609:, under arrest for associating with Lü. Meanwhile, Ma rendezvoused with Hun at Changchun Palace and put it under siege. By this point, the Shuofang soldiers were largely ready to turn against Li Huaiguang, and when Yan Yan tried to lead them against Han Yougui's Binning army — which was branched off the Shuofang army, and whose soldiers therefore mostly had family relationships with the Shuofang soldiers — the Shuofang soldiers refused to fight against Binning soldiers. Li Huaiguang declared to the soldiers that he was ready to resubmit to Tang and offer tributes to Emperor Dezong, but thereafter did nothing for another month. Meanwhile, as the Chang'an region lacked food, many officials suggested to Emperor Dezong that he pardon Li Huaiguang, but Li Sheng opposed, pointing out five reasons why pardoning Li Huaiguang would have undesirable effects, and Emperor Dezong agreed and did not pardon Li Huaiguang.
445:) to attack Chang'an. Li Huaiguang, angry that he was not even able to meet the emperor, began to resent Emperor Dezong. He stopped his army's movement and submitted petitions accusing Lu and the others of crimes and further accusing them of being responsible for the Jingyuan mutiny. Emperor Dezong was forced to demote and exile Lu, Bai, and Zhao. Li Huaiguang also submitted a petition accusing Zhai Wenxiu of crimes, and Emperor Dezong executed Zhai in response. Only after these events occurred did Li Huaiguang rendezvous with Li Sheng, Li Jianhui, and Yang, in spring 784. Meanwhile, when Emperor Dezong sought aid from the Tibetan Empire, the Tibetan chancellor Shang Jiezan (
124:, Li Huaiguang became a commander of Guo's guards. Sometime thereafter, he was made the discipline officer of the Shuofang army. During the meantime, for his accomplishments, he was also getting progressively greater honorary positions. It was said that as discipline officer, he was honest, hard-working, harsh, and fierce, and was willing to put people to death for their violation of military disciplines and did not spare his own friends and relatives. As Guo was himself lax toward his officers, he entrusted the matters of discipline to Li, and the army much feared Li.
451:) refused to launch forces unless he could get an explicit cosigning of the aid request by Li Huaiguang, citing the Tibetan Empire's own laws about how it would only launch troops in aid if the supreme commander of the state seeking aid also agreed with the aid request. Li Huaiguang was vehemently against seeking Tibetan aid, however, citing how Tibetan troops would surely pillage the region and also seek excessive rewards, and he refused to cosign the aid request, and Shang refused to launch aid troops. Emperor Dezong's trusted advisor
528:) to chase after Emperor Dezong, but the three, not wanting to track down the emperor, intentionally slowed down, allowing Emperor Dezong to flee. Meanwhile, Li Sheng took a defensive posture and also wrote Li Huaiguang letters trying to persuade him to return to the imperial cause; while Li Huaiguang did not do so, he was sufficiently embarrassed and concerned that his soldiers would turn against him in an attack against Li Sheng that he did not attack Li Sheng. Meanwhile, a number of his subordinates, including Han Yougui (
323:, be put in command of the circuit. Emperor Dezong agreed with the latter request and gave the command of Jingyuan to Zhu instead. Liu subsequently resisted that move as well and sought aid from the Tibetan Empire. Emperor Dezong ordered Li and Zhu to attack him. Subsequently, Liu's own subordinates killed him and surrendered. In 781, Emperor Dezong gave Li the command of the previously pared-down Shuofang Circuit (which was given to Chang Qianguang in the 779 division) in addition to Binning.
396:) to Fengtian to inform Emperor Dezong of his impending arrival, and then attacked Qin forces at Liquan (醴泉, in modern Xianyang) and defeated them. When Zhu Ci heard the news, he, in fear, lifted the siege on Fengtian and withdrew back to Chang'an. It was believed at the time that Li Huaiguang arrived right on time and that, if he were even three days late, Fengtian would have fallen. After the victory, Emperor Dezong gave Li Huaiguang the title of
619:) cut off his head and surrendered. Li Wei killed his brothers and also committed suicide, leaving Li Huaiguang with no male-line progeny. Emperor Dezong, not knowing this at that time, issued an edict sparing Li Huaiguang's sons and granting a mansion to Li Huaiguang's wife Lady Wang, and returning Li Huaiguang's body to his family for proper burial. In 789, Emperor Dezong gave Li Huaiguang's grandson, by a daughter, Yan Baba (
455:, believing Li Huaiguang to be on the verge of rebellion and fearing that Li Huaiguang would take over the troops under Li Sheng, Li Jianhui, and Yang, urged that those three armies be separated from Li Huaiguang's army and take up position elsewhere; Emperor Dezong repositioned Li Sheng, but believing that relocating Li Jianhui and Yang as well would bring further resentment from Li Huaiguang, did not move them.
