58:
680:
575:
353:, when antagonism between Rome's lower and upper social classes, crop failures and intermittent famine were thought to be signs of divine wrath, provoked by Roman impiety. The new cult was installed around 205 BC at Ceres' Aventine temple. Ethnically Greek priestesses were recruited to serve Ceres and Proserpina as "Mother and Maiden". This innovation might represent an attempt by Rome's ruling class to please the gods and the plebs; the latter shared strong cultural ties with Italian
540:. Unmarried girls were expected to emulate the chastity of Proserpina, the maiden; married women were expected to seek to emulate Ceres, the devoted and fruitful Mother. Their rites were intended to secure a good harvest, and increase the fertility of those who partook in the mysteries. Each of the Aventine triad's deities continued to receive cult in their own right. Liber's open, gender-mixed cult and festivals continued, though likely caught up in the suppression of the
2211:
590:
661:
374:, a male priesthood usually reserved to plebeians. The new cult might have partly subsumed the Aventine temple's older, native cults to Ceres, Liber and Libera, but it also functioned alongside them. Liber played no part in the reformed cult. Ceres, Proserpina/Libera and Liber are known to have received cult in their own right, at their Aventine temple and elsewhere, though details are lacking.
342:. Libera is sometimes described as a female version of Liber Pater, concerned with female fertility. Otherwise she is given no clear identity or mythology by Roman sources, and no Greek equivalent. Nothing is known of her native iconography: her name translates as a feminine form of Liber, "the free one". Proserpina's name is a Latinisation of "Persephone", perhaps influenced by the Latin
777:. In Virgil's Georgics, Orpheus' beloved wife, Eurydice, died from a snake-bite; Proserpina allowed Orpheus into Hades without losing his life; charmed by his music, she allowed him to lead his wife back to the land of the living, as long as he did not look back during the journey. But Orpheus could not resist a backward glance, so Eurydice was forever lost to him.
446:(Rome's citizen-commoners), who had threatened secession. Collectively, these three deities were divine patrons and protectors of Rome's commoner-citizens, and guardians of Rome's senatorial records and written laws, housed at the temple soon after its foundation. Libera might have been offered cult on March 17 during Liber's festival,
454:, held in mid-to-late April; in the latter festival, she would have been subordinate to Ceres; the names of both Liber and Libera were a later addition to Ceres's festival. Otherwise, Libera's functional relationship to her Aventine cult partners is uncertain. She has no known native iconography or mythology.
381:, and daughter to Ceres. The cult's functions, framework of myths and roles involved the agricultural cycle, seasonal death and rebirth, dutiful daughterhood and motherly care. They included secret initiations and nocturnal torchlit processions, and cult objects concealed from non-initiates. Proserpina's
756:
asserts that
Proserpina agrees to this, and is reluctant to ascend from the underworld and re-unite with her mother. When Ceres greets her daughter's return to the world of the living, the crops grow, flowers blossom, and in summer all growing crops flourish, to be harvested in Autumn. During the
608:
The best-known myth surrounding
Proserpina is of her abduction by the god of the Underworld, her mother Ceres' frantic search for her, and her eventual but temporary restitution to the world above. In Latin literature, several versions are known, all similar in most respects to the myths of Greek
621:, her captor is known as Hades; they form a divine couple who rule the underworld together, and receive Eleusinian initiates into some form of better afterlife. Renamed Pluto, the king of the underworld is distanced from his violent abduction of his consort. In 27 BC
617:, and in Greek sources as Hades or Pluto. "Hades" can mean both the hidden Underworld and its king ('the hidden one'), who in early Greek versions of the myth is a dark, unsympathetic figure; Persephone is "Kore" ('the maiden'), taken against her will; in the Greek
1565:
Diti patri dedicata est, qui dives ut apud
Graecos Plouton, quia et recidunt omnia in terras et oriuntur e terris, Cui Proserpinam (quod Graecorum nomen est, ea enim est quae Persefone Graece nominatur) — quam frugum semen esse volunt absconditamque quaeri a matre
496:
Proserpina was officially introduced to Rome as the daughter of Ceres in the newly
Romanised cult of "Mother and Daughter". The cult's origins lay in southern Italy, which was politically allied to Rome but culturally a part of
751:
seeds he offers her; those who have eaten the food of the dead cannot return to the world of the living. Pluto insists that she had willingly eaten his pomegranate seeds and in return she must stay with him for half the year.
