum
401:Lindo
386:polis
305:Forum
1512:York
1348:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1069:2020
574:and
522:York
512:The
406:Iter
359:llyn
350:lit.
342:as *
323:Name
267:York
252:Nero
185:Type
40:The
586:of
242:in
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348:(
23:.
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