2037:
1816:
2262:
2231:
2667:
1653:
1641:
2510:
40:
1839:. From 1840 onward, the amount of liberals in the House gradually increased. These liberals advocated a parliamentary democracy with a directly elected House of Representatives and in which the ministers, not the King, had executive power. In 1844, nine liberal representatives led by the jurist and historian
1806:
was founded in 1966. Since the 1970s however liberalism has been on the rise again electorally. Since 1977 the largest, more conservative, liberal party, VVD has been in government for twenty two years. In early 21st century the VVD saw major splits over the issue of integration and migration. In
1952:
in 1906. There are different names for these two tendencies. The more progressive liberals have been called "radical", "freeminded" or "democratic" liberals, while the more conservative liberals have been called "free" or "old" liberals. The issue which divided the liberals most was the question
2769:
political system the liberals mainly appealed to urban, secular upper and middle class. The liberals did not have a strong pillar of social organization, such as trade unions and news papers, like the other political families had. Instead they were aligned with the weak neutral pillar.
2881:
for mismanaging the public sector, migration and the integration of migrants. The two liberal parties lost considerably in the elections. Liberalism in the
Netherlands came under attack after the shock assassination of Fortuyn just days before the election.
2931:. In 2006 a conflict between Hirsi Ali and Verdonk over her status as an asylum seeker caused the downfall of the cabinet after D66 had revoked its confidence of Verdonk, whose positions on migration the party had already distanced itself from.
2760:
with social-democrats, Catholics and
Protestants in the late 1940s early 1950s, and with the Catholics and Protestants over the course of the 1960s. The party was led by the former leader of the Freeminded Democratic League,
2265:
1892:
in 1849, and would serve two more terms throughout his lifetime. Because of their dominant position, the liberals did not deem it necessary to organise themselves in a political party. Instead there was a loose liberal
1961:, the progressive liberals favoured universal suffrage, the conservative liberals did not. The progressive liberals also favoured government intervention in the economy, such as Van Houten's ban on child labour.
1879:
In the period following the constitutional amendment, liberalism was the dominant political force in the
Netherlands. Liberalism also dominated the universities, the media and business. The liberals supported a
2784:. In the foundation several progressive liberals from the VVD had been involved. The party sought to radically democratize the political system, the society and the economy. D66 was led by the charismatic
1847:
across Europe, the balance of power shifted in favour of the liberals. In order to prevent civil unrest in the
Netherlands, William II formed a commission, chaired by Thorbecke, which would draft a new
2708:
In 1922 the liberal parties reorganized: all conservative liberals, from the
Liberal Union and the League Free Liberals as well as more conservative liberals from smaller parties, joined to form the
4908:
2956:
In the
European Parliament election of 2009, the VVD and D66 both won 3 seats each, while PVV picked up 4 seats. The PVV was assigned the additional seat that went to the Netherlands after the
2270:
5164:
4838:
2488:
1219:
1944:
and
Kappeyne van de Coppello started to propose a more active role of the government, breaking with the Thorbeckian laissez-faire ideal. This led to the establishment of the progressive
5106:
2277:
2938:
the VVD and D66 lost considerably: D66 lost three of its six seats, the VVD six of its 28 seats. Wilders' PVV won nine seats. Rita
Verdonk, second on the list of the VVD won more
2234:
5121:
5073:
3438:
3365:
2610:
5078:
4930:
5083:
2493:
5157:
5000:
4920:
4823:
5111:
5131:
5116:
5063:
3448:
1918:
5101:
2967:
the VVD returned to previous strength and became the largest party the first time in history with 31 seats, leading to a liberal-led coalition for the first time
4903:
4828:
4808:
5126:
5068:
4955:
2101:
1913:. After Thorbecke's death in 1872, the liberals grew increasingly disunited. By 1897, a division had emerged between the supporters of the progressive liberal
5469:
5150:
4945:
3350:
2695:
2251:
2239:
3345:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
983:
3377:
5255:
3360:
1980:. On basis of concentration pluralities, often supported by social democrats for a majority several cabinets were formed in the early 20th century.
1765:
in the 16th century to beginning of the 19th century the main political conflict was between the liberal urban patriciate and the supporters of the
3426:
2916:
sought to limit migration and stimulate integration of minorities. Two years after
Fortuyn's assassination, another murder, this time of filmmaker
4780:
2584:
2580:
2960:
was signed. The VVD and D66 joined the
Liberal fraction in the European Parliament, while the PVV did not register as member of any fraction.
5464:
3453:
2643:
1008:
978:
5176:
4563:
2503:
1750:
1683:
1060:
5284:
3460:
3089:
2483:
3382:
2155:
2057:
2897:
the D66 replaced the LPF. The centre-right cabinet implemented reforms of the welfare state and oversaw declining migration figures.
2756:
The VVD remained a small party until the 1970s, with about 10% of the vote. They did however form part of the government both in the
2688:
2566:
1013:
133:
2831:
of the 1970s and made considerable electoral gains: in 1967 the party won just over 10% in 1981 this had more than doubled to 23%.
