190:, based in the UK, developed IRUS, an Institutional Repository Usage Statistics software service, which calculates standards-based usage statistics for institutional repositories of university publishing. In an example of cross-consortial work in the U.S., the Pennsylvania Academic Library Consortium (PALCI) partnered with the Private Academic Library Network of Indiana (PALNI) to develop and pilot an open-source, multi-tenant institutional repository specifically for consortia (Hyku for Consortia).
134:
better licensing agreements for their members. When negotiating with publishers, consortia staff focus both on obtaining a better price for their content and better licensing terms that are agreeable to the libraries. Libraries choose to work through consortia because they receive more resources for their money while expending less staff time in vendor negotiations. Publishers are incentivized to work with consortia because they receive more guaranteed income from increased participation.
28:
international. Many libraries commonly belong to multiple consortia. The goal of a library consortium is to amplify the capabilities and effectiveness of its member libraries through collective action, including, but not limited to, print or electronic resource sharing, reducing costs through group purchases of resources, and hosting professional development opportunities. The “bedrock principle upon which consortia operate is that libraries can accomplish more together than alone.”
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36:"Library consortia are as varied as the libraries they serve" and can vary in almost all aspects, including scope, organizational structure, membership size, and mission. Broadly, library consortia can be classified using three categories: geographic region, membership participation, and governance framework.
214:, allowing institutions within certain geographic regions to maintain a practical number of copies of scholarly monographs. These programs “protect against the loss of resources as pressure grows to reduce and repurpose space in library buildings.” Shared print programs can be regional or national in scale.
256:
By the mid-1990s, a new consortial activity rose to prominence: the collaborative licensing of electronic resources. Consortial licensing became a primary activity for many consortia as libraries transitioned from print-focused collection development to providing access to a growing number of online
252:
was formed for the purposes of shared library cataloging. As a focus of library activity, shared cataloging was accompanied by the spread of online catalog systems, and many new statewide and regional consortia coalesced around shared online catalog systems, particularly in the 1970s and continuing
201:
Increasingly, library consortia provide professional development opportunities for their member libraries. Different consortia provide paid or free opportunities for librarians to learn new skills, introduce new technologies, and learn about trends in the field. Many consortia internally develop in
102:
Library consortia can be established informally or formally, with few or many staff, and with widely differing procedures, funding models, and strategic mandates. The most prevalent governance frameworks can be classified by the underlying funding model of the consortium, which commonly include:
174:
on behalf of networks of libraries, so that no single institution is responsible for the technical demands of the software. Other consortia host centralized repositories of digital materials, which could be themed around geographic regions (such as the
Kentucky Digital Library devoted to digital
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The most traditional function of a library consortium is content negotiation. As publishers increasingly offer digital packages of content, such as scholarly databases, ebooks, electronic journals, streaming video, and other digital content, library consortia provide negotiation power to ensure
44:
Library consortia have been operating globally for decades, with a majority of consortia located in the United States and Europe. Library consortia are also established in Canada, Asia, United
Kingdom, South America, Middle East, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand. Geographically, consortia can
27:
that coordinates resources and/or activities on behalf of its members, whether they are academic, public, school or special libraries, and/or information centers. Library consortia have been created to service specific regions or geographic areas, e.g., local, state, regional, national or
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The 1960s and 1970s are considered the “heyday of consortia development,” with many consortia established during this time period. However, several significant developments in the United States between the late 1940s to the mid-1990s marked the current evolution of library consortia.
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person or online programming and often host their own regular meetings and/or conferences to encourage networking and skill sharing amongst their members. The
Professional Development Alliance is an effort to share professional development content amongst consortia.
52:(ICOLC). North American consortia typically exist at the local, state/provincial, and regional level. While some consortia exist at the national level, groups are often initially formed to address concerns within a network of geographically associated libraries.
