357:
598:
167:
770:
153:
724:
710:
745:
38:
1988:"Homines qouque monachorum Dunhelmiae hic hactenus in quodam sinu patris latuerant, add communes tallias et vexationes et onera compellebantur; nec eos beati Patris Cuthberti tuebatur reverentia; nec aliquod hiis remedium consuetudo antiqua neque ecclesiae conferre poterant privilegia": Coldingham, cap xix, in Scriptores Tres, 27. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 297, footnote 5.
485:" or "The Liberty of Haliwerfolc", the latter translates to "district of the holy saint's folk". St. Cuthbert gained a reputation as being fiercely protective of his domain. The origins of the Liberty trace back to the year 684, when King Ecgfrith of Northumbria bestowed a significant territory upon St. Cuthbert, following the latter's election as the Bishop of Lindisfarne.
493:
Cuthbert between the Tyne and Tees had emerged as buffer zone between the territories north of the Tyne, governed by the
Anglian House of Bamburgh, and the Viking Kings based in York. The Liberty underwent another significant relocation in 995, when the diocese moved to Durham, a move that was accompanied by additional land grants.
1062:
related a tale of a tax gatherer named Ranulf, who was sent by
William the Conqueror to force the people of the saint to contribute to the national revenue. St. Cuthbert, angry at this infringement of his liberties, "horribly visited" Ranulf, who was glad to escape alive from the bishopric. The tale,
629:
The later history of the palatinate is characterised by the Crown and parliament slowly diminishing the powers of the bishops and incorporating the county into the regular system of local government in
England. This process began in 1536, when the Act of Resumption deprived the bishop of the power to
400:
by the late thirteenth century, one of several such counties in
England during the Middle Ages. The county palatine had its own government and institutions, which broadly mirrored those of the monarch and included several judicial courts. From the sixteenth century the palatine rights of the bishops
1943:
Reprinted in Roy C. Cave & Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for
Medieval Economic History, (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1936; reprint ed., New York: Biblo & Tannen, 1965), pp. 387–388. Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Cal. State Fullerton. The text has been modernized by Arkenberg.
1043:
became politically important in defining the identity of the people living in the semi-autonomous region. Within this area the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the
Palatinate became known as the "haliwerfolc", an Old English phrase which roughly
501:
Both the
Liberty of St. Cuthbert's Land and the Earldom of Bamburgh remained virtually independent of the Kingdom of England. With the possible exception of the Wapentake of Sadberge, the area north of the Tees lay outside of the West Saxon administrative system of shires and hundreds/wapentakes.
488:
The Viking
Invasions led to the shattering of the Kingdom of Northumbria into a series of successor polities. The Community of St. Cuthbert emerged as a prominent force, gaining control over expansive estates situated between the rivers Tyne and Tees, known as the Patrimony of St. Cuthbert. This
492:
In a strategic move in approximately 883, the diocese of
Lindisfarne was translated to Chester-le-Street. This relocation was facilitated by Guthred, the Viking King of Northumbria, who granted the Community of St. Cuthbert the region between the Tyne and Wear. To this end, the Patrimony of St
577:", and that Durham was independent of any other county. These arguments appear to have been accepted, as by the 14th century Durham was considered a County Palatine which received royal mandates direct. The jusisdiction of the bishops was also expanded during this period when the
667:
it was once again revived. In 1654 the palatinate sent its first members to the
Parliament of England, two each for the city of Durham and the wider county; the bishops had previously put up strong opposition to a 1614 bill which would have given the city of Durham and
672:
representation. By 1831 the county covered an area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km) and had a population of 253,910. These boundaries were used for parliamentary purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local government purposes until the coming into force of the
549:
was Gilebert from 1076 until 1080 and a 12th-century record records Durham regarded as within the shire. However the bishops disputed the authority of the sheriff of Northumberland and his officials, despite the second sheriff for example being the reputed slayer of
897:
The principle that the King would not tax Durham may have been established as early as 685, when St. Cuthbert was made bishop of Lindisfarne, and successive bishops of the diocese acquired extensive estates with exemptions from tax. They also maintained a
941:
in the palatinate he also stated that his actions should not be used as a precedent, implying that the exclusion of the king's justices was a privilege of the palatinate. It is not known whether palatinate would have been subject to the
166:
545:, the shire system was extended north of the Tees and the county of Northumberland was formed, encompassing the lands of the Earldom of Bamburgh, the Liberty of Durham and Wapentake of Sadberge. Northumberland's first recorded
1055:
cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy St Cuthbert and the presence of the said holy Relic."
630:
pardon offences or to appoint judicial officers and mandated that the county's legal system would in future be run in the name of the king, rather than the bishop. In March 1553 the diocese was briefly abolished; the bishop,
1090:
The County Palatine has been used by the tourism industry to promote Durham, often using the tagline 'land of the prince bishops'. The phrase can also be seen on road signs when entering the County Durham unitary authority.
