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1570:. The Catholics wanted religious teachings to be a fundamental basis for the state and society and opposed all attempts by the liberals to attack the Church's official privileges. Initially, these factions existed only as informal groups with which prominent politicians were generally identified. The liberals held power through much of Leopold I's reign. An official
1578:
was only established in 1869. Leopold, who was himself a
Protestant, tended to favor liberals and shared their desire for reform, even though he was not partisan. On his own initiative, in 1842, Leopold proposed a law which would have stopped women and children from working in some industries, but
1528:
was effectively useless. The
Netherlands and the Dutch colonies in particular, which had been profitable markets for Belgian manufacturers before 1830, were totally closed to Belgian goods. The period between 1845 and 1849 was particularly hard in Flanders, where harvests failed and a third of the
573:
in 1830. The
Belgian government offered the position to Leopold because of his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe, and because as the British-backed candidate, he was not affiliated with other powers, such as France, which were believed to have territorial ambitions in Belgium
1314:
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg had been proposed at an early stage, but had been dropped because of French opposition. The problems caused by the French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a
Belgian
760:. Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Instead, he went to Russia to take up a military career in the Imperial Russian cavalry, which was at war with France at the time. He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the
1004:, but she favoured Leopold. Although the Regent was displeased, he found Leopold to be charming and possessing every quality to make his daughter happy, and so approved their marriage. The same year Leopold received an honorary commission to the rank of
1276:
could be first stage of a coup against him, but that his son would also be unacceptable to other
European powers suspicious of French intentions. Nemours refused the offer. With no definitive choice in sight, Catholics and Liberals united to elect
1339:, surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. After a ceremony of resignation by the regent, Leopold, dressed in the uniform of a Belgian lieutenant-general, swore loyalty to the constitution and became king.
1397:
Leopold was generally unsatisfied with the amount of power allocated to the monarch in the
Constitution, and sought to extend it wherever the Constitution was ambiguous or unclear while generally avoiding involvement in routine politics.
1642:
1529:
population became dependent on poor relief, and have been described as the "worst years of
Flemish history". The economic situation in Flanders also increased the internal migration to Brussels and the industrial areas of
1380:. The small Belgian army was overwhelmed by the Dutch assault and was pushed back. Faced with a military crisis, Leopold appealed to the French for support. The French promised support, and the arrival of their
827:
An Act far exhibiting a Bill in this present
Parliament, for naturalizing His Serene Highness Leopold George Frederick Duke of Saxe, Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringuen, Prince of Cobourg of Saalfeld.
1020:, though the plan was abandoned due to government fears that it would draw Leopold into party politics and would be viewed as a demotion for Charlotte. The couple lived initially at Camelford House on
1627:
and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured. To defuse tension, Leopold theatrically offered his abdication, if this was the wish of the majority of his people.
1087:. But, by mid-1829, the liaison was over, and the actress and her mother returned to Berlin. Many years later, in memoirs published after her death, she declared that she and Leopold had engaged in a
3718:
922:
An Act for the
Naturalization of His Serene Highness Leopold George Frederick Duke of Saxe, Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringuen, Prince of Cobourg of Saalfeld; and settling his Precedence.
554:). Leopold and Charlotte's marriage was happy, but it ended after a year and a half when Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain.
1390:
in
Belgium forced the Dutch to accept a diplomatic mediation and retreat back to the pre-war border. Skirmishes continued for eight years, but in April 1839, the two countries signed the
4988:
1217:
The choice of candidates for the position was one of the most controversial issues faced by the revolutionaries. The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling
1726:(1853–56), Belgium remained officially neutral throughout the reigns of Leopold I and II, although Belgian historian Jan Anckaer has interpreted Leopold's diplomatic efforts in the
5028:
4993:
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2483:"Park Lane Pages 264–289 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). Originally published by London County Council, London, 1980"
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The defeat at Risquons-Tout effectively ended the revolutionary threat to Belgium, as the situation in Belgium began to recover that summer after a good harvest, and
1615:, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 armed émigrés of the "
1047:
son on 5 November 1817. She suffered complications and, just after midnight on 6 November, also died. Leopold was said to have been heartbroken by Charlotte's death.
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The success of economic reforms partially mitigated the effects of the economic downturn and meant that Belgium was not as badly affected as its neighbors by the
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1607:. Nevertheless, in early 1848, a large number of radical publications appeared. The most serious threat of the 1848 revolutions in Belgium was posed by Belgian
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2061:
3885:
3713:
3703:
1095:. The son of Baron Stockmar denied that these events ever happened, and indeed no records have been found of a civil or religious marriage with the actress.
569:
that created an independent Greek state, but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Instead, he accepted the throne of Belgium in 1831 following
4908:
4614:
3518:
3296:
617:. Leopold's reign was marked by attempts by the Dutch to recapture Belgium and, later, by internal political division between liberals and Catholics. As a
5038:
4223:
3658:
3064:
1662:
Because of his family connections and position at the head of a neutral and unthreatening power, Leopold was able to act as an important intermediary in
1115:. Though initially showing interest in the position, Leopold eventually turned down the offer on 17 May 1830. The role would subsequently be accepted by
1520:
Leopold I's reign was also marked by an economic crisis which lasted until the late 1850s. In the aftermath of the revolution, the Dutch had closed the
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and that he had bestowed upon her the title of Countess Montgomery. He would have broken this marriage when the possibility arose that he could become
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on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed the border on 29 March and headed for Brussels. They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of
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1999:
1967:
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4243:
4165:
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586:
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The enthronement is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as
633:, Leopold was able to slightly expand the monarch's powers during his reign. He also played an important role in stopping the spread of the
4978:
4739:
1941:
715:
5023:
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near Brussels on 10 December 1865. His funeral was held on 16 December, on what would have been his 75th birthday. He is interred in the
1579:
the bill was defeated. Leopold was an early supporter of railways, and Belgium's first stretch of railway, between northern Brussels and
985:
547:
492:
246:
2303:
1331:. Travelling to Brussels, he was greeted with patriotic enthusiasm along his route. The accession ceremony took place on 21 July on the
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4116:
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4037:
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711:
621:, Leopold was considered liberal and encouraged economic modernisation, playing an important role in encouraging the creation of
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319:
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2025:
1429:
683:
527:
428:
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1775:, which made the marriage unrecognized by law, on 12 December 1909 on his deathbed. They already had two illegitimate sons.
1704:
139:
2509:"Pall Mall Pages 123–139 Old and New London: Volume 4. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878"
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438:
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1619:" attempted to cross the Belgian frontier. The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at
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3251:(in French). Vol. VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.
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on 22 August 1853. They had three daughters and one son who died young. He religiously but not civilly remarried
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1160:, pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. International powers
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1562:" governments. The liberals were opposed to the Church's influence in politics and society, while supporting
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Small power diplomacy and commerce. Belgium and the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Leopold I, 1831–1865
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Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the
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in 1852. At Leopold's request, in 1862 his two sons were created Freiherr von Eppinghoven by his nephew,
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agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state.
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in 1840 and Belgium's manufacture of arms for Russia during the Crimean War as breaches of neutrality.
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1684:. In the later part of his reign, his role in managing relations between the United Kingdom and the
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Engraving of Leopold's theatrical offer in 1848 to abdicate if it was the will of the Belgian people
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3053:]. Freiherrlichen Häuser (in German). Vol. Band XXI. C. A. Starke. 1999. pp. 101–103.
1905:. His likeness has also appeared on postage stamps and commemorative coins issued since his death.
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1264:. All the candidates were French and the choice between them was principally between choosing the
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Eventually the Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. The viable possibilities were felt to be
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After already having suffered a miscarriage the previous year, Princess Charlotte gave birth to a
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1083:. She came to England with her mother and took up residence at Longwood House, a few miles from
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2942:"Dangerous Opportunities? Reassessing Belgian Neutrality during the Crimean War (1853–1856)"
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1680:. Leopold played a particularly important role in moderating relations between the hostile
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1062:. Despite Charlotte's death, the Prince Regent granted Prince Leopold the British style of
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546:. After Napoleon's defeat, Leopold moved to the United Kingdom, where in 1816 he married
129:
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division. By 1815, the time of the final defeat of Napoleon, he had reached the rank of
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In 1797, at just six years old, Leopold was given an honorary commission of the rank of
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1583:, was completed in 1835. When completed, it was one of the first passenger railways in
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On 17 July 1831, Leopold travelled from Calais to Belgium, entering the country at
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30:"King Leopold I" redirects here. For the king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, see
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was established in Belgium to create a constitution for the new state. Fears of "
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on the death of her father and Leopold presumably would have assumed the role of
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Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papiere des Freihernn Christian Friedrich von Stockmar
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to officially offer him the throne. Leopold, however, was reluctant to accept.
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also worried that a candidate from another state could risk destabilizing the
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Leopold taking the constitutional oath during his enthronement. By the artist
710:. The dynasty of this name was therefore founded by Leopold's eldest brother,
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3203:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ΄: Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821 - 1832)
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of Louis-Philippe. Louis-Philippe realized that the choice of either of the
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History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution (1821 - 1832)
1902:
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1767:(9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909), the future King Leopold II. He married
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1723:
1608:
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1111:, Leopold was offered the throne of an independent Greece as part of the
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When French troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in 1806 during the
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Politics in Belgium under Leopold I were polarized between liberal and
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into Belgium. He died in 1865 and was succeeded by his son Leopold II.
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1802:. They had no issue. She adopted two sons, the grandsons of the first
756:, Leopold went to Paris where he became part of the Imperial Court of
4374:
1810:
Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis on 11 October 1850, aged 38.
1714:
In foreign policy, Leopold's principal object was the maintenance of
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1021:
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2457:
The Lost Queen: The Life and Tragedy of the Prince Regent's Daughter
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1119:
in May 1832 who ruled until he was finally deposed in October 1862.
613:. The King had another two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress
4228:
3201:
Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K., eds. (1975).
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during his reign. As a result of this, he earned the nickname the "
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4665:*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826
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3091:"Monument à la Dynastie – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"
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Blood, Iron & Gold: How the Railways transformed the World
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My Dearest Uncle: A Life of Leopold First King of the Belgians
3019:
Sur les traces d'Arcadie Claret: le Grand Amour de Léopold Ier
1722:. Despite pressure from the Great Powers, especially over the
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in France, led the Congress to decide that Belgium would be a
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political factions, though before 1847 they collaborated in "
1285:
to buy more time for a definitive decision in February 1831.
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1841:; in 1863 Arcadie was also created Baronin von Eppinghoven.
2536:, p. 241, London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-89298-5.
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In 1835–1836, he promoted the marriage between his nephew
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in Brussels. A stand had been erected on the steps of the
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From 1828 to 1829, Leopold had an affair with the actress
992:
on 2 May 1816. Charlotte was the only legitimate child of
745:. Six years later, he received a promotion to the rank of
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Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
2772:"Why does Belgium celebrate its National Day on 21 July?"
1888:
was erected in Brussels at the initiative of Leopold II.
1818:
Leopold had two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress
1742:
Leopold's funeral cortege in Brussels on 16 December 1865
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Engraving of the wedding of Charlotte and Leopold in 1816
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3001:
De kinderen van de koning: Alle erfgenamen van Leopold I
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2601:
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The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Leopold I".
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2816:
2728:
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Aus meinem Bühnenleben. Erinnerungen von Karoline Bauer
1891:
Belgian naval vessels named in his honour include the
1394:, whereby the Dutch recognised Belgium's independence.
1156:
rose up against Dutch rule. The rising, which began in
5029:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
4994:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
523:, reigning from 21 July 1831 until his death in 1865.
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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
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2752:
2740:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2677:
2665:
2555:"Royal Styles and Titles of Great Britain: Documents"
519:; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was the first
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Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
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2855:
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2590:
Baron Stockmar. Eine coburgisch-englische Geschichte
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Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1785:
on 25 April 1867. They had five children, including
1000:. The Prince Regent had hoped Charlotte would marry
4703:
3294:Polasky, Janet L. (2004). "Leopold I (1790–1865)".
2651:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009).
2062:
Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1122:
589:on 21 July 1831, an event commemorated annually as
5009:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3272:
3227:. La Monarchie Belge. Monarchie.be. Archived from
1637:
1268:of Beauharnais or Leuchtenberg and supporting the
550:, the only child of the Prince Regent (the future
4863:** became prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826
2790:
2640:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1761:(24 July 1833 – 16 May 1834) who died in infancy.
892:Naturalization of Prince Leopold (No. 2) Act 1816
4880:
2362:Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern
1371:
1179:, as well as the example of the recent, liberal
682:on 16 December 1790. He was the youngest son of
5019:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
5014:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
4713:The generations are numbered from the union of
2330:Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
1781:(24 March 1837 – 17 November 1905) who married
668:Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
5034:Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
4984:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
4026:King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves
3871:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
2653:Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards
2450:
2448:
2000:Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
1968:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1524:to Belgian shipping, meaning that the port of
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1050:Had Charlotte survived, she would have become
1012:. The Regent also considered making Leopold a
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3223:
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2242:Countess Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen
2120:Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1897:, a frigate acquired by Belgium in 2007. His
1794:(7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927). She married
1733:
4828:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
4007:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
3359:Portraits of Leopold I, King of the Belgians
3300:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3209:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon.
2901:
2899:
2588:, Brunswick, 1873 ; R. VON WANGENHEIM,
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1942:Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1901:features on the flag of the Flemish town of
1754:) on 9 August 1832. They had four children:
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716:Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom
690:. In 1826, Saxe-Coburg acquired the city of
4909:Burials at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken
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3147:(Rev. ed.). Ghent: E.Story-Scientia.
3031:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1237:with the Netherlands like Luxembourg. The
1175:" associated with republicanism after the
47:
4954:Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
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2799:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417.
1703:. He promoted the marriage of his niece,
1533:, which continued throughout the period.
1496:Learn how and when to remove this message
1148:At the end of August 1830, rebels in the
797:Naturalization of Prince Leopold Act 1816
4924:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)
4822:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3659:List of members of the National Congress
3176:
3159:
3065:"Belgium – Last moments of King Leopold"
2928:
2876:
2822:
2797:Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience
2795:. In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.).
2304:George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg
1848:
1839:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1737:
1654:) (center) and rest of the family in an
1641:
1594:
1535:
1507:
1353:
1198:
1126:
1030:
996:(later George IV), and therefore second
781:
777:
644:
629:. As a result of the ambiguities in the
3402:
3297:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3293:
3243:
3003:(in Dutch). House of Books. p. 96.
2973:
2939:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2671:
1844:
1759:Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
1670:of Europe", after the wise mediator in
1194:
712:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
320:Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
299:
266:
14:
4881:
3840:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
3267:
3142:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2908:Leopold I. De eerste koning van Europa
2861:
2834:
2613:
2283:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2041:
1931:
1927:
1876:, aged 30, who would rule until 1909.
1769:Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria
1709:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1574:was formed in 1846, although a formal
1367:Belgium in the long nineteenth century
1081:Baron Christian Friedrich von Stockmar
181:Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
27:King of the Belgians from 1831 to 1865
5004:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
4969:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
4677:
3910:
3500:
3487:
3376:
3051:Genealogical Handbook of the Nobility
2359:
2349:
2345:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2301:
2291:
2287:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2143:
2133:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2029:
2026:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2023:
2013:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1939:
1935:
1823:
1590:
1245:and lobbied for a neutral candidate.
684:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
561:(1821–1830), Leopold was offered the
528:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
429:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
295:
4859:* prince of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699
3896:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
3719:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
2616:Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation
2480:
2210:Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
2184:Heinrich XXIX, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
1813:
1705:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
1634:returned a strong Liberal majority.
1434:adding citations to reliable sources
1405:
4979:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2506:
1401:
1225:had hoped to offer the position to
688:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
530:, Leopold took a commission in the
439:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
24:
5024:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
4171:Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians
3083:
1872:Leopold was succeeded by his son,
1779:Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
1697:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
721:
597:, with whom he had four children:
387:Leopold George Christian Frederick
373:Léopold Georges Christian Frédéric
330:Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
262:
25:
5055:
3796:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3578:Provisional Government of Belgium
3363:National Portrait Gallery, London
3322:
3047:Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels
1917:Ancestors of Leopold I of Belgium
1337:Church of St. James on Coudenberg
1233:, which would bring Belgium into
593:. The following year, he married
382:Leopold Joris Christiaan Frederik
367:Leopold Georg Christian Friedrich
4934:People of the Belgian Revolution
4929:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
4919:Belgian people of German descent
4411:Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold
3938:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3814:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
3580:(September 1830 – February 1831)
3328:
3183:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
3128:(New ed.). London: Granta.
2655:(New ed.). Brussels: ASP. p. 25
2268:Countess Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf
1879:
1410:
1292:
1123:Acceptance of the Belgian throne
1113:London Protocol of February 1830
910:Parliament of the United Kingdom
903:
815:Parliament of the United Kingdom
808:
458:
325:Leopold II, King of the Belgians
4705:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3607:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
3113:
3057:
3039:
2992:
2967:
2949:Journal of Belgian History XLIV
2882:
2784:
2764:
2645:
2632:
2607:
2460:. Pen and Sword History. 2020.
1765:Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant
1638:Role in international relations
1421:needs additional citations for
1281:, a minor Belgian nobleman, as
1060:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
984:in March 1816. Leopold married
291:
258:
4939:Imperial Russian Army generals
3977:King Leopold I of the Belgians
3735:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
2578:
2565:
2526:
2500:
2474:
1783:Princess Marie of Hohenzollern
1718:imposed by Article VII of the
1279:Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier
1243:international balance of power
694:from the neighboring Duchy of
140:Chevalier de Theux de Meylandt
87:Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier
13:
1:
4904:19th-century Belgian monarchs
3623:; July 1831 – December 1865)
2415:
1792:Princess Charlotte of Belgium
1650:, the Duke of Oporto (future
1545:
1372:Consolidation of independence
1208:
998:in line to the British throne
966:Statute Law Revision Act 1873
871:Statute Law Revision Act 1873
657:
640:
483:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
54:
32:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
3613:; February 1831 – July 1831)
3584:National Congress of Belgium
3341:Leopold I: Un Roi Protestant
3314:UK public library membership
2978:. Istanbul: The Isis Press.
2910:. Antwerp. pp. 500–537.
2602:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους
1867:Church of Our Lady of Laeken
1692:was particularly important.
1344:the Belgian national holiday
1322:
1152:(modern-day Belgium) of the
1058:, later taken by his nephew
994:Prince George, Prince Regent
674:in the tiny German duchy of
587:oath as King of the Belgians
538:after French troops overran
335:Charlotte, Empress of Mexico
229:Church of Our Lady of Laeken
7:
4949:5th Dragoon Guards officers
4055:Crown Prince Louis Philippe
3850:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
3643:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
2618:. Allen Lane. p. 111.
1908:
1798:on 27 July 1857 and became
1728:Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
1699:and the Queen of Portugal,
1514:first Belgian postage stamp
1099:Refusal of the Greek throne
1052:queen of the United Kingdom
986:Princess Charlotte of Wales
548:Princess Charlotte of Wales
10:
5060:
3279:. London: Grove Atlantic.
3095:monument.heritage.brussels
2974:Anckaer, Jan (2013). "3".
2791:Eric Van Hooydonk (2006).
2277:
2161:
2035:
1929:
1734:Second marriage and family
1611:groups. Shortly after the
1364:
1137:
885:United Kingdom legislation
790:United Kingdom legislation
595:Princess Louise of Orléans
571:the country's independence
29:
4855:
4814:
4786:
4770:
4749:
4726:
4711:
4662:
4637:
4621:
4609:
4602:
4577:
4556:
4540:
4524:
4517:
4487:
4471:
4450:
4429:
4403:
4362:
4355:
4330:
4309:
4273:
4252:
4216:
4209:
4179:
4153:
4115:
4084:
4077:
4047:
4016:
3993:
3986:
3957:
3944:
3863:
3835:London Conference of 1830
3827:
3794:
3763:
3727:
3669:
3630:
3599:
3539:
3494:
3489:Links to related articles
3410:
3145:The Fair Face of Flanders
3143:Carson, Patricia (1974).
2347:
2339:
2311:
2289:
2285:
2249:
2227:
2219:
2191:
2169:
2165:
2127:
2105:
2097:
2069:
2047:
2043:
2007:
1985:
1977:
1949:
1933:
1566:, personal liberties and
1333:Place Royale/Koningsplein
1231:William, Prince of Orange
1177:French Revolution of 1789
1002:William, Prince of Orange
971:
959:
954:
944:
939:
926:
916:
902:
897:
890:
876:
864:
859:
849:
844:
831:
821:
807:
802:
795:
774:at only 25 years of age.
576:European balance of power
574:which might threaten the
559:Greek War of Independence
506:
475:
470:
466:
454:
444:
434:
424:
399:
361:
356:
352:
310:
235:
223:
206:
177:
173:
108:
98:
82:
71:
64:
46:
41:
18:Leopold I of the Belgians
4834:Ferdinand II of Portugal
4548:Prince Johannes Heinrich
4234:Hereditary Prince Alfred
3855:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
3750:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
3530:and the independence of
3263:. London: Jonathan Cape.
2999:Goddyn, Reinout (2002).
2906:Deneckere, Gita (2011).
2614:Beaton, Rodrick (2019).
2410:
1869:, next to Louise-Marie.
1787:King Albert I of Belgium
1542:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
1512:Leopold depicted on the
1349:
4421:Prince Friedrich Josias
4296:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
3881:Civic Guard Merit Medal
3845:Treaty of London (1839)
3819:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
3590:Constitution of Belgium
3416:Baron Surlet de Chokier
3017:Capron, Victor (2006).
2891:Encyclopedia Britannica
1748:Louise-Marie of Orléans
1720:Treaty of London (1839)
1250:Auguste of Leuchtenberg
1205:Samuel William Reynolds
1189:constitutional monarchy
1144:Constitution of Belgium
1035:Portrait of Leopold by
625:in 1835 and subsequent
623:Belgium's first railway
4944:British field marshals
4281:Prince Leopold Clement
3728:de Gerlache Government
3671:Provisional Government
3600:First Belgian monarchs
3306:10.1093/ref:odnb/41227
3021:(in French). Brussels.
2513:British History Online
2487:British History Online
1886:monument in his memory
1854:
1835:Arthur von Eppinghoven
1833:was born in 1849, and
1831:George von Eppinghoven
1796:Maximilian I of Mexico
1743:
1659:
1646:Leopold (right), with
1600:
1551:
1517:
1445:"Leopold I of Belgium"
1383:
1362:
1258:Louis, Duke of Nemours
1219:house of Orange-Nassau
1214:
1135:
1040:
787:
663:
516:
381:
372:
366:
345:Arthur von Eppinghoven
342:George von Eppinghoven
4291:Prince August Leopold
4244:Duke Charles Edward I
3864:Monuments and honours
2940:Anckaer, Jan (2014).
1852:
1741:
1645:
1598:
1539:
1511:
1357:
1254:Eugène de Beauharnais
1202:
1130:
1034:
990:Carlton House, London
785:
778:Marriage to Charlotte
743:Imperial Russian Army
708:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
648:
532:Imperial Russian Army
415:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
145:Jean-Baptiste Nothomb
4889:Leopold I of Belgium
4805:Leopold I of Belgium
4301:Prince Ludwig Gaston
4286:Prince Pedro Augusto
4224:Prince Albert Victor
4166:Prince Ludwig August
3781:Charles de Brouckère
3755:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3740:Charles de Brouckère
3699:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3621:King of the Belgians
3563:La muette de Portici
3337:at Wikimedia Commons
3335:Leopold I of Belgium
3249:Histoire de Belgique
3166:Encyclopedia of 1848
2638:Schroeder, Paul W.,
2575:, Berlin, 1876–1877.
2532:Holme, Thea (1976),
2146:Leopold I of Belgium
1845:Death and succession
1613:revolution in France
1430:improve this article
1260:, son of the French
1195:Search for a monarch
1167:In November 1830, a
696:Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
676:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
631:Belgian Constitution
591:Belgian National Day
578:created by the 1815
567:1830 London Protocol
526:The youngest son of
521:King of the Belgians
409:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
298:; died
265:; died
197:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
150:Sylvain Van de Weyer
66:King of the Belgians
4964:Belgian Protestants
4959:Protestant monarchs
3886:1830 Star of Honour
3764:Lebeau I Government
3745:Alexandre Gendebien
3714:Joseph Vanderlinden
3704:Feuillien de Coppin
3679:Alexandre Gendebien
3404:Monarchs of Belgium
2481:Sheppard, F. H. W.
1605:Revolutions of 1848
1262:King Louis-Philippe
1203:Prince Leopold, by
1117:Otto of Wittelsbach
1089:morganatic marriage
1010:Order of the Garter
982:British citizenship
764:at the head of his
635:Revolutions of 1848
534:and fought against
219:, Brussels, Belgium
130:Comte de Muelenaere
4914:People from Coburg
4734:Christian Ernst II
4437:Prince Luís Filipe
3776:Étienne de Sauvage
3648:Frédéric de Mérode
3547:Belgian Revolution
3540:Belgian Revolution
3528:Belgian Revolution
3257:Richardson, Joanna
3231:on 23 October 2013
3071:. 28 December 1865
3069:The New York Times
2642:(1994) pp. 716–718
1855:
1744:
1716:Belgian neutrality
1660:
1652:Luís I of Portugal
1601:
1591:Revolution of 1848
1585:continental Europe
1552:
1518:
1378:Ten Days' Campaign
1363:
1215:
1154:United Netherlands
1150:Southern provinces
1140:Belgian Revolution
1136:
1041:
1008:and Knight of the
788:
772:lieutenant general
664:
580:Congress of Vienna
498:Kingdom of Belgium
247:Charlotte of Wales
160:Henri de Brouckère
4876:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4657:
4598:
4597:
4513:
4512:
4351:
4350:
4205:
4204:
4073:
4072:
3904:
3903:
3662:
3631:Important figures
3481:
3480:
3459:
3425:
3333:Media related to
3312:(Subscription or
3269:Wolmar, Christian
3216:978-960-213-108-4
3179:"Belgium in 1848"
3177:Chastain, James.
3160:Chastain, James.
2852:, pp. 20–21.
2584:E. VON STOCKMAR,
2559:www.heraldica.org
2534:Prinny's Daughter
2507:Walford, Edward.
2440:Monarchie website
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
1814:Other descendants
1804:Emperor of Mexico
1800:Empress of Mexico
1707:, to his nephew,
1664:European politics
1506:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1360:personal monogram
1317:Marlborough House
1169:National Congress
1162:meeting in London
1072:on 6 April 1818.
1039:(circa 1818–1825)
1026:Marlborough House
980:Leopold received
978:
977:
955:Other legislation
898:Act of Parliament
883:
882:
860:Other legislation
803:Act of Parliament
627:industrialisation
585:Leopold took his
510:
509:
395:
394:
280:Louise of Orléans
201:Holy Roman Empire
92:Regent of Belgium
16:(Redirected from
5051:
4857:
4799:Prince Ferdinand
4757:Ernest Frederick
4698:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4607:
4606:
4522:
4521:
4505:Prince Alexandre
4370:King Edward VIII
4360:
4359:
4338:King Leopold III
4214:
4213:
4140:Infante Fernando
4082:
4081:
3991:
3990:
3971:Prince Ferdinand
3931:
3924:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3656:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3485:
3484:
3453:
3419:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3354:
3332:
3317:
3309:
3290:
3278:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3173:
3156:
3139:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2946:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:, pp. 26–7.