141:(OA). Many national consortia set and/or enforce national mandates for open scholarship, which dictate what types of scholarship must be published as OA. This is often done through licensing negotiations with major publishers. For example, the
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was founded as a consortium of ten major research libraries “to conduct and maintain a place or places for the deposit, storage, care, delivery and exchange of books ... and other articles containing written, printed, or recorded matter.”
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Many of the agreements consortia make on behalf of institutions and researchers are called “transformative agreements,” meaning that they are transforming formerly paywalled content into open content. In the U.S., for example, the
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indices, databases, and encyclopedias. The market of consortial licensing has continued unabated to the present, as content providers provide new content or new services, such as research support and publishing metrics.
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A shared technological infrastructure is a newer, but no less important, function of library consortia. For some consortia, this means centralized hosting of shared information systems. For example, consortia often host
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Participation in a library consortium can differ by library type and library activity, and, in some instances, level of membership. Membership is not always restricted, and libraries can belong to one or more consortia.
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negotiates for electronic resources on behalf of academic library organizations in France. Japan’s
Alliance of University Library Consortia for E-Resources (JUSTICE) provides similar services for libraries in Japan.
229:(ALA)’s Committee on Cooperation in Indexing and Cataloguing College Libraries. Despite the early cooperative activity, the earliest example of a formally established consortium would not arise until 1933 with the
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Some consortia are hubs for software development, working with their library constituents to identify technological gaps in their institutions. These projects are often community-led and/or
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through the 1990s. Some of these consortia were associated with OCLC as “OCLC networks,” and these consortia often crossed state lines to cover broad regions of the United States.
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Other shared technology infrastructure initiatives might include open source software hosting, joint digitization services, and digital content accessibility testing.
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Library consortia often cover many different activities not mentioned above, including, but not limited to consulting services, grant funding, and industry research.
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Library consortia perform a variety of functions, typically focused on a few key activities, intended to serve their members and the wider community.
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Internationally, multi-country consortia represent libraries cooperating across the globe to develop specific services, such as technology-driven
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licensing negotiations “include price, conditions of use, open access in accordance with the support of the
National Strategy For Open Access.”
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A consortium may also serve specific library interests or activities, such as electronic resource licensing or resource sharing.
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91:, while a multi-type consortium represents multiple library types and often serves all libraries in a central region.
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In Europe and other regions of the world, consortia usually represent libraries at the national level. For example,
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https://www.niso.org/events/2019/04/power-library-consortia-how-publishers-and-libraries-can-successfully-negotiate
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67:, or to pool resources for specialized organization types, such as international law library consortium NELLCO.
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North
America, including the United States and Canada, accounts for nearly 60% of consortia registered with the
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Bailey-Hainer, Brenda (2009-10-19). "The OCLC Network of
Regional Service Providers: The Last 10 Years".
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1074:"The powers of library consortia 1: how consortia scale capacity, learning, innovation and influence"
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An early form of “shared print,” now a widespread consortial activity, began in 1949 when the
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179:, a self-publishing repository for social, behavioral, and health sciences research data).
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The Power of
Library Consortia: How Publishers and Libraries Can Successfully Negotiate
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Library cooperation in the United States has been documented as early as 1867 with the
798:
541:
Grogg, Jill (17 Apr. 2019). "Strategies for Cross-Boundary
Consortial Collaboration".
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653:"Danmarks Nationale Strategi for Open Access — Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet"
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799:"About the Project – Scaling Up a Collaborative Consortial Institutional Repository"
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A consortium can represent the interests of a single type of library, which include
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678:"UC secures landmark open access deal with world's largest scientific publisher"
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archives from the
Commonwealth of Kentucky) or subject matter (such as the
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321:"Frequently Asked Questions - Library Consortium Management FAQ's | EIFL"
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in 2021 to ensure that all research produced by scholars working in the
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560:"A Snapshot of Priorities & Perspectives: U.S. Library Consortia"
1045:"Focusing on Value — 102 Things Journal Publishers Do (2018 Update)"
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In recent years, a major focus of consortial content negotiation is
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433:
Reference and Information Services: An Introduction, 5th Edition.
