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Todorov concluded from his fMRI results that the amygdala did indeed play a key role in the general evaluation of faces. However, in a study performed by researchers Koscik and his team, the trait of trustworthiness was particularly examined in the evaluation of faces. Koscik and his team demonstrated that the amygdala was involved in evaluating the trustworthiness of an individual. They investigated how brain damage to the amygdala played a role in trustworthiness, and found that individuals with damaged amygdalas tended to confuse trust and betrayal, and thus placed trust in those having done them wrong. Furthermore, Rule, along with his colleagues, expanded on the idea of the amygdala in its critique of trustworthiness in others by performing a study in 2009 in which he examined the amygdala's role in evaluating general first impressions and relating them to real-world outcomes. Their study involved first impressions of CEOs. Rule demonstrated that while the amygdala did play a role in the evaluation of trustworthiness, as observed by Koscik in his own research two years later in 2011, the amygdala also played a generalized role in the overall evaluation of first impression of faces. This latter conclusion, along with
Todorov's study on the amygdala's role in general evaluations of faces and Koscik's research on trustworthiness and the amygdala, further solidified evidence that the amygdala plays a role in overall social processing.
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be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort, researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type. In particular, in a study performed by
Parkard, rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze. In the first condition, rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal. When completing the maze task, these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal-dependent memory when compared to the control group. Then, in a second condition, a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs. Like the former these results reported similar outcomes, in that hippocampal-memory was also impaired. Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing, in particular the recall function of spatial memory. Furthermore, impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as
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amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly. However, when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear, this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes. Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes, in particular the ventral hippocampus. He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult-born granule cells (GC). These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component to the function of the amygdala. A deficit of these cells, as Pessoa (2009) predicted in his studies, would result in low emotional functioning, leading to high retention rate of mental diseases, such as
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syndrome. After performing a temporal lobectomy, the monkeys showed a decrease in aggression. The animals revealed a reduced threshold to visual stimuli, and were thus unable to recognize objects that were once familiar. MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed "limbic system", more on the lines of the system described above. MacLean developed the theory of the "triune brain" to explain its evolution and to try to reconcile rational human behavior with its more "primal" and "violent" side. He became interested in the brain's control of emotion and behavior. After initial studies of brain activity in epileptic patients, he turned to cats, monkeys, and other models, using electrodes to stimulate different parts of the brain in conscious animals recording their responses.
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memory; however, it is not spatial memory as in the hippocampus but the semantic division of episodic-autobiographical memory (EAM) networks. Markowitsch's amygdala research shows it encodes, stores, and retrieves EAM memories. To delve deeper into these types of processes by the amygdala, Markowitsch and his team provided extensive evidence through investigations that the "amygdala's main function is to charge cues so that mnemonic events of a specific emotional significance can be successfully searched within the appropriate neural nets and re-activated." These cues for emotional events created by the amygdala encompass the EAM networks previously mentioned.
592:'what', 'when', and 'where' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory". This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory. However, Spreng found that the left hippocampus is a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus, but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time. Eichenbaum's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus.
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588:(DG) in the dorsal hippocampus, the left hippocampus, and the parahippocampal region. The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons, called adult-born granules (GC), in adolescence and adulthood. These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory, increasing the firing in cell networks, and overall causing stronger memory formations. This is thought to integrate spatial and episodic memories with the limbic system via a feedback loop that provides emotional context of a particular sensory input.
888:. However, cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories, in which the hippocampus, a primary limbic interacting structure, is involved: hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive (memory) deficits. More important, the "boundaries" of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience. Therefore, while it is true that limbic interacting structures are more closely related to emotion, the limbic system itself is best thought of as a component of a larger emotional processing plant.
292:
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522:. The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements. The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus. They receive input from the cerebral cortex, which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem. A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement. Recent studies indicate that if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine in the striatum, this can lead to the symptoms of
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cognitive defects. The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects/emotions, memory, sensory processing, time perception, attention, consciousness, instincts, autonomic/vegetative control, and actions/motor behavior. Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system and its interacting components are epilepsy and schizophrenia.
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system had evolved in early mammals to control fight-or-flight responses and react to both emotionally pleasurable and painful sensations. The concept is now broadly accepted in neuroscience. Additionally, MacLean said that the idea of the limbic system leads to a recognition that its presence "represents the history of the evolution of mammals and their distinctive family way of life."