533:
notes that the Patrimony of St. Cuthbert between the Tyne and Tees was likely immune from comital and regal action by the tenth century, with comital lands between the Tyne and Tees administered as the separate
1375:
2080:
The Rites of Durham, being a Description or Brief Declaration of All the Ancient Monuments, Rites and Customs belonging or being within the Monastical Church of Durham before the Suppression, Written 1593
984:
was organised in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the
790:
At its greatest extent, the county palatine consisted of a large, contiguous territory around Durham and several exclaves to the north and south. The contiguous territory was bounded the rivers
865:
ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, the most important being the
538:. Instead, Hall posits that the Bishop's temporal powers developed by the early 12th century due to the emerging supremacy of the Bishop within the context of the Liberty's internal politics.
509:
When William the Conqueror became the king of England in 1066, he quickly realized the need to control Northumbria to protect his kingdom from Scottish invasion. In 1075, shortly after the
489:
territorial expansion began under the leadership of Bishop Ecgred, who acquired two substantial blocks in the south-east and south-west regions of the designated area between 830 and 845.
736:, was founded by Bishop Flambard in 1121, captured by Scotland in 1136 and 1138, and rebuilt by Bishop le Puiset in 1157. It was the bishops' main fortress on the Scottish border.
1013:
1905:, App, i to xiii. Although the Sheriff compounded for Danegeld, it was accounted for by that name, and could not, therefore, in the case of Durham, have been included in the
684:
effectively abolished the palatine by transferring the bishop's remaining palatine rights to the Crown. Doubts about the construction of this Act led to the enactment of the
1021:
573:. There, Bek argued that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as
340:
315:
968:
The palatine had its own government, whose officers were ultimately appointed by the bishop. Until the 15th century the most important administrative officer was the
2157:. Adrian Green, "Law and Architecture in Early Modern Durham" in Lobban, Beggetio, and Green (eds). Law, Lawyers and Litigants in Early Modern England. CUP. 2019.
2092:
Symeon, i, 107 & 108. Cf. Metrical Life of St. Cuthbert (Surtees Society), lines 6235 to 6295. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 296, footnote 2.
1791:
2874:
1415:
1063:
despite the fact it likely postdates the events described, is still of value as it shows the local notion of the bishop's privilege in the matter of taxation.
2670:
1572:
1279:
2774:
Pollard, A. J. (1986). "St Cuthbert and the Hog: Richard III and the County Palatine of Durham, 1471-85". In Griffiths, R. A.; Sherborne, J. W. (eds.).
906:, which was first collected in 991; after the Norman Conquest it became a regular tax based on the Domesday survey, which Durham was also omitted from.
1927:
See the Ordinance of the Saladin Tithe, section 3, in Stubbs, Select Charters, 160. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 297, footnote 1.
1835:
Lapsley, section 16. See also Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, pp 258 to 292. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 295, footnote 1.
1199:
2766:
1815:
946:, as bishop de Puiset pledged to go on crusade and was therefore exempt from paying it. During the vacancy which followed the death of bishop
650:
had restored both the diocese and Tunstall to office by April 1554, and in practice the abolition seems to have been ignored. In 1596, under
356:
171:
The wards and exclaves of the palatinate. Bedlingtonshire was part of Chester-le-Street Ward, and Craikshire was part of Darlington Ward.
2418:
102:
2664:
1566:
55:
2060:
1823:
1799:
1775:
761:. The present ruins are the remains of the monastery re-founded here in 1083 by Bishop St-Calais as a subordinate monastery to Durham.
74:
963:
643:
81:
1844:
Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, p 323. Stubbs, i, 118, 148. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 295, footnote 2.
2281:
1429:
2617:
2172:
1759:
1549:
2841:"Fifteenth Century Durham and the Problem of Provincial Liberties in England and the Wider Territories of the English Crown"
1025:
88:
1377:
The community of Saint Cuthbert Alternative title: its properties, rights and claims from the ninth century to the twelfth
152:
1872:
680:
During the nineteenth century several other Acts of Parliament were passed which affected the governance of Durham. The
1262:
1182:
674:
2480:
1788:
70:
2879:
2829:
2806:
2785:
2652:
2598:
2575:
2554:
2533:
2512:
2343:
2270:
2235:
1973:
1348:
1321:
1289:
1237:
1209:
1009:
795:
715:
St Cuthbert's Church, Bedlington. Although considerably rebuilt, it retains a Norman chancel arch and other elements.
681:
121:
17:
597:
2723:
1113:
1044:
translates as "people of the saint", and Cuthbert gained a reputation as being fiercely protective of his domain.
1637:
685:
902:, which implied exemption from interference by the king's officers. There is no evidence that the bishops paid
554:, King of Scots. The crown regarded Durham as falling within Northumberland until the late thirteenth century.
546:
393:
59:
921:
which exempt the palatine from a wide range of taxes and reaffirm similar privileges granted in the reigns of
1909:
of the county. See Madox, Exchequer, i, 685. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 296, footnote 1.
1005:
954:
appears to have raised money in the palatinate, but this was regarded as an infringement of local privilege.