1064:
mistakes this introduction as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect its high profile and ubiquity during the later
Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her
393:
and later art and literature. In particular, her seizure by the god of the
Underworld – usually described as the Rape of Proserpina, or of Persephone – has offered dramatic subject matter for
739:
Proserpina's mother, Ceres, seeks her daughter across the world, but in vain. The sun sinks and darkness falls as Ceres walks the earth, stopping the growth of crops and creating a
1112:"The known unknown: identification, provenancing, and relocation of pieces of decorative architecture from Roman public buildings and other private structures in Malta"
430:
goddess, paired with Liber as an "etymological duality" at some time during Rome's Regal or very early
Republican eras. She enters Roman history as part of a so-called
708:
In
Claudian's version, the unprepossessing Dis yearns for the joys of married love and fatherhood, and threatens to make war on the other gods if he remains alone in
1477:
2611:
1352:
757:
time that
Proserpina resides with Pluto, the world goes through winter, when the earth gives no crops. The earth can only be fertile when she is above.
2616:
1452:
720:
to bring love to Dis, in fulfillment of the prophecy. Ceres has already sought to conceal the innocent
Proserpina by sending her to safety in
857:'s song about the legend was one of the last things she wrote prior to her death, and received its only performance at her last concert at
513:
so that they could pray to the gods "with a foreign and external knowledge, but with a domestic and civil intention". In his commentary on
544:
some twenty years on. Proserpina's individual cult, and her joint cult with Ceres became widespread throughout the Republic and Empire. A
62:
Marble statue of Proserpina, 2nd century AD. She is depicted holding a torch lighting her way and a sheaf of grain symbolizing abundance.
1539:
319:
484:. The older and newer forms of her names, cult, and rites, and their diverse associations, persisted well into the late Imperial era.
2360:
1253:
462:
Libera was officially identified as Proserpina from 205 BC, when she and Ceres acquired a Romanised form of Greek mystery rite, the
1772:
1427:
1402:
468:. This was part of Rome's religious recrecruitment of deities to serve as divine allies against Carthage, towards the end of the
2674:
1706:
1702:
1199:
952:
377:
The Roman cult of Mother and Maiden named Proserpina as queen of the underworld, spouse to Rome's king of the underworld,
1659:
Studies of wayside flowers while the air was yet pure among the alps and in the Scotland and England which my father knew
716:), who determine the destinies of all, arrange a future marriage for Dis, to prevent the outbreak of war. Jupiter orders
389:, her mother's search for her, and her eventual but temporary restoration to the world above are the subject of works in
2719:
2628:
1481:
17:
1677:
281:
221:
1153:
799:
488:(354–430 AD) wrote that Libera was a goddess of female fertility, just as Liber was a god of male fertility.
2699:
2422:
1281:
1014:
Qui facti sunt ex mortalibus immortales ... Ariadnen Liber pater Liberam appellavit, Minois et Pasiphaes filiam;
560:. The temple's ruins were quarried away between the 17th and 18th centuries; only a few fragments survive.
1669:
688:
349:
Proserpina was imported from southern Italy as part of an official religious strategy, towards the end of the
2694:
1377:
1356:
509:
and Persephone as "Mother and Maiden". It arrived in Rome along with its Greek priestesses, who were granted
367:
for respectable Roman women, both as followers and priestesses. It was almost certainly supervised by Rome's
57:
2704:
1765:
679:
2714:
909:
The pairing of Libera and Liber identifies both as aspects of an 'etymological duality' – cf Roman
35:
31:
2293:
2267:
831:
824:
684:
1745:
747:
to order Dis to free Proserpina; but Proserpina has melted Dis' hard heart, and eats "several" of the
2684:
2659:
2427:
2262:
464:
1725:
816:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2542:
2521:
2511:
1918:
1781:
1456:
918:
881:
841:
533:
518:
653:; in most cases, these Latin works identify Proserpina's underworld abductor and later consort as
2709:
2526:
1758:
2354:
1710:
1044:
693:
2573:
2470:
2126:
2045:
1793:
1574:
1548:
1265:
598:
549:
1736:
804:
74:, in winter (Roman name for underworld, and for its ruling deity, equivalent to Greek Hades)
50:
Queen of the Underworld, goddess of female and agricultural fertility, and springtime growth
2568:
2452:
2406:
2196:
2040:
1813:
1503:
1007:
794:
618:
545:
1533:
609:
Persephone's abduction by the King of the underworld, named variously in Latin sources as
8:
2664:
2606:
2412:
2298:
2272:
2131:
1980:
1970:
1933:
1528:
1309:
744:
574:
2485:
2111:
2075:
2035:
2010:
1913:
1893:
1833:
1750:
1613:
1607:
988:
980:
835:
298:
1431:
1406:
1175:
For treatment of Ovid's two versions, and comparison with his probable Greek sources,
569:
382:
2623:
2583:
2237:
2191:
2065:
2055:
2005:
1878:
1858:
1853:
1838:
1673:
1331:
992:
972:
858:
808:
717:
614:
522:
510:
435:
386:
302:
120:
1719:
812:
2516:
2247:
2166:
2106:
1965:
1943:
1928:
1590:
1579:
1553:
1031:
964:
820:
469:
350:
327:
246:
183:
1626:
1313:
846:
2638:
2633:
2552:
2547:
2400:
2368:
2252:
1785:
1681:
1602:
1040:
1036:
914:
854:
582:
293:
whose iconography, functions and myths are virtually identical to those of Greek
532:" mysteries of Ceres and Proserpina were expected to uphold Rome's traditional,
2490:
2379:
2242:
1960:
602:
431:
427:
297:. Proserpina replaced or was combined with the ancient Roman fertility goddess
235:
93:
301:, whose principal cult was housed in the Aventine temple of the grain-goddess
2653:
2417:
2341:
2257:
2186:
2156:
2136:
1985:
1908:
1898:
1799:
1133:
976:
934:
889:
664:
635:
529:
498:
485:
439:
323:
2480:
2475:
2437:
2334:
1883:
1823:
1714:
729:
724:, Ceres' earthly home and sanctuary; but Dis comes out from the volcano at
697:
641:
502:
360:
355:
1888:
672:
2232:
1650:
748:
541:
537:
411:
394:
364:
83:
2210:
521:
writes that Proserpina's heavenly name is Luna, and her earthly name is
476:
described Liber and Libera as Ceres' children. At around the same time,
2442:
2349:
2116:
2101:
2091:
2000:
736:, and takes her down into the underworld. The poem ends at this point.
725:
346:("to emerge, to creep forth"), with reference to the growing of grain.
294:
165:
1381:
984:
589:
2588:
2176:
2070:
790:
654:
610:
447:
418:
rights, god of wine, male fertility and liberty, equivalent to Greek
390:
378:
145:
104:
2495:
2432:
2373:
2277:
2096:
2050:
2025:
1955:
1863:
1848:
1843:
1818:
1694:
1638:
1622:
1286:
1249:
1195:
1111:
1061:
1043:, 4.11; both of whom most likely used the Late Republican polymath
968:
845:) The statue of the Rape of Prosepina by Pluto that stands in the
774:
766:
646:
451:
423:
415:
339:
1746:
The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Proserpina)
1645:(in Italian). Translated by de Angelis, Milo. Enrico Casaccia Pub.
2151:
2141:
2060:
2030:
2015:
1975:
1873:
1532:
1182:
The Metamorphosis of Persephone: Ovid and the self-conscious Muse
1158:
850:
770:
506:
481:
477:
419:
335:
331:
290:
169:
660:
2578:
2320:
2314:
2227:
2161:
2146:
2121:
1903:
1828:
1277:
1244:
1026:
910:
769:'s (4th century AD). It is closely connected with that of
753:
740:
721:
713:
709:
701:
645:
An early 5th century AD Latin version of the same myth is
622:
553:
514:
473:
369:
318:
at the temple. Their cults were served or supervised by a male
1504:"Projekt Gutenberg-DE – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Kultur"
675:
and Proserpina", identifying Dīs Pater as Proserpina's husband
264:
2447:
2171:
1995:
1950:
1938:
1923:
1868:
557:
528:
The exclusively female initiates and priestesses of the new "
443:
410:
In early Roman religion, Libera was the female equivalent of
314:
306:
149:
141:
130:
71:
937:, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica",
442:
at state expense, promised by Rome's governing class to the
201:
2328:
2181:
733:
630:
270:
213:
192:
258:
1990:
786:
207:
1780:
953:"Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica"
853:, Germany is also referred to as "Time Ravages Beauty".
438:
and Liber, in a temple established around 493 BC on the
1478:"Proserpina, aka Sea Nymphs – Maxfield Parrish Gallery"
359:. The reformed cult was based on the Greek, women-only
322:. Ceres was by far the senior of the three, one of the
1501:
633:
gives two poetic versions: one in Book 5 of his
282:
273:
261:
222:
210:
198:
1601:
267:
255:
252:
204:
189:
186:
1142:. University of California Press. pp. 107–109.