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2452:
2443:
2437:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1857:Leopold died in
1828:
1773:Caroline Lacroix
1752:Louis Philippe I
1746:Leopold married
1656:early photograph
1550:
1547:
1516:, issued in 1849
1501:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1438:
1414:
1406:
1402:Subsequent reign
1392:Treaty of London
1388:
1305:Leopold on a 40
1296:
1213:
1210:
1070:Order in Council
973:Status: Repealed
907:
906:
893:
888:
887:
878:Status: Repealed
812:
811:
798:
793:
792:
714:, the father of
662:
659:
650:Ehrenburg Palace
563:throne of Greece
462:
354:
353:
303:
301:
297:
293:
270:
268:
264:
260:
217:Castle of Laeken
213:
210:10 December 1865
193:Ehrenburg Palace
190:16 December 1790
189:
187:
165:Pierre de Decker
135:Comte d’Alviella
111:
78:
77:10 December 1865
59:
56:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4810:
4782:
4766:
4745:
4722:
4707:
4702:
4672:
4667:
4654:
4650:Prince Emmanuel
4633:
4617:
4615:Prince Hubertus
4594:
4585:King Philippe I
4573:
4552:
4536:
4509:
4495:King Baudouin I
4483:
4467:
4446:
4425:
4416:Prince Hubertus
4399:
4395:Prince Alastair
4347:
4326:
4305:
4269:
4248:
4201:
4192:Prince Baudouin
4175:
4149:
4145:Infante Augusto
4111:
4092:King Edward VII
4069:
4065:Prince Philippe
4060:King Leopold II
4043:
4012:
3982:
3953:
3940:
3935:
3905:
3900:
3876:Congress Column
3859:
3823:
3790:
3759:
3723:
3709:Félix de Mérode
3694:Louis de Potter
3665:
3655:
3638:Charles Niellon
3626:
3595:
3592:(February 1831)
3586:(November 1830)
3535:
3525:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3406:
3401:
3348:
3346:Chapelle royale
3325:
3320:
3311:
3287:
3234:
3232:
3217:
3191:
3189:
3187:Ohio University
3170:Ohio University
3136:
3122:Ascherson, Neal
3116:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2929:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2785:
2780:. 21 July 2019.
2770:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:, Coburg, 1996.
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
1911:
1882:
1847:
1816:
1736:
1640:
1632:fresh elections
1593:
1548:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1415:
1404:
1374:
1369:
1352:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1211:
1197:
1181:July Revolution
1146:
1125:
1105:Greek rebellion
1101:
1085:Claremont House
974:
912:
904:
891:
886:
879:
817:
809:
796:
791:
780:
754:Napoleonic Wars
724:
722:Military career
660:
643:
544:Napoleonic Wars
502:
471:Military career
420:
391:
348:
306:
305:
289:
285:
282:
272:
256:
252:
249:
231:
215:
211:
191:
185:
183:
182:
169:
121:
120:
110:Prime Ministers
109:
89:
76:
75:21 July 1831 –
60:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4846:Prince Leopold
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4816:
4815:5th generation
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4787:4th generation
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4771:3rd generation
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4750:2nd generation
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4740:Francis Josias
4737:
4730:
4728:
4727:1st generation
4724:
4723:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4645:Prince Gabriel
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4604:
4603:7th generation
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4590:Prince Laurent
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4532:Prince Andreas
4528:
4526:
4519:
4518:6th generation
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4500:King Albert II
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4479:Tsar Simeon II
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4463:Prince Philipp
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4442:King Manuel II
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:King George VI
4372:
4366:
4364:
4363:United Kingdom
4357:
4356:5th generation
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4343:Prince Charles
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4317:Tsar Boris III
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4265:Infante Afonso
4262:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4217:United Kingdom
4211:
4210:4th generation
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:Prince Leopold
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Prince Philipp
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4107:Prince Leopold
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4085:United Kingdom
4079:
4078:3rd generation
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4038:Prince Leopold
4035:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4001:Duke Ernest II
3997:
3995:
3988:
3987:2nd generation
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3958:1st generation
3955:
3954:
3950:Duke Francis I
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Prince William
3806:
3804:King William I
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Charles Rogier
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3653:Juan Van Halen
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3571:La Brabançonne
3567:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3356:
3338:
3324:
3323:External links
3321:
3319:
3318:
3291:
3285:
3265:
3253:
3245:Pirenne, Henri
3241:
3221:
3215:
3198:
3174:
3157:
3140:
3134:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3082:
3056:
3038:
3006:
2991:
2985:978-9754284898
2984:
2966:
2927:
2895:
2881:
2866:
2854:
2850:Ascherson 1999
2839:
2837:, p. 225.
2827:
2812:
2805:
2783:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2676:
2664:
2644:
2631:
2624:
2606:
2604:, p. 575.
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2109:
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2102:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
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1978:
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1930:
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1918:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1881:
1878:
1846:
1843:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1776:
1762:
1735:
1732:
1648:Queen Victoria
1639:
1636:
1617:Belgian Legion
1592:
1589:
1576:Catholic Party
1568:secularization
1540:Leopold I, by
1504:
1503:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1373:
1370:
1365:Main article:
1351:
1348:
1324:
1321:
1315:delegation at
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1235:personal union
1196:
1193:
1133:Gustaf Wappers
1124:
1121:
1109:Ottoman Empire
1100:
1097:
1093:King of Greece
1077:Caroline Bauer
1065:Royal Highness
1056:prince consort
1028:on Pall Mall.
