1272:
40:
1231:, resulting in a greater prevalence for the selected traits. Stronger selection should lead to impaired survival, as it decreases genetic variance and ensures that more offspring have similar traits. However, lekking species do not exhibit runaway selection. In a lekking reproductive system, what male sexual characteristics can signal to females is limited, as the males provide no resources to females or parental care to their offspring. This implies that a female gains indirect benefits from her choice in the form of "good genes" for her offspring.
156:
1065:
1169:. For example, increased vocalization rate caused a decrease in the mass of male great snipes. Other costs can derive from male combat. For example, male great snipes regularly fight to display dominance or defend their territory, with females preferring victorious males. Aggressive male black grouse are preferred over non-aggressive males and when the males fight they tear feathers from each other's tails. Lekking is associated with
1144:
1200:
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1076:
1290:, was done to test the various lek evolution models. The experiment involved varying the size and sex ratio of leks using decoys. To test whether or not the presence of a hotshot determined lek formation, a hotshot little bustard decoy was placed within a lek. After the fake hotshot was added to the lek, both male and female visitation to the lek increased, giving weight to the hypothesis.
1363:
1347:, which assumes that males within a lek are related to one another. As females rarely mate outside of leks, it is advantageous for males to form leks. Although not all males within a lek mate with a female, the unmated males still receive fitness benefits. Kin selection explains that related males congregate to form leks, as a way to attract females and increase
1255:. One resolution to the lek paradox involves female preferences and how preference alone does not cause a drastic enough directional selection to diminish the genetic variance in fitness. Another conclusion is that the preferred trait is not naturally selected for or against and the trait is maintained because it implies increased attractiveness to the male.
1223:, the maintenance of genetic variation in lekking species constitutes a paradox in evolutionary biology. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains. There are two conditions in which the lek paradox arises. The first is that males contribute only genes and the second is that female preference does not affect
1246:
hypothesis, which describes how a significant amount of the genome is involved in shaping the traits that are sexually selected. There are two assumptions in the genic capture hypothesis: the first is that sexually selected traits are dependent upon condition, and the second is that general condition
1180:
or other benefits. However, lekking reduces the cost of female searching because the congregating of males makes mate selection easier. Females do not have to travel as far, since they are able to evaluate and compare multiple males within the same vicinity. Further, having the males in one place may
1115:
are faithful to males and not to mating sites. Successful males congregate in the same area as the previous breeding season because it is familiar to them, while females return to reunite with their males. Females do not return to a mating site if their male partner is not present. Another possible
1324:
The blackhole model proposes that females have a preference for neither size nor type of male, but rather that females tend to be mobile and mate wherever leks may be located. This model predicts that female mobility is a response to male harassment. This prediction is difficult to test, but there
1149:
1148:
1145:
1128:
A meta analysis of 27 species found that qualities such as lekking size, male display rate, and the rate of male aggression exhibit positive correlation with male success rates. A positive correlