789:, was shot and killed in Lice under "unclear" circumstances; Turkish sources state that he was killed during armed clashes that left 16 others dead. He was the highest-ranking Turkish commander to have been killed in the first nine years of the war. Although the PKK denied involvement in the assassination on the grounds that it did not want to provoke retaliatory attacks that could lead to civilian casualties, state media blamed Aydın's death on the group, and the Turkish military began an operation against the town soon afterwards. The massacre has thus been seen as a potential reprisal attack for the general's death.
1763:
1592:
1775:
1623:
1604:
848:, New York Times journalist Steven Kinzer was able to visit the town with official permission. According to his report, only around 1,000 individuals out of the original population still lived in Lice, which had for the most part been rebuilt. Refugees forcibly displaced from elsewhere in the region had been resettled there, though, bringing the population up to 6,000 people; almost all of the inhabitants, both old and new, were ethnic Kurds. Many of the adult males had been unwillingly pressed into service as
1636:
86:
1446:
1793:
1855:
1739:
1751:
852:, having been threatened with prison if they did not serve. A large military garrison kept the town a heavy curfew and tightly rationed food and supplies to the locals to prevent them from giving surplus to the much-weakened PKK. Despite their evident fear of security forces, Kinzer indicated that residents maintained a quietly defiant outlook. An absentee candidate from the pro-Kurdish
772:
severed all communications between capital of the predominantly
Kurdish district, home to approximately 10,000 people at the time, and its surroundings, which had seen extensive destruction in previous years as the Turkish military razed villages and burned nearby forests in an effort to deny shelter
804:
in 1993. In what HRW has called a "grossly disproportionate" use of force
Turkish soldiers systematically moved throughout the town, randomly firing live ammunition at the mainly Kurdish civilians and destroying both residential and commercial buildings. By the end of 23 October, at least 30
835:
seemed "innocent" in comparison, and declared that the town had effectively become "non-existent." Throughout the following year, similar operations were carried out against numerous other
Kurdish villages and towns throughout the region, leading to large-scale displacement of the civilian
888:
for them expired. Charged with "premeditated murder, encouraging rebel and murder in the society, and organizing to commit a crime", Hatipoğlu, the
Jandarma regimental commander in Diyarbakır at the time, faces life imprisonment, while Yanardağ faces a 24-year prison sentence.
763:
had been rising in the countryside around Lice throughout
October 1993. During the earlier part of the month, PKK fighters kidnapped two workers and set fire to a school in the district, and gunshots were heard in the town. On 14 October, PKK militants attacked an electrical
883:
On 22 October 2013, the
Diyarbakır 8th High Criminal Court approved indictments against retired General Eşref Hatipoğlu and Lieutenant Tünay Yanardağ for the murder of Brig. Gen. Aydın—two decades after the events took place and one day before the
773:
to PKK militants active in the area. Turkish government officials claimed that 12 PKK militants were killed in clashes with
Turkish soldiers in Lice on 17 October, although no further details were given and nothing was reported by Kurdish sources.
840:
district. Such attacks were intended to intimidate the
Kurdish population into not assisting the PKK or otherwise engaging in "pro-Kurdish activity", thus cutting the rebel group off from its local support bases.
910:(a unofficial military organization which has yet to be officially acknowledged, but existence confirmed by former Turkish prime ministers). She also asked if an investigation into those claims will be opened.
1670:
1706:
1700:
2447:
2442:
658:
653:
821:—were prevented by the military from visiting the town in the weeks following the attack, and half of the civilian population quickly abandoned the town. Halil Nebiler, a Turkish journalist for the
1664:
1408:
2427:
2422:
638:
633:
1718:
1682:
1694:
1676:
2963:
2129:
119:
2452:
663:
2457:
2432:
1652:
668:
643:
2968:
1712:
1428:
141:
1401:
1847:
1227:
1146:
856:
had won the recent mayoral elections in Lice; residents claimed that security forces cut the rations of individuals and families suspected of having voted for the party.
2644:
719:
2028:
187:
3114:
3042:
1394:
3134:
112:
3139:
2378:
2530:
2510:
696:
2158:
1859:
1688:
296:
1842:
105:
2083:
2033:
1998:
247:
197:
162:
2351:
2291:
2238:
2008:
1417:
899:
political party submitted a parliamentary question with regards to a former intelligence officer's confessions about the massacre. She asked the
556:
526:
491:
373:
172:
129:
2203:
341:
3164:
2058:
1797:
222:
805:
residents had been killed and a hundred more were wounded, while an estimated 401 homes and 242 businesses were destroyed, according to the
2986:
1962:
417:
3109:
1372:
880:
for "destruction of possessions and homes by security forces and lack of an effective remedy"; the judgement became final in April 2004.
2520:
2515:
1613:
706:
701:
3084:
2168:
576:
316:
2228:
361:
3027:
2467:
2462:
1934:
1658:
1506:
1433:
1228:"FORCED EVACUATIONS AND DESTRUCTION OF VILLAGES IN DERSIM (TUNCELI), AND WESTERN BINGÖL, TURKISH KURDISTAN SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1994"
876:. On 8 January 2004, the Court ruled that Turkey was in violation of "Articles 3, 8 and 13 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1" of the
678:
673:
3104:
3069:
2393:
1872:
456:
1234:
3094:
3089:
3032:
1646:
1922:
1898:
1559:
896:
1081:
3119:
2218:
865:
608:
356:
809:, which described Lice as having become "ruined and burned out". Little damage was inflicted to state buildings, however.
2336:
2266:
1814:
1730:
877:
618:
581:
541:
407:
2143:
1511:
1471:
1210:
2153:
291:
3129:
1880:
1272:
1260:
1055:
1035:
1025:
1005:
995:
963:
953:
806:
781:
On 22 (sometimes misreported as 20) October, Brigadier
General Bahtiyar Aydın, the regional commander of the Turkish
1200:
3124:
1755:
1724:
424:
306:
2301:
449:
3099:
2326:
561:
486:
521:
2437:
2321:
873:
648:
2306:
1972:
1904:
2739:
481:
2806:
1993:
157:
3154:
3017:
2811:
2281:
2251:
1779:
1501:
900:
801:
744:
461:
390:
402:
3074:
1892:
1608:
1596:
1496:
1174:
853:
395:
2356:
2193:
566:
331:
3169:
3079:
3007:
3002:
2276:
1809:
1627:
1539:
551:
506:
476:
444:
2981:
2331:
2163:
311:
2831:
2286:
1916:
1767:
466:
2188:
326:
3144:
2583:
2346:
2316:
2178:
1928:
1910:
1886:
1554:
546:
496:
2897:
2861:
2488:
511:
2093:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1743:
1544:
257:
212:
207:
202:
2937:
2821:
2472:
1202:
The
Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War
683:
380:
3149:
2613:
2525:
2361:
2261:
2223:
2173:
2108:
2013:
1347:
1322:
1297:
885:
571:
531:
434:
412:
272:
177:
2704:
2689:
2208:
836:
population. By 1995, there were "hardly any inhabited villages left" in Lice and neighbouring
740:
346:
3159:
2836:
2618:
2198:
2098:
2023:
1640:
1124:
832:
598:
366:
336:
262:
192:
2383:
2256:
2113:
2078:
1526:
1516:
1491:
1476:
849:
797:
748:
603:
516:
429:
277:
242:
90:
2846:
2841:
2694:
2183:
2018:
1386:
321:
182:
8:
2976:
2388:
2371:
2366:
2271:
2148:
1784:
1481:
613:
591:
586:
439:
301:
2907:
2882:
2851:
2801:
2771:
2003:
167:
3037:
2927:
2311:
2296:
2246:
1466:
793:
501:
471:
385:
2679:
2558:
2553:
845:
2922:
2628:
2598:
1819:
1534:
1486:
1268:
1206:
1117:
1031:
1001:
959:
2942:
2603:
1967:
903:
3022:
2816:
2786:
2213:
1988:
1824:
1549:
351:
152:
2887:
2623:
3012:
2341:
2103:
2073:
2063:
536:
267:
232:
227:
65:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2826:
2796:
2776:
2684:
2608:
2588:
818:
2791:
2781:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2593:
2573:
2068:
237:
2877:
2856:
2664:
2563:
3063:
2709:
2699:
2088:
892:
252:
2669:
2649:
1287:
which would be banned by Turkish authorities as an alleged PKK front in 2003
786:
2724:
2674:
2578:
837:
769:
736:
97:
30:
2766:
2659:
2568:
765:
796:, the incident is one of the worst human rights abuses committed by the
2714:
2654:
827:
2892:
2414:
626:
1027:
The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance
822:
782:
61:
57:
1373:"New confessions about 1993 Lice massacre on parliamentary agenda"
907:
872:(No 23656/94), filed by displaced survivors of the attack, to the
997:
Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence
1451:
906:
on whether the claims were true and if Başbuğ was connected to
85:
831:, managed to enter Lice after the operation and said that the
1803:
1573:
955:
Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey
735:
took place from 20 to 23 October 1993 in the Kurdish town of
1416:
1328:. European Court of Human Rights. January 2004. p. 17
1303:. European Court of Human Rights. October 1999. p. 26
844:
In May 1999, three months after the capture of PKK leader
760:
1353:. European Court of Human Rights. April 2004. p. 33
1147:"Case opened into murder of Turkish general 20 years on"
1348:"INFORMATION NOTE No. 63 on the case-law of the Court"
1323:"INFORMATION NOTE No. 60 on the case-law of the Court"
1298:"INFORMATION NOTE No. 11 on the case-law of the Court"
1175:"Kurdish Guerrillas Kill Turkish Military Commander"
2159:December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
1233:. Universiteit Utrecht. p. 10. Archived from
1116:
1114:
3061:
1999:August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2352:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
2292:March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2009:March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
1119:Turkey: Violations of Free Expression in Turkey
1225:
1082:"Turks' War With Kurds Reaches a New Ferocity"
768:outside the town. That same day, units of the
759:Tensions between Turkish armed forces and the
3135:Attacks on buildings and structures in Turkey
1402:
1168:
1166:
1164:
817:Turkish politicians—including Prime Minister
113:
2987:Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security
2531:2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
1671:Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan
1263:. In Paul J. White, William S. Logan (ed.).
127:
3140:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1993
2511:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
1707:Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan
1049:
1047:
697:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
2204:August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
1409:
1395:
1261:"10 (Turkey: From Total War to Civil War)"
1161:
1141:
1139:
1137:
120:
106:
2169:2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
1198:
3028:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
1963:Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
1701:Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan
1044:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
958:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 120–121.
3115:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
2521:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
2394:October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
1418:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
1134:
1019:
1017:
947:
945:
943:
702:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
3062:
3033:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
1804:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
1647:National Liberation Front of Kurdistan
1149:. Hürriyet Daily News. 22 October 2013
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1079:
1056:"Turkey Has Tight Rein on Kurd Center"
1053:
993:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
1659:People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan
1390:
1258:
1023:
972:
101:
3165:Building and structure fires in Asia
1719:Confederation Community of Kurdistan
1665:Democratic People's Union of Kurdish
1014:
866:European Commission for Human Rights
2337:Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
1731:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
1199:Jongerden, Joost (1 January 2007).
1099:
951:
920:
878:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
3110:20th-century mass murder in Turkey
1172:
14:
3181:
2229:September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack
1683:Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan
1080:Cowell, Alain (18 October 1993).
807:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey
2219:June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
2130:2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown
1853:
1798:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
1791:
1785:Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
1634:
1621:
1602:
1590:
1444:
1115:Human Rights Watch, ed. (1999).
577:Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt
84:
2327:December 2016 Istanbul bombings
2154:October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
1695:Free Women's Party of Kurdistan
1677:Free Women's Union of Kurdistan
1365:
1340:
1315:
1290:
1281:
1252:
1219:
1123:. Human Rights Watch. pp.
994:Marcus, Aliza (1 August 2007).
691:Peace process and peace efforts
3105:Persecution of Kurds in Turkey
3085:History of Diyarbakır Province
3070:Massacres in Turkish Kurdistan
2322:Assassination of Deryan Aktert
1653:Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan
1192:
1073:
1054:Kinzer, Steven (11 May 1999).
874:European Court of Human Rights
859:
751:killed at least 30 civilians.
527:Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq
1:
3095:Massacres committed by Turkey
3090:October 1993 events in Turkey
2144:2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
1267:. Oxford: Berg. p. 245.
1226:van Bruinessen, M.M. (1995).
913:
754:
3018:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
2282:February 2016 Ankara bombing
2059:Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
812:
745:Southeastern Anatolia Region
7:
3120:1993 mass shootings in Asia
2307:May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
2179:October 2008 Aktütün attack
901:Turkish Minister of Justice
562:Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger
10:
3186:
3008:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2516:2013–2015 Solution process
2277:February 2016 Lice bombing
2267:Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
1030:. Routledge. p. 131.
1000:. NYU Press. p. 221.
870:Ayder and others v. Turkey
707:2013–2015 Solution process
44:From 20 to 23 October 1993
40:From 20 to 23 October 1993
2995:
2962:
2955:
2870:
2759:
2752:
2637:
2546:
2539:
2501:
2481:
2413:
2406:
2287:March 2016 Ankara bombing
2237:
2136:
2124:
1981:
1955:
1948:
1871:
1835:
1582:
1572:
1525:
1472:National Security Council
1459:
1442:
1424:
776:
139:
79:
71:
51:
36:
26:
21:
3130:Mass shootings in Turkey
2357:2020 İskenderun shootout
2302:May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
2194:2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
1973:1980 Turkish coup d'état
1265:Remaking the Middle East
854:People's Democracy Party
802:Turkish–Kurdish conflict
131:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3125:Spree shootings in Asia
2982:Düzce Military Cemetery
2332:2017 Diyarbakır bombing
2252:Operation Martyr Yalçın
2164:2008 Diyarbakır bombing
2044:May 24, 1993 PKK attack
2039:Operation Northern Iraq
1628:People's Defence Forces
1545:Turkish Revenge Brigade
1259:White, Paul J. (1997).
3100:1993 murders in Turkey
3003:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2526:Musa Anter peace train
2362:Operation Claw-Eagle 2
2262:Siege of Silvan (2015)
2224:2012 Gaziantep bombing
2189:2010 İskenderun attack
2174:2008 Istanbul bombings
2109:1999 Istanbul bombings
1863:(until the late 1980s)
1173:AP (23 October 1993).
1024:Gunes, Cengiz (2012).
886:statute of limitations
2807:İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
2489:Mothers of Diyarbakır
2199:2010 Istanbul bombing
1205:. BRILL. p. 93.
2964:Memorials, monuments
2938:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2384:Operation Claw-Sword
2257:2015 Hakkari assault
2114:Blue Market massacre
2079:1996 Tunceli bombing
2029:1992 Taşdelen attack
1379:. September 9, 2021.
798:Turkish Armed Forces
749:Turkish Armed Forces
457:2015 airport bombing
91:Turkish Armed Forces
3155:1990s fires in Asia
2977:33 Martyrs Memorial
2969:military cemeteries
2740:Sırrı Süreyya Önder
2690:Selahattin Demirtaş
2645:Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
2389:2023 Ankara bombing
2372:Zakho resort attack
2367:Operation Claw-Lock
2347:2018 Gercüş bombing
2317:2016 Elazığ bombing
2272:Siege of Sur (2016)
2209:2011 Hakkâri attack
2149:2007 Ankara bombing
952:Ron, James (1995).
741:Diyarbakır Province
487:Istanbul (Dec 2016)
482:Istanbul (Oct 2016)
477:Istanbul (Jun 2016)
3075:Massacres of Kurds
3038:Turkish war crimes
2928:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
2812:Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
2379:2022 Mersin attack
2312:2016 Cizre bombing
2297:2016 Bursa bombing
2247:2015 Siirt bombing
2049:Başbağlar massacre
1641:Free Women's Units
1240:on 29 October 2013
868:referred the case
16:Massacre in Turkey
3170:March 1993 crimes
3080:Massacres in 1993
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
2951:
2950:
2923:Necmettin Erbakan
2748:
2747:
2695:Nurettin Demirtaş
2504:and peace efforts
2497:
2496:
2402:
2401:
2184:Reşadiye shooting
2019:Yeşilova incident
2014:Pınarcık massacre
1944:
1943:
1864:
1828:
1713:People's Congress
1568:
1567:
1535:Counter-Guerrilla
1179:Los Angeles Times
1129:lice 1993 turkey.
728:
727:
609:Syria (2023 June)
467:Ankara (Mar 2016)
462:Ankara (Feb 2016)
286:Second insurgency
96:
95:
3177:
3023:Kurdish refugees
2960:
2959:
2898:Yıldırım Akbulut
2883:Süleyman Demirel
2862:Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu
2852:Erdal Ceylanoğlu
2837:Aydoğan Babaoğlu
2772:Tahsin Şahinkaya
2757:
2756:
2619:Hüseyin Velioğlu
2614:Muhammad Mustafa
2544:
2543:
2411:
2410:
2214:Roboski massacre
2094:Operation Hammer
2024:Battle of Şırnak
1989:1984 PKK attacks
1953:
1952:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1822:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1689:Free Women Party
1639:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1550:Susurluk scandal
1457:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1012:
1011:
991:
970:
969:
949:
895:, deputy of the
850:"village guards"
833:Battle of Şırnak
619:Syria (2023 Oct)
507:Euphrates Shield
374:Third insurgency
342:2011 border raid
147:First insurgency
134:
132:
122:
115:
108:
99:
98:
89:
88:
47:
45:
19:
18:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3145:Arson in Turkey
3060:
3059:
3056:
3047:
3043:Iraq operations
3013:Rojava conflict
2991:
2966:
2947:
2866:
2832:Yaşar Büyükanıt
2822:İbrahim Fırtına
2753:Turkish leaders
2744:
2680:Tuncer Bakırhan
2633:
2559:Murat Karayılan
2554:Abdullah Öcalan
2540:Kurdish leaders
2535:
2503:
2493:
2477:
2398:
2342:2018 Siirt raid
2233:
2132:
2120:
2104:Operation Murat
2074:Operation Tokat
2064:Operation Steel
1977:
1940:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1831:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1564:
1521:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1420:
1415:
1385:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1113:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1015:
1008:
992:
973:
966:
950:
921:
916:
862:
846:Abdullah Öcalan
815:
779:
757:
729:
724:
711:
688:
623:
599:Istanbul (2022)
403:Arslan Kulaksız
223:Winter campaign
144:
135:
130:
128:
126:
83:
66:property damage
54:
43:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:Süleyman Soylu
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Necip Torumtay
2789:
2784:
2782:Nurettin Ersin
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:Osman Baydemir
2732:
2730:Fatma Kurtulan
2727:
2722:
2720:Sebahat Tuncel
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Gültan Kışanak
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Nizamettin Taş
2601:
2596:
2594:Mahsum Korkmaz
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Mustafa Karasu
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2099:Operation Dawn
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Siege of Varto
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Operation Hawk
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Battle of Kulp
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:Maraş massacre