558:
525:, rebelled against the king. This may have marked the beginning of the bishops' temporal authority, with the
522:
401:
were gradually reduced, and were finally abolished in 1836. The last palatine institution to survive was the
1749:
1048:
769:
634:, had been removed from office and imprisoned in 1552 because he did not support the religious policies of
613:. They combine the arms of the diocese (left) with Tunstall's personal arms (right). Above the shield is a
2523:
2246:
831:
2491:
2353:
2153:
Tschen-Emmons. "Durham Exchequer Building". Buildings and Landmarks of Medieval Europe. Greenwood. 2017.
1641:
2751:
Pollard, A. J. (1996). "The Crown and the County Palatine of Durham, 1437–94". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).
1893:
Scriptores Tres App No xxxv. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 296, footnotes 3, 4, and 5.
1071:
Several buildings related to the bishops of Durham and the palatinate survive, including the castles at
2884:
95:
2385:
2627:
835:
689:
1812:
364:, Durham, is the only surviving medieval administrative building of the palatinate. It was built by
2052:
1051:
in 1346, when the prior of Durham Cathedral received a vision of Cuthbert ordering him to take the
847:
757:. The island was the site of the diocese's original cathedral and was the original burial place of
1678:
688:. Durham was included in the standardisation of English and Welsh local government enacted by the
2703:
2631:
2546:
Conflict and Compromise in the Late Medieval Countryside: Lords and Peasants in Durham, 1349–1400
1514:
660:
365:
48:
2567:
The Bishopric of Durham in the Late Middle Ages: Lordship, Community and the Cult of St Cuthbert
2013:, p 217. As to the vacancy after 1208, see The Great Roll of the Pipe for . . . Michaelmas 1204
1965:
1958:
2412:
1906:
830:
within the North Riding of Yorkshire. Durham itself was divided by the 13th century into four "
2158:
2035:
2031:
2006:
2002:
988:, regulated the judicial affairs. The palatine eventually developed several courts, including
2502:
2399:
2142:
2111:
2039:
1998:
1945:
1918:
Scriptores Tres App No xxxi. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 296, footnote 6.
1653:
951:
914:
692:, which created Durham County Council. Durham maintained its own judicial identity until the
570:
514:
396:
period. The gradual acquisition of powers by the bishops led to Durham being recognised as a
270:• Tenures Abolition Act ends the bishop's rights as chief feudal lord in the Palatinate
2292:
2154:
1445:
Warren, W. L. (1984). "The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture".
723:
2644:
The Last Principality: Politics, Religion and Society in the Bishopric of Durham, 1494-1660
1610:
973:
578:
574:
566:
535:
622:
8:
938:
918:
1521:. Victoria County History. Vol. 3. London: British History Online. pp. 191–194
557:
Disputes with the officials of Northumberland were not resolved until 1293, when Bishop
250:• The Act of Resumption curtails civil and judicial independence in the palatinate
2852:
2760:
2456:
2404:
2391:
2320:
1470:
1462:
1052:
922:
878:
750:
664:
466:
2608:
Loades, David (2016). "The Marian Episcopate". In Duffy, Eamon; Loades, David (eds.).
1540:
Loades, David (2016). "The Marian Episcopate". In Duffy, Eamon; Loades, David (eds.).
2825:
2802:
2781:
2648:
2613:
2594:
2571:
2550:
2529:
2508:
2448:
2339:
2312:
2266:
2231:
1969:
1755:
1545:
1474:
1344:
1317:
1285:
1258:
1233:
1205:
1178:
839:
709:
647:
631:
606:
409:
402:
320:
2528:. Harvard Historical Studies, 8. New York; London; Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co.
2265:. Cambridge; New York; Port Chester; Melbourne; Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
2675:
2440:
2304:
2110:
For Cuthbert and taxes, see Thorton, Cheshire and the Tudor State 1480-1560, 2000,
2065:
1937:
Stubbs, William, ed. (1913). "Henry II, King of England: The Saladin Tithe, 1188".
1884:
Davis and Whitwell. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066-1154. 1913. vol 1. p 116.
1577:
1454:
1059:
1001:
969:
947:
909:
Several documents survive which prove Durham's exemption from taxes, including two
899:
851:
562:
526:
381:
377:
180:
2694:
2587:"The Politics of Privilege: Thomas Hatfield and the Palatinate of Durham, 1345–81"
1596:
2817:
2796:
2775:
2665:"Tunstal [Tunstall], Cuthbert (1474–1559), bishop of Durham and diplomat"
2642:
2586:
2565:
2544:
2469:
2373:
2365:
2333:
2260:
2225:
2079:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1862:
Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, pp 25 to 27, and p 295, footnote 6.
1819:
1795:
1567:"Tunstal [Tunstall], Cuthbert (1474–1559), bishop of Durham and diplomat"
1338:
1080:
1017:
997:
989:
862:
693:
551:
542:
510:
470:
433:
397:
190:
1853:
Stubbs, i, 431. Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 295, footnote 5.
