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moisture contents, under both subaqueous and subaerial conditions. Different substrate conditions caused considerable variation in the appearance of trackways produced by one species. The trackways produced by uphill-walking salamanders on sloping dry sand in Brand’s (1979, fig. 6a, 6b) study are similar in their track depth and shape of pushback mounds to some uphill
Palmichnium trackways found on foresets in the Muth Formation (Fig. 5B). Although the producers were different, these neoichnological studies provide an analogue for the mechanism of production of some of the Muth Palmichnium trackways.
1658:
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Brand contrasts two worldviews, the naturalistic and the unnaturalistic. He said that "Some scientists believe that a religious viewpoint cannot result in valid scientific research. However, abundant examples demonstrate that a religious (including biblical) worldview, when combined with high quality
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wrote a critical review of FREH, accusing Brand of unscrupulousness and ignorance. He said the book "shows us, on the one hand, a very curious mix of what appear to be a few genuine attempts, by creationists, to do good science, or at least better science than they have done in the past, and, on the
852:
On
November 9, 1972, the California State Board of Education held hearings to examine creation science. Leonard Brand, along with Loma Linda University colleague Ariel Roth, made presentations. Brand contended that creationist views are misunderstood in that creationists also believe in evolution of
835:
Experimental studies with live animals have greatly contributed to our understanding of track formation and preservation. Several authors (e.g., Padian and Olsen, 1989; Farlow, 1989; Farlow and Pianka, 2000) have focused on how the gait and behavior of the trackmaker affects the resultant track and
2289:
Brady (1939, 1947) and Sadler (1993) conducted neoichnological investigations with arthropods, but did not consider trackways produced subaqueously. Brand (1979, 1996) carried out extensive studies on trackways produced by modern amphibians and reptiles with different substrates, slope angles, and
959:
The
Seventh-day Adventist Church has recognized Brand as a thought leader in matters of science and origins since the early 1970s. He has served on the SDA church's science council from 1976 to 2003. He oversaw the development of the church's earth sciences program at Loma Linda University. He has
928:
Zoologist
Leonard Brand used live reptiles and amphibians in his lab to see how footprints were formed in different conditions: dry, damp, and wet sand, and when the animals were walking on sand underwater. The underwater tracks, he concludes, resembles most closely fossil tracks such as found in
917:
applauds the book for breaking free from the "science-bashing spirit" prevalent in creationist literature. Lockley suggests that Brand is "writing for people of faith" and that his more sympathetic approach may have a greater impact in "educat creationists to a scientific way of thinking" than the
949:
In my approach, I retain the scientific method of observation and experimentation, but I also allow study of
Scripture to open my eyes to things that I might otherwise overlook and to suggest new hypotheses to test. This approach is not just a theory; some of us have been using it for years with
781:
point to underwater deposition, rather than desert wind deposition of dry sand. Brand and Tang studied western newts walking on sand under 4 cm of flowing water in an aquarium tank. By analogy, they concluded that at least part of the
Coconino Sandstone was deposited under water. This
974:
Our objectives for the degree are two-fold. We want to train secondary teachers to teach earth history and to foster study in the earth sciences in the context of the various ideas of origins." He said that
Adventists had neglected the fields of paleontology and geology even though they related
789:
describes Brand's
Salamander trackway study as "seriously flawed" and notes that Brand links the underwater tracks theory to the idea that the Grand Canyon was formed entirely by a catastrophic, biblical-style flood, a view which Lockley calls geologically naive and disingenuous. He criticizes
794:
for "leaving out any discussion of the objections published by geologists to his interpretation." Lockley does, however, commend Brand for admitting that creationists have made mistakes and that science-bashing can be counter-productive, for advocating respectful engagement, and for raising
853:
species within the major groups of plants and animals. The evidence for this was very good, he said. They "have no argument with experimental evidence." In conclusion, he stated that students in
California schools should be allowed to hear both theories and form their own conclusions.
929:
the Grand Canyon’s
Coconino Sandstone. This contradicts the evolutionist assumption of the desert origin of the sandstone, and supports the Flood model. Brand has published these experiments both in GRI’s journal Origins (1978) as well as a standard scientific journal (1979).