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:(2023–present)
1932:
1931:(2014–present)
1926:
1925:(2012–present)
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1788:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1517:Village Guards
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1339:
1314:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1251:
1218:
1212:978-9004155572
1211:
1191:
1160:
1133:
1098:
1086:New York Times
1072:
1060:New York Times
1043:
1036:
1013:
1006:
971:
964:
918:
917:
915:
912:
904:Abdülhamit Gül
861:
858:
814:
811:
778:
775:
756:
753:
726:
725:
723:
722:
720:Assassinations
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
699:
693:
692:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
629:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
432:
427:
422:
421:
420:
415:
405:
400:
399:
398:
388:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
364:
359:
357:Hakkâri (2012)
354:
349:
347:Hakkâri (2011)
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
292:Hakkâri (2007)
288:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
148:
140:
137:
136:
125:
124:
117:
110:
102:
94:
93:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
55:
52:
49:
48:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Arson in 1993
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Bülent Ecevit
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Pervin Buldan
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Ayla Akat Ata
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Celal Başkale
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:Peace process
2500:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Sazak assault
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Lice massacre
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1632:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1324:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1274:9781859731680
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1037:9780415680479
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1007:9780814796115
1003:
999:
998:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
967:
965:9781564321619
961:
957:
956:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
919:
911:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
893:Remziye Tosun
890:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:In 1999, the
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
839:
834:
830:
829:
825:-based daily
824:
820:
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
792:According to
790:
788:
784:
774:
771:
767:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Lice massacre
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
615:
614:Ankara (2023)
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
583:
582:Sinjar (2021)
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Sinjar (2018)
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:N Iraq (2016)
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:Martyr Yalçın
389:
387:
386:Siirt bombing
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:N Iraq (2007)
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:N Iraq (1992)
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:N Iraq (1987)
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:N Iraq (1986)
161:
159:
156:
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32:
29:
25:
22:Lice massacre
20:
3160:Lice, Turkey
3057:
2933:Abdullah Gül
2918:Mesut Yılmaz
2913:Tansu Çiller
2903:Mesut Yılmaz
2847:Işık Koşaner
2842:İlker Başbuğ
2827:Faruk Cömert
2797:Eşref Bitlis
2777:Bülend Ulusu
2725:Kemal Burkay
2685:Aysel Tuğluk
2675:Murat Bozlak
2629:İsmail Özden
2609:Mazlum Doğan
2599:Şemdin Sakık
2589:Osman Öcalan