1024:, and then at
1018:Duke of Kendal
976:
975:
972:
969:
968:
963:
957:
956:
952:
951:
948:
942:
941:
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835:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
813:
805:
804:
800:
799:
789:
779:
776:
762:Battle of Kulm
739:Imperial Guard
737:, part of the
723:
720:
704:Saxe-Meiningen
678:in modern-day
670:, was born in
642:
639:
599:Louis Philippe
552:King George IV
508:
507:
504:
503:
501:
500:
495:
493:United Kingdom
490:
488:Russian Empire
485:
479:
477:
473:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
441:
436:
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421:
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418:
412:
405:
403:
397:
396:
393:
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390:
389:
384:
375:
369:
362:
359:
358:
350:
349:
347:
346:
343:
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327:
322:
316:
314:
308:
307:
287:
283:
278:
277:
276:
275:
254:
250:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
225:
221:
220:
214:(aged 74)
208:
204:
203:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
157:
155:Charles Rogier
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
116:
115:
114:
112:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58: 1860-65
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5056:
5045:
5044:Sons of dukes
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
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4955:
4952:
4950:
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4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4840:Prince August
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4762:Prince Josias
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4719:Saxe-Saalfeld
4716:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Prince Kardam
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Prince Rainer
4456:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Prince George
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:King Carlos I
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Prince Arthur
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:King George V
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4197:King Albert I
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Prince Arthur
4100:
4098:
4097:Duke Alfred I
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4032:Prince August
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3965:Duke Ernest I
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Joseph Lebeau
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:(August 1830)
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:(August 1830)
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
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3508:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:Prince Regent
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3418:
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3409:
3405:
3398:
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3379:
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3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3286:9781848871717
3282:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3225:"Léopold Ier"
3222:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
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3141:
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3013:
3011:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2970:
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2950:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2877:Chastain 1997
2873:
2871:
2864:, p. 19.
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2823:Chastain 1999
2819:
2817:
2808:
2806:9789004149526
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2761:, p. 30.
2760:
2755:
2749:, p. 29.
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2725:, p. 26.
2724:
2719:
2713:, p. 20.
2712:
2707:
2701:, p. 14.
2700:
2695:
2689:, p. 12.
2688:
2683:
2681:
2674:, p. 11.
2673:
2668:
2662:
2661:9789054875178
2658:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2625:9780241312841
2621:
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2610:
2603:
2598:
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2574:
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2543:
2539:
2535:
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2514:
2510:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2467:9781526736444
2463:
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2205:
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2200:
2195:
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2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
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2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1880:Commemoration
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1820:Arcadie Meyer
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:(daughter of
1749:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:French Empire
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1625:Risquons-Tout
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1572:Liberal Party
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447: –
1446:
1442:
1441:Find sources:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1419:This section
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1385:Armée du Nord
1379:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:July Monarchy
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Field Marshal
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
970:
967:
964:
962:
958:
953:
950:29 March 1816
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
901:
896:
889:
875:
872:
869:
867:
863:
858:
855:28 March 1816
854:
852:
848:
843:
839:
836:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
806:
801:
794:
784:
775:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
747:Major General
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
655:
651:
647:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Arcadie Meyer
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
505:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
404:
402:
398:
388:
385:
383:
379:
376:
374:
370:
368:
364:
363:
360:
355:
351:
344:
341:
339:Illegitimate:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
315:
313:
309:
281:
274:
273:
248:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
180:
176:
172:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
125:Joseph Lebeau
123:
122:
119:
113:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
74:
70:
67:
63:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4862:
4858:
4804:
4664:
4629:Prince Boris
4569:Prince Kyril
4380:Prince Henry
4322:Prince Kiril
4135:Infante João
4125:King Pedro V
3976:
3616:
3569:
3561:
3448:
3428:
3414:
3344:
3295:
3274:
3260:
3248:
3233:. Retrieved
3229:the original
3206:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3182:
3165:
3144:
3125:
3114:Bibliography
3099:. Retrieved
3094:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3068:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3018:
3000:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2952:
2948:
2907:
2890:
2884:
2857:
2830:
2796:
2793:"Chapter 15"
2786:
2775:
2766:
2759:Pirenne 1948
2754:
2747:Pirenne 1948
2742:
2735:Pirenne 1948
2730:
2723:Pirenne 1948
2718:
2711:Pirenne 1948
2706:
2699:Pirenne 1948
2694:
2687:Pirenne 1948
2672:Pirenne 1948
2667:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2615:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2533:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2476:
2456:
2145:
1903:Leopoldsburg
1892:
1890:
1883:
1871:
1856:
1853:Coat of arms
1827: Claret
1817:
1809:
1745:
1713:
1694:
1690:Napoleon III
1682:Great Powers
1675:
1661:
1629:
1602:
1553:
1519:
1492:
1483:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1440:
1428:Please help
1423:verification
1420:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1358:Leopold I's
1341:
1326:
1313:
1309:coin (1835)
1274:Bonapartists
1247:
1239:Great Powers
1229:or his son,
1216:
1212: 1820s
1166:
1147:
1107:against the
1103:Following a
1102:
1074:
1063:
1049:
1042:
979:
946:Royal assent
851:Royal assent
765:
751:
732:
725:
698:and gave up
667:
665:
584:
556:
525:
512:
511:
411:(until 1826)
386:
212:(1865-12-10)
117:
36:
4899:1865 deaths
4894:1790 births
4715:Saxe-Coburg
4390:Prince John
4130:King Luís I
3786:Paul Devaux
3684:André Jolly
3534:(1830–1839)
3444:Leopold III
3349: [
3235:16 December
3192:16 December
3162:"Leopold I"
3097:(in French)
2862:Wolmar 2010
2835:Carson 1974
1863:Royal Crypt
1724:Crimean War
1549: 1840
1266:Bonapartism
1037:George Dawe
961:Repealed by
866:Repealed by
733:Izmaylovsky
706:, becoming
661: 1900
542:during the
540:Saxe-Coburg
417:(from 1826)
83:Predecessor
53:Leopold I,
4883:Categories
4794:Ernest III
3945:Forefather
3891:Iron Cross
3657:(see also
3552:Rattachism
3434:Leopold II
3316:required.)