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underwent bilateral removal of almost all of his hippocampus in 1953. Over the course of fifty years he participated in thousands of tests and research projects that provided specific information on exactly what he had lost. Semantic and episodic events faded within minutes, having never reached his
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The first evidence that the limbic system was responsible for the cortical representation of emotions was discovered in 1939, by
Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy. Kluver and Bucy, after much research, demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys created an extreme behavioral
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in the hippocampus and its effects on learning. This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects, and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks. Thus, they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits
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Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning, particularly memory such as spatial memory. As previously mentioned, spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus. While damage to the hippocampus may
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In recent years, multiple additional limbic fiber connectivity has been revealed using difusion-weighted imaging MRI techniques. The equivalent fiber connectivity of all these pathways has been documented by dissection studies in primates. Some of these fiber tracts include the amygdalofugal tract,
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Based on experiments done on monkeys, the destruction of the temporal cortex almost always led to damage of the amygdala. This damage done to the amygdala led the physiologists Kluver and Bucy to pinpoint major changes in the behavior of the monkeys. The monkeys demonstrated the following changes:
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Social processing, specifically the evaluation of faces in social processing, is an area of cognition specific to the amygdala. In a study done by
Todorov, fMRI tasks were performed with participants to evaluate whether the amygdala was involved in the general evaluation of faces. After the study,
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contributes to the creation of adult-born granules cells (GC), cells also described by
Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning. The creation of these cells exhibited "enhanced excitability" in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the dorsal hippocampus, impacting the
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In the 1950s, he began to trace individual behaviors like aggression and sexual arousal to their physiological sources. He postulated the limbic system as the brain's center of emotions, including the hippocampus and amygdala. Developing observations made by Papez, he hypothesized that the limbic
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first identified by Hans Selye in his report of the
General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936. It may be considered a part of survival adaptation in reptiles as well as mammals (including humans). MacLean postulated that the human brain has evolved three components, that evolved successively, with more
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The limbic system is often incorrectly classified as a cerebral structure, but simply interacts heavily with the cerebral cortex. These interactions are closely linked to olfaction, emotions, drives, autonomic regulation, memory, and pathologically to encephalopathy, epilepsy, psychotic symptoms,
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In the 1960s, Dr. MacLean enlarged his theory to address the human brain's overall structure and divided its evolution into three parts, an idea that he termed the triune brain. In addition to identifying the limbic system, he hypothesized a supposedly more primitive brain called the R-complex,
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had a well-developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established. Further, birds, which evolved from the dinosaurs, which in turn evolved separately but around the same time as the mammals, have a well-developed limbic system. While the
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The neopallium, also known as the superior or rational ("new mammalian") brain, comprises almost the whole of the hemispheres (made up of a more recent type of cortex, called neocortex) and some subcortical neuronal groups. It corresponds to the brain of the superior mammals, thus including the
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While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation, the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories. Eichenbaum and his team found, when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats, that the left hippocampus is "critical for effectively combining the
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Foremost, however, this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear, allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear. However, as time has gone by, researchers such as Pessoa, generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings, and concluded that the
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Another integrative part of the limbic system, the amygdala, which is the deepest part of the limbic system, is involved in many cognitive processes and is largely considered the most primordial and vital part of the limbic system. Like the hippocampus, processes in the amygdala seem to impact
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related to reptiles, which controls basic functions like muscle movement and breathing. According to him, the third part, the neocortex, controls speech and reasoning and is the most recent evolutionary arrival. The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by
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The structures and interacting areas of the limbic system are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory. The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex. The limbic system operates by influencing the
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long-term memory, yet emotions, unconnected from the details of causation, were often retained. Dr. Suzanne Corkin, who worked with him for 46 years until his death, described the contribution of this tragic "experiment" in her 2013 book.
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According to
Maclean, each of the components, although connected with the others, retained "their peculiar types of intelligence, subjectivity, sense of time and space, memory, mobility and other less specific functions".
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in 1878. He examined the differentiation between deeply recessed cortical tissue and underlying, subcortical nuclei. However, most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the
American physician
533:. Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems. To cure severe emotional disorders, this connection was sometimes surgically severed, a procedure of
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The archipallium or primitive ("reptilian") brain, comprising the structures of the brain stem – medulla, pons, cerebellum, mesencephalon, the oldest basal nuclei – the globus pallidus and the olfactory
759:; thus the designation of "superior mammals" is not an evolutionary one, as it has occurred independently in different species. The evolution of higher degrees of intelligence is an example of
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primates and, as a consequence, the human species. Similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species not closely related to humans and primates has also occurred, for example in
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theory (which is now considered outdated ), hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the forebrain, and that it developed to manage circuitry attributed to the
779:, both living and extinct, have challenged several aspects of this hypothesis, notably the accuracy of the terms "reptilian" and "old mammalian". The common ancestors of reptiles and
338:. Therefore, the set of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is controversial. The following structures are, or have been considered, part of the limbic system:
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Kamali, Arash; Milosavljevic, Sofia; Gandhi, Anusha; Lano, Kinsey R.; Shobeiri, Parnian; Sherbaf, Farzaneh Ghazi; Sair, Haris I.; Riascos, Roy F.; Hasan, Khader M. (1 May 2023).
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Besides memory, the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes. First, to define attention in cognitive terms,
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Currently, it is not considered an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion, but rather one of the many parts of the brain that regulate
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The monkeys often had a sexual drive so strong that they attempted to copulate with immature animals, animals of the same sex, or even animals of a different species.
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amygdalothalamic tract, stria terminalis, dorsal thalamo-hypothalamic tract, cerebellohypothalamic tracts, and the parieto-occipito-hypothalamic tract.
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Broca, P (1878). "Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales: Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères".
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MacLean, P.D. (1952). "Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain)".
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and abandoned. Originally, the limbic system was believed to be the emotional center of the brain, with cognition being the business of the
223:, central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden. This processed information is often relayed to a collection of structures from the
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Olds, J.; Milner, P. (1954). "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain".
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Markowitsch, H.J.; Staniloiu, A (2011). "Amygdala in action: Relaying biological and social significance to autobiographical memory".
1682:"Training your brain: Do mental and physical (map) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus?"
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is the ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others. Thus, the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability.
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The hippocampus, over the decades, has also been found to have a huge impact in learning. Curlik and Shors examined the effects of
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MacLean, PD (1949). "Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion".
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Catani, M; Dell'Acqua, F; Thiebaut De
Schotten, M (2013). "A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour".
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541:(this is actually a misnomer). Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation.
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coined the term based on its physical location in the brain, sandwiched between two functionally different components.
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Morgane PJ, Galler JR, Mokler DJ (2005). "A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain".
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The limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems and consists of the
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Catani, M.; Dell’Acqua, F.; Vergani, F.; Malik, F.; Hodge, H.; Roy, P.; Valabregue, R.; de
Schotten, M. T. (2011).
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1185:"The Cortico-Limbo-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits: An Update to the Original Papez Circuit of the Human Limbic System"
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in the hippocampus as a result of the training, causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task. This
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anatomic structures of the limbic system are different in birds and mammals, there are functional equivalents.
454:: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the
323:. Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to
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1633:"I remember you: A role for memory in social cognition and the functional neuroanatomy of their interaction"
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However, while the categorization into structures is reasonable, the recent studies of the limbic system of
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Rolls, Edmund T. (January 2015). "Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system".
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Rule, N.O.; Moran, J. M.; Freeman, J. B.; Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.; Gabrieli, J. D. E.; Ambady, N. (2011).
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The paleopallium or intermediate ("old mammalian") brain, comprising the structures of the limbic system.
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810:, for "border" or "edge", or, particularly in medical terminology, a border of an anatomical component.
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The limbic system is a term that was introduced in 1949 by the American physician and neuroscientist,
436:: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem
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Morgane, PJ (Feb 2005). "A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain".
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Cesario J, Johnson DJ, Eisthen HL (2020). "Your Brain Is Not an Onion With a Tiny Reptile Inside".
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2205:"The limbic system of tetrapods: a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations"
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Parkard, M.G. (2009). "Anxiety, cognition, and habit: A multiple memory systems perspective".
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2135:"The Brain Is Adaptive Not Triune: How the Brain Responds to Threat, Challenge, and Change"
2014:
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lversen, S.D. (1984). "Recent advances in the anatomy and chemistry of the limbic system".
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1999:"The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust"
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and is one of the best understood and heavily involved limbic interacting structure.
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1901:"Emotion and cognition and the amygdale: From "what is it?" to "what's to be done?""
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584:. Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus, such as the
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recent components developing at the top/front. These components are, respectively:
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and associated structures: play a central role in the consolidation of new memories
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structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures, particularly the
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1495:"Dorsal vs ventral hippocampal neurogenensis: Implications for cognition and mood"
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Blessing WW (1997). "Inadequate frameworks for understanding bodily homeostasis".
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2377:"Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy"
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1950:"The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces"
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This set of behavioral change came to be known as the Klüver–Bucy syndrome.
463:: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing
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2048:"Face value: Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions"
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In an attempt to curtail life-threatening epileptic seizures, 27-year-old
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The first and most widely researched area concerns memory, particularly
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The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the
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1391:"Brain Lobotomy: A Historical and Moral Dilemma with No Alternative?"
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444:, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the
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Terrier, Louis-Marie; Lévêque, Marc; Amelot, Aymeric (2019-12-01).
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Robert L, Isaacson (31 December 1992). "A fuzzy limbic system".
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Its various components support a variety of functions including
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1600:"Comparative cognition, hippocampal function, and recollection"
315:. The name "limbic" comes from the Latin word for the border,
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Papez, JW. (1995). "A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937".
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The monkeys had a tendency to place everything in its mouth.
623:(GCs), which target the hippocampus and cause disruption in
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LeDoux, Joseph E. (2000). "Emotion Circuits in the Brain".
1544:"Prefrontal-Hippocampal Interactions in Memory and Emotion"
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hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process.
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components that were then grouped into the limbic system.
27:
Set of brain structures involved in emotion and motivation
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implanted into their nucleus accumbens, as well as their
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
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https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/limbic-system
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1775:(2003). "Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System".
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515:, repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region.
2186:"The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress"
1947:
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Location and basic anatomy of the hippocampus, as a
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http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm
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Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
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1073:"Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain"
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The monkeys had extreme curiosity about everything.
529:The limbic system is also tightly connected to the
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319:, and these structures were known together as the
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1996:
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416:and related with a number of emotional processes
307:structures surrounding the boundary between the
836:described his anatomical model of emotion, the
650:Episodic-autobiographical memory (EAM) networks
568:is involved with various processes relating to
396:: a set of structures that lie in front of the
55:showing parts of the limbic system from below.
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868:There is controversy over the use of the term
368:: related to memory and associative components
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499:projections from the limbic system. In 1954,
422:: involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
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1604:Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews
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299:The limbic system was originally defined by
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2527:
2126:
2108:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2099:
1954:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1846:
1673:
1445:
1231:
495:. These responses are heavily modulated by
2871:
2857:
2666:
2652:
2374:
2202:
1597:
1586:
1353:
964:
763:, and is also seen in non-mammals such as
518:The limbic system also interacts with the
295:Anatomical components of the limbic system
3389:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
2507:
2474:
2220:
2160:
2150:
2133:Steffen PR, Hedges D, Matheson R (2022).
2074:
2022:
1973:
1924:
1705:
1656:
1615:
1569:
1559:
1518:
1483:
1406:
1330:
1320:
1274:
1208:
3257:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2524:
2405:
1771:
1454:(3rd ed.). New York: MacGraw-Hill.
1296:
1120:
792:
703:The monkeys were not afraid of anything.
552:
290:
173:structures located on both sides of the
3324:
2448:
2289:
2243:
1941:
1728:
1477:Psychophannacology of the Limbic System
1474:
1268:
1225:
1116:
1114:
687:
483:. It is highly interconnected with the
14:
3658:
2533:
2489:
2324:
2015:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.023
1990:
1917:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.038
1898:
1892:
1870:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.007
1825:
1624:
1133:
1030:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
722:
3323:
3245:
3119:High-context and low-context cultures
2890:
2852:
2647:
2568:
2375:Kluver, H.; Bucy, P. C. (June 1937).
2339:
2183:
1680:CurlikShors, D.; Shors, T.J. (2012).
613:
3468:Computer processing of body language
3246:
2496:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2039:
1111:
880:arguing that the term be considered
825:first called this part of the brain
678:
491:and the "high" derived from certain
448:; regulates many autonomic processes
3483:List of facial expression databases
3473:Emotion recognition in conversation
1948:Todorov, A.; Engell, A. D. (2008).
1541:
915:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
863:
659:Attentional and emotional processes
58:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie
24:
2673:
1631:Spreng, R. N.; Mar, R. A. (2012).
25:
3697:
3367:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2608:
1997:Koscik, T.R.; Tranel, D. (2011).
1493:Kheirbeck, M.A.; Hen, R. (2011).
971:Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
575:
177:, immediately beneath the medial
2614:
2449:Simpson, J. A. (November 1973).
2258:10.1097/00006842-194911000-00003
2067:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.007
1698:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.027
1446:Adams, R.D.; Victor, M. (1985).
145:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
70:
45:
2562:
2483:
2442:
2399:
2368:
2342:J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
2333:
2318:
2237:
2196:
2177:
1819:
1722:
1468:
1439:
1382:
1347:
1303:Rajmohan V, Mohandas E (2007).
1154:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.01.001
1042:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001
999:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.01.001
2891:
2548:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155
2490:Fulton, John (November 1953).
2381:American Journal of Physiology
2184:Selye, Hans (1 January 1950).
1743:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.029
1649:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.024
1176:
1064:
1021:
548:
13:
1:
2536:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2455:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
2420:10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80222-0
1246:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01029-6
940:
2583:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.005
2327:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
2304:10.1016/0013-4694(52)90073-4
1542:Jin, Jingji (Dec 15, 2015).
1309:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1089:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.12.001
931:Fundamentals of Neuroscience
400:, considered a pleasure zone
336:visceral autonomic processes
286:
259:(limbic striatum), anterior
7:
3384:Nonverbal learning disorder
2962:Speech-independent gestures
2935:Facial Action Coding System
2203:Bruce LL, Neary TJ (1995).