45:
represent state, regional, national, or international interests.
24:
957:
Library Consortia: Models for Collaboration and Sustainability
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Library Consortia: Models for Collaboration and Sustainability
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Library Consortia: Models for Collaboration and Sustainability
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Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
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587:"Library consortia purchasing power | Emerald Publishing"
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system would be published as OA over a four-year period.
612:"E-Resource Acquisitions in Academic Library Consortia"
230:
267:
International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC)
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959:. American Library Association (ALA), 2014. p. 10.
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939:. American Library Association (ALA), 2014. p. 9.
383:. American Library Association (ALA), 2014. p. 8.
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727:"KYVL: KDL - Kentucky Digital Library: About"
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153:negotiated a deal with scientific publisher
50:International Coalition of Library Consortia
889:"Professional Development Alliance | SCELC"
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616:Library Resources & Technical Services
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231:Triangle Research Libraries Network (TRLN)
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404:"Participating Consortia | ICOLC Website"
344:Grogg, Jill; Rosen, Hannah (2020-10-21).
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301:Universal Service Administrative Company
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431:Burke, R. “Cooperation and Consortia”.
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16:Cooperative association of libraries
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843:"Professional Development Services"
610:Turner, Christine N. (2014-01-30).
242:Center for Research Libraries (CRL)
143:Danish National Library Authority’s
13:
1065:
1008:(6). Informa UK Limited: 621–629.
529:NELLCO Law Library Consortium, Inc
346:"Consortia: An Evolving Landscape"
210:Library consortia help coordinate
23:is any cooperative association of
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1386:Library and information scientist
1002:Journal of Library Administration
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129:Licensing and content negotiation
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110:Government or public sponsorship
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1072:Dempsey, Lorcan (2018-02-28).
591:www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com
525:"NELLCO: Mission & Values"
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1043:Anderson, Kent (2018-02-06).
955:Horton, V. and Pronevitz, G.
935:Horton, V. and Pronevitz, G.
377:Horton, V. and Pronevitz, G.
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227:American Library Association
221:History in the United States
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1414:Education for librarianship
435:ABC-CLIO, 2016. p.138-154.
350:Collaborative Librarianship
260:
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1574:History of library science
682:California Digital Library
172:integrated library systems
151:California Digital Library
32:Types of library consortia
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1014:10.1080/01930820903238792
819:"Hosting-Client-Services"
272:List of library consortia
113:Administrative surcharges
1691:Category:Library science
1376:Information professional
1273:Learning Resource Centre
477:"大学図書館コンソーシアム連合：JUSTICE"
197:Professional development
159:University of California
121:Types of consortial work
71:Membership participation
549:. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
1461:Collection development
977:"History of CRL | CRL"
913:"Shared Print Program"
1466:Collective collection
1049:The Scholarly Kitchen
703:"Buscador Timbó Foco"
212:shared print programs
206:Shared print programs
98:Governance frameworks
1629:Library associations
1569:History of libraries
1486:Information literacy
629:10.5860/lrts.58n1.33
1506:Library instruction
1366:Periodicals/serials
1285:Special collections
868:"Eğitimler – ANKOS"
501:"AMICAL Consortium"
297:"Library Consortia"
1681:Category:Libraries
1548:Technical services
1516:Library publishing
1511:Library management
1339:Distance education
481:contents.nii.ac.jp
81:academic libraries
40:Geographic regions
21:library consortium
1752:Library consortia
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1526:Readers' advisory
1199:Library of things
965:978-0-8389-1249-2
945:978-0-8389-1249-2
755:www.openicpsr.org
751:"About openICPSR"
707:foco.timbo.org.uy
505:AMICAL Consortium
441:978-1-4408-3697-8
389:978-0-8389-1249-2
85:special libraries
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