836:
trackway morphology. Other studies (e.g., McKee, 1947; Brand, 1979, 1996; Gatesy et al., 1999; Milan 2006) have investigated how a range of media conditions, such as the moisture (i.e., water) content, interacts with the movement of the foot to produce a spectrum of footprints.
761:
In 2000, Brand et al. have conducted field research on fossil turtles in the Bridger Formation of Wyoming. He has also been involved in taphonomy experiments using modern animal carcasses, particularly intended to aid understanding of the features of fossil turtles.
996:
on health (1976), Jon Butler on prophetic fulfilment (1979) and Walter Rea on literary relationships (1982). He proposes that these earlier research studies should be examined for their use of logic, interpretation of data, and whether they had good research designs.
909:
advocates "have a much more irenic and moderate tone that provides a welcome contrast to the sarcastic, sometimes disrespectful tone and unwarrantedly dogmatic pronouncements of earlier creationists." In a foreword to Brand's book
894:, Leonard Brand and Andrew A. Snelling. In August, 2008, Brand gave the keynote address at the Seventh Creation Biology Study Groups Conference entitled “Origins Research: A Better Worldview Yields Better Research Questions.”
683:
As a Creationist, he teaches interventionism, a view of history that holds that there is intelligent intervention in history. His desire for respectful dialogue has been welcomed by advocates on both sides of the
1004:
Brand collaborated with McMahon in bringing McMahon's finding to the attention of American Adventists... the latter book (Brand and McMahon's) devotes a chapter to exposing the perceived weaknesses of
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significantly to the church's understanding of origins. According to Brand, it was important for the Adventist church to have teachers on all levels who could understand the conflict in these areas.
1532:
Brand, L. R.; Esperante, R.; Chadwick, A. V.; Poma, O.; Alomia, M. (2004). "Fossil whale preservation implies high diatom accumulation rate in the Miocene-Pliocene Pisco Formation of Peru".
970:
In 1978, church leaders approved Loma Linda University's Department of Biology masters program in earth history. As head of the department, Brand explained the rationale for the program,
743:. This was also his PhD topic. Along with many other scientists, his reported methodologies and observations have added to the accumulating scientific knowledge of these mammals.
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research procedures, can lead to productive research and suggest better research questions and hypotheses with results publishable in the best peer-reviewed scientific journals."
317:
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2003:, pp. 1201–1204 were published in: Science News, 141 (4):5, 1992; Geology Today, 8 (3):78–79, 1992; and Nature, 355:110, Jan 9, 1992. Brand responded to the comments:
937:
The difference between a creationist and an evolutionist isn't a difference in the scientific data, but a difference in philosophy – a difference in the presuppositions...
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Brand argues for integrity in creationist arguments, against using material that has many errors and writing "without having the scientific training to match their zeal."
3259:
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Brand, L. R. (1992). "Reply to comments on "fossil vertebrate footprints in the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) of northern Arizona: evidence for underwater origin."".
901:
less confrontationally than many creationists. Young and Stearley, two Christian geologists who disagree with Brand's young earth views, state that he, along with
840:
Brand has also been involved in research not published in mainstream scientific journals. In 1970 Berney Neufeld, Brand and Art Chadwick studied the controversial
337:
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tracks made by many forms of invertebrates which would not leave prolific underwater tracks, including some which could only be made on completely dry sand; and
347:
287:
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Brand, L. R. (1979). "Field and laboratory studies on the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) fossil vertebrate footprints and their paleoecological implications".
2189:
1505:
454:
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and, contrary to many creationists at that time, concluded that those tracks did not provide valid evidence for the coexistence of humans and dinosaurs.
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1331:
Brand, L.R.; Tang, T. (1991). "Fossil vertebrate footprints in the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) of northern Arizona: Evidence for underwater origin".
831:
In his report on laboratory controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in sand, Simon J. Jackson cites eight scientists, including Brand. He says,
876:
other hand, what appear to be quite ridiculous and extraordinarily naive interpretations of classic geological localities such as the Grand Canyon."