2168:
2124:
1403:
993:
5454:
5370:
5204:
4587:
2732:
2531:
2246:
2106:
1828:
1795:
1743:
1482:
2119:
5400:
4577:
2541:
2220:
1527:
1321:
1100:
2749:. Several progressives were unhappy with the social-democratic course of the PvdA and joined the Freedom Party to found the
1972:
win the second round of the elections, all the liberals united behind their candidates in the second round, often joined by
2681:
2600:
2559:
1353:
1214:
1162:
1157:
4615:
2971:. Also D66 increased their number of seats to 10. Ultimately, the VVD opted for a coalition with the CDA, with VVD leader
1802:, but the party remained small. It entered some administration coalitions as a junior party. A progressive liberal party,
2302:
2094:
1470:
1182:
1033:
635:
2850:
the Christian democratic CDA lost its traditional electoral power base. The VVD and D66 won considerably. A progressive
5390:
4773:
1393:
1291:
1239:
1177:
1172:
1110:
2796:. Over the course of the 1980s however the party began to espouse a more progressive liberal course, especially under
3570:
3069:
2725:
2208:
2151:
2114:
1889:
1398:
1023:
778:
5045:
4858:
3275:
2648:
2605:
2297:
1676:
1433:
5429:
5350:
5240:
4883:
3721:
3372:
2870:
2866:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2069:
2050:
1945:
1849:
1708:
1460:
365:
1999:. The extension of suffrage however severely weakened the position of the liberals. Of the 37 seats they had in
5459:
5250:
4731:
2474:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
1906:
828:
397:
3147:
1948: Some former members left the Labour Party and merged into the ⇒ People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
3087:
1948: The Freedom Party merged with former members of the Freethinking Democratic League into the present-day
5245:
4970:
4766:
3328:
3186:
3122:
2917:
2862:
2835:
2801:
2713:
2628:
2195:
1992:
1988:
1836:
1306:
3021:
1901: A radical faction seceded to merge with the ⇒ Radical League into the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League
1341:
5385:
4582:
4548:
2332:
2290:
1973:
1914:
1852:. The new constitution, which was introduced in October 1848, limited the power of the king by introducing
1832:
5355:
5345:
5330:
4558:
4507:
4473:
4439:
4405:
4371:
4337:
4303:
4269:
4235:
4201:
4167:
4133:
4099:
4065:
4031:
3997:
3963:
3929:
3901:
3873:
3845:
3817:
3789:
3421:
3409:
3307:
3287:
3209:
3076:
3046:
2994:
2964:
2935:
2904:, however, remained controversial issues. In 2003 the VVD had invited social-democratic critic of Islam,
2894:
2874:
2847:
2824:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2089:
2082:
2027:
2004:
2000:
1977:
1941:
1933:
1669:
1331:
908:
375:
269:
2716:, a merger of the Radical League and progressive liberals, that had already been formed in 1901. In the
798:
5219:
4553:
3280:
2949:. After demanding the leadership of the party, Verdonk left the VVD to form her own nationalist party,
2858:
2513:
2312:
2144:
1929:
1856:
and by giving parliament the right to amend laws and hold investigative hearings. It also extended the
1853:
1824:
1383:
1048:
833:
515:
360:
2838:, which implemented a far reaching reform of the welfare state the VVD had advocated since the 1970s.
5375:
5030:
2815:
the VVD has taken a more conservative course. The party began to criticize the large and inefficient
2721:
2536:
1869:
1843:
attempted in vain to amend the constitution and introduce parliamentary democracy. In 1848, amidst a
1494:
1388:
998:
788:
468:
454:
4692:
2912:
caused considerable controversy with her direct criticism of the Islam. In the cabinet VVD minister
4960:
4940:
4745:
3387:
3312:
2950:
2901:
2886:
2854:
1925:
1281:
1266:
1132:
1028:
279:
86:
883:
768:
5335:
5269:
4935:
3615:
3535:
3340:
3163:
2653:
2063:
1969:
1949:
1948:
in 1901. The liberals saw a second split with the establishment of the more conservative liberal
1840:
1815:
1787:
1774:
1712:
1586:
1465:
1408:
1296:
1261:
1120:
1075:
988:
823:
213:
178:
59:
665:
5142:
5015:
5010:
4985:
4843:
3746:
3702:
3270:
2736:
2638:
2307:
1783:
1499:
1475:
1443:
1413:
1378:
1373:
1348:
1209:
1127:
1003:
973:
198:
3120:
1901: A second radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Union merged with the Radical League into the
2800:. The party remained an ally of the PvdA however, joining a short-lived centre-left coalition
1905:, a system of like-minded social organisations. The liberals were politically allied with the
5040:
4990:
4950:
4898:
4888:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4848:
4833:
4818:
4813:
4803:
3682:
2633:
2590:
1954:
1769:, from the lower class and orthodox variants of Protestantism. The urban patriciate favoured
1620:
1542:
1517:
1489:
1448:
1428:
1418:
1363:
1301:
1276:
1192:
1187:
1152:
1137:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1018:
913:
888:
878:
783:
615:
600:
500:
442:
1773:. Between mid-19th century to the late-1800 they were a dominant force in shaping the Dutch
758:
5314:
5035:
5025:
5005:
4995:
4980:
4975:
4925:
4893:
4878:
4853:
4789:
3672:
3590:
3137:
2792:
to work for a more fair and democratic Netherlands. The party participated in the leftwing
2774:
2746:
2215:
1996:
1873:
1608:
1423:
1368:
1358:
1336:
1316:
1311:
1271:
1256:
1234:
1197:
1147:
1105:
1095:
1055:
575:
540:
449:
402:
247:
121:
116:
111:
54:
565:
39:
8:
5340:
5020:
4915:
3560:
3433:
3053:
3034:
2820:
2709:
2224:
1910:
1894:
1865:
1844:
1770:
1723:
1603:
1251:
1224:
1167:
1115:
898:
670:
610:
560:
333:
252:
193:
126:
96:
91:
64:
23:
2983:
Note: The ⇒ sign denotes parties which never achieved any representation in parliament.
2788:. The party joined forces with the social-democratic PvdA and the progressive Christian
2036:
5299:
4572:
4568:
3662:
3515:
3065:
3029:
2827:, homosexuality and women's rights. The VVD capitalized the weakening of religious and
2317:
1984:
1958:
1791:
1719:
1326:
1229:
1142:
938:
873:
773:
328:
308:
145:
2927:, which combined uncompromising criticism of Islam with a plea for lower taxation and
1753:
with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament.
590:
5294:
5184:
4650:
4597:
3414:
3397:
3355:
2924:
2019:
1937:
1731:
1645:
918:
675:
605:
580:
570:
550:
370:
257:
188:
150:
2986:
2823:
with progressive positions on social issues, which characterized the 1970s, such as
5365:
5360:
5289:
5209:
4592:
3697:
3605:
3600:
3565:
3500:
3292:
3249:
3024:
1921: The LU merged with the ⇒ Economic League, the ⇒ League of Free Liberals, the
2957:
2890:
2851:
2728:. The liberals did cooperate as junior partners in several cabinets in the crisis.
1965:
1924:
Only in the late 19th century, when the opposition began to organise itself in the
1561:
1554:
893:
843:
808:
753:
660:
645:
620:
555:
525:
392:
343:
318:
301:
296:
230:
155:
81:
69:
1749:
This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. It is limited to
813:
3667:
3647:
3620:
3530:
3495:
3490:
3475:
3297:
2905:
2785:
2757:
2671:
2572:
1857:
1766:
1761:
The Netherlands has a long liberal political tradition. From the founding of the
1657:
953:
943:
928:
848:
838:
818:
710:
690:
650:
625:
535:
429:
417:
407:
348:
208:
203:
74:
5414:
5235:
5214:
3740:
3555:
3545:
3324:
3157:
1894: A conservative faction of the ⇒ Liberale Union formed the Free Liberals (
3109:
3007:
2943:
2928:
2595:
2183:
2178:
1762:
1625:
1598:
1593:
1566:
1522:
868:
803:
655:
630:
595:
545:
485:
412:
313:
274:
264:
138:
106:
3184:
1917: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League formed the
2857:
was formed with D66 and the VVD under the lead of PvdA. The cabinet managed a
858:
680:
5448:
5395:
3687:
3635:
3630:
3585:
3580:
3540:
3505:
3470:
3302:
3025:
2909:
2828:
2816:
2766:
1902:
1881:
1581:
903:
863:
793:
763:
730:
725:
705:
585:
510:
422:
285:
101:
5199:
4630:
3734:
3677:
3642:
3625:
3610:
3595:
3525:
3333:
3229:
2913:
2877:
the purple coalition came under heavy criticism of the populist politician
2781:
2255:
2188:
1861:
1615:
948:
923:
853:
700:
530:
520:
323:
5304:
3707:
3692:
3652:
3510:
3480:
3402:
3317:
2878:
2812:
2811:
In the meanwhile the VVD had grown considerably. Under the leadership of
2797:
2717:
2546:
2173:
2161:
1831:
was dominated by conservatives supportive of the policy of government of
1819:
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke in 1852, during his first term as Prime Minister.
1807:
2010, they won the national elections for the first time in its history.
1778:
1703:
started as an anti-monarchical effort spearheaded by the Dutch statesman
1700:
933:
735:
720:
695:
490:
475:
382:
235:
183:
2666:
1652:
4758:
3520:
3485:
3465:
3392:
2972:
2946:
2762:
1885:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1696:
1571:
1537:
1532:
1202:
715:
505:
480:
387:
240:
220:
31:
2739:. The progressive liberal Freeminded Democratic League joined the new
3657:
3575:
3550:
3443:
2939:
2777:
2741:
1888:, civil rights and a gradual expansion of suffrage. Thorbecke became
1704:
1640:
1438:
640:
160:
3136:
1946: The Free-minded Democratic League merged into the present-day
3101:
1738:. A common characteristic of these parties that they are nominally
1576:
1549:
1453:
1244:
495:
338:
3728:
2987:
From Liberal Union until People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2975:
as prime minister—the first liberal to hold the post since 1918.
2735:
the conservative liberal Liberal State Party refounded itself as
1968:
the liberals were required to cooperate. In order to prevent the
1803:
685:
291:
225:
5172:
5380:
1898:
355:
3207:
1922: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ Freedom League formed the
3084:), including a faction of the ⇒ Freethinking Democratic League
2611:
Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
1742:, in contrast to the traditionally dominant and still popular
2834:
Between 1982 and 1986 the VVD cooperated in the centre-right
1794:
the liberals disappeared from the political stage. After the
5309:
3133:
1917: A right-wing faction secededas the ⇒ Economic League
3107:
1892: A radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Union formed the
2900:
Migration and integration and especially the place of the
1790:. Due to their political division and the introduction of
2750:
1799:
4674:
4672:
3227:
1966: Independent progressive liberals formed the party
2908:
to join their parliamentary party. She together with MP
3018:
1894: A conservative faction formed the ⇒ Free Liberals
2920:, put the country's liberal tradition at further risk.
1917:
on the one side, and those of the conservative liberal
1782:. In the early 20th century the liberals split between
2720:
the liberals grew even smaller. Under pressure of the
4669:
1983:
In 1917 under one of these liberal minority cabinets
1936:
was established. In the 1890s some liberals, such as
2712:. The progressive liberals remained separate in the
4746:"The murder that shattered Holland's liberal dream"
1932:, the liberals followed suit. On 4 March 1885, the
1798:the liberals were united again under one roof, the
984:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
5256:Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom and Diversity
3197:1921: The league merged into the ⇒ Freedom League
3174:1921: The league merged into the ⇒ Freedom League
2893:and the CDA. The cabinet fell shortly. After the
1872:, freedom of ecclesiastical organisation and the
5446:
3102:Radical League and Free-minded Democratic League
2861:, implemented progressive social legislation on
3753:
2923:In 2004 Geert Wilders left the VVD to form the
1901:. The liberals also did not organize their own
3045:1922: A conservative faction seceded as the ⇒
5158:
4774:
2978:
2689:
1677:
1009:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
979:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
5470:Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
4564:List of political parties in the Netherlands
3151:
1707:, who almost single-handedly wrote the 1848
4645:
4643:
4616:What's liberal politics in the Netherlands?
3724:the following Dutch thinkers are included:
2804:with the PvdA and the Christian democratic
5165:
5151:
4781:
4767:
4719:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
4680:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
4635:Governance and Politics of the Netherlands
2696:
2682:
1684:
1670:
1909:, whom the liberals granted considerable
1718:In contemporary politics, there are both
1014:International Federation of Liberal Youth
16:Overview of liberalism in the Netherlands
5285:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
4788:
4640:
3461:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
3090:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2751:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
1814:
1730:", with the former more often espousing
3144:), a faction joined the ⇒ Freedom Party
3095:Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie
2929:skepticism towards European integration
994:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
5447:
5422:
5371:Party for Justice, Action and Progress
4588:Christian democracy in the Netherlands
3074:1945: The LSP is reorganised into the
3051:1928: The Vrijheidsbond is renamed in
1970:coalition of Catholics and Protestants
5146:
4762:
4578:Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
3005:1892: A radical faction formed the ⇒
1726:parties that refer to themselves as "
5465:Political history of the Netherlands
5177:political parties in the Netherlands
4717:Andeweg, R.B. and G.A. Irwin (2002)
4678:Andeweg, R.B. and G.A. Irwin (2002)
1734:and the latter more often espousing
3715:
1993:equal finance for religious schools
1034:Liberal South East European Network
13:
5391:Democratic Political Turning Point
3261:
3178:
14:
5481:
3571:Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello
3070:Middle Party for City and Country
1995:, this compromise was called the
1890:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1024:Liberal Network for Latin America
457:(contributions to liberal theory)
3276:Joannes Kappeyne van de Coppello
3201:
2968:
2665:
2649:Republicanism in the Netherlands
2606:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2509:
2508:
2261:
2260:
2230:
2229:
2035:
1651:
1639:
38:
5241:Free-thinking Democratic League
3722:Contributions to liberal theory
3373:Free-thinking Democratic League
3221:
3068:, leaves the LSP and found the
3064:1929: Staalman, founder of the
1976:. This alliance was called the
1946:Free-thinking Democratic League
1711:that turned the country into a
1709:Constitution of the Netherlands
4738:
4724:
4711:
4685:
4624:
4609:
1897:and locally organised liberal
1810:
398:Separation of church and state
1:
5455:Liberalism in the Netherlands
4603:
3439:Hendrik Coenraad Dresselhuijs
3366:Hendrik Coenraad Dresselhuijs
3267:Liberals in the 19th century
3128:Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond
3123:Free-minded Democratic League
2841:
2629:Corruption in the Netherlands
1989:proportional electoral system
1987:was introduced, as well as a
1756:
5386:Onafhankelijke Burger Partij
4732:"The paradox of Pim Fortuyn"
4721:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.25
4682:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.48
4637:Basingstoke: MacMillan, p.47
4583:Socialism in the Netherlands
4549:Anarchism in the Netherlands
3754:Parliamentary representation
2714:Freeminded Democratic League
2010:
2003:, they were left with 14 in
1915:Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
7:
4559:Politics of the Netherlands
4542:
3308:Johannes Tak van Poortvliet
3237:), later without apostrophe
2726:National Socialist Movement
2567:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2028:Politics of the Netherlands
1942:Johannes Tak van Poortvliet
10:
5486:
4693:"Bond van Vrije Liberalen"
4554:History of the Netherlands
3281:Pieter Cort van der Linden
3161:), since 1906 renamed the
2992:1885: Liberals formed the
2979:Individual Liberal Parties
2819:. The party combined this
1966:two round electoral system
1930:Roman Catholic State Party
1854:ministerial responsibility
1825:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1823:In the early years of the
5413:
5376:Party for the Netherlands
5323:
5277:
5268:
5228:
5192:
5183:
5092:
5054:
4796:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3217:) and disappeared in 1925
3152:(League of) Free Liberals
2885:The VVD however joined a
2722:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2107:Ministers Plenipotentiary
1870:privacy of correspondence
1621:Sexually liberal feminism
1528:Bias in American academia
999:European Democratic Party
455:List of liberal theorists
5205:Liberal Democratic Party
4697:Parlement & Politiek
4655:Parlement & Politiek
3388:Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker
3313:Hendrik Goeman Borgesius
3169:Bond van Vrije Liberalen
2951:Proud of the Netherlands
2902:Islam in the Netherlands
2278:Parliamentary committees
2247:House of Representatives
1926:Anti-Revolutionary Party
1829:House of Representatives
1775:parliamentary democratic
280:Labor theory of property
5336:League of Free Liberals
3616:Jo Schouwenaar-Franssen
3536:Otto van Lidth de Jeude
3341:League of Free Liberals
3241:
3164:League of Free Liberals
2654:Social Economic Council
2064:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
1985:universal male suffrage
1950:League of Free Liberals
1841:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
1713:constitutional monarchy
989:Arab Liberal Federation
179:Consent of the governed
4839:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4633:and G.A. Irwin (2002)
3747:Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
3703:Laurens Jan Brinkhorst
3449:Willem Carel Wendelaar
3271:Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
3082:Partij van de Vrijheid
2875:2002 election campaign
2859:thriving Dutch economy
2639:Law of the Netherlands
2581:Diplomatic missions of
2303:High Councils of State
2169:Deputy Prime Ministers
1953:whether to extend the
1919:Johan George Gleichman
1820:
1004:European Liberal Youth
974:Africa Liberal Network
199:Economic globalization
5460:Liberalism by country
4790:Liberalism in Europe
3683:Alexander Rinnooy Kan
3059:Liberale Staatspartij
2965:2010 general election
2936:2006 general election
2634:De Nederlandsche Bank
1957:or even to introduce
1818:
1788:conservative liberals
1646:Liberalism portal
1518:Anti-authoritarianism
1019:Liberal International
5401:Entrepreneurs' Party
5315:Belang van Nederland
3673:Jan Glastra van Loon
3591:Frits Korthals Altes
3142:Partij van de Arbeid
2724:and the rise of the
2271:Historic composition
2240:Historic composition
2102:Council of Ministers
1997:pacification of 1917
1874:freedom of education
1784:progressive liberals
450:Age of Enlightenment
403:Separation of powers
5341:Liberal State Party
5055:States with limited
3561:Annemarie Jorritsma
3434:Liberal State Party
3351:Hendrik Dresselhuys
3054:Liberal State Party
2821:economic liberalism
2780:party was founded,
2710:Liberal State Party
2672:Politics portal
2532:Provincial politics
2225:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
1911:freedom of religion
1895:parliamentary group
1866:freedom of assembly
1845:wave of revolutions
1771:religious tolerance
1744:Christian democracy
1658:Politics portal
361:Civil and political
334:Popular sovereignty
194:Economic liberalism
5300:Trots op Nederland
4752:. 7 November 2004.
4573:Dutch States Party
4569:Loevestein faction
3663:Alexander Pechtold
3516:Jozias van Aartsen
3346:Willem de Beaufort
3066:Middle Class Party
3030:Middle Class Party
2585:in the Netherlands
2542:Municipal politics
2318:National Ombudsman
2266:Current membership
2235:Current membership
1959:universal suffrage
1821:
1792:universal suffrage
329:Permissive society
309:Limited government
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5430:Libertarian Party
5409:
5408:
5351:Fatherland League
5295:Party for Freedom
5264:
5263:
5140:
5139:
4598:Party for Freedom
4540:
4539:
3415:Samuel van Houten
3398:Roelof Kranenburg
3356:Samuel van Houten
2942:than the party's
2925:Party for Freedom
2887:coalition cabinet
2706:
2705:
2601:Visa requirements
2560:Foreign relations
2504:Political parties
2339:Recent elections
1938:Samuel van Houten
1751:political parties
1732:social liberalism
1694:
1693:
1533:Bias in the media
1049:Regional variants
366:Natural and legal
5477:
5420:
5419:
5366:Pim Fortuyn List
5361:New Middle Party
5290:Forza! Nederland
5275:
5274:
5251:Democratic Party
5210:Volt Netherlands
5190:
5189:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5093:Dependencies and
4797:Sovereign states
4783:
4776:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4593:Pim Fortuyn List
4535:
4525:
4515:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4229:
4219:
4209:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4025:
4015:
4005:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3957:
3947:
3937:
3923:
3909:
3895:
3881:
3867:
3853:
3839:
3825:
3811:
3797:
3758:
3757:
3716:Liberal thinkers
3698:Roger van Boxtel
3606:Hans Hoogervorst
3601:Leendert Ginjaar
3566:Haya van Someren
3501:Frits Bolkestein
3378:Philip Kohnstamm
3293:Nicolaas Pierson
3250:Volt Netherlands
3192:Economische Bond
2958:Treaty of Lisbon
2940:preference votes
2891:heirs of Fortuyn
2836:cabinets Lubbers
2733:Second World War
2698:
2691:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2526:Local government
2512:
2511:
2308:Council of State
2264:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2095:Willem-Alexander
2039:
2015:
2014:
1974:social democrats
1827:(1814–1848) the
1796:Second World War
1686:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1562:Economic freedom
1555:Radical centrism
393:Secular humanism
319:Natural monopoly
270:Internationalism
87:Internationalist
42:
19:
18:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5434:
5405:
5319:
5260:
5246:Economic League
5224:
5179:
5171:
5141:
5136:
5094:
5088:
5074:Northern Cyprus
5056:
5050:
4971:North Macedonia
4792:
4787:
4757:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4677:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4629:
4625:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4545:
4536:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4502:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4434:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4414:
4411:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4332:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4298:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4264:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4244:
4241:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4196:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4176:
4173:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4026:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3924:
3921:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3882:
3879:
3868:
3865:
3854:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3826:
3823:
3812:
3809:
3798:
3795:
3756:
3718:
3668:Jacob Kohnstamm
3648:Hans van Mierlo
3621:Hans van Baalen
3531:Johan Witteveen
3496:Joris Voorhoeve
3491:Rudolf de Korte
3476:Molly Geertsema
3361:Meinard Tydeman
3329:Economic League
3298:Theo de Meester
3264:
3262:Liberal leaders
3244:
3224:
3215:Liberale Partij
3204:
3187:Economic League
3181:
3179:Economic League
3159:Vrije Liberalen
3154:
3104:
2989:
2981:
2906:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
2844:
2829:depillarization
2794:cabinet Den Uyl
2786:Hans van Mierlo
2765:. In the Dutch
2758:grand coalition
2702:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2591:Nationality law
2587:
2575:
2573:Caspar Veldkamp
2562:
2552:
2551:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2498:
2469:
2432:
2405:
2378:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2053:
2030:
2020:Politics series
2013:
1858:census suffrage
1813:
1767:House of Orange
1759:
1690:
1650:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1307:North Macedonia
1051:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:Liberal parties
967:
959:
958:
749:
741:
740:
471:
461:
460:
445:
435:
434:
430:State of nature
418:Social services
408:Social contract
371:To own property
174:
166:
165:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5483:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:Radical League
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5215:Henk Krol List
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5095:other entities
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5046:United Kingdom
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Czech Republic
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4756:
4755:
4737:
4734:. 16 May 2002.
4723:
4710:
4684:
4668:
4639:
4623:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3741:Baruch Spinoza
3738:
3732:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Hans de Koster
3553:
3548:
3546:Klaas Dijkhoff
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:Steven Bierema
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3325:Radical League
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:) was founded.
3255:Volt Nederland
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:Democraten '66
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3118:
3110:Radical League
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3062:
3049:
3043:
3035:Freedom League
3022:
3019:
3016:
3008:Radical League
3003:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2944:lead candidate
2895:2003 elections
2843:
2840:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Modern history
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:Related topics
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:Court of Audit
2310:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2212:
2209:States General
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:Eddy van Hijum
2181:
2179:Sophie Hermans
2176:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2152:Prime Minister
2148:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2009:
1921:on the other.
1864:, such as the
1812:
1809:
1763:Dutch Republic
1758:
1755:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:Utilitarianism
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:Libertarianism
1596:
1594:Land value tax
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Egalitarianism
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Anti-communism
1520:
1514:
1512:Related topics
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1466:Arizona School
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1434:United Kingdom
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
970:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Wollstonecraft
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
452:
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:
425:
420:
413:Social justice
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
353:
352:
351:
346:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Market economy
311:
306:
305:
304:
299:
289:
282:
277:
275:Invisible hand
272:
267:
265:Harm principle
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
243:
238:
223:
218:
217:
216:
211:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
130:
129:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
78:
77:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5482:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:VoorNederland
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Freedom Party
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:Liberal Party
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Liberal Union
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Faroe Islands
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:South Ossetia
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Liechtenstein
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4733:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4631:Andeweg, R.B.
4627:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4531:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3759:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Thom de Graaf
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:Koos Rietkerk
3634:
3632:
3631:Ivo Opstelten
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Henk Korthals
3584:
3582:
3581:Uri Rosenthal
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Harm van Riel
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Hans Dijkstal
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Edzo Toxopeus
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:Freedom Party
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:Liberal Party
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Cornelis Lely
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:Liberal Union
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3210:Liberal Party
3206:
3205:
3202:Liberal Party
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:Radicale Bond
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:Freedom Party
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3047:Liberal Party
3044:
3041:
3040:Vrijheidsbond
3037:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3026:Neutral Party
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:Radicale Bond
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
3000:Liberale Unie
2997:
2996:
2995:Liberal Union
2991:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:Theo van Gogh
2915:
2911:
2910:Geert Wilders
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:welfare state
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:Freedom Party
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:Referendums:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Supreme Court
2296:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1978:concentration
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Liberal Union
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:laissez-faire
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:and codified
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:Individualism
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:United States
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
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1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Latin America
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
966:Organizations
963:
962:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
465:
464:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
439:
438:
431:
428:
424:
423:Welfare state
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
287:
286:Laissez-faire
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
140:
137:
135:
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5270:Conservative
5200:Democrats 66
5173:
5084:Transnistria
4965:
4750:The Guardian
4749:
4740:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4696:
4687:
4679:
4659:. Retrieved
4654:
4634:
4626:
4619:
4611:
3770:Total seats
3735:Hugo Grotius
3719:
3678:Aar de Goede
3643:Democrats 66
3626:Henk Vonhoff
3611:Neelie Kroes
3596:Johan Remkes
3526:Dirk Stikker
3334:Willem Treub
3254:
3248:
3234:
3230:Democrats 66
3228:
3222:Democrats 66
3214:
3208:
3191:
3185:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3141:
3138:Labour Party
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3058:
3052:
3039:
3033:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2962:
2955:
2933:
2922:
2914:Rita Verdonk
2899:
2884:
2871:prostitution
2867:gay marriage
2845:
2833:
2810:
2782:Democrats 66
2772:
2755:
2747:Labour Party
2740:
2730:
2707:
2537:Water boards
2384:Provincial:
2372:
2256:Martin Bosma
2189:Mona Keijzer
2070:Human rights
2062:
2051:Constitution
2018:Part of the
1982:
1963:
1923:
1878:
1862:civil rights
1850:constitution
1822:
1777:
1760:
1748:
1717:
1695:
1616:Pirate Party
1476:Jeffersonian
1384:South Africa
1286:
874:Lloyd George
469:Philosophers
376:To bear arms
324:Open society
284:
60:Conservative
5415:Libertarian
5305:Otten Group
5122:Isle of Man
5057:recognition
5031:Switzerland
4966:Netherlands
4703:4 September
4661:4 September
4651:"Liberalen"
3749:(1798–1872)
3743:(1632–1677)
3737:(1583–1645)
3731:(1466–1536)
3708:Sigrid Kaag
3693:Hans Wijers
3653:Jan Terlouw
3511:Gerrit Zalm
3481:Hans Wiegel
3454:Ben Telders
3403:Dolf Joekes
3318:Pieter Rink
2879:Pim Fortuyn
2813:Hans Wiegel
2798:Jan Terlouw
2718:interbellum
2547:BES islands
2514:Politicians
2475:Referendums
2411:Municipal:
2174:Fleur Agema
2162:Dick Schoof
2125:St. Maarten
1964:Due to the
1811:Before 1918
1779:rechtsstaat
1701:Netherlands
1444:Gladstonian
1404:Switzerland
1389:South Korea
1332:Philippines
1292:New Zealand
1287:Netherlands
944:Verhofstadt
939:Balcerowicz
748:Politicians
676:Collingwood
616:Tocqueville
491:Montesquieu
383:Rule of law
184:Due process
5449:Categories
5001:San Marino
4961:Montenegro
4941:Luxembourg
4921:Kazakhstan
4824:Azerbaijan
4699:(in Dutch)
4657:(in Dutch)
4604:References
3521:Mark Rutte
3486:Ed Nijpels
3466:Pieter Oud
3393:Pieter Oud
2973:Mark Rutte
2969:since 1918
2947:Mark Rutte
2863:euthanasia
2842:After 1994
2778:democratic
2773:In 1966 a
2767:pillarized
2763:Pieter Oud
2731:After the
2571:Minister:
2438:European:
2196:Ministries
1886:free trade
1837:William II
1835:and later
1757:Background
1736:liberalism
1724:right-wing
1697:Liberalism
1572:Empiricism
1543:Democratic
1538:Capitalism
1449:Manchester
1282:Montenegro
1267:Luxembourg
1203:Venizelism
1133:Costa Rica
388:Secularism
221:Federalism
173:Principles
32:Liberalism
5112:Gibraltar
4936:Lithuania
3784:In gov't
3778:In gov't
3761:Election
3658:Els Borst
3576:Henk Kamp
3551:Arie Pais
3444:Dirk Fock
3032:into the
2889:with the
2873:. In the
2808:in 1981.
2753:in 1948.
2745:leftwing
2742:Doorbraak
2345:General:
2333:Elections
2291:Judiciary
2221:President
2011:1918-1994
1907:Catholics
1884:economy,
1833:William I
1705:Thorbecke
1587:Anarchist
1495:Venezuela
1471:Classical
1439:Cobdenism
1342:Cracovian
1297:Nicaragua
1262:Lithuania
1121:Hong Kong
1076:Australia
914:Roosevelt
884:Ståhlberg
879:Venizelos
834:Sarmiento
824:Gladstone
784:Lamartine
754:Jefferson
606:Martineau
556:De Gouges
541:Condorcet
526:Priestley
189:Democracy
161:Third Way
122:Christian
117:Religious
55:Classical
5220:Splinter
5132:Svalbard
5117:Guernsey
5064:Abkhazia
5016:Slovenia
5011:Slovakia
4986:Portugal
4844:Bulgaria
4620:Expatica
4543:See also
4534:33 / 150
4514:24 / 150
4500:58 / 150
4490:24 / 150
4480:34 / 150
4466:52 / 150
4456:19 / 150
4446:33 / 150
4432:53 / 150
4422:12 / 150
4412:41 / 150
4398:41 / 150
4388:10 / 150
4378:31 / 150
4364:25 / 150
4344:22 / 150
4330:34 / 150
4310:28 / 150
4296:31 / 150
4276:24 / 150
4262:52 / 150
4252:14 / 150
4242:38 / 150
4228:55 / 150
4218:24 / 150
4208:31 / 150
4194:34 / 150
4184:12 / 150
4174:22 / 150
4160:36 / 150
4140:27 / 150
4126:42 / 150
4106:36 / 150
4092:43 / 150
4082:17 / 150
4072:26 / 150
4058:36 / 150
4038:28 / 150
4024:28 / 150
4004:22 / 150
3990:27 / 150
3980:11 / 150
3970:16 / 150
3956:24 / 150
3936:17 / 150
3922:16 / 150
3908:16 / 150
3894:19 / 150
3880:19 / 150
3866:13 / 150
3852:13 / 150
3383:Dirk Bos
3028:and the
2825:abortion
2596:Passport
2083:Monarchy
1928:and the
1899:caucuses
1577:Humanism
1550:Centrism
1500:Zimbabwe
1454:Whiggism
1414:Thailand
1379:Slovenia
1374:Slovakia
1349:Portugal
1322:Paraguay
1245:Liberism
1210:Honduras
1128:Colombia
1101:Bulgaria
894:Rathenau
869:Milyukov
789:Macaulay
759:Kołłątaj
731:Kymlicka
711:Friedman
656:Cassirer
646:Hobhouse
581:Constant
576:Humboldt
536:Beccaria
501:Rousseau
496:Voltaire
339:Property
302:Positive
297:Negative
253:Religion
231:Economic
204:Equality
127:Catholic
97:National
92:Muscular
70:Feminist
65:Cultural
24:a series
22:Part of
5423:Current
5324:Defunct
5278:Current
5229:Defunct
5193:Current
5174:Liberal
5041:Ukraine
4991:Romania
4951:Moldova
4909:Ireland
4904:Iceland
4899:Hungary
4889:Germany
4884:Georgia
4874:Finland
4869:Estonia
4864:Denmark
4849:Croatia
4834:Belgium
4829:Belarus
4819:Austria
4814:Armenia
4809:Andorra
4804:Albania
4524:9 / 150
4354:3 / 150
4320:6 / 150
4286:7 / 150
4150:9 / 150
4116:6 / 150
4048:8 / 150
4014:6 / 150
3946:7 / 150
3838:9 / 100
3824:9 / 100
3810:8 / 100
3796:8 / 100
3729:Erasmus
3720:In the
2963:In the
2934:In the
2855:cabinet
2802:cabinet
2775:radical
2252:Speaker
2145:Cabinet
2120:Curaçao
2058:Charter
1740:secular
1728:liberal
1699:in the
1490:Uruguay
1429:Ukraine
1419:Tunisia
1364:Senegal
1354:Romania
1302:Nigeria
1277:Moldova
1220:Iceland
1215:Hungary
1193:Germany
1188:Georgia
1178:Finland
1173:Estonia
1163:Ecuador
1158:Denmark
1153:Czechia
1138:Croatia
1091:Bolivia
1086:Belgium
1081:Austria
1071:Armenia
1066:Albania
934:Jenkins
929:Kennedy
919:Pearson
904:Einaudi
889:Gokhale
849:Itagaki
844:Naoroji
839:Mommsen
819:Lincoln
809:Mazzini
794:Kossuth
779:Broglie
774:Bolívar
769:Artigas
764:Madison
626:Spencer
611:Emerson
601:Bastiat
586:Ricardo
546:Bentham
486:Spinoza
443:History
344:Private
292:Liberty
226:Freedom
146:Secular
134:Islamic
112:Radical
49:Schools
5381:One NL
5185:Social
5127:Jersey
5069:Kosovo
5036:Turkey
5026:Sweden
5006:Serbia
4996:Russia
4981:Poland
4976:Norway
4956:Monaco
4926:Latvia
4894:Greece
4879:France
4854:Cyprus
3781:Seats
3775:Seats
3247:2018:
2852:purple
2216:Senate
1955:census
1903:pillar
1868:, the
1483:Modern
1424:Turkey
1409:Taiwan
1399:Sweden
1369:Serbia
1359:Russia
1337:Poland
1317:Panama
1312:Norway
1272:Mexico
1257:Latvia
1235:Israel
1198:Greece
1183:France
1148:Cyprus
1106:Canada
1096:Brazil
1056:Europe
954:Macron
899:Madero
864:Deakin
854:Levski
829:Cavour
814:Juárez
804:Cobden
736:Badawi
726:Nozick
706:Berlin
696:Popper
671:Keynes
666:Ortega
631:Arnold
591:Guizot
551:Korais
516:Turgot
476:Milton
356:Rights
349:Public
258:Speech
236:Market
209:Gender
156:Techno
151:Social
139:Jewish
75:Equity
5102:Åland
5021:Spain
4946:Malta
4916:Italy
2115:Aruba
1609:Right
1394:Spain
1252:Japan
1240:Italy
1225:India
1168:Egypt
1116:China
1111:Chile
949:Obama
924:Ohlin
859:Kemal
716:Rawls
691:Hayek
681:Čapek
661:Mises
651:Croce
641:Weber
636:Acton
566:Staël
531:Paine
521:Burke
506:Smith
481:Locke
248:Press
241:Trade
214:Legal
82:Green
5310:JA21
4705:2015
4663:2015
4519:Yes
4508:2023
4495:Yes
4485:Yes
4474:2021
4461:Yes
4451:Yes
4440:2017
4417:Yes
4406:2012
4383:Yes
4372:2010
4338:2006
4325:Yes
4315:Yes
4304:2003
4281:Yes
4270:2002
4257:Yes
4247:Yes
4236:1998
4223:Yes
4213:Yes
4202:1994
4168:1989
4145:Yes
4134:1986
4111:Yes
4100:1982
4087:Yes
4066:1981
4043:Yes
4032:1977
4019:Yes
3998:1972
3975:Yes
3964:1971
3941:Yes
3930:1967
3913:Yes
3902:1963
3885:Yes
3874:1959
3846:1956
3818:1952
3801:Yes
3790:1948
3767:D66
3764:VVD
3242:Volt
2869:and
2848:1994
2494:2018
2489:2016
2484:2005
2465:2024
2460:2019
2455:2014
2450:2009
2445:2004
2440:1999
2428:2022
2423:2018
2418:2014
2413:2010
2401:2023
2396:2019
2391:2015
2386:2011
2373:Next
2367:2023
2362:2021
2357:2017
2352:2012
2347:2010
2156:list
2090:King
2005:1918
2001:1917
1991:and
1804:D'66
1786:and
1722:and
1720:left
1604:Left
1327:Peru
1230:Iran
1143:Cuba
909:King
799:Deák
701:Aron
621:Mill
596:List
511:Kant
107:Ordo
4529:No
4427:No
4393:No
4359:No
4349:No
4291:No
4189:No
4179:No
4155:No
4121:No
4077:No
4053:No
4009:No
3985:No
3951:No
3857:No
3829:No
2846:In
2806:CDA
2790:PPR
1800:VVD
721:Sen
571:Say
102:Neo
5451::
4748:.
4695:.
4671:^
4653:.
4642:^
4618:,
4571:,
2953:.
2865:,
2583:/
2254::
2223::
2158:)
2007:.
1940:,
1876:.
1746:.
1715:.
686:Hu
26:on
5166:e
5159:t
5152:v
4782:e
4775:t
4768:v
4707:.
4665:.
3327:/
3253:(
3233:(
3213:(
3194:)
3190:(
3171:)
3167:(
3140:(
3130:)
3126:(
3117:)
3113:(
3097:)
3093:(
3080:(
3061:)
3057:(
3042:)
3038:(
3015:)
3011:(
3002:)
2998:(
2697:e
2690:t
2683:v
2154:(
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
