389:
114:
538:
September 24 in 8.2 — it is supposed that roughly columns 1-5 deal with rituals occurring in the months before June (probably starting in March, and perhaps there was introductory or other material here as well), column 6 with June rituals, column 7 may refer to rituals in July and possibly August, column 8 September rituals, and 9-12 concerning rites to be performed from
October through February. Other numbers are mentioned which are probably also dates, but as the months aren't indicated, we cannot be sure where exactly they fall in the year.
250:
1686:
2241:
400:
1533:
40:
537:
Though many of the specific details of the rituals are unclear, they seem to have been performed outside cities, sometimes near specific rivers, sometimes on (or at least for) hilltops/citadels, sometimes apparently in cemeteries. Based on the two unambiguous dates that survive — June 18 in 6.14 and
491:
Though the
Etruscan language is not fully understood, many words and phrases can be deciphered, enough to give us an indication of the subject matter. Both dates and the names of gods are found throughout the text, giving the impression that the book is a religious calendar. Such calendars are known
304:
Mummy of a young woman (with wrappings removed) standing in a glass case and held upright by an iron rod. Another glass case contains the mummy's bandages which are completely covered with writing in an unknown and hitherto undeciphered language, representing an outstanding treasure of the
National
455:
The book is laid out in twelve columns from right to left, each one representing a "page". Much of the first three columns is missing, and it is not known where the book begins. Closer to the end of the book the text is almost complete (there is a strip missing that runs the entire length of the
851:
A tentative partial translation: "The sacrifice, be it funerary, be it chthonic on the decorated litter. say: 'The sacrifice and the dog(?) are presented as the offering.' And collect the goblets; and then present the puppy(?) and the dog(?). The libation that was poured in the of
377:. This discovery has been used as evidence to suggest that the mummy is the Nesi-hensu mentioned on the papyrus. However, later analysis of the papyrus has suggested that it postdates the mummy by nearly a century, which could suggest that the mummy is not Nesi-hensu.
1077:
The phrase is restored at line 2.1‑2 and repeated at 2.3‑4+. Van der Meer's translation is " not significantly different from what can be found in other handbooks". See
Beckwith, Miles (2008) "Review of L.B. van der Meer, "Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis",
734:(a term that seems to mark the end of rituals in this text, since blank lines follow it, followed by a new (partial or complete) date). Column 7 (July and/or August?) may be devoted to describing a series of funereal rites connected to the
463:
There are 230 lines of text, with 1330 legible words, but only about 500 distinct words or roots. Only about 60% of the text is thought to have been preserved. Black ink has been used for the main text, and red ink for lines and
210:, also seems to be a ritual calendar.) Much of it is untranslated because of the lack of knowledge about the Etruscan language, though the words and phrases which can be understood indicate that the text is most likely a ritual
285:, standing it upright in the corner of his sitting room. At some point he removed the linen wrappings and put them on display in a separate glass case, though it seems he had never noticed the inscriptions or their importance.
503:
The theory that this is a religious text is strengthened by recurring words and phrases that are surmised to have liturgical or dedicatory meanings. Some notable formulae on the Liber
Linteus include a hymn-like repetition of
416:
On paleographic grounds, the manuscript is dated to approximately 250 BC (though carbon dating put manufacture of the linen textile itself at 390 BC +/- 45 years). Certain local gods mentioned within the text allow the
358:
At first, the provenance and identity of the mummy were unknown, due to the irregular nature of its excavation and sale. This resulted in speculation that the mummy may have had some association with either the
541:
Throughout this calendar there is also a fairly clear progression of which kinds of deities are to be propitiated in which months and seasons. Only two individual gods are set off by being preceded by the term
1188:
Tusca. 1. Die
Agramer mumienbinden. 2. Die inschrift des cippus von Perugia. 3. Die Pulena-rolle. 4. Das bleitäfelchen von Magliano. 5. Die leber von Piacenza. 6. Golini-grab I. 7. Die inschrift von Capua.
355:. In 1892, Krall was the first to identify the language as Etruscan and reassemble the strips. It was his work that established that the linen wrappings constituted a manuscript written in Etruscan.
824:
Column 3, strip C (There are no punctuation marks in the original beyond interpuncts between most words. Those provided here are to make it easier to match the original with the translation.)
380:
She was 30–40 years old at the time of her death, and wore a necklace, with traces of flowers and gold in her hair. Among the fragments of the accompanying wreath, there was a cat skull.