779:. The bishops of Durham had a residence in the village, which was the centre of
2679:
2357:
2197:
1581:
669:
582:
429:
2868:
2452:
2316:
1871:
Davis and Whitwell. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066-1154. 1913. vol 1.
1076:
1072:
943:
882:
870:
729:
610:
530:
503:
421:
413:
333:
1084:
993:
866:
602:
361:
585:
in 1189. It was gradually incorporated into Durham, but retained separate
1902:
1040:
886:
823:
819:
758:
754:
733:
651:
474:
437:
925:
and William II. When the bishopric was vacant it was in included in the
2856:
2840:
2460:
2428:
2324:
1466:
977:
926:
885:. The Neville family also owned large estates in the county, including
874:
843:
815:
803:
791:
780:
744:
482:
478:
441:
425:
2710:. British History Online. Vol. 3. London: Victoria County History
2633:
Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England
2504:
Border Liberties and Loyalties: North-East England, c. 1200 to c. 1400
2411:
1137:
677:, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county.
2262:
Lordship and the Urban Community: Durham and its Overlords, 1250–1540
1316:(1. publ ed.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 108.
981:
930:
799:
635:
385:
2444:
2308:
1458:
37:
2822:
Hugh Du Puiset: A Biography of the Twelfth-Century Bishop of Durham
2777:
Kings and Nobles in the Late Middle Ages: A Tribute to Charles Ross
934:
903:
807:
417:
654:, restrictions were placed on the palatinate's court of chancery.
521:
to purchase the earldom of Northumbria after its previous holder,
2230:. Studies in the History of Medieval Religion 14. Boydell Press.
2056:
910:
855:
811:
618:
586:
518:
502:
Moreover, the lands north of the Tees remained unrecorded by the
2525:
The County Palatine of Durham: A Study in Constitutional History
2381:(1836) London: His Majesty's Printers. Accessed 22 December 2023
2198:"Love, battles and deities: Is the end nigh for county slogans?"
2379:
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2101:
Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, pp 295 & 296.
1014:
Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge
827:
776:
449:
445:
1343:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 122.
1281:
Anglo-Norman Studies Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2022
1204:(Reprinted ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 385.
1198:
Bonner, Gerald; Rollason, David W.; Stancliffe, Clare (1998).
877:, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the
529:
essentially inheriting the powers of the earl. Alternatively,
220:• Move to Chester-le-Street; Lands granted south of Tyne
2741:
2132:
Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, p 91 & 360.
2123:
Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham, 1900, pp 53 & 356
1732:
1717:
1702:
1627:
The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4 c 19)
1431:
England & Wales Delineated (Curiosities of Great Britain)
985:
614:
2283:
Curiosities of Great Britain: England & Wales Delineated
1230:
St Cuthbert and the Normans: the Church of Durham, 1071–1153
1175:
Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom
1022:
Court of Pleas of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge
2227:
St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham 1071-1153
2429:"Edward I of England and the Regalian Franchise of Durham"
1340:
The formation of the English kingdom in the tenth century
2038:, footnote 5; and Thornton, "Fifteenth Century Durham",
1489:
Edward I of England and the Regalian Franchise of Durham
1197:
2746:. The Buildings of England. New Haven and London: Yale.
2496:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: Methuen & Co.
2742:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Richmond, Ian; et al. (2002).
2422:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 706–708.
1733:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Richmond, Ian; et al. (2002).
1718:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Richmond, Ian; et al. (2002).
1703:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Richmond, Ian; et al. (2002).
260:• Durham returns its first members to Parliament
2798:
Thomas Langley and the Bishopric of Durham: 1406–1437
2795:
Storey, R L (1961). "The County Palatine of Durham".
2471:
A History of Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham, 1283-1311
1155:
1153:
2173:"Land of the Prince Bishops: Explore County Durham"
1312:Liddy, Christian Drummond; Britnell, R. H. (2005).
1140:
The Origin and Limitations of the Liberty of Durham
972:, and the palatine also had a sheriff, coroners, a
569:of Northumberland, and the case eventually reached
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2663:
1957:
1805:
1781:
1576:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1565:
1201:St Cuthbert, his cult and his community to AD 1200
1031:
496:
2293:"The Evolution of the English Medieval Franchise"
2030:For further on the geld, see G V Scammell, 1956,
1939:Select Charters of English Constitutional History
1255:Ælfred's Britain: war and peace in the Viking age
1150:
2866:
2500:
2279:
1427:
1232:(1. publ ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
933:, which show that it did not pay taxes such as
465:The County Palatine of Durham emerged from the
2753:The North of England in the Age of Richard III
2335:Law-finders and Law-makers in Medieval England
2083:, ed. J. T. Fowler (Surtees Society 107, 1903)
1737:. New Haven and London: Yale. pp. 335–41.
1722:. New Haven and London: Yale. pp. 521–23.
1146:, Vol. 81, No. 320. (Jul., 1966), pp. 449-473.