342:
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307:
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Despite their pretense to scientific rigor, McMahon's books are riddled with pseudoscientific claims, historical errors, and misleading comparisons.
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332:
327:
992:. The core issue treated in their book is Ellen White's writings on health. In the first four chapters, Brand reports on the earlier research of
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197:
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at Loma Linda University in 1966. He began his scientific career in the study of small mammals. In 1968, Brand and Raymond Ryckman studied the
270:
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2243:"A Gondwanan Coastal Arthropod Ichnofauna from the Muth Formation (Lower Devonian, Northern India): Paleoenvironment and Tracemaker Behavior"
292:
277:
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170:
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2242:
2217:"An Occurrence of Reptile Subaqueous Traces in the Moenkopi Formation (Triassic) of Capitol Reef National Park, South Central Utah, USA"
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2688:
2382:"Laboratory-controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in Sand: A key to understanding vertebrate track formation and preservation"
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Buchheim, H. P.; Brand, L. R.; Goodwin, H. T. (2000). "Lacustrine to fluvial flood-plain deposition in the Eocene Bridger Formation".
3316:
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Brand, L.R.; Kramer, J. (1996). "Underprints of vertebrate and invertebrate trackways in the Permian Coconino Sandstone in Arizona".
360:
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441:
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taught science methodology in regional church conference and has explained creationist concepts to students in public colleges.
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Brand, Leonard (1976, 1977) "The Evidence for Creation," Ministry, November 1976 pp. 18–20; January 1977, pp. 34–37 cited in
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2819:"Creationism: Intellectual Origins, Cultural Context, and Theoretical Diversity, section: The Geoscience Research Institute"
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989:
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include Leonard Brand among their leaders. They often cite his field and lab research as evidence for the biblical flood.
634:
414:
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1034:
Biosystematics and Life histories of the Peromyscus guardia group of mice and Peromyscus eremicus (Rodentia: Cricetidae)
3326:
2633:"2010 Creation Geology Society Abstracts: 7. YEC Geology in the Classroom: Educational Materials, Challenges and Needs"
898:
857:
685:
404:
160:
2532:"Cornell University Library, Search results for 'kw:"Faith, Reason and earth history"' limited to Libraries Worldwide"
3321:
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2139:
481:
237:
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In the area of doctrinal apologetics, Brand has published a book in response to the major critics of church founder
806:
A number of studies have found evidence contradicting Brand and Tang's conclusions and Lockley and Hunt's 1995 book
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841:
232:
3281:"Startling Evidence for Noah's Flood: Footprints and Sand 'Dunes' in a Grand Canyon Sandstone! Answers in Genesis"
1111:. 3rd Meeting on Taphonomy and Fossilization. Valencia, Spain.: International Conference Taphos. pp. 337–343.
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Apart from the controversy, his observations of underwater foot prints have been cited in peer-reviewed journals.
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2595:
1593:(California State Board of Education hearing re: including creation as a theory of origins along with evolution.)
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424:
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1373:
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in a short list of "well-researched YEC writings on geology." These "excellent sources" include Steven Austin,
627:
499:
210:
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Lockley, Martin, Martin; Donovan, Stephen K. (2000). "Book Review, This Brand of Faith: This Faith of Brand".
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1300:
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suggests an alternative explanation with the tracks being made in air by extinct mammal-like reptiles called
374:
1721:
381:
150:
2085:"Wading newts may explain enigmatic tracks – footprints found in sandstone layers within the Grand Canyon"
1835:
1102:"Taphonomy of fossil whales in the diatomaceous sediments of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru."
729:
1608:. Riviera Maya, Mexico: General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Education Department. pp. 1–8
3260:"Creation Sabbath October 23, 2010. Creation Celebration: A historical review of the creation debate"
3244:"Loma Linda University School of Science and Technology: Department of Earth and Biological Sciences"
2348:
941:
Brand teaches that his biblical views help him propose questions for research. On page 8 of the book
782:
hypothesis has been criticized by geologists who interpret evidence supporting sub-aerial formation.
227:
1107:. In De Renzi, M.; Alonso, M.; Belinchon, M.; Penalver, E.; Montoya, P.; Marquez-Aliaga, A. (eds.).