1034:
Liber
Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. p. 9
1025:
Liber
Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. p. 4
1016:
Liber
Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. p. 5
328:
made him realise that the writing was not
Egyptian. They realised the text was potentially important, but wrongly concluded that it was a transliteration of the Egyptian
663:, only appears in columns 5 and 6. van der Meer claims that many of the locations in the year of these deities' rituals correspond to the same deities' locations on the
912:
Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007
903:
Beckwith, Miles (2008) "Review of L.B. van der Meer, Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis," Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 4.
1481:
The Liber linteus: A Word for Word Commentary to and Translation of the Longest Etruscan Text. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Neue Folge, Bd 5.
1098:
L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 28-43 et passim
856:
just as it was poured on the decorated litter. Make the libation three times. Make the offering established, carry out as is appropriate, observe (?)."
816:"libation" and also in a part of each text that probably corresponds to March (though that month is not directly named in any obvious way in either text).
804:
This seems to present a notable connection between the Liber Linteus and the second longest Etruscan text which happens to also be a ritual calendar, the
214:. Miles Beckwith states with regard to this text that "in the last thirty or forty years, our understanding of Etruscan has increased substantially," and
947:
1499:, Atti del III Convegno dell’Istituto di Ricerche e Documentazione sugli antichi Umbri (IRDAU), Perugia – Gubbio, 21-25 settembre 2011, Roma. pp. 35-46.
1055:
van der Meer, L. B. (2007) Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007, p. 169
615:
at 6.9; while, on the other hand, various terms thought or known to refer to specifically underworld deities exclusively appear later in the calendar:
1495:
Belfiore, V (2016) "Sacrifici cruenti e incruenti nei 'testi paralleli' del Liber Linteus," in: A.Ancillotti – A.Calderini – R.Massarelli (eds.),
1129:
L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 78-82
1120:
L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 78-82
2293:
1172:
1138:
L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 p. 82
1660:
578:
on June 21), but he is not ever mentioned later in the calendar (as far as we can see in the text that is legible). On the other hand,
17:
492:
from the Roman world, giving not only the dates of ceremonies and processions, but also the rituals and liturgies involved. The lost
1068:
Translated by Cremina, J (Revised and Enlarged ed.). Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-253-32080-1.
288:
The mummy remained on display at his home until his death in 1859, when it passed into possession of his brother Ilija, a priest in
2268:
1987:
667:
and in other Etruscan sources that hint at how they divided the heavens or the divine realm. On the other hand, Belfiore considers
1741:
1043:
van der Meer, L. B. (2011) Review of V. Belfiore's Il liber linteus di Zagabria (2010) in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2011.1.36
769:"of the citadel(s)/hiltop(s)". Less clear are the kinds of priest indicated by the following (if they refer to priests at all):
1304:
Pallottino, M. (1986) "Il libro etrusco della uimmia di Zagabria. Significato e valore storico e linguistico del documento" in
1234:
Olzscha, K. (1959). "Die Kalendardaten der Agramer Mumienbinden" [The calendar data from the Zagreb mummy wrappings].
1786:
1451:
1397:
1371:
1161:]. Denkschriften der K. Akademie der wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-historische classe; bd. XLI (in German). Wien.
996:
1278:
574:/Jupiter is mentioned in the first half of the text (in columns 3, 4, and 6), that is, up to June (specifically before the
1483:
Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck Bereich Sprachwissenschaft. ISBN 9783851242317.
292:. As he took no interest in the mummy, he donated it in 1867 to the State Institute of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia in
2263:
1565:
801:(should be performed) with the decorated litter just as it had been poured (before); perform the libation three times."
1497:
Forme e strutture della religione nell’Italia mediana antica / Forms and Structures of Religion in Ancient Central Italy
1518:
753:, (but notably not civil authorities) are mentioned, but the exact distinctions between them are not completely clear:
266:
206:), dated to the 3rd century BC, making it arguably the oldest extant European book. (The second longest Etruscan text,
1152:
157:
135:
1502:
Belfiore, V. (2018) "La nozione di sacer in etrusco: dai riti del liber linteus a ritroso," in: T.Lanfranchi (ed.).
128:
582:/Neptune does not occur (again, as far as we can see) in these earlier passages/months/seasons, but only after the
2283:
1940:
297:
229:. The mummy was bought in Alexandria in 1848 and since 1867 both the mummy and the manuscript have been kept in
2278:
1901:
1537:
974:
951:
1736:
262:
238:
1219:
Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht ("Forschungen zur griechischen und lateinischen Grammatik" volume 11).