663:again abolished the palatinate, but after the
2875:States and territories disestablished in 1836
2352:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1311:
1284:. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 63.
477:'s Land", "The lands of St. Cuthbert between
27:Historic county of England with unique status
2845:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2674:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1997:As to the saladin tithe, see Tyerman, 1996,
1447:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1177:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
210:• Community of St Cuthbert established
2280:Dugadale, Thomas; Burnett, William (1830).
1505:Anderson, Olof Sigfrid (1934). "Sadberge".
1498:
1428:Dugdale, Thomas; Burnett., William (1830).
1314:North-east England in the later Middle Ages
1047:An example of Cuthbert's importance is the
240:• Bishops' palatine powers recognised
2765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2489:
2478:
2362:Regesta Regnum Anglo-Normannorum 1066–1154
1960:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1768:
1707:. New Haven and London: Yale. p. 162.
1495:, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr. 1956), pp. 329–342
1418:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th Ed. Vol 8.
1392:
696:abolished its separate court of chancery.
506:and were not subject to geld or taxation.
280:• County Palatine formally dissolved
165:
1509:(Thesis). Lund: Håkan Ohlsson. p. 1.
1336:
621:, symbolising the bishops' spiritual and
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2838:
2815:
2661:
2640:
2636:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2626:
2501:Holford, M. L.; Stringer, K. J. (2010).
2485:. Vol. 1. London: Methuen & Co.
2244:
2051:It is referred to in the debates on the
1955:
1949:
1504:
1172:
957:
596:
592:
355:
2773:
2750:
2671:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2521:
1941:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 189.
1747:
1573:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1369:
1367:
1131:
964:Courts of the County Palatine of Durham
408:The palatine included the contemporary
14:
2867:
2794:
2607:
2542:
2467:
2426:
2258:
1936:
1930:
1754:. Yale University Press. p. 131.
1539:
1444:
1277:
1223:
1221:
138:County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge
2704:"Stockton ward: Introduction and map"
2584:
2563:
2374:The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836
2286:. London: L Tallis. pp. 680–704.
2170:
2034:; Aird, St Cuthbert and the Normans,
1515:"Stockton ward: Introduction and map"
1252:
2701:
2612:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
2223:
1964:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
1748:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1 January 1981).
1611:"Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844"
1544:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
1364:
1227:
1026:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
2755:. The Fifteenth Century, 3. Stroud.
2331:
2290:
1218:
469:known variously as the "Liberty of
24:
2171:Foges, Natasha (1 December 2018).
1741:
1726:
1533:
1380:(PhD thesis). University of Oxford
1008:was abolished by section 2 of the
675:Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844
565:failed to attend a summons by the
25:
2896:
2708:A History of the County of Durham
2593:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
2570:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
2522:Lapsley, Gaillard Thomas (1900).
1519:A History of the County of Durham
1010:Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836
838:) named after their chief towns:
699:
682:Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836
609:, bishop 1530-51 and 1554–59, on
2818:"The Liberty of Durham, 1153–95"
1512:
1373:
1083:, and the exchequer building on
768:
743:
722:
708:
460:
384:had rights usually exclusive to
338:
313:
151:
36:
2549:. New York; London: Routledge.
2474:. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press.
2386:Durham County Palatine Act 1858
2190:
2164:
2147:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2072:
2045:
2024:
1991:
1982:
1921:
1912:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1711:
1696:
1671:
1646:
1638:Durham County Palatine Act 1858
1630:
1621:
1603:
1558:
1481:
1438:
1421:
1330:
1161:The County Palatinate of Durham
917:and charters from the reign of
686:Durham County Palatine Act 1858
497:Establishment and consolidation
405:, which was abolished in 1972.
47:needs additional citations for
2851:. Cambridge University Press.
2824:. Cambridge University Press.
2507:. Edinburgh University Press.
2254:(Thesis). Lund: Håkan Ohlsson.
2245:Anderson, Olof Sigrid (1934).
1305:
1271:
1246:
1191:
1166:
1106:
659:In 1646 the parliament of the
13:
1:
2591:Fourteenth Century England IV
1826:). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
1802:). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
1778:. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
1144:The English Historical Review
1094:
1006:Court of the County of Durham
937:. When Henry II enforced the
2695:UK public library membership
2647:. University of Nottingham.
2585:Liddy, Christian D. (2006).
2564:Liddy, Christian D. (2008).
2395:. Accessed 22 December 2023.
1597:UK public library membership
1099:
1039:During the medieval period,
7:
2702:Page, William, ed. (1928).
2389:(21 & 22 Vict. c. 45).
2141:Pettifer, English Castles,
1751:Yorkshire: The North Riding
1654:"Local Government Act 1888"
1278:Church, Stephen D. (2023).
892:
826:within Northumberland, and
71:"County Palatine of Durham"
10:
2901:
2728:Durham World Heritage Site
2628:Maitland, Frederic William
2589:. In Hamilton, J S (ed.).
2490:Holdsworth, W. S. (1922).