2743:
Faith, Reason, and Earth History: A Paradigm of Earth and Biological Origins by Intelligent Design.
868:(2007). Both are published in English and Spanish, and the former is also published in Portuguese.
516:
252:
222:
3200:
2216:
1075:
Faith, Reason, and Earth History: A Paradigm of Earth and Biological Origins by Intelligent Design
984:
In 2005, Don S. McMahon, an Australian medical specialist, and Leonard Brand co-authored the book
818:
tracks demonstrating various running gaits impossible under water, at various angles to the slope;
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879:
3076:
3070:
2161:
2155:
1381:
Brand, L. R. (1996). "Variations in salamander trackways resulting from substrate differences".
750:") were discovered as part of the Pisco formation in Peru. Brand and his associates studied the
676:
Department of Earth and Biological Sciences. Brand's most widely debated research was regarding
3311:
3019:
2639:
1301:"Geographic Variation in Vocalizations of California Chipmunks Tamias obscurus and T. merriami"
242:
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673:
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90:
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2769:. American Intellectual Culture. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 162.
8:
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576:
60:
3129:
1606:
Institute for Christian Teaching. 4th Symposium on the Bible and Adventist Scholarship
1506:"Taphonomy of Freshwater Turtles: Decay and Disarticulation in Controlled Experiments"
1496:
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1440:
1259:
688:. He challenges his fellow creationists to use caution when making scientific claims.
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3080:
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717:
571:
476:
2349:
Stephen T. Hasiotis; Brian F. Platt; Daniel I. Hembree; Michael J. Everhart (2007).
2277:
1410:
1267:
1123:
Brand, Leonard R.; Ryckman, Raymond E. (August 1968). "Laboratory Life Histories of
1008:, especially its failure to entertain "the hypothesis of divine inspiration" (p. 44)
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of these well-articulated skeletons, and concluded that the burial of the whales in
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1918:
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1402:
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mice. This was also the topic of Brand's masters. They confirmed the accepted
3300:
3145:
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1906:
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1316:
1092:
906:
586:
521:
486:
471:
182:
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1041:
800:
774:
713:
677:
662:
601:
556:
546:
461:
177:
101:
80:
2689:"Frontiers in Creation Research Proceedings of the Seventh BSG Conference"
2379:
2132:
Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States .
1160:
1051:
Vocalizations and behavior of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias) in California
130:
3020:"Acquired or Inspired? Groundbreaking Research on Ellen White and Health"
2873:
Beginnings: are science and Scripture partners in the search for origins?
1671:
1441:"Taphonomy of turtles in the Middle Eocene Bridger Formation, SW Wyoming"
1168:
Brand, Leonard R.; Ryckman, Raymond E. (August 1969). "Biosystematics of
993:
705:
669:
606:
541:
526:
105:
2718:
The Bible, rocks, and time: geological evidence for the age of the earth
808:
Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States
3188:
2110:
2084:
1930:
1234:
1201:
1152:
902:
2527:
1439:
Brand, L. R.; Buchheim, H. P.; Goodwin, H. T.; Ambrose, P. G. (2000).
2823:
PhD Dissertation, Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
1701:
1696:
1691:
1553:
914:
891:
814:. Inconsistencies that contradict the underwater hypothesis include:
796:
766:
751:
709:
658:
617:
187:
3180:
2963:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. xxiv.
2102:
1942:
1226:
1193:
1144:
746:
From 1999, the fossil remains of hundreds of whales (including the "
1657:
111:
2818:
2721:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 160, 161.
2301:
1767:
728:
of these species, and showed that these species are still able to
2714:
2134:
New York, New York, Columbia University University Press, p. 338
1629:
933:
Brand distinguishes between scientific data and presuppositions:
811:
76:
3230:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Animal Diversity Web
2241:
Draganits, Erich; Braddy, Simon J.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2001).
2594:
In the handbook for their Grand Canyon Field Study Course, the
1242:
Brand, L. R. (1976). "The vocal repertoire of chipmunks (genus
755:
2870:
2762:
2022:
1969:
1959:
1957:
55:
3054:. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. p. 366.