1277:"Chapter 9 - Limbic System"
891:
709:The monkeys forgot rapidly.
638:
595:
469:
461:Anterior nuclei of thalamus
446:mammillothalamic fasciculus
10:
3702:
3124:Interpersonal relationship
2925:Body-to-body communication
2408:Behavioural Brain Research
1408:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.254
1201:10.1007/s10548-023-00955-y
957:Schacter, Daniel L. 2012.
895:
872:, with scientists such as
787:
691:
642:
412:: located deep within the
29:
3615:
3589:
3529:
3522:
3496:
3460:
3424:
3397:
3334:
3330:
3319:
3252:
3241:
3197:
3174:
3137:
3089:
3024:
2903:
2899:
2886:
2814:
2781:
2774:Peripheral nervous system
2772:
2681:
2467:10.1136/jnnp.39.11.1138-a
2329:. Springer. p. 2592.
2152:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.802606
1356:J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol
143:
131:
119:
107:
95:
90:
85:
69:
44:
39:
3539:Behavioral communication
2120:10.1177/0963721420917687
1826:Corkin, Suzanne (2013).
1561:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00170
1142:Progress in Neurobiology
987:Progress in Neurobiology
487:, which plays a role in
481:autonomic nervous system
30:Not to be confused with
3686:History of neuroscience
2979:Interpersonal synchrony
2880:Nonverbal communication
2325:Binder, Marc D (2009).
1829:Permanent Present Tense
1789:10.1023/A:1026021307833
1617:10.3819/ccbr.2008.20003
1598:Eichenbaum, H. (2007).
1499:Neuropsychopharmacology
1450:Principles of Neurology
1322:10.4103/0019-5545.33264
1234:Trends in Neurosciences
821:. The French physician
442:medial forebrain bundle
3676:Neuroscience of memory
3576:Monastic sign lexicons
3267:Emotional intelligence
2683:Central nervous system
1777:Neurochemical Research
984:
898:anatomical terminology
828:le grand lobe limbique
827:
561:
503:and Milner found that
296:
265:ventral tegmental area
3566:Impression management
1123:Revue d'Anthropologie
793:Etymology and history
632:Henry Gustav Molaison
556:
294:
249:parahippocampal gyrus
167:paleomammalian cortex
51:Cross section of the
3581:Verbal communication
3534:Animal communication
3452:Targeted advertising
2969:Haptic communication
2623:at Wikimedia Commons
1511:10.1038/npp.2010.148
761:convergent evolution
694:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
688:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
351:Orbitofrontal cortex
309:cerebral hemispheres
273:habenular commissure
165:, also known as the
3590:Non-verbal language
3478:Gesture recognition
3325:Further information
3215:Emotion recognition
3166:Silent service code
2492:"The Limbic System"
2451:"The Limbic System"
2354:10.1176/jnp.7.1.103
1966:10.1093/scan/nsn033
1899:Pessoa, L. (2010).
1773:Sapolsky, Robert M.
1548:Front Syst Neurosci
1305:"The limbic system"
1283:on 27 November 2020
723:Evolutionary claims
539:prefrontal lobotomy
524:Parkinson's disease
438:reticular formation
390:Subcortical areas:
243:, limbic thalamus,
3616:Art and literature
3571:Meta-communication
3559:Passive-aggressive
3488:Sentiment analysis
3189:Non-verbal leakage
2632:2010-12-02 at the
1395:World Neurosurgery
896:This article uses
614:Hippocampus damage
562:
493:recreational drugs
297:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3347:Asperger syndrome
3315:
3314:
3297:Social competence
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3039:Emotional prosody
2945:Subtle expression
2930:Facial expression
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2619:Media related to
2222:10.1159/000113276
2209:Brain Behav. Evol
1911:(12): 3416–3429.
1783:(11): 1735–1742.
1686:Neuropharmacology
921:Paralimbic cortex
730:, as part of his
679:Social processing
673:anxiety disorders
531:prefrontal cortex
485:nucleus accumbens
452:Mammillary bodies
420:Nucleus accumbens
398:lamina terminalis
380:mammillary bodies
366:Entorhinal cortex
277:entorhinal cortex
257:nucleus accumbens
237:prefrontal cortex
217:mammillary bodies
185:primarily in the
159:
158:
154:
16:(Redirected from
3693:
3527:
3526:
3504:Ray Birdwhistell
3332:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3247:Broader concepts
3243:
3242:
3220:First impression
2901:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2779:
2778:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2139:Front Psychiatry
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2003:Neuropsychologia
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1905:Neuropsychologia
1896:
1890:
1889:
1858:Neuropsychologia
1853:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1368:10.1037/h0058775
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1272:
1266:
1265:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1189:Brain Topography
1180:
1174:
1173:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1025:
1019:
1018:
982:
973:
968:
962:
955:
910:Emotional memory
874:Joseph E. LeDoux
864:Academic dispute
830:
477:endocrine system
361:olfactory system
342:Cortical areas:
235:, including the
221:stria medullaris
202:long-term memory
151:edit on Wikidata
148:
102:systema limbicum
74:
49:
37:
36:
32:Lymphatic system
21:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3637:
3628:Mimoplastic art
3611:
3602:Tactile signing
3585:
3518:
3492:
3456:
3420:
3393:
3326:
3311:
3287:Social behavior
3248:
3229:
3193:
3184:Microexpression
3170:
3154:One-bit message
3133:
3085:
3020:
2940:Microexpression
2895:
2882:
2877:
2847:
2838:
2829:Parasympathetic
2810:
2768:
2677:
2672:
2634:Wayback Machine
2611:
2606:
2567:
2563:
2532:
2525:
2488:
2484:
2447:
2443:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2288:
2281:
2242:
2238:
2215:(4–5): 224–34.
2201:
2197:
2182:
2178:
2131:
2127:
2104:
2100:
2050:
2044:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1946:
1942:
1897:
1893:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:. Basic Books.
1824:
1820:
1770:
1766:
1727:
1723:
1678:
1674:
1629:
1625:
1596:
1587:
1540:
1536:
1491:
1484:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1440:
1387:
1383:
1352:
1348:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1275:Swenson, Rand.
1273:
1269:
1230:
1226:
1181:
1177:
1138:
1134:
1119:
1112:
1069:
1065:
1026:
1022:
983:
976:
969:
965:
956:
947:
943:
905:Amygdala hijack
901:
894:
866:
819:Paul D. MacLean
801:comes from the
795:
790:
736:fight or flight
728:Paul D. MacLean
725:
696:
690:
681:
661:
652:
647:
641:
625:explicit memory
621:glucocorticoids
616:
598:
578:
559:coronal section
551:
472:
357:Piriform cortex
303:as a series of
289:
281:olfactory bulbs
241:cingulate gyrus
155:
81:
65:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Mood disorders
3668:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:Charles Darwin
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
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3413:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Affect display
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3091:Social context
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:Pupil dilation
2996:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:Cranial nerves
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2675:Nervous system
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2624:
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2605:
2604:
2561:
2523:
2502:(2): 107–118.
2482:
2441:
2414:(2): 129–131.
2398:
2367:
2332:
2317:
2298:(4): 407–418.
2279:
2236:
2195:
2176:
2125:
2114:(3): 255–260.
2098:
2061:(1): 734–741.
2038:
2009:(4): 602–611.
1989:
1960:(4): 303–312.
1940:
1891:
1864:(4): 718–733.
1845:
1839:978-0465031597
1838:
1818:
1764:
1731:Brain Research
1721:
1672:
1637:Brain Research
1623:
1585:
1534:
1505:(1): 373–374.
1482:
1467:
1460:
1438:
1381:
1362:(6): 419–427.
1346:
1315:(2): 132–139.
1295:
1267:
1240:(6): 235–239.
1224:
1195:(3): 371–389.
1175:
1132:
1110:
1083:(2): 273–291.
1063:
1036:(8): 1724–37.
1020:
974:
963:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
928:
923:
918:
912:
907:
893:
890:
865:
862:
860:, and others.
858:Lennart Heimer
794:
791:
789:
786:
769:
768:
748:
745:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
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707:
704:
692:Main article:
689:
686:
680:
677:
660:
657:
651:
648:
643:Main article:
640:
637:
615:
612:
597:
594:
582:spatial memory
577:
576:Spatial memory
574:
550:
547:
489:sexual arousal
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
464:
458:
449:
425:
424:
423:
417:
414:temporal lobes
407:
401:
388:
387:
386:
369:
363:
359:: part of the
354:
348:
288:
285:
247:including the
169:, is a set of
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105:
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3:
2:
3698:
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3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Limbic system
3664:
3663:
3661:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
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3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Sign language
3595:
3594:
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3479:
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3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Freudian slip
3440:
3438:
3437:Lie detection
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:Mirror neuron
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:Limbic system
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:Rett syndrome
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Social skills
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:People skills
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Communication
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:Multi-faceted
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Display rules
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3079:Voice quality
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:Body language
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Sensory nerve
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2762:Limbic system
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:Limbic system
2617:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:(1): 103–12.
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(6): 338–53.
2251:
2247:
2246:Psychosom Med
2240:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(1): 506–14.
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1461:9780070002968
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:(2): 143–60.
1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:(2): 143–60.
992:
988:
981:
979:
972:
967:
960:
954:
952:
950:
945:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:limbic system
861:
859:
855:
849:
845:
841:
839:
838:Papez circuit
835:
829:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
808:
804:
800:
785:
782:
778:
773:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
741:
740:
737:
733:
729:
720:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
685:
676:
674:
668:
666:
656:
646:
636:
633:
628:
626:
622:
611:
608:
603:
593:
589:
587:
586:dentate gyrus
583:
573:
571:
567:
560:
555:
546:
542:
540:
536:
535:psychosurgery
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:basal ganglia
516:
514:
513:septal nuclei
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
462:
459:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
429:
426:
421:
418:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
395:
394:Septal nuclei
392:
391:
389:
385:
384:septal nuclei
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
362:
358:
355:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
339:
337:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:mesencephalon
230:
226:
225:telencephalon
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:temporal lobe
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:limbic system
152:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
40:Limbic system
38:
33:
19:
3432:Cold reading
3425:Applications
3406:
3399:Neuroanatomy
3044:Paralanguage
2806:Spinal nerve
2761:
2738:Diencephalon
2574:
2570:
2564:
2539:
2535:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2461:(11): 1138.
2458:
2454:
2444:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2387:(2): 254–284
2384:
2380:
2370:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1861:
1857:
1828:
1821:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1610:(1): 47–66.
1607:
1603:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1476:
1470:
1449:
1441:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1270:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1033:
1029:
1023:
990:
986:
966:
958:
926:Triune brain
878:Edmund Rolls
869:
867:
850:
846:
842:
816:
805:
798:
796:
774:
770:
732:triune brain
726:
718:
697:
682:
669:
662:
653:
629:
617:
607:neurogenesis
602:neurogenesis
599:
590:
579:
563:
543:
528:
517:
497:dopaminergic
473:
434:Hypothalamus
430:structures:
428:Diencephalic
376:white matter
333:
329:
316:
298:
269:raphe nuclei
261:hypothalamus
229:diencephalon
210:
191:
166:
162:
160:
101:
77:
61:
57:
3411:Limbic lobe
3176:Unconscious
3159:Missed call
3129:Social norm
3104:Conventions
2994:Eye contact
2824:Sympathetic
2796:Motor nerve
2748:Optic nerve
2696:Spinal cord
2577:: 119–157.
2542:: 155–184.
2391:15 February
2190:APA PsycNET
1737:: 121–128.
1401:: 211–218.
935:Wikiversity
854:Walle Nauta
834:James Papez
566:hippocampus
549:Hippocampus
537:, called a
507:with metal
404:Hippocampus
346:Limbic lobe
325:subcortical
321:limbic lobe
267:, midbrain
245:hippocampus
91:Identifiers
78:limbic lobe
53:human brain
3681:Motivation
3660:Categories
3544:Aggressive
3514:Paul Ekman
3497:Key people
3461:Technology
3447:Poker tell
3292:Social cue
3099:Chronemics
3049:Intonation
2893:Modalities
2721:Cerebellum
2145:: 802606.
2076:1807/33192
2055:NeuroImage
1554:(1): 170.
1129:: 385–498.
961:.sec. 3.20
959:Psychology
941:References
933:course at
917:(HPA axis)
823:Paul Broca
812:Paul Broca
509:electrodes
301:Paul Broca
121:NeuroNames
3549:Assertive
3357:Fragile X
3342:Aprosodia
3335:Disorders
3282:Semiotics
3210:Deception
3016:Proxemics
3006:Olfaction
2989:Oculesics
2974:Imitation
2816:Autonomic
2733:Forebrain
2706:Hindbrain
1797:0364-3190
1643:: 43–50.
1433:202571631
1417:1878-8750
1287:9 January
886:neocortex
797:The term
777:tetrapods
757:elephants
753:cetaceans
665:attention
570:cognition
313:brainstem
287:Structure
253:subiculum
206:olfaction
187:forebrain
3379:Dyssemia
3225:Intimacy
3145:Emoticon
3054:Loudness
2984:Laughter
2920:Kinesics
2911:Blushing
2904:Physical
2755:Cerebrum
2728:Midbrain
2691:Meninges
2630:Archived
2599:16524733
2591:24439664
2556:10845062
2518:13123136
2312:12998590
2274:12779897
2266:15410445
2171:35432041
2093:13253523
2085:20633663
2033:20920512
1984:19015082
1935:20619280
1886:12632856
1878:20933525
1813:12012982
1805:14584827
1759:39710208
1751:19328775
1716:22898496
1667:21172325
1580:26696844
1529:21116266
1425:31518743
1376:13233369
1341:20711399
1262:41159244
1219:37148369
1210:10164017
1162:15784304
1105:14566150
1097:22209688
1058:28044712
1050:23850593
1007:15784304
892:See also
882:obsolete
645:Amygdala
639:Amygdala
596:Learning
479:and the
470:Function
456:thalamus
440:via the
410:Amygdala
311:and the
305:cortical
213:amygdala
198:behavior
183:cerebrum
175:thalamus
3633:Subtext
3554:Passive
3523:Related
3114:Habitus
3059:Prosody
3011:Posture
2952:Gesture
2834:Enteric
2783:Somatic
2711:Medulla
2509:2599366
2476:1083320
2436:9512977
2428:1294191
2362:7711480
2231:8564465
2162:9010774
2024:3056169
1975:2607057
1926:2949460
1707:3445739
1658:3085056
1571:4678200
1520:3055508
1479:: 1–16.