2479:Holdsworth, W. S. (1903).
2403:(51 & 52 Vict. c. 41).
2216:
2005:; Keen and Slemrod, 2021,
1776:Durham historic boundaries
1337:Molyneaux, George (2015).
1118:Durham World Heritage Site
961:
929:maintained by the English
858:and a three-weekly court.
455:
376:was a jurisdiction in the
2400:Local Government Act 1888
2377:(6 & 7 Will 4 c 19).
2259:Bonney, Margaret (2005).
2248:The English Hundred-Names
2001:; Petit-Dutaillis, 1936,
1507:The English hundred-names
1228:Aird, William M. (1998).
1066:
1049:Battle of Neville's Cross
690:Local Government Act 1888
374:County Palatine of Durham
292:
288:
278:
268:
258:
248:
238:
228:
218:
208:
204:
196:
186:
176:
164:
148:
143:
136:
2880:History of County Durham
2641:Marcombe, David (1987).
2610:The Church of Mary Tudor
2493:A History of English Law
2482:A History of English Law
2332:Cam, Helen Maud (1979).
2291:Cam, Helen Maud (1957).
2224:Aird, William M (1998).
2200:. BBC News. 18 June 2016
2053:Bishopric of Durham Bill
1542:The Church of Mary Tudor
1257:. London: Head of Zeus.
1173:Rollason, David (2008).
581:was purchased by bishop
388:. It developed from the
360:The former exchequer on
2662:Newcombe, D.G. (2004).
2419:Encyclopædia Britannica
2413:"Durham (county)"
2364:. Vol. 1. Oxford:
1679:"Courts Act 1971, c. 4"
661:Commonwealth of England
440:and the settlements of
392:, which emerged in the
2839:Thornton, Tim (2001).
2816:Scammell, G V (1956).
2724:"Palace Green Library"
2680:10.1093/ref:odnb/27817
2543:Larson, P. L. (2006).
2407:. Accessed 8 June 2023
2177:Visit Britain Magazine
1582:10.1093/ref:odnb/27817
1114:"Palace Green Library"
806:to the south, and the
775:St Cuthbert's Church,
626:
428:, and had exclaves in
369:
230:• Move to Durham
2780:. St Martin's Press.
2427:Fraser, C.M. (1956).
1818:29 April 2011 at the
1794:29 April 2011 at the
1513:Page, William (ed.).
1024:was abolished by the
1016:was abolished by the
958:Government and courts
600:
593:Decline and abolition
579:wapentake of Sadberge
536:wapentake of Sadberge
515:William the Conqueror
436:around the island of
359:
2801:. SPCK. p. 52.
2468:Fraser, C M (1957).
2019:Archaeologia Aeliana
1811:Vision of Britain –
1787:Vision of Britain –
1774:Vision of Britain –
1374:Hall, David Drisko.
1032:St Cuthbert and the
56:improve this article
2063:) and in report of
1253:Adams, Max (2017).
939:Assize of Clarendon
854:. Each had its own
380:, within which the
368:, bishop 1438–1457.
2859:– via JSTOR.
2463:– via JSTOR.
2405:legislation.gov.uk
2392:legislation.gov.uk
1683:legislation.gov.uk
1658:legislation.gov.uk
1615:legislation.gov.uk
913:from the reign of
798:in the north, the
751:Lindisfarne Priory
665:Stuart Restoration
627:
370:
2885:Prince-bishoprics
2693:(Subscription or
2619:978-0-7546-3070-8
2017:, p xxii; (1915)
1956:Bartlett (2000).
1761:978-0-300-09665-1
1595:(Subscription or
1551:978-0-7546-3070-8
873:, the Bulmers of
840:Chester-le-Street
834:" (equivalent to
810:in the west. The
802:to the east, the
632:Cuthbert Tunstall
607:Cuthbert Tunstall
410:ceremonial county
403:court of chancery
390:Liberty of Durham
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
326:
325:
321:Liberty of Durham
132:
131:
124:
106:
18:Liberty of Durham
16:(Redirected from
2892:
2860:
2835:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2667:
2658:
2637:
2623:
2604:
2581:
2560:
2539:
2518:
2497:
2486:
2475:
2464:
2423:
2415:
2369:
2349:
2338:. A. M. Kelley.
2328:
2287:
2276:
2255:
2253:
2241:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2066:Jewett v Summons
2049:
2043:
2028:
2022:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1809:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1110:
1060:Symeon of Durham
948:Philip of Poitou
900:seignorial court
772:
747:
726:
712:
527:Bishop of Durham
416:except southern
382:bishop of Durham
378:North of England
342:
341:
330:
329:
317:
316:
310:
309:
294:
293:
181:Prince-Bishopric
169:
155:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2832:
2809:
2788:
2758:
2757:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2655:
2620:
2601:
2578:
2557:
2536:
2515:
2445:10.2307/2849417
2410:
2366:Clarendon Press
2360:, eds. (1913).
2346:
2309:10.2307/2849889
2303:(32): 427–442.
