219:. While their feet have an arch when not supporting weight, when stood upon, the arch will flatten. This is because the loose ligaments cannot support the arch in the way that they should. This can make walking and standing painful and tiring. Pain will usually occur in the feet and lower legs, but can also spread to the back due to abnormal standing and walking habits. Wearing shoes that have good arch support can help minimize the discomfort. The underlying problem, however, is not solved by wearing shoes with
32:
199:
Referred pain is created by ligamentous laxity around a joint, but is felt at some distance from the injury. (Pain will not only occur at the site of the injury and loose ligaments, but may also be referred to other parts of the body.) These painful points that refer pain elsewhere are called trigger
143:
Loose or lax ligaments in turn are not capable of supporting joints as effectively as healthy ones, making the affected individual prone to further injury as well as compensation for the weakness using other parts of the body. Affected individuals may improve over time and lose some of their juvenile
195:
Individuals with extremely lax, or hypermobile joints, can be identified by their ability to bend their elbows, knees or hips past a position of neutrality. They may also be able to easily touch their hands flat to the floor while bending forward from the waist. The ability to touch the thumb to the
126:
types I–III, VII, and XI), the joint laxity usually is apparent before adulthood. However, age of onset and extent of joint laxity are variable in Marfan syndrome, and joint laxity may be confined to the hands alone, as in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type I. In addition, ligamentous laxity may appear in
191:
and back problems are common among individuals with ligamentous laxity. Affected individuals are also prone to bone dislocation, and those with a sedentary job often report back pain. In addition, people may experience referred pain, that is, pain in an area of the body away from the injured or
147:
In the case of extreme laxity, or hypermobility, affected individuals often have a decreased ability to sense joint position, which can contribute to joint damage. The resulting poor limb positions can lead to the acceleration of degenerative joint conditions. Many hypermobility patients have
241:
In most people, ligaments (which are the tissues that connect bones to each other) are naturally tight in such a way that the joints are restricted to 'normal' ranges of motion. This creates normal joint stability. If muscular control does not compensate for ligamentous laxity,
200:
points, and will be dealt with later. Abnormal joint movement also creates many "protective actions" by adjacent tissues. Muscles will contract in spasm in an attempt to pull the joint back to the correct location or stabilize it to protect it from further damage.
139:
While ligamentous laxity may be genetic and affect an individual from a very early age, it can also be the result of an injury. Injuries, especially those involving the joints, invariably damage ligaments either by stretching them abnormally or even tearing them.
144:
hyperlaxity as they age. Individuals over age 40 often have recurrent joint problems and almost always have chronic pain. Back patients with ligamentous laxity in the area of the spine may also experience osteoarthritis and disc degeneration.
230:, owing to the body having to overcompensate for the greater amount of energy required to offset the weakened ligaments. The feet may be spread apart at a wide angle, and the knees may flex backwards slightly after each stride.
449:
434:
250:, and is usually something the affected person would just be aware of, rather than a serious medical condition. However, if there is widespread laxity of other connective tissue, then this may be a sign of
371:
Khan SN, Erickson G, Sena MJ, Gupta MC (January 2011). "Use of flexion and extension radiographs of the cervical spine to rule out acute instability in patients with negative computed tomography scans".
289:(MRI), the only kind of MRI that will show soft tissue damage. It can be seen in standing stress radiographs in flexion, extension, and neutral views as well, and also digital motion X-ray, or DMX.
281:
Ligamentous laxity may also result from injury, such as from a vehicle accident. It can result from whiplash and be overlooked for years by doctors who are not looking for it, despite the
492:
296:; however, this is also a disadvantage as a lack of perceived pain can prevent a person from removing the ligament from insult, leading to ligament damage. People with
98:
Someone with ligamentous laxity, by definition, has loose ligaments. Unlike other, more pervasive diseases, the diagnosis does not require the presence of loose
87:. Loose ligaments can appear in a variety of ways and levels of severity. It also does not always affect the entire body. One could have loose ligaments of the
485:
1135:
873:
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1125:
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Schmidek and Sweet: Operative
Neurosurgical Techniques: Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques E-Book
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will often try to reduce vertebral instability by fusing the vertebrae with bone and/or metal fixation.
1293:
286:
251:
123:
259:
1170:
223:, or worsened by wearing shoes without arch support. There is currently no cure for the condition.
1303:
1023:
686:
285:
that accompanies the resultant spinal instability. Ligamentous laxity will show up on an upright
275:
153:
1271:
1086:
967:
663:
502:
297:
79:
233:
Those who have this disease may experience sprained ankles more frequently than other people.