3135:1862072906
3101:4 December
2571:K. BAUER,
2416:References
1874:Leopold II
1564:free trade
1456:newspapers
1138:See also:
1014:royal duke
918:Long title
823:Long title
767:cuirassier
641:Early life
619:Protestant
565:under the
557:After the
476:Allegiance
195:, Coburg,
186:1790-12-16
103:Leopold II
3617:Leopold I
3468:Albert II
3429:Leopold I
3153:463182600
3027:cite book
2916:cite book
2518:13 August
2492:13 August
1894:Leopold I
1621:Quiévrain
1486:July 2022
1323:Accession
1252:, son of
1227:William I
1223:Orangists
1045:stillborn
1022:Park Lane
933:56 Geo. 3
838:56 Geo. 3
741:, in the
611:Charlotte
515:(French:
513:Leopold I
455:Signature
99:Successor
42:Leopold I
4622:Bulgaria
4557:Bulgaria
4472:Bulgaria
4430:Portugal
4310:Bulgaria
4253:Portugal
4117:Portugal
3828:Treaties
3557:Orangism
3473:Philippe
3463:Baudouin
3439:Albert I
3271:(2010).
3259:(1961).
3247:(1948).
3124:(1999).
2777:VRT News
1909:Ancestry
1899:monogram
1701:Maria II
1581:Mechelen
1560:Unionist
1556:Catholic
1531:Wallonia
1329:De Panne
1221:. Some
1173:mob rule
1158:Brussels
928:Citation
833:Citation
758:Napoleon
735:Regiment
700:Saalfeld
607:Philippe
536:Napoleon
449:Lutheran
445:Religion
371:French:
365:German:
118:See list
4778:Francis
4721:in 1699
4638:Belgium
4578:Belgium
4488:Belgium
4331:Belgium
4180:Belgium
4048:Belgium
3532:Belgium
3450:Charles
3361:at the
3343:at the
2542:2357829
1865:at the
1658:of 1859
1526:Antwerp
1522:Scheldt
1470:scholar
1185:popular
935:. c. 13
840:. c. 12
730:in the
728:colonel
680:Bavaria
666:Prince
603:Leopold
517:Léopold
304:
288:
284:
271:
255:
251:
236:Spouses
4541:Koháry
4451:Koháry
4274:Koháry
4154:Koháry
4018:Koháry
3611:Regent
3422:Regent
3310:
3283:
3213:
3151:
3132:
3075:7 July
2982:
2959:1 June
2803:
2659:
2622:
2540:
2464:
1859:Laeken
1668:Nestor
1609:émigré
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1283:regent
1256:, and
1016:, the
686:, and
672:Coburg
654:Coburg
609:, and
435:Mother
425:Father
294:
261:
224:Burial
4610:Ducal
4525:Ducal
4404:Ducal
3994:Ducal
3353:]
3205:[
3049:[
2945:(PDF)
2411:Notes
1677:Iliad
1672:Homer
1477:JSTOR
1463:books
1350:Reign
1307:franc
940:Dates
845:Dates
692:Gotha
401:House
378:Dutch
357:Names
312:Issue
302:)
290:(
286:
269:)
257:(
253:
72:Reign
4717:and
3281:ISBN
3237:2013
3211:ISBN
3194:2013
3149:OCLC
3130:ISBN
3103:2023
3077:2016
3033:link
2980:ISBN
2961:2024
2955:: 70
2922:link
2801:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2538:OCLC
2520:2020
2494:2020
2462:ISBN
2360:15.
2302:14.
2240:13.
2182:12.
2118:11.
2060:10.
1449:news
1142:and
300:1850
296:1832
267:1817
263:1816
207:Died
178:Born
90:(as
3302:doi
2328:7.
2266:3.
2208:6.
2144:1.
2086:5.
2024:2.
1998:9.
1966:4.
1940:8.
1829:).
1825:née
1688:of
1674:'s
1432:by
1068:by
988:at
718:.
702:to
652:in
4885::
4848:**
4842:**
4836:**
4830:**
4824:**
4807:**
4801:**
3351:fr
3185:.
3181:.
3168:.
3164:.
3093:.
3067:.
3029:}}
3025:{{
3009:^
2951:.
2947:.
2930:^
2918:}}
2914:{{
2898:^
2869:^
2842:^
2815:^
2774:.
2679:^
2557:.
2511:.
2485:.
2447:^
2424:^
1884:A
1711:.
1587:.
1546:c.
1544:,
1346:.
1209:c.
1207:,
1191:.
1187:,
749:.
658:c.
605:,
601:,
582:.
380::
292:m.
259:m.
199:,
55:c.
4742:*
4736:*
4697:e
4690:t
4683:v
4040:*
4034:*
4028:*
4009:*
4003:*
3979:*
3973:*
3967:*
3952:*
3930:e
3923:t
3916:v
3661:)
3619:(
3609:(
3520:e
3513:t
3506:v
3458:)
3454:(
3424:)
3420:(
3396:e
3389:t
3382:v
3308:.
3304::
3289:.
3239:.
3219:.
3196:.
3172:.
3155:.
3138:.
3105:.
3079:.
3035:)
2988:.
2963:.
2953:4
2924:)
2879:.
2825:.
2809:.
2628:.
2561:.
2544:.
2522:.
2496:.
2470:.
2442:.
1822:(
1806:.
1499:)
1493:(
1488:)
1484:(
1474:·
1467:·
1460:·
1453:·
1426:.
188:)
184:(
94:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