2796:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 136.
2469:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. p. 171.
2270:
10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0126:agcaif>2.0.co;2
1924:
1811:"Leonard R. Brand, PhD - Education | Loma Linda University"
1438:
1374:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0666:CAROFV>2.3.CO;2
1353:
10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1201:FVFITC>2.3.CO;2
773:, and Steven Austin has proposed that fossil tracks in the
2665:"Creation Biology Society, Frontiers in Creation Research"
2310:, with examples from the Lower Permian of New Mexico, USA"
2039:
2037:
2010:
1954:
1912:
1900:
1531:
1209:
Brand, L. R. (1974). "Tree nests of California chipmunks (
1099:
2766:
Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story
1504:
Brand, Leonard R.; Hussey, Michael; Taylor, John (2003).
1100:
Esperante, R.; Brand, L.; Chadwick, A.; Poma, O. (2002).
918:
more confrontational approach of many anti-creationists.
64:
3279:
Snelling, Andrew A.; Austin, Steven A. (December 1992).
1834:
The research on deer mice is cited in sources including
716:
and two related species isolated to nearby islands, the
114:
in dialogue and for caution in making scientific claims.
2493:
Roth, Ariel A.; Brand, Leonard R. (February 15, 1973).
2380:
Simon J. Jackson; Martin A. Whyte; Miki Romano (2009).
2034:
1568:
Roth, Ariel A.; Brand, Leonard R. (February 15, 1973).
1305:
Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
735:
Starting in 1970, Brand reported on the tree nests and
3100:
2789:
2551:
1981:
1773:
2793:
God's own scientists: creationists in a secular world
2745:
Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press.
1743:
924:
In his PhD dissertation, Thomas McIver reports that:
3134:
Reports of the National Center for Science Education
3102:"R. R. Bietz Notes Strides Made on La Sierra Campus"
3048:
Kirkland, Gordon L.; Layne, James Nathaniel (1989).
2160:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1936:
1625:
1474:
795:
thought-provoking philosophical questions regarding
2875:. Pacific Press Publishing Association. p. 8.
1599:"Intelligent Design: Friend or Foe for Adventists?"
1948:
1791:
1503:
1477:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1448:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1277:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3298:
2897:"Yearbooks of Seventh-day Adventists, 1976–2003"
1888:
1779:
1298:
1053:(PhD thesis). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
3075:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.
2960:Prophetess of health: a study of Ellen G. White
2356:in Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects
2191:The Eternal Trail: A Tracker Looks at Evolution
954:
3278:
3051:Advances in the study of Peromyscus (Rodentia)
2300:Minter, Nicholas J.; Braddy, Simon J. (2006).
2221:National Park Service Paleontological Research
1963:
1755:
979:
3047:
2984:Brand, Leonard; McMahon, Don Stewart (2005).
2602:"A Creationist Walk Through the Grand Canyon"
2194:. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 68–71.
1855:
1109:Current Topics on Taphonomy and Fossilization
635:
3225:
2983:
2715:Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (2008).
2351:"12, The trace fossil record of vertebrates"
2299:
1872:
1843:
1839:
1167:
1122:
856:Leonard Brand has authored two books on the
3160:Veal, Rita; Caire, William (June 8, 1979).
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2705:For the journal's editorial policy see p. 2
2526:Foreign translations of Brand's books, see
2488:
2486:
2214:
2082:
2028:
1732:History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
1417:
3013:
3011:
2918:"Graduate Program in Earth History at LLU"
2864:
2183:
2181:
1293:(Reprinted in Benchmark Papers in Geology)
642:
628:
3159:
2871:Brand, Leonard; Jarnes, David C. (2005).
2763:Giberson, Karl; Yerxa, Donald A. (2002).
2492:
2333:
2000:
1975:
1847:
1567:
1330:
1299:Blankenship, D. J.; Brand, L. R. (1987).
1036:(Masters thesis). Loma Linda University.
2943:
2483:
2359:(First ed.). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
2302:"The fish and amphibian swimming traces
2149:
2147:
2083:Monastersky, Richard (January 4, 1992).