1332:2917081
1254:9185301
1170:2612681
1015:2612681
788:History
781:mammals
194:emotion
181:of the
114:D008032
86:Details
3607:Tadoma
3352:Autism
3307:Unsaid
3272:Nunchi
3149:Smiley
3069:Stress
3064:Rhythm
3034:Affect
3026:Speech
2743:Retina
2597:
2589:
2571:Cortex
2554:
2516:
2506:
2473:
2434:
2426:
2360:
2310:
2272:
2264:
2229:
2169:
2159:
2091:
2083:
2031:
2021:
1982:
1972:
1933:
1923:
1884:
1876:
1836:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1757:
1749:
1714:
1704:
1665:
1655:
1578:
1568:
1527:
1517:
1458:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1374:
1339:
1329:
1260:
1252:
1217:
1207:
1168:
1160:
1103:
1095:
1077:Cortex
1056:
1048:
1013:
1005:
807:limbus
799:limbic
744:bulbs.
372:Fornix
317:limbus
279:, and
231:, and
204:, and
138:242000
18:Limbic
3138:Other
2701:Brain
2595:S2CID
2432:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2089:S2CID
2051:(PDF)
1882:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1755:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1101:S2CID
1054:S2CID
1011:S2CID
803:Latin
765:birds
171:brain
149:[
97:Latin
3623:Mime
3074:Tone
2957:List
2716:Pons
2587:PMID
2552:PMID
2514:PMID
2424:PMID
2393:2019
2358:PMID
2308:PMID
2262:PMID
2227:PMID
2167:PMID
2081:PMID
2029:PMID
1980:PMID
1931:PMID
1874:PMID
1834:ISBN
1801:PMID
1793:ISSN
1747:PMID
1735:1293
1712:PMID
1663:PMID
1641:1428
1576:PMID
1525:PMID
1456:ISBN
1421:PMID
1413:ISSN
1372:PMID
1337:PMID
1289:2015
1250:PMID
1215:PMID
1158:PMID
1093:PMID
1046:PMID
1003:PMID
876:and
755:and
564:The
505:rats
501:Olds
382:and
374:: a
251:and
161:The
126:2055
109:MeSH
62:1786
2579:doi
2544:doi
2504:PMC
2471:PMC
2463:doi
2416:doi
2385:119
2350:doi
2300:doi
2254:doi
2217:doi
2157:PMC
2147:doi
2116:doi
2071:hdl
2063:doi
2019:PMC
2011:doi
1970:PMC
1962:doi
1921:PMC
1913:doi
1866:doi
1785:doi
1739:doi
1702:PMC
1694:doi
1653:PMC
1645:doi
1612:doi
1566:PMC
1556:doi
1515:PMC
1507:doi
1403:doi
1399:132
1364:doi
1327:PMC
1317:doi
1242:doi
1205:PMC
1197:doi
1150:doi
1085:doi
1038:doi
995:doi
133:FMA
3662::
3409:/
3147:/
2918:/
2593:.
2585:.
2575:62
2573:.
2550:.
2540:23
2538:.
2526:^
2512:.
2500:26
2498:.
2494:.
2469:.
2459:39
2457:.
2453:.
2430:.
2422:.
2412:52
2410:.
2383:.
2379:.
2356:.
2344:.
2306:.
2294:.
2282:^
2268:.
2260:.
2250:11
2248:.
2225:.
2213:46
2211:.
2207:.
2188:.
2165:.
2155:.
2143:13
2141:.
2137:.
2112:29
2110:.
2087:.
2079:.
2069:.
2059:54
2057:.
2053:.
2027:.
2017:.
2007:49
2005:.
2001:.
1978:.
1968:.
1956:.
1952:.
1929:.
1919:.
1909:48
1907:.
1903:.
1880:.
1872:.
1862:49
1860:.
1848:^
1807:.
1799:.
1791:.
1781:28
1779:.
1753:.
1745:.
1733:.
1710:.
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