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584:
157:
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8:
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453:
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115:
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An advantage to having lax ligaments and joints is the ability to withstand pain from
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389:
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joints (or "double-jointed" people), almost by definition, have lax ligaments.
165:
149:
443:
1327:
1190:
1040:
938:
911:
589:
566:
255:
188:
226:
In addition, people with ligamentous laxity often have clumsy or deliberate
1308:
1281:
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811:
790:
851:
426:
1219:
1215:
1195:
1101:
773:
759:
630:
599:
511:
247:
215:
Those who have loose ligaments in the legs and feet may appear to have
176:
31:
1252:
907:
739:
734:
729:
655:
635:
613:
216:
993:
520:
114:
problems. In heritable connective tissue disorders associated with
69:
83:, which occurs in about ten percent of the population, and may be
103:
99:
1244:
744:
438:
553:
73:
777:
678:
227:
127:
conjunction with physical co-ordination conditions such as
88:
622:
92:
68:, is a cause of chronic body pain characterized by loose
500:
370:
416:
1136:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
316:
1325:
347:Orthopedics and Trauma: Principles and Practice
867:
486:
350:. Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd. p. 408.
874:
860:
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323:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1937.
246:may result. The trait is almost certainly
156:, excessive anterior mandibular movement,
30:
881:
317:Quinones-Hinojosa, Alfredo (2021-04-22).
152:, disorders involving nerve compression,
922:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
1326:
855:
474:
343:
1126:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
13:
14:
1345:
646:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
412:
76:in the entire body, it is called
278:, and other medical conditions.
179:, or symptoms such as frequent
134:
364:
337:
310:
203:When this occurs in the back,
72:. When this condition affects
1:
1131:Shoulder impingement syndrome
974:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
303:
264:juvenile idiopathic arthritis
953:Synovial osteochondromatosis
712:Patellofemoral pain syndrome
386:10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181dc54bf
7:
344:Kumar, M. N. (2016-01-01).
171:
10:
1350:
287:magnetic resonance imaging
16:Looseness of the ligaments
1280:
1243:
1236:
1204:
1159:
1114:
1095:
1074:
1065:
984:
898:
889:
799:
772:
720:
677:
654:
621:
612:
575:
552:
519:
510:
420:
192:otherwise affected site.
110:, hyperlax skin or other
43:
38:
29:
24:
1171:Iliotibial band syndrome
236:
196:forearm is also common.
1304:Aggressive fibromatosis
1294:Dupuytren's contracture
687:Chondromalacia patellae
276:osteogenesis imperfecta
210:
154:chondromalacia patellae
968:villonodular synovitis
664:Angular limb deformity
252:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
124:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
883:Soft tissue disorders
585:Boutonniere deformity
260:Klippel–Feil syndrome
185:shoulder dislocations
158:mitral valve prolapse
1299:Plantar fibromatosis
927:De Quervain syndrome
821:Abnormal angulation
745:Bunion/hallux valgus
539:Subacromial bursitis
1181:Achilles tendinitis
1176:Patellar tendinitis
947:osteochondromatosis
934:Transient synovitis
917:Calcific tendinitis
641:Protrusio acetabuli
595:Swan neck deformity
529:Adhesive capsulitis
205:orthopedic surgeons
116:joint hypermobility
80:joint hypermobility
1334:Skeletal disorders
1082:Ligamentous laxity
817:Ligamentous laxity
669:Unequal leg length
62:Ligamentous laxity
39:Hypermobile finger
25:Ligamentous laxity
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1141:Rotator cuff tear
1061:
1060:
1053:Calcific bursitis
849:
848:
841:Joint dislocation
768:
767:
608:
607:
534:Rotator cuff tear
468:
467:
357:978-93-5129-508-2
330:978-0-323-41519-4
244:joint instability
112:connective tissue
91:, but not of the
59:
58:
19:Medical condition
1341:
1241:
1240:
1209:
1164:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1072:
1071:
896:
895:
876:
869:
862:
853:
852:
836:Bone malrotation
825:Valgus deformity
697:Luxating patella
619:
618:
517:
516:
495:
488:
481:
472:
471:
418:
417:
406:
405:
368:
362:
361:
341:
335:
334:
314:
162:uterine prolapse
54:Medical genetics
34:
22:
21:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1276:
1224:
1205:
1200:
1160:
1155:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1091:
1067:
1057:
980:
891:
885:
880:
850:
845:
829:Varus deformity
807:Joint stiffness
795:
786:Cauliflower ear
764:
716:
692:Genu recurvatum
673:
650:
604:
571:
548:
506:
503:musculoskeletal
499:
469:
464:
463:
429:
415:
410:
409:
374:J Orthop Trauma
369:
365:
358:
342:
338:
331:
315:
311:
306:
272:Marfan syndrome
268:Larsen syndrome
239:
213:
181:sprained ankles
174:
137:
120:Marfan syndrome
66:ligament laxity
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1207:other/general:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Calcaneal spur
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:Golfer's elbow
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1109:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Retrocalcaneal
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
990:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
977:
976:
963:
962:
960:Plica syndrome
957:
956:
955:
942:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
904:
902:
893:
887:
886:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
832:
831:
819:
814:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
782:
780:
770:
769:
766:
765:
763:
762:
757:
755:Hallux rigidus
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
726:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
666:
660:
658:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
625:
616:
610:
609:
606:
605:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
562:Cubitus valgus
558:
556:
550:
549:
547:
546:
544:Winged scapula
541:
536:
531:
525:
523:
514:
508:
507:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
466:
465:
462:
461:
446:
430:
425:
424:
422:
421:Classification
414:
413:External links
411:
408:
407:
363:
356:
336:
329:
308:
307:
305:
302:
294:hyperextension
238:
235:
212:
209:
189:knee effusions
173:
170:
166:varicose veins
150:osteoarthritis
136:
133:
57:
56:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Metatarsalgia
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1087:Hypermobility
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:Synovial cyst
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:Ganglion cyst
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:Tenosynovitis
909:
906:
905:
903:
901:
897:
894:
888:
884:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
854:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
826:
823:
822:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
800:General terms
798:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
725:
723:
719:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
659:
657:
653:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
624:
620:
617:
615:
611:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Mallet finger
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
578:
574:
568:
567:Cubitus varus
565:
563:
560:
559:
557:
555:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
524:
522:
518:
515:
513:
509:
504:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:
473:
460:
456:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
440:
436:
432:
431:
428:
423:
419:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
359:
353:
349:
348:
340:
332:
326:
322:
321:
313:
309:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Down syndrome
253:
249:
245:
234:
231:
229:
224:
222:
221:arch supports
218:
208:
206:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
141:
132:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:blood vessels
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
1309:Knuckle pads
1282:Fibromatosis
1272:Eosinophilic
1206:
1161:
1151:Tennis elbow
1116:
1107:Tendinopathy
1097:Enthesopathy
1081:
1046:Baker's cyst
1009:Trochanteric
966:
945:
900:Synoviopathy
816:
750:Hallux varus
707:Patella baja
702:Patella alta
448:
433:
380:(1): 51–56.
377:
373:
366:
346:
339:
319:
312:
291:
283:chronic pain
280:
240:
232:
225:
214:
202:
198:
194:
175:
146:
142:
138:
135:Presentation
97:
78:generalized
77:
65:
61:
60:
50:Orthopaedics
1286:contracture
1267:Necrotizing
1245:Fasciopathy
1066:Noncapsular
1014:Subacromial
1004:Prepatellar
812:Contracture
791:Torticollis
505:deformities
298:hypermobile
1220:Tendinosis
1216:Tendinitis
1162:lower limb
1117:upper limb
1102:Enthesitis
986:Bursopathy
760:Hammer toe
631:Coxa valga
614:Lower limb
600:Wrist drop
512:Upper limb
304:References
248:hereditary
177:Arthralgia
1253:Fasciitis
1196:Bone spur
1034:Iliopsoas
999:Olecranon
908:Synovitis
740:Foot drop
735:Flat feet
730:Club foot
636:Coxa vara
501:Acquired
217:flat feet
129:dyspraxia
118:(such as
70:ligaments
45:Specialty
1328:Category
1237:Nonjoint
1075:Symptoms
1019:Achilles
994:Bursitis
890:Capsular
521:shoulder
402:38013996
394:21085024
172:Symptoms
1262:Nodular
1257:Plantar
1029:Ischial
104:muscles
100:tendons
85:genetic
400:
392:
354:
327:
74:joints
1068:joint
892:joint
554:elbow
459:728.4
444:M24.2
398:S2CID
237:Cause
228:gaits
64:, or
778:neck
776:and
774:Head
722:foot
679:knee
577:hand
454:9-CM
390:PMID
352:ISBN
325:ISBN
211:Feet
164:and
122:and
93:arms
89:feet
656:leg
623:hip
450:ICD
435:ICD
382:doi
106:or
52:,
1330::
1255::
457::
442::
439:10
396:.
388:.
378:25
376:.
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
187:,
183:,
168:.
160:,
131:.
102:,
95:.
1284:/
1218:/
1104:/
1099:/
910:/
875:e
868:t
861:v
827:/
494:e
487:t
480:v
452:-
437:-
427:D
404:.
384::
360:.
333:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