3226:Chinnock, Faith; Cole, Rebecca (2006).
3068:
3017:
3008:
2956:
2910:
2839:"Tensions Between Religion and Science"
2187:
2178:
2130:Lockley, M. G., and Hunt, A. P. (1995)
1749:
1012:He criticises both of McMahon's books:
886:of Liberty University includes Brand's
758:sediment had been a very rapid event.
696:Brand received a Ph.D. in biology from
400:Adventist Development and Relief Agency
131:http://resweb.llu.edu/lbrand/index.html
3299:
3257:
3228:"Tamias obscurus, California Chipmunk"
3127:
2816:
2810:
2783:
2630:
2599:
2043:
1797:
691:
672:. He is a professor and past chair of
2436:
2153:
2144:
2016:
2004:
1987:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1859:
1785:
1596:
1380:
1359:
1274:
1241:
1208:
1072:
1048:
1031:
318:Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division
3128:Elders, Wilfred (July–August 1998).
2992:Pacific Press Publishing Association
2836:
2686:
2462:
2456:
1597:Brand, Leonard (March 16–22, 2008).
990:Pacific Press Publishing Association
3242:
1846:, pp. 501–513; Review article
1761:
13:
3357:People from Loma Linda, California
3018:Patrick, Arthur (April 17, 2005).
2687:Wood, T. C. Ed. (August 7, 2008).
2070:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1992.tb00366.x
1937:Buchheim, Brand & Goodwin 2000
405:Maranatha Volunteers International
14:
3368:
3347:Seventh-day Adventist theologians
3130:"Bibliolatry in the Grand Canyon"
888:Faith, Reason and Earth's History
482:Three Angels Broadcasting Network
3317:21st-century American biologists
2466:Evolution Controversy in America
2335:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00588.x
2157:The Counter-Creationism Handbook
1852:American Society of Mammalogists
1656:
1642:
1628:
700:in 1970, having also received a
159:
3342:American Seventh-day Adventists
3337:American Christian creationists
2977:
2889:
2829:
2790:Toumey, Christopher P. (1994).
2756:
2735:
2708:
2680:
2657:
2624:
2596:Institute for Creation Research
2588:
2545:
2520:
2495:"The Truly Scientific Approach"
2430:
2373:
2342:
2293:
2234:
2208:
2124:
2076:
2049:
1993:
1949:Brand, Hussey & Taylor 2003
1570:"The Truly Scientific Approach"
1020:
912:Faith, Reason and Earth History
862:Faith, Reason and Earth History
792:Faith, Reason and Earth History
769:, Brand, along with Thu Tang,
467:Loma Linda Broadcasting Network
425:Seventh-day Adventist education
2600:McIver, Thomas (Spring 1987).
2353:. In William C. Miller (ed.).
1865:
1828:
1803:
1727:Seventh-day Adventist theology
899:creation–evolution controversy
858:creation–evolution controversy
847:
686:creation–evolution controversy
338:Southern Asia-Pacific Division
313:Northern Asia-Pacific Division
1:
3332:Loma Linda University faculty
3036:
2817:McIver, Thomas Allen (1989).
2598:refers to Brand's lab study.
1497:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00112-7
1468:10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00111-5
1260:10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80040-1
3352:Intelligent design advocates
2693:Occasional Papers of the BSG
1889:Blankenship & Brand 1987
1871:For example, see references:
1722:Seventh-day Adventist Church
1289:10.1016/0031-0182(79)90111-1
955:Seventh-day Adventist church
382:List of Ellen White writings
348:West-Central Africa Division
288:East-Central Africa Division
7:
2987:The prophet and her critics
2957:Numbers, Ronald L. (2008).
2439:"On the Heels of Dinosaurs"
1836:Mammal Species of the World
1774:Pacific Union Recorder 1970
1621:
1215:American Midland Naturalist
1049:Brand, Leonard Roy (1970).
986:The prophet and her critics
980:The prophet and her critics
712:(specifically the mainland
36:1941 (age 82–83)
10:
3373:
2606:Creation Evolution Journal
2409:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-070r
1964:Snelling & Austin 1992
1838:(3rd ed. p.45). Also see:
1129:Peromyscus interparietalis
1032:Brand, Leonard R. (1966).