358:, Ma believed that they should wait and rest their soldiers before attacking, but Li Huaiguang advocated an immediate attack, and did so. He initially had successes against Zhu, but Wang took the opportunity to charge against his troops, cutting them off from each other, and eventually the imperial forces were routed. They were forced to lift their siege of Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture (
467:) regions be clear, in case of a Li Huaiguang rebellion. Emperor Dezong hesitated, and instead announced that he would go to Xianyang (咸陽, in modern Xianyang) to monitor the advancement of troops. Li Huaiguang, believing that the announcement was against him, further prepared for rebellion. Emperor Dezong, meanwhile, tried to calm Li Huaiguang by sending the official Li Bian (
429:) — and that he would recommend to Emperor Dezong that those officials be removed. When Lu heard this, he believed that he had to prevent a meeting between Emperor Dezong and Li Huaiguang at all costs, and therefore suggested to Emperor Dezong order Li Huaiguang to attack Chang'an at once. Emperor Dezong agreed, and ordered Li Huaiguang to rendezvous with
165:). By 764, however, most of the Shuofang army had defected back to the imperial cause after Pugu formally rose against the imperial government, and Li was again under Guo's command. In 767, when Guo, under Emperor Daizong's instruction, made a sudden attack against the rebellious general Zhou Zhiguang (
493:
When Li Bian returned to
Fengtian and informed Emperor Dezong of these events, the officials at court began to prepare to evaluate Fengtian if necessary. Soon thereafter, Li Huaiguang made a surprise attack on Li Jianhui and Yang; Li Jianhui barely escaped with his life, while Yang was killed. Li
377:
In fall 783, JIngyuan soldiers, then at Chang'an to be ready for deployment against the rebels in the east, mutinied when they were angry they did not get rewards. Emperor Dezong was forced to flee to
Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang), while the Jingyuan soldiers supported Zhu Ci as their leader,
458:
Li
Huaiguang, indeed, was then in secret communication with Zhu Ci and considering rebellion. Zhu promised Li Huaiguang that he would be willing to divide the realm into two, with both serving as emperors, and would be willing to honor Li Huaiguang like an older brother. Meanwhile, Li Sheng,
612:
In fall 785, under Ma's persuasion, Xu surrendered
Changchun Palace, allowing imperial troops to continue to advance to Hezhong. With Ma and Hun approaching Hezhong and Li Huaiguang's soldiers at Hezhong in a panic, Li Huaiguang committed suicide by hanging. His subordinate Niu Mingjun
247:), making Li the military governor of Binning Circuit (邠寧, headquartered in modern Xianyang) as well as the mayor of Hezhong Municipality, governing seven prefectures. Initially, he had difficulty in getting some senior officers whose reputations matched his own — Shi Kang (
43:
in 783 but, dissatisfied with the lack of trust that
Emperor Dezong displayed in him later, also rebelled, but his rebellion was stunted by the refusals of many of his subordinates to follow him. In 785, facing defeat by Tang imperial forces, he committed suicide.
570:) to Hezhong to accept his resubmission. When Kong arrived, Li Huaiguang changed into civilian clothing to show meekness and remorse, but Kong did not tell him to change back into official uniform. When Kong further asked the soldiers, "Who can succeed the
390:), decided to march as quickly as he could toward Chang'an to save Emperor Dezong. By the time that Li Huaiguang arrived in Chang'an's vicinity, Fengtian was under intense siege by Qin troops under Zhu Ci. Li Huaiguang sent his officer Zhang Shao (
212:) Prefectures, and he participated in repelling another Tibetan incursion. It was said that at this time, there was an incident during Guo's absence that Li wanted to forge an imperial edict to execute several senior officers, including Wen Ruya (
307:), Yang persuaded Emperor Dezong to strip Duan of his command and recall him. Emperor Dezong had Li assume the command of Jingyuan Circuit as well as Binning Circuit and moved his command to Jingyuan's capital Yuan Prefecture (
554:
the Crown Prince, but otherwise stripping him of his posts. The edict further offered Li
Huaiguang's Shuofang army the option of deciding their next commander. The edict appeared to draw no reaction from Li Huaiguang.
592:) at Changchun Palace (長春宮, in modern Weinan) and unable to advance. Meanwhile, though, Ma Sui was attacking Li Huaiguang's territory from the north and east and seizing Li Huaiguang's territory piece by piece.
670:
549:
After Li
Huaiguang's departure for Hezhong, Emperor Dezong issued an edict declaring his guilt, but also recounting his accomplishments and offering him the title of senior advisor to Emperor Dezong's son,
489:
The holy one is suspecting me. It is commonly said, "When a person is about to rebel, give him an iron certificate!" I am not planning to rebel, but giving me an iron certificate forces me to rebel.