2579:Duran Kalkan
2239:2015–present
2053:
1949:The conflict
1715:(Kongra-Gel)
1376:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1264:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1221:
1201:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1151:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1026:
996:
954:
891:
882:
869:
863:
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826:
819:Tansu Çiller
816:
791:
780:
770:Turkish army
758:
737:Lice, Turkey
732:
730:
572:Claw-Eagle 2
557:Peace Spring
532:Olive Branch
418:Cizre (2016)
413:Cizre (2015)
396:Police raids
217:
80:Perpetrators
31:Lice, Turkey
2908:Erdal İnönü
2878:Turgut Özal
2857:Necdet Özel
2817:Hilmi Özkök
2802:Doğan Güreş
2787:Necdet Üruğ
2767:Kenan Evren
2665:Orhan Doğan
2660:Hatip Dicle
2584:Haji Ahmadi
2569:Bahoz Erdal
2564:Cemîl Bayik
1919:(2008–2014)
1913:(2005–2009)
1901:(1997–2005)
1895:(1994–2003)
1889:(1993–1994)
1883:(1990–1993)
1540:Grey Wolves
1502:Coast Guard
1497:Gendarmerie
860:Legal cases
800:during the
766:transformer
381:Ceylanpınar
362:Beytüşşebap
278:Blue Market
53:Attack type
3064:Categories
2715:Emine Ayna
2670:Ahmet Türk
2655:Leyla Zana
2650:Yaşar Kaya
1643:(YJA-STAR)
1527:Deep state
1467:Government
1357:23 October
1332:23 October
1307:23 October
1244:23 October
1184:23 October
1153:23 October
1091:23 October
1065:23 October
914:References
828:Cumhuriyet
787:Diyarbakır
755:Background
604:Claw-Sword
567:İskenderun
537:Siirt raid
327:İskenderun
312:Diyarbakır
2893:Ali Bozer
2871:Political
2638:Political
2547:Insurgent
2468:2011–2012
2415:Serhildan
2137:2004–2012
2125:1999–2004
1994:Karageçit
1982:1984–1999
1956:1974–1984
1873:Political
1583:Insurgent
1555:Ergenekon
1487:Air Force
813:Aftermath
679:2011–2012
627:Serhildan
587:Claw-Lock
213:Başbağlar
158:Karageçit
2956:See also
2760:Military
2407:Protests
1825:Hüda-Par
1477:Military
1429:Timeline
823:Istanbul
783:Jandarma
512:Şemdinli
367:Şemdinli
337:Istanbul
322:Reşadiye
273:Istanbul
188:Taşdelen
183:Yeşilova
178:Pınarcık
142:Timeline
62:shooting
58:Massacre
27:Location
2004:Ortabağ
1806:(YDG-H)
1787:(TECAK)
1709:(KADEK)
1614:History
1574:Kurdish
739:in the
517:Kayseri
450:Dürümlü
430:Hakkari
352:Roboski
332:Hakkâri
307:Aktütün
243:Tunceli
168:Ortabağ
42: (
2482:Others
1907:(2005)
1836:Allies
1800:(MLKP)
1733:(PPKK)
1697:(PAJK)
1685:(PJKK)
1679:(YAJK)
1661:(ARGK)
1649:(ERNK)
1576:groups
1507:Police
1452:Turkey
1449:
1377:Bianet
1271:
1209:
1034:
1004:
962:
777:Events
747:. The
714:Others
547:Gercüş
497:Elazığ
435:Silvan
425:Kandil
408:Şırnak
302:Ankara
258:Hammer
208:Bingöl
193:Şırnak
72:Deaths
2996:Other
1899:DEHAP
1893:HADEP
1860:ASALA
1756:KDP/N
1727:(PŞK)
1721:(KKK)
1703:(KJB)
1691:(PJA)
1673:(CDK)
1667:(YDK)
1655:(HRK)
1630:(HPG)
1560:JİTEM
1460:State
1351:(PDF)
1326:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
908:JİTEM
592:Zakho
522:İzmir
502:Cizre
472:Bursa
268:Murat
253:Sazak
248:Varto
233:Tokat
228:Steel
2967:and
2473:2014
2463:2009
2458:2008
2453:2006
2448:2005
2443:2001
2438:1999
2433:1992
2428:1991
2423:1990
1768:PJAK
1492:Navy
1482:Army
1359:2013
1334:2013
1309:2013
1269:ISBN
1246:2013
1207:ISBN
1186:2013
1155:2013
1093:2013
1067:2013
1032:ISBN
1002:ISBN
960:ISBN
838:Kulp
731:The
684:2014
674:2009
669:2008
664:2006
659:2005
654:2001
649:1999
644:1992
639:1991
634:1990
552:Claw
445:Lice
263:Dawn
238:Hawk
218:Lice
198:Kulp
153:1984
37:Date
1935:DEM
1929:DBP
1923:HDP
1917:BDP
1911:DTP
1905:DTH
1887:DEP
1881:HEP
1848:TDP
1843:DHP
1815:HİK
1810:PIK
1780:KKP
1744:TAK
1609:PKK
1597:KCK
1512:MİT
1434:Map
897:HDP
794:HRW
785:in
761:PKK
743:of
440:Sur
317:Sun
75:+30
3066::
1820:KH
1375:.
1177:.
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1136:^
1127:.
1125:58
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