988:. It was published by the
897:Brand participates in the
243:Pre-Second Advent Judgment
3327:Cornell University alumni
2931:(13): 7, 8. July 11, 1978
2566:10.1080/10420940009380168
1856:Kirkland & Layne 1989
1432:10.1080/10420949609380129
1403:10.1017/S0022336000038701
1073:Brand, Leonard R (1997).
864:(1997, 2nd Ed. 2009) and
435:Colleges and universities
126:
118:
96:
86:
71:
47:
28:
21:
3322:American paleontologists
3258:Pfandl, Gerhard (2010).
3069:Numbers, Ronald (2006).
2463:Webb, George E. (1994).
2188:Lockley, Martin (2000).
1873:Chinnock & Cole 2006
1844:Brand & Ryckman 1969
1840:Brand & Ryckman 1968
1737:
880:Young Earth Creationists
3115:(42): 8. April 16, 1970
2437:Kuban, Glen J. (2010).
2029:Brand & Kramer 1996
1682:Young Earth creationism
1383:Journal of Paleontology
1077:. Andrews Univ. Press.
343:Trans-European Division
323:South American Division
308:North American Division
303:Inter-European Division
298:Inter-American Division
253:Conditional immortality
198:1888 General Conference
3109:Pacific Union Recorder
2925:Atlantic Union Gleaner
1018:
1010:
977:
952:
939:
931:
905:and some other recent
838:
333:Southern Asia Division
328:South Pacific Division
228:Three Angels' Messages
218:28 Fundamental Beliefs
2837:Couperus, Molleurus.
2741:Brand, L. R. (1997).
2645:on September 27, 2011
2019:, pp. 1004–1010.
2001:Brand & Tang 1991
1978:, pp. 1201–1204.
1976:Brand & Tang 1991
1913:Esperante et al. 2002
1875:. For details see:
1848:Veal & Caire 1979
1712:Man Track Controversy
1014:
1002:
972:
947:
935:
926:
833:
824:raindrop impressions.
680:at the Grand Canyon.
674:Loma Linda University
667:Seventh-day Adventist
91:Loma Linda University
52:Loma Linda University
3266:on February 21, 2013
2215:Kirby, John (n.d.).
2154:Isaak, Mark (2007).
1887:, pp. 319–335;
1883:, pp. 489–491;
1850:, pp. 1–6; the
1842:, pp. 495–501;
1513:Journal of Taphonomy
1182:Journal of Mammalogy
1133:Journal of Mammalogy
1006:Prophetess of Health
741:California chipmunks
193:Great Disappointment
40:Harvey, North Dakota
3164:Peromyscus eremicus
2401:2009Palai..24..222J
2326:2006Palgy..49.1123M
2262:2001Palai..16..126D
2031:, pp. 225–230.
1951:, pp. 233–245.
1939:, pp. 191–209.
1927:, pp. 171–189.
1915:, pp. 337–343.
1903:, pp. 165–168.
1891:, pp. 126–135.
1636:Christianity portal
1546:2004Geo....32..165B
1489:2000PPP...162..191B
1460:2000PPP...162..171B
1395:1996JPal...70.1004B
1345:1991Geo....19.1201B
1170:Peromyscus eremicus
1125:Peromyscus eremicus
692:Scientific research
592:Samuele Bacchiocchi
582:Herbert E. Douglass
537:James Caleb Jackson
420:Medical Cadet Corps
2064:(3): 78–81. 1992.
2007:, pp. 668–670
1717:Coconino Sandstone
1246:) in California".
1178:P. interparietalis
779:Coconino Sandstone
771:Andrew A. Snelling
698:Cornell University
577:Edward Heppenstall
376:Signs of the Times
293:Euro-Asia Division
278:General Conference
61:Cornell University
16:American scientist
3206:on March 18, 2012
3173:Mammalian Species
3086:978-0-674-02339-0
3077:514 (footnote 14)
3061:978-0-89672-170-8
3001:978-0-8163-2057-8
2970:978-0-8028-0395-5
2882:978-0-8163-2144-5
2803:978-0-8135-2043-8
2776:978-0-7425-0765-4
2728:978-0-8308-2876-0
2476:978-0-8131-1864-2
2366:978-0-444-52949-7
2201:978-0-7382-0362-1
2171:978-0-520-24926-4
2046:, pp. 11–19.
1990:, pp. 25–38.
1925:Brand et al. 2000
1901:Brand et al. 2004
1339:(12): 1201–1204.
1084:978-1-883925-15-4
1000:Numbers reports,
652:
651:
572:H. M. S. Richards
477:Voice of Prophecy
430:Secondary schools
136:
135:
33:Leonard Roy Brand
3364:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3262:. Archived from
3254:
3252:
3250:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3199:. Archived from
3170:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3106:
3090:
3072:The Creationists
3065:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2638:. Archived from
2637:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2320:(5): 1123–1142.
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2151:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1869:
1863:
1854:' species list;
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:Biography portal
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1557:
1554:10.1130/g20079.1
1528:
1526:
1524:
1510:
1500:
1483:(1–2): 191–209.
1471:
1454:(1–2): 171–189.
1445:
1435:
1414:
1389:(6): 1004–1010.
1377:
1356:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1295:
1271:
1248:Animal Behaviour
1238:
1205:
1164:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1062:
1045:
765:In the field of
644:
637:
630:
455:Media ministries
369:Adventist Review
248:Premillennialism
163:
153:Adventist Church
138:
137:
23:Leonard R. Brand
19:
18:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3267:
3248:
3246:
3233:
3231:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3181:10.2307/3503858
3168:
3150:
3148:
3118:
3116:
3104:
3087:
3062:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:. p. 127.
2990:. Nampa Idaho:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2698:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2593:
2589:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2343:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2280:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2103:10.2307/3976245
2081:
2077:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1870:
1866:
1858:, p. 366;
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1522:
1520:
1508:
1443:
1321:
1319:
1227:10.2307/2424347
1194:10.2307/1378777
1145:10.2307/1378208
1104:
1085:
1023:
982:
957:
850:
694:
657:is an American
648:
612:
611:
597:E. E. Cleveland
567:George Vandeman
562:Arthur L. White
552:M. L. Andreasen
502:
492:
491:
457:
447:
446:
395:
387:
386:
363:
353:
352:
273:
263:
262:
213:
203:
202:
173:
152:
109:
100:Combination of
59:
43:
37:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3276:
3255:
3240:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3157:
3125:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3007:
3000:
2976:
2969:
2942:
2909:
2888:
2881:
2863:
2828:
2809:
2802:
2782:
2775:
2755:
2734:
2727:
2707:
2679:
2656:
2623:
2587:
2560:(4): 307–318.
2544:
2519:
2482:
2475:
2455:
2429:
2372:
2365:
2341:
2292:
2256:(2): 126–147.
2233:
2207:
2200:
2177:
2170:
2143:
2123:
2075:
2048:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1864:
1827:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1752:, p. 514.
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Martin Lockley
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:Biology portal
1653:
1639:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1594:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1540:(2): 165–168.
1529:
1501:
1472:
1436:
1426:(3): 225–230.
1415:
1378:
1368:(7): 668–670.
1357:
1328:
1311:(3): 126–135.
1296:
1272:
1254:(2): 319–335.
1239:
1221:(2): 489–491.
1206:
1188:(3): 501–513.
1165:
1139:(3): 495–501.
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1046:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
981:
978:
965:Ellen G. White
956:
953:
884:Marcus R. Ross
873:Martin Lockley
849:
846:
826:
825:
822:
819:
787:Martin Lockley
702:Master of Arts
693:
690:
663:paleontologist
650:
649:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:James S. White
509:
507:Ellen G. White
503:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
372:
364:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
281:
280:
274:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
156:
155:
147:
146:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
98:
97:Known for
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
49:
45:
44:
38:
32:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3369:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Living people
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3245:
3241:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2751:1-883925-15-0
2748:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2666:
2660:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Palaeontology
2311:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2140:0-231-07926-5
2137:
2133:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:Geology Today
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
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