1823:
1731:
706:"piglet(s)" (or perhaps some other animal). Offerings and sacrifices were placed: on the right and/or left
373:, which included the details of an Egyptian woman named Nesi-hensu, the wife of Paher-hensu, a tailor from
586:
on September 21 (specifically just after September 24, mentioned in 8.3, then also 8.11, 9.18 and 9.22).
495:
2273:
1891:
2288:
1886:
1812:
1655:
1201:
Olzscha, K. (1934) "Aufbau und Gliederung in den Parallelstellen der Agramer Mumienbinden" I and II in
1191:
922:
1853:
1833:
1694:
1675:
1640:
678:
literally "for the gods, divine (act)") described in the text. The most frequently mentioned include
320:. He did not undertake any further research on the text, until 1877, when a chance conversation with
1475:
2030:
122:
281:
containing a female mummy, as a souvenir of his travels. Barić displayed the mummy at his home in
2050:
1558:
1871:
1866:
321:
139:
795:
vacl . an . ścanince . saucsaθ . persin / cletram . śrenχve . iχ . ścanince . ciz . vacl / ara
269:
Royal Chancellery, resigned his post and embarked upon a tour of several countries, including
1876:
1781:
1711:
1574:
388:
366:
215:
1685:
1405:
Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text
1390:
Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text
1264:
Denkschriften der Ă–sterreichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse
2113:
617:
607:
probably "Dawn of (bright) Jupiter (and) Dawn of the Dark Deities," (probably referring to
339:
In 1891, the wrappings were transported to Vienna, where they were thoroughly examined by
8:
1982:
1911:
1906:
933:
Krall, Jacob (lived 1857-1905) "Die etruskishen Mumienbinden des Agramer Naionalmuseums"
567:
563:
317:
289:
1511:
Tables Eugubines ombriennes et Livre de lin Ă©trusque: Pour une reprise de la comparaison
2025:
1976:
1595:
1551:
1251:
1179:
Rosenberg, A. (1912) "Zu den Agramer Mumienbinden" Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht
1166:
981:, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet, Odsjek za arheologiju, pp. 113–115,
2240:
2073:
2020:
1929:
1921:
1806:
1771:
1721:
1514:
1447:
1424:
1393:
1377:
1367:
1364:
Il verbo etrusco : ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale
1243:
992:
664:
623:
608:
583:
195:
98:
1412:
1083:
1963:
1934:
1861:
1761:
1698:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1582:
1111:
Biblioteca di "Studi Etruschi" 50. Pisa/Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2010. p. 195.
982:
516:, which is translated by van der Meer as "by the sacred fraternity/priesthood of
370:
348:
329:
313:
2065:
1958:
1881:
1751:
1746:
1650:
1630:
1217:
Der etruskische Text der Agramer Mumienbinden. Mit einem Glossar von S. P. Corsen
575:
352:
344:
333:
226:
191:
471:
In use, it would have been folded so that one page lay on top of another like a
2088:
1969:
1896:
1726:
1706:
1670:
805:
674:
There are a variety of types of ritual (the general term for which seems to be
428:
340:
325:
207:
179:
987:
2257:
2183:
2045:
1953:
1828:
1625:
1491:
1466:
1428:
1247:
1044:
374:
1381:
698:
probably "sacrifice" but possibly "to present" sacrifice(s) or offering(s) (
2244:
2163:
2055:
2035:
1716:
1665:
270:
203:
423:'s place of production to be narrowed to a small area in the southeast of
2040:
2015:
1615:
278:
249:
1543:
1255:
1997:
1472:
Kulte, Riten, religise Vorstellung bei den Etruskern, a cura di P.Amman
369:. A papyrus found within her sarcophagus was identified as an Egyptian
310:
274:
1340:
Mirnik, I., Rendić-Miočević, A. (1997) "Liber linteus Zagrbiensis II"
648:(described by van der Meer as an "underworld Jupiter") in 10 and 11.
546:, probably "the Genius (or Father?) of the spirit of/in..." These are
309:
The mummy and its wrappings were examined the same year by the German
2208:
2193:
2168:
2138:
2108:
1776:
1610:
1333:
Mirnik, I., Rendić-Miočević, A. (1996) "Liber linteus Zagrbiensis I"
739:
480:
465:
2083:
1192:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080335576&seq=92
923:
https://archive.org/details/denkschriften4142ster/page/n277/mode/2up
2223:
2218:
2213:
2198:
2178:
2010:
2005:
1796:
1756:
1645:
1506:, Actes de la journée d’étude, Rome, 4 avril 2014, Roma. pp. 39-59.
819:
660:
633:
211:
1094:
1092:
1090:
921:
J. Krall's 1892 transcription of the entire text can be found at:
399:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2093:
1791:
1620:
868:
864:
643:
552:
457:
444:
436:
424:
234:
88:
74:
1222:
Olzscha, K. (1939) "Interpretation der Agramer Mumienbinden" in
1838:
1766:
1532:
1262:
Pfiffig, A. J. (1963) "Studien zu den Agramer Mumienbinden" in
1087:
743:
735:
591:
476:
440:
432:
293:
282:
254:
230:
84:
70:
937:, Philosophish-historische Klasse 41, III Abh. Wien 1892, 1-70
456:
book). By the end of the last page the cloth is blank and the
2228:
2188:
2173:
2123:
2098:
2078:
1843:
1818:
1801:
1635:
1486:
Tikkanen, K. W. (2014) Review of Woudhuizen, F. C. (2013) in
875:
is related to the well-attested Etruscan words for "mirror":
558:
472:
222:
199:
50:
1159:
The Etruscan mummy wrappings from the Zagreb national museum
589:
Similarly, on the one hand, other deities of light, such as
431:, where four major Etruscan cities were located: modern day
2203:
2103:
686:"wine" (sometimes specifically "new wine") but also of oil
1470:
Meiser, G. (2012) "Umbrische Kulte im Liber Linteus?", in
1403:
Turfa, J. M. (2008) Review of van der Meer, L. B. (2007)
1154:
Die etruskischen Mumienbinden des Agramer National-museums
935:
Denkschirften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
479:. Julius Caesar is said to have folded scrolls in similar
221:
The fabric of the book was preserved when it was used for
218:
has published a word-by-word analysis of the entire text.
39:
730:
and often happened or were concluded during the morning
599:
are only mentioned in the earlier part of the calendar:
261:
In 1848, Mihajlo Barić (1791–1859), a low ranking
529:
517:
511:
505:
1437:
Il liber linteus di Zagabria: testualitĂ e contenuto
1109:
Il liber linteus di Zagabria: testualitĂ e contenuto.
651:
But some of the apparent underworld deities, such as
1457:
van der Meer, L. B. (2011) Review of V. Belfiore's
1413:"Ritual prescriptions in the Etruscan Liber linteus"
726:
among others. They were often performed three times
1080:
Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies
694:"invoke" or possibly "offer (with an invokation)";
1270:Ă–sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien.
182:for "Linen Book of Zagreb", also known rarely as
1322:Flury-Lemberg, M. (1986) "Die Rekonstruktion des
950:. Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Archived from
460:is intact, showing the definite end of the book.
2255:
1277:University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 108-112.
1275:Materials for the Study of the Etruscan Language
820:Short sample of the text and partial translation
690:and other liquids whose identities are unclear;
347:, who expected the writing to be either Coptic,
316:, who noticed the text, but believed them to be
793:( or "of the god Saucne") at 3.15 (3.15-3.17):
500:are referred to by several Roman antiquarians.
1559:
1366:(in Italian). Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider.
1273:Fowler, M and R. G. Wolfe (preparers) (1965)
566:, and the second roughly equivalent to Latin
1661:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
1064:Pallottino, M. (1975). Ridgway, David (ed.)
833:13 cletram śren-χve. trin: θezi-ne χim fler
300:). Their catalogue described it as follows:
1282:Roncalli, F. (1978-1980) "Osservazioni sui
1151:Krall, J. (1892-01-07). Tempsky, F. (ed.).
948:"The Egyptian Collection: The Zagreb Mummy"
845:17 ar-a. nunθene śaθ-aś, naχve heχz, male.
523:
493:
418:
360:
184:
172:
1566:
1552:
1410:
1171:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1045:https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011.01.36/
839:15 θezi. vacl an ścanince saucsaθ . persin
797:roughly "The libation which was poured to
655:, show up in both halves (4, 5, 9), while
510:in column 7, and variations on the phrase
38:
1573:
1358:(Studia Classica, Band 1) St. Katharinen.
1311:Pfiffig, A. J. (1986) "Zur Heuristik des
986:
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
842:16 cletram śrenχve iχ ścanince. clt vacl
836:14 tarc. mutin um anancveĹ›; nac cal tarc
771:zec, zac, sve, θe, cluctra, flanaχ, χuru
738:festival ritually mourning the death of
398:
387:
248:
121:This article includes a list of general
1233:
785:("omen interpreter from lightening"?),
475:, rather than being wound along like a
244:
14:
2256:
972:
253:Mummy at the Archaeological Museum in
2294:Archaeological discoveries in Croatia
1547:
1361:
1150:
812:seems to occur in both with the root
1342:Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
1335:Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
1328:Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
1317:Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
1306:Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu
722:; or with/on a decorated (?) litter
237:, now in a refrigerated room at the
107:
1326:oder die Mumienbinden von Zagreb,"
1215:Runes, M. and S. P. Corsten (1935)
975:"Liber Linteus i ZagrebaÄŤka mumija"
556:, the first probably equivalent to
24:
1183:(Göttingen), 1912, Vol.4 (1), p.51
710:(and variations thereof); on fire
682:, probably "libation", usually of
513:śacnicstreś cilθś śpureśtreśc enaś
411:
127:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2305:
1525:
1190:Leipzig : K. W. Hiersemann.
611:as morning and evening star) and
2239:
1988:English words of Etruscan origin
1862:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
1684:
1531:
1349:Etruskische Texte: Editio minor.
1288:Rendiconti. Pontificia Accademia
112:
2269:1867 archaeological discoveries
1941:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
1742:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
1356:Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen
1144:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1101:
1082:, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Article 4.
1071:
1058:
1049:
1037:
298:Archaeological Museum in Zagreb
27:Manuscript in Etruscan language
1902:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
1877:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
1423:. Bruxelles: Safran: 281–296.
1028:
1019:
1010:
979:Recikliraj, ideje iz prošlosti
966:
940:
927:
915:
906:
897:
749:A variety of types of priest,
13:
1:
886:
605:θesan tini θesan eiseraś śeuś
1907:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
1732:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
1504:Autour de la notion de sacer
1459:Il liber linteus di Zagabria
1388:van der Meer, L. B. (2007)
891:
830:12 er, etnam tesim, etnam c,
671:to be an underworld deity.
530:
518:
512:
506:
483:fashion while on campaigns.
450:
7:
1892:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
10:
2310:
2264:3rd-century BC manuscripts
1897:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
1887:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
1813:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
1656:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
1488:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1463:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1411:Woudhuizen, F. C. (2008).
1324:liber linteus Zagrabiensis
1313:Liber linteus zagrabiensis
486:
405:Liber Linteus Zagrebiensis
393:Liber Linteus Zagrebiensis
174:Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis
18:Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis
2237:
2064:
1996:
1920:
1852:
1834:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
1693:
1682:
1676:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
1641:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
1581:
1479:Woudhuizen, F. C. (2013)
988:10.17234/9789531757232-07
808:(line 2), since the root
621:"Saturn/Cronos" (11.f4),
198:text and the only extant
94:
80:
64:
56:
46:
37:
32:
2031:National Etruscan Museum
1882:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
1354:Steinbauer, D.H. (1999)
627:(in columns 10 and 12),
2051:Tumulus of Montefortini
867:whose ancient name was
789:("of the god Peθan"?),
383:
142:more precise citations.
2284:Archaeology of Croatia
1872:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
1867:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
1290:51-52 , pp. 3-21.
714:; on a stone (altar?)
524:
494:
419:
408:
403:A sample of text from
396:
361:
258:
185:
173:
2279:Etruscan inscriptions
1782:Monterozzi necropolis
1575:Etruscan civilization
1435:Belfiore, V. (2010)
1392:. Louvain/Dudley, MA
1212:1935 pp. 191 ff.
1208:pp. 247 ff. and
1186:GrĂĽnwedel, A. (1922)
973:Uranić, Igor (2019),
757:"of the village"(?);
659:, also thought to be
637:(7, 10, and 11), and
570:. It is notable that
402:
391:
252:
239:Archaeological Museum
2114:Civita di Bagnoregio
1787:Mythological figures
1540:at Wikimedia Commons
1407:. Louvain/Dudley, MA
1362:Wylin, Koen (2000).
954:on 20 September 2016
765:both "of the tomb";
318:Egyptian hieroglyphs
245:History of discovery
1983:Tyrsenian languages
1912:Roman-Etruscan Wars
1824:Terracotta warriors
1344:20, pp. 31–48.
1337:19, pp. 41–71.
1293:Rix, H. (1985) "Il
343:, an expert on the
2274:Etruscan artefacts
2026:Monteleone Chariot
1977:Tabula Cortonensis
1757:Haruspex/Extispicy
1596:Villanovan culture
1509:Dupraz, E. (2019)
1330:19, pp. 73–79
1319:19, pp. 9–13.
496:Etrusca disciplina
409:
397:
259:
216:L. B. van der Meer
194:") is the longest
2289:Tourism in Zagreb
2251:
2250:
2021:Impasto (pottery)
1772:Liver of Piacenza
1722:Chimera of Arezzo
1536:Media related to
1474:, Wien, 163-172.
1452:978-88-6227-194-3
1398:978-90-429-2024-8
1373:978-88-8265-084-1
1308:19, pp. 1-5.
1297:di Zagabria" in
998:978-953-175-723-2
871:. The last word,
665:Liver of Piacenza
296:(the present-day
277:, he purchased a
168:
167:
160:
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2301:
2243:
1964:Lemnian language
1935:Cippus Perusinus
1854:Military history
1688:
1606:Founding of Rome
1601:Padanian Etruria
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1439:. Biblioteca di
1432:
1385:
1299:Scrivere etrusco
1259:
1242:(3/4): 340–355.
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777:("permanent"?),
718:; on the ground
584:autumnal equinox
533:
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499:
422:
371:Book of the Dead
364:
330:Book of the Dead
314:Heinrich Brugsch
265:official in the
188:
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138:this article by
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1916:
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1752:Fanum Voltumnae
1747:Tiburtine Sibyl
1737:Etruscan League
1689:
1680:
1651:Servius Tullius
1631:Caelius Vibenna
1577:
1572:
1528:
1374:
1351:I-II, TĂĽbingen.
1347:Rix, H. (1991)
1301:pp. 17-52.
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412:Date and origin
386:
345:Coptic language
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227:Ptolemaic Egypt
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1513:Herman: Paris
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781:('"ad hoc"?),
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148:February 2013
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33:Liber Linteus
31:
19:
2164:Poggio Colla
2056:Vicus Tuscus
2036:Negau helmet
1975:
1968:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1811:
1712:Architecture
1666:Lars Porsena
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1462:
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1417:Res Antiquae
1416:
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1283:
1274:
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1202:
1198:, pp. 69-91)
1195:
1187:
1180:
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1145:Bibliography
1134:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1002:, retrieved
978:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:the original
942:
934:
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917:
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854:Saucne Persi
853:
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823:
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773:("arch-"?),
770:
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731:
728:ci-s-um/ci-z
727:
723:
719:
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639:Veive-/Vetis
638:
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311:Egyptologist
308:
287:
260:
220:
204:libri lintei
183:
171:
169:
154:
145:
126:
105:
2041:Portonaccio
2016:Etruscology
1616:Tyrrhenians
1446:Pisa-Roma.
799:Sauc- Pers-
702:) often of
603:at 5.19-20
595:"Dawn" and
341:Jakob Krall
279:sarcophagus
273:. While in
190:, "Book of
140:introducing
2258:Categories
2074:Acquarossa
1998:Archeology
1461:(2010) in
1194:(includes
1004:2024-02-21
958:7 February
887:References
767:cilθ-l/cva
631:(at 7.8),
466:diacritics
275:Alexandria
123:references
65:Discovered
2209:Vetulonia
2194:Tarquinia
2169:Populonia
2139:Fescennia
2109:Cerveteri
2066:Key sites
1777:Mezentius
1611:Tyrrhenus
1429:1781-1317
1248:0001-9046
1196:full text
1167:cite book
892:Citations
742:'s lover
740:Aphrodite
732:cla θesan
704:zusle(va)
700:fler(χva)
481:accordion
451:Structure
367:Etruscans
267:Hungarian
2224:Volterra
2219:Volsinii
2214:Vie Cave
2199:Tuscania
2179:Rusellae
2011:Cuniculi
2006:Bucchero
1930:Alphabet
1922:Language
1807:Religion
1797:Poppilia
1646:Tanaquil
1382:44098559
1256:41215687
1236:Aegyptus
1230:Leipzig.
1226:Beiheft
881:malstria
877:mal(e)na
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