900:
558:
In fall 784, after Li Sheng had destroyed Zhu's regime (which Zhu had renamed Han) and recaptured Chang'an, allowing
Emperor Dezong to return to Chang'an, the imperial eunuch messenger Yin Yuanzhen (
564:) was able to persuade Li Huaiguang to resubmit to Emperor Dezong. He sent his son Li Wei to Chang'an to beg Emperor Dezong's forgiveness. Emperor Dezong thereafter sent the official Kong Chaofu (
281:
to serve as imperial guard officers, but as soon as they left Bin
Prefecture he had them arrested and executed, blaming them for a defeat that Hun suffered when commanding them in 773.
190:
In 777, Li briefly left military service to observe a mourning period for his mother. In 778, he was recalled to military service and commanded the forces of Bin (邠州, in modern
485:), which promised that he would never be executed. Li Huaiguang, believing that these were actually signs of distrust, threw the iron certificate onto the ground and stated:
580:), with no intercession from Li Huaiguang, and Li Huaiguang thereafter again took a posture against the imperial troops. Emperor Dezong sent Hun Jian and Luo Yuanguang (
534:), turned against him, weakening his army. As a result, Zhu Ci stopped treating him as an equal and instead was sending him edicts. His subordinate Li Jinglüe (
1128:
502:
On March 21, 784, with Li
Huaiguang's declaration and posture of readiness to attack Fengtian, Emperor Dezong fled to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong).
106:
Li Huaiguang started his military service when he was young, and he was known for his abilities in martial arts, his bravery, and his strength. He served under
342:
resisting imperial authorities, Emperor Dezong ordered Li to take his Binning and Shuofang soldiers to attack Tian's Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern
378:
and Zhu Ci soon declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin. Upon the news arriving in the imperial camp at Wei Prefecture, Ma, Li Baozhen, and Li Qiu (
313:). The Jingyuan soldiers feared Li's reputed harshness, particularly given his execution of the five Binning officers in 779. Duan's assistant Liu Wenxi (
241:(尚父, "like an imperial father") but stripped him of his commands. He divided Guo's responsibility area among Li Huaiguang, Hun Jian, and Chang Qianguang (
183:
command the advance troops, although even before Li and Hun could attack, Zhou's own subordinates killed him and surrendered. During an incursion by the
1113:
1108:
1103:
1123:
1098:
319:) took this opportunity to seize the circuit and resist Li's commission, requesting that either Duan be returned to command or that another general,
601:) was killed by Li Huaiguang after he discovered that Lü had been in secret communications with Ma. Li Huaiguang also put two other subordinates,
135:
had taken over the Shuofang army and was in a confrontational posture against the imperial government and another military governor, Xin Yunjing (
413:
Meanwhile, though, it had become common knowledge that Li Huaiguang despised several officials that Emperor Dezong trusted — the chancellor
222:, who confronted him. Du instead sent a number of officers who were disciplinary issues away from the headquarters — perhaps including Li.
157:), had a number of Shuofang officers take up strategic positions, and in these maneuvers, Li was stationed at Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern
364:), but held their position in stalemate against the rebel forces. Emperor Dezong gave Li Huaiguang the honorary chancellor designation of
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in commanding this army?" the soldiers were incensed, and they rushed and killed Kong and the eunuch Dan Shouying (
237:. Emperor Dezong, believing that Guo Ziyi was too lax and had too large of a responsibility area, honored Guo as
384:) withdrew to their own circuits, while Li Huaiguang, under the suggestion of his logistics officer Cui Zong (
1118:
459:
believing Li Huaiguang to be ready to rebel, requested that precautions be made and that the road to the
285:
631:) and had him serve as Li Huaiguang's progeny in supporting Lady Wang and worshipping Li Huaiguang.
540:) tried to persuade him to attack Zhu Ci and resubmit to Tang, but under the suggestion of Yan Yan (
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The historical accounts gave different names for this son of Li Huaiguang's; the
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I am now making peace, in union with Zhu Ci. The Emperor should go far away!
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32:
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57:
28:
546:), he decided to instead withdraw from the Chang'an region to Hezhong.
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335:
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the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern
141:) the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
89:
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116:) of Shuofang Circuit and who respected him greatly. Early in the
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in 777, it was Li that Guo sent to repel the Tibetan troops.
406:) — the head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省,
233:
Emperor Daizong died in 779 and was succeeded by his son
70:). Li Huaiguang's father was originally named Ru Chang (
218:). His plan, however, was thwarted by Guo's secretary
595:
In spring 785, Li Huaiguang's subordinate Lü Mingyue (
350:). After Li Huaiguang arrived and joined forces with
27:; 729 – September 19, 785) was a leading general of
505:
295:between Tang and Tibetan territory was opposed by
52:Li Huaiguang was born in 729, during the reign of
127:In 763, during the reign of Emperor Suzong's son
110:, who was then serving as the military governor (
1080:
149:), Pugu, who was then at Hezhong (河中, in modern
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410:) and a post considered one for a chancellor.
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921:gave his name as Li Wei (李琟), while the
120:era (760–762) of Emperor Xuanzong's son
970:
951:
925:gave his name as Li Cui (李璀). Compare
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39:in the face of an attack by the rebel
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92:and a new personal name of Jiaqing (
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417:and other ministers Zhao Zan (
1:
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1134:Suicides in the Tang dynasty
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253:), Wen Ruya, Pang Xianhe (
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102:Service under Guo Ziyi
56:. His ancestors were
496:
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439:), and Yang Huiyuan (
635:Notes and references
334:(Zhu Ci's brother),
463:and Shu (蜀, modern
423:) and Bai Zhizhen (
265:), and Li Guangyi (
259:), Zhang Xianming (
1119:Mayors of Yuncheng
940:2007-12-26 at the
859:2008-09-22 at the
702:2008-06-21 at the
479:Three Excellencies
179:), Guo had Li and
522:), and Sun Fuda (
516:), Hui Jingshou (
1141:
1025:vol. 224, part 1
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1008:Old Book of Tang
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397:
376:
365:
325:
283:
238:
232:
227:
189:
133:Pugu Huai'en
126:
117:
111:
105:
51:
17:Li Huaiguang
16:
15:
948:, vol. 230.
652:family name
297:Duan Xiushi
1094:785 deaths
1089:729 births
1083:Categories
356:Li Baozhen
336:Wang Wujun
286:chancellor
48:Background
33:Tang China
301:Pingliang
198:), Ning (
118:Shangyuan
1035:, vols.
1013:vol. 121
997:vol. 233
981:vol. 232
965:vol. 231
938:Archived
917:and the
888:vol. 230
857:Archived
836:vol. 229
815:vol. 228
799:vol. 227
780:vol. 226
761:vol. 225
738:vol. 224
722:vol. 223
700:Archived
697:vol. 121
646:In this
603:Gao Ying
461:Hanzhong
431:Li Sheng
371:同中書門下平章事
328:Tian Yue
289:Yang Yan
279:Chang'an
228:Jiedushi
226:As Tang
206:Qingyang
192:Xianyang
181:Hun Jian
151:Yuncheng
113:Jiedushi
108:Guo Ziyi
82:Yinchuan
78:Shuofang
901:"中央研究院"
854:vol. 62
671:"中央研究院"
607:Li Yong
552:Li Song
483:Tiejuan
465:Sichuan
332:Zhu Tao
239:Shangfu
196:Shaanxi
177:Shaanxi
143:Taiyuan
86:Ningxia
21:Chinese
650:, the
572:Taiwei
475:Taiwei
453:Lu Zhi
352:Ma Sui
344:Handan
338:, and
321:Zhu Ci
173:Weinan
163:Shanxi
159:Linfen
155:Shanxi
147:Shanxi
62:Balhae
41:Zhu Ci
23::
944:with
415:Lu Qi
348:Hebei
340:Li Na
305:Gansu
210:Gansu
60:from
605:and
354:and
58:Mohe
29:Mohe
1073:232
1069:231
1065:230
1061:229
1057:228
1053:227
1049:226
1045:225
1041:224
1037:223
654:is
628:李承緒
622:燕八八
616:牛名俊
598:呂鳴岳
589:徐庭光
583:駱元光
577:啖守盈
567:孔巢父
561:尹元貞
537:李景略
531:韓遊瓌
525:孫福達
519:惠靜壽
448:尚結贊
442:楊惠元
436:李建徽
426:白志貞
403:中書令
316:劉文喜
274:翟文秀
268:李光逸
262:張獻明
256:龐仙鶴
244:常謙光
215:溫儒雅
168:周智光
138:辛雲京
98:).
25:李懷光
1085::
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
1055:,
1051:,
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1043:,
1039:,
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660:.
657:Li
543:閻晏
513:孟保
470:李卞
420:趙贊
393:張韶
387:崔縱
381:李艽
361:魏州
346:,
330:,
310:原州
303:,
250:史抗
208:,
201:寧州
194:,
175:,
161:,
153:,
145:,
95:嘉慶
90:Li
84:,
73:茹常
1075:.
1027:.
1015:.
999:.
983:.
967:.
903:.
890:.
863:.
838:.
817:.
801:.
782:.
763:.
740:.
724:.
706:.
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