505:, which was a part public and part mystery cult to
249:
195:
1637:
1428:"Genios de la Pintura – Ficha Rapto de Proserpina"
1403:"Genios de la Pintura – Ficha Rapto de Proserpina"
876:
874:
765:The most extensive myth of Proserpina in Latin is
1547:
1543:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 456–457.
2651:
1290:. Translated by Kline, A.S. Book 4, 453–527
1621:
1308:
871:
312:Each of these three deities occupied their own
625:presented his own version of the myth, in his
1766:
501:. The cult was based on the women-only Greek
326:, Rome's approximate equivalent to the Greek
1589:
1109:
1701:("The Rape of Proserpine"), three books in
1649:
1355:. artmagick.com. 2008-07-31. Archived from
450:, or at some time during the seven days of
1773:
1759:
1056:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13, citing Cicero,
56:
1100:, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133
803:) in painting (D.G.Rossetti, a fresco by
728:in his chariot, seizes Proserpina at the
678:
659:
588:
573:
457:
1666:Virgil's Georgics: A New Interpretation
1633:(in Latin) – via DivusAngelus.it.
950:
925:, University of Texas Press, 1996, p. 8
760:
14:
2652:
1527:
1480:. Maxfieldparrish.info. Archived from
1455:. Webpages.ursinus.edu. Archived from
1353:"Proserpine by Dante Gabriel Rossetti"
1276:
1754:
1502:Johann Wolfgang Goethe (2006-04-26).
1179:
1137:
234:
1194:
1720:"Proserpina" on the Mythology Guide
1157:
1087:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97
1005:
405:
24:
2209:
1521:
1231:526, trans Frazer; seven in Ovid,
785:Proserpina's figure inspired many
639:and another in Book 4 of his
397:and later sculptors and painters.
25:
2731:
1688:
1595:Factorum et dictorum memorabilium
400:
1332:"Bernini – Plutone e Proserpina"
1154:Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
800:The Rape of Proserpina (Bernini)
570:Persephone § Abduction myth
536:-dominated social hierarchy and
330:. She was identified with Greek
245:
182:
1709:, Bill Thayer's edition of the
1495:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1395:
1370:
1345:
1324:
1302:
1270:
1258:
1238:
1217:
1188:
1169:
1146:
1122:
1103:
1090:
941:, Vol. 78 (1988), p 7, note 52.
629:. In the early 1st century AD,
1670:University of California Press
1430:. Artehistoria. Archived from
1405:. Artehistoria. Archived from
1227:, pp. 130-131; Three in Ovid,
1081:
1068:
1050:
1019:
999:
944:
928:
903:
743:with each step. Jupiter sends
669:Diti Patri et Proserpin sacrum
472:. In the late Republican era,
334:and Liber was identified with
13:
1:
1184:. Cambridge University Press.
1076:Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid
1025:Spaeth, 1996, p. 131, citing
864:
780:
491:
2675:Life-death-rebirth goddesses
1282:"English translation online"
1110:Cardona, David (2008–2009).
939:The Journal of Roman Studies
7:
1116:Malta Archaeological Review
886:American English Dictionary
789:compositions, eminently in
548:was located in a suburb of
426:. Libera was originally an
36:Proserpine (disambiguation)
32:Proserpina (disambiguation)
10:
2736:
2268:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2207:
1643:Il rapimento di Proserpina
1320:– via Divus Angelus.
1235:, 535-539, trans Humphries
567:
480:equated Libera with Greek
305:, along with the wine god
29:
2720:Mythological rape victims
2599:
2561:
2535:
2504:
2463:
2391:
2307:
2286:
2263:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2220:
2084:
1809:
1792:
161:
156:
137:
126:
116:
111:
100:
89:
78:
67:
55:
48:
43:
2522:Rape of the Sabine Women
1731:Accessed 27 January 2012
1617:] (in Latin). IV, 8.
957:Journal of Roman Studies
919:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley
842:The Garden of Proserpine
563:
2527:Battle of Lacus Curtius
1664:Miles, Gary B. (1980),
1540:Encyclopædia Britannica
1380:. OCAIW. Archived from
1225:The Roman goddess Ceres
1206:. Penelope.uchicago.edu
1180:Hinds, Stephen (1987).
1134:Homeric Hymn to Demeter
951:Wiseman, T. P. (1988).