2273:
2251:
2238:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2050:
2046:
2029:
2025:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1954:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1820:Wayback Machine
1810:
1806:
1796:Wayback Machine
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1459:10.2307/3679128
1443:
1439:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1138:Jean Scammell,
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1081:Bishop Auckland
1069:
1037:
1018:Courts Act 1971
980:. The palatine
966:
960:
895:
863:Prior of Durham
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:
773:
764:
763:
762:
748:
739:
738:
737:
727:
718:
717:
716:
713:
702:
694:Courts Act 1971
617:encircled by a
595:
552:Malcolm Canmore
543:Norman invasion
517:allowed Bishop
511:Norman conquest
499:
473:", "Liberty of
463:
458:
434:North Yorkshire
420:, the parts of
339:
314:
281:
271:
261:
251:
241:
231:
221:
211:
172:
160:
159:
156:
139:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2836:
2830:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2748:
2744:Northumberland
2739:
2720:
2699:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2599:
2582:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2487:
2476:
2465:
2439:(2): 329–342.
2424:
2408:
2396:
2382:
2370:
2358:Whitwell, R.J.
2350:
2344:
2329:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2189:
2163:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2071:
2044:
2042:, footnote 34.
2023:
2015:(Pipe Roll 50)
1990:
1981:
1974:
1948:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1804:
1780:
1767:
1760:
1740:
1735:Northumberland
1725:
1720:Northumberland
1710:
1705:Northumberland
1695:
1670:
1645:
1629:
1620:
1602:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1497:
1487:C. M. Fraser,
1480:
1437:
1434:. p. 689.
1420:
1391:
1363:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1304:
1290:
1270:
1264:978-1784080303
1263:
1245:
1238:
1217:
1210:
1190:
1184:978-0521041027
1183:
1165:
1159:G.T. Lapsley,
1149:
1130:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1068:
1065:
1036:
1030:
962:Main article:
959:
956:
894:
891:
774:
767:
766:
765:
749:
742:
741:
740:
728:
721:
720:
719:
714:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:
701:
700:Administration
698:
670:Barnard Castle
594:
591:
583:Hugh de Puiset
541:Following the
498:
495:
462:
459:
457:
454:
430:Northumberland
366:Robert Neville
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
336:
327:
324:
323:
318:
306:
305:
300:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
170:
162:
161:
157:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2831:9780521179850
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2808:9780840150806
2804:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2787:9780312000806
2783:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2654:9781850410164
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2600:9781843832201
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2577:9781843833772
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2556:9781136600166
2552:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2535:9780722272978
2531:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2514:9780748632176
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:Davis, H.W.C.
2351:
2347:
2345:9780678080627
2341:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2272:9780521022859
2268:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2237:9780851156156
2233:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1977:
1975:0-19-822741-8
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1350:9780191027758
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1323:9781843831273
1319:
1315:
1308:
1293:
1291:9781783277513
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1239:9780851156156
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1211:9780851156101
1207:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:Saladin tithe
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
890:
888:
884:
883:Lumley Castle
880:
876:
872:
871:Hylton Castle
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
782:
778:
771:
760:
756:
752:
746:
735:
731:
730:Norham Castle
725:
711:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:
666:
662:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Durham Castle
608:
604:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:David D. Hall
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:Domesday Book
494:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:Early history
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:south of the
423:
422:Tyne and Wear
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
358:
337:
335:
334:County Durham
332:
331:
328:
322:
319:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
273:
267:
263:
257:
253:
247:
243:
237:
233:
227:
223:
217:
213:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
168:
163:
154:
147:
142:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2848:
2844:
2821:
2797:
2776:
2752:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:
2712:. Retrieved
2707:
2683:. Retrieved
2669:
2643:
2632:
2609:
2590:
2566:
2545:
2524:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2436:
2432:
2417:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2334:
2300:
2296:
2282:
2261:
2247:
2226:
2202:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
2149:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2047:
2026:
1993:
1984:
1959:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1824:historic map
1807:
1800:historic map
1783:
1770:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1585:. Retrieved
1571:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1382:. Retrieved
1376:
1354:. Retrieved
1339:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1280:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1229:
1200:
1193:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1089:
1085:Palace Green
1070:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1033:
994:common pleas
967:
908:
896:
860:
789:
679:
658:
656:
639:
628:
603:coat of arms
589:until 1586.
556:
540:
508:
500:
491:
487:
464:
407:
389:
373:
371:
362:Palace Green
303:Succeeded by
302:
297:
158:Coat of arms
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1903:Boldon Book
1813:Norhamshire
1789:Islandshire
1453:: 113–132.
1087:in Durham.
1041:St Cuthbert
1034:haliwerfolc
974:chamberlain
887:Raby Castle
824:Norhamshire
820:Islandshire
759:St Cuthbert
755:Islandshire
734:Norhamshire
652:Elizabeth I
644:John Dudley
475:St Cuthbert
438:Lindisfarne
394:Anglo-Saxon
386:the monarch
298:Preceded by
2869:Categories
2697:required.)