923:The Roman Goddess Ceres
2700:Agricultural goddesses
2214:
1782:Ancient Roman religion
1737:Il Ratto di Proserpina
1711:Loeb Classical Library
1586:
1506:. Gutenberg.spiegel.de
1204:The Rape of Proserpine
705:
694:Dante Gabriel Rossetti
676:
605:
595:The Rape of Proserpina
586:
579:The Rape of Proserpina
363:, and was promoted as
289:) is an ancient Roman
236:[proːˈsɛrpɪna]
96:(with Liber and Ceres)
2213:
1575:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1561:
1549:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1223:"Several" in Spaeth,
1138:Rayor, Diane (2004).
823:) and in literature (
682:
663:
592:
577:
465:ritus graecia cereris
458:Libera and Proserpina
387:god of the underworld
27:Ancient Roman goddess
2695:Underworld goddesses
2407:Interpretatio graeca
1699:De raptu Proserpinae
1631:De Raptu Proserpinae
1597:(in Latin). II 4, 5.
1529:Frazer, James George
1453:"Rape of Proserpina"
1318:De Raptu Proserpinae
761:Orpheus and Eurydice
651:De raptu Proserpinae
619:Eleusinian Mysteries
546:Temple of Proserpina
538:traditional morality
152:(various traditions)
133:(various traditions)
30:For other uses, see
2705:Fertility goddesses
2607:Classical mythology
2428:Theology of victory
2273:Kings of Alba Longa
1623:Claudius Claudianus
1593:. "libri IX".
1557:(in Latin). II, 66.
1310:Claudius Claudianus
1098:Remus: a Roman myth
2715:Rape of Persephone
2215:
1729:, Proserpina.net.
1639:Claudiano, Claudio
1627:"full text online"
1534:"Proserpine"
861:in December 2009.
836:Hymn to Proserpine
706:
677:
606:
599:Vincenzo de' Rossi
587:
383:forcible abduction
18:Libera (mythology)
2647:
2646:
2624:Etruscan religion
2238:Romulus and Remus
2221:Legendary figures
2205:
2204:
1854:Castor and Pollux
1732:
1140:The Homeric Hymns
1012:(in Latin). 224.
859:Royal Albert Hall
511:Roman citizenship
365:morally desirable
320:public priesthood
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
2727:
2685:Roman underworld
2660:Greek underworld
2517:Founding of Rome
2287:Legendary beings
2248:Tullus Hostilius
2085:Abstract deities
1944:Lares Familiares
1807:
1806:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1730:
1661:
1646:
1634:
1618:
1598:
1591:Valerius Maximus
1584:
1580:De natura deorum
1558:
1554:De natura deorum
1544:
1536:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1152:As in the Greek
1150:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1096:Wiseman, T. P.,
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1047:as their source.
1032:De Natura Deorum
1023:
1017:
1016:
1003:
997:
996:
948:
942:
932:
926:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
878:
470:Second Punic War
406:Origin of Libera
351:second Punic war
328:Twelve Olympians
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
238:
233:
226:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
162:Greek equivalent
60:
41:
40:
21:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2690:Spring (season)
2680:Roman goddesses
2670:Death goddesses
2650:
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2639:Myth and ritual
2634:Greek mythology
2595:
2557:
2553:Pignora imperii
2548:Parabiago Plate
2531:
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2369:Sibylline Books
2303:
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2216:
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1614:The City of God
1608:De Civitate Dei
1603:Saint Augustine
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1522:Further reading
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692:(1873–1877) by
601:, on view near
583:Hans von Aachen
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1689:External links
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2187:Tranquillitas
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1800:Dii Consentes
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1678:0-520-03789-8
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1498:
1484:on 2013-10-17
1483:
1479:
1473:
1459:on 2011-09-27
1458:
1454:
1448:
1434:on 2007-03-10
1433:
1429:
1423:
1409:on 2008-12-04
1408:
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1398:
1384:on 2002-08-22
1383:
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1359:on 2013-05-11
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1233:Metamorphoses
1230:
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1201:
1200:"Book I"
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935:T. P. Wiseman
931:
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890:HarperCollins
887:
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807:, J. Heintz,
806:
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719:
715:
712:. The Fates (
711:
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695:
691:
690:
686:
681:
674:
670:
666:
665:Votive pillar
662:
658:
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637:
636:Metamorphoses
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499:Magna Graecia
489:
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486:St. Augustine
483:
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455:
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440:Aventine Hill
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324:dii consentes
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94:Aventine Hill
92:
88:
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81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
59:
54:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2543:Gubernaculum
2512:Golden Bough
2481:Neoplatonism
2476:Epicureanism
2405:
2378:
2359:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2020:
1824:Anna Perenna
1798:
1741:(in Italian)
1735:
1724:
1715:LacusCurtius
1698:
1682:Google books
1665:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1612:
1606:
1594:
1578:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1538:
1508:. Retrieved
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1378:"galenug288"
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1285:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1190:
1181:
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1013:
1008:
1001:
960:
956:
946:
938:
930:
922:
905:
893:. Retrieved
885:
882:"Proserpina"
847:Great Garden
840:
834:
827:
798:
784:
764:
738:
730:Pergusa Lake
707:
698:Tate Gallery
687:
668:
650:
640:
634:
626:
607:
594:
578:
552:, in modern
527:
503:Thesmophoria
495:
463:
461:
432:Triadic cult
409:
376:
368:
361:Thesmophoria
356:magna Graeca
354:
348:
343:
313:
311:
240:
177:
176:
2617:Persecution
2569:Gallo-Roman
2361:Res divinae
2233:Rhea Silvia
1651:John Ruskin
1294:15 December
832:Swinburne's
817:Dell'Abbate
749:pomegranate
671:, "Holy to
542:Bacchanalia
530:Greek-style
412:Liber Pater
395:Renaissance
157:Equivalents
107:(uncertain)
84:pomegranate
2665:Proserpina
2654:Categories
2562:Variations
2464:Philosophy
2443:Capitolium
2350:Propertius
2117:Averruncus
2102:Aeternitas
2092:Abundantia
2021:Proserpina
1726:Proserpina
1655:Proserpina
1605:of Hippo.
1510:2011-09-05
1488:2013-03-27
1463:2011-09-06
1438:2011-09-06
1413:2013-03-27
1388:2013-03-27
1363:2013-03-27
1338:2013-03-27
1334:. Thais.it
1264:Miles, p.
1210:2011-09-06
1035:2.62, and
865:References
828:Proserpina
805:Pomarancio
781:In artwork
726:Mount Etna
689:Proserpine
568:See also:
492:Proserpina
434:alongside
344:proserpere
295:Persephone
241:Proserpine
178:Proserpina
166:Persephone
44:Proserpina
2589:Mithraism
2574:Mysteries
2423:Palladium
2401:Festivals
2177:Securitas
2127:Concordia
2071:Vertumnus
1889:Dīs Pater
1786:mythology
1132:and the "
1074:Servius,
1058:pro Balbo
1006:Hyginus.
993:161849654
977:0075-4358
963:: 7 n54.
791:sculpture
673:Dīs Pater
534:patrician
448:Liberalia
379:Dis pater
146:Dis Pater
112:Genealogy
105:Liberalia
101:Festivals
2629:Glossary
2600:See also
2496:Stoicism
2471:Cynicism
2433:Pomerium
2392:Concepts
2374:Apuleius
2294:She-wolf
2278:Hersilia
2197:Victoria
2097:Aequitas
2051:Summanus
2041:Silvanus
2026:Quirinus
1956:Libertas
1919:Hercules
1864:Cloacina
1849:Carmenta
1844:Bona Dea
1819:Angerona
1814:Agenoria
1713:text at
1695:Claudian
1653:(1886).
1641:(2010).
1572:—
1531:(1911).
1314:"online"
1287:Georgics
1280:(2002).
1250:Georgics
1196:Claudian
1130:Theogony
1118:(9): 43.
1062:Arnobius
825:Goethe's
813:A. Dürer
787:artistic
775:Eurydice
767:Claudian
667:reading
647:Claudian
627:Georgics
593:Copy of
452:Cerealia
424:Dionysus
416:plebeian
372:Cerealis
340:Dionysus
286:-ər-pyne
127:Siblings
2612:Decline
2536:Objects
2438:Temples
2418:Charity
2152:Laverna
2142:Fortuna
2132:Feronia
2061:Veritas
2031:Salacia
2016:Priapus
2001:Penates
1981:Neptune
1976:Minerva
1971:Mercury
1934:Jupiter
1874:Dea Dia
1839:Bellona
1794:Deities
1707:English
1566:fingunt
1163:Fabulae
1159:Hyginus
1009:Fabulae
895:15 July
851:Dresden
821:Parrish
795:Bernini
771:Orpheus
745:Mercury
519:Servius
507:Demeter
482:Ariadne
478:Hyginus
420:Bacchus
385:by the
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