2009:; Hanson,
1599:required.)
1384:2 February
1356:5 February
1095:References
1020:, and the
1002:marshalsea
978:chancellor
927:pipe rolls
915:William II
875:Brancepeth
844:Darlington
828:Craikshire
816:Bedlington
804:River Tees
781:Craikshire
571:Parliament
559:Antony Bek
442:Bedlington
398:palatinate
112:March 2011
82:newspapers
2761:cite book
2453:2040-8072
2317:2040-8072
1475:162793914
1297:5 January
1100:Citations
998:admiralty
982:exchequer
952:King John
931:Exchequer
848:Easington
800:North Sea
636:Edward VI
2714:8 August
2630:(1907).
2433:Speculum
2297:Speculum
1816:Archived
1792:Archived
1642:preamble
1525:8 August
1493:Speculum
1416:"Durham"
1053:corporax
990:chancery
950:in 1208
935:carucage
919:Henry II
911:precepts
904:danegeld
893:Taxation
852:Stockton
836:hundreds
812:exclaves
808:Pennines
642:regent,
640:de facto
623:temporal
567:justices
561:and his
523:Waltheof
418:Teesdale
144:883–1836
2857:3679415
2461:2849417
2325:2849889
2217:Sources
2057:Hansard
1966:165–168
1467:3679128
970:steward
923:Henry I
879:Lumleys
867:Hyltons
856:coroner
818:shire,
796:Derwent
619:coronet
587:assizes
575:sheriff
563:steward
547:Sheriff
519:Walcher
467:liberty
456:History
197:History
187:Capital
96:scholar
2855:
2828:
2805:
2784:
2733:8 June
2691:
2685:8 June
2651:
2616:
2597:
2574:
2553:
2532:
2511:
2459:
2451:
2342:
2323:
2315:
2269:
2234:
2204:7 June
2182:7 June
2059:(e.g.
1972:
1758:
1688:8 June
1663:8 June
1593:
1587:8 June
1548:
1473:
1465:
1347:
1320:
1288:
1261:
1236:
1208:
1181:
1163:(1900)
1123:8 June
1079:, and
1077:Norham
1073:Durham
1067:Legacy
1012:, the
1004:. The
986:barons
976:and a
777:Crayke
648:Mary I
625:power.
471:Durham
450:Crayke
448:, and
446:Norham
414:Durham
200:
191:Durham
177:Status
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2853:JSTOR
2847:. 6.
2457:JSTOR
2321:JSTOR
2252:(PDF)
2159:p 280
2036:p 185
2032:p 185
2007:p 411
2003:p 190
1873:p 103
1471:S2CID
1463:JSTOR
832:wards
814:were
753:, in
732:, in
615:mitre
103:JSTOR
89:books
2826:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2767:link
2735:2023
2716:2018
2687:2023
2649:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2449:ISSN
2340:ISBN
2313:ISSN
2267:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2206:2023
2184:2023
2143:p 25
2112:p 61
2061:here
2040:p 89
2021:105.
2011:1965
1999:p 80
1970:ISBN
1907:farm
1756:ISBN
1690:2023
1665:2023
1636:The
1589:2023
1546:ISBN
1527:2018
1386:2024
1358:2024
1345:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1299:2024
1286:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1125:2023
1000:and
861:The
850:and
822:and
794:and
792:Tyne
601:The
483:Tees
481:and
479:Tyne
432:and
426:Tyne
372:The
284:1836
274:1660
264:1654
254:1537
244:1293
75:news
2676:doi
2441:doi
2305:doi
2155:p 9
2055:in
1578:doi
1491:in
1455:doi
1142:in
881:of
869:of
638:'s
605:of
412:of
234:995
224:883
214:684
58:by
2871::
2849:11
2843:.
2820:.
2763:}}
2759:{{
2726:.
2706:.
2668:.
2455:.
2447:.
2437:31
2435:.
2431:.
2416:.
2356:;
2319:.
2311:.
2299:.
2295:.
2175:.
1968:.
1681:.
1656:.
1640:,
1613:.
1570:.
1517:.
1511:;
1469:.
1461:.
1451:34
1449:.
1394:^
1366:^
1220:^
1152:^
1116:.
1075:,
1028:.
996:,
992:,
889:.
846:,
842:,
646:.
513:,
452:.
444:,
2834:.
2811:.
2790:.
2769:)
2737:.
2718:.
2689:.
2678::
2657:.
2622:.
2603:.
2580:.
2559:.
2538:.
2517:.
2443::
2368:.
2348:.
2327:.
2307::
2301:3
2275:.
2240:.
2208:.
2186:.
2161:.
2114:.
2069:.
1978:.
1875:.
1822:(
1798:(
1764:.
1692:.
1667:.
1617:.
1591:.
1580::
1554:.
1529:.
1477:.
1457::
1388:.
1360:.
1326:.
1301:.
1267:.
1242:.
1214:.
1187:.
1127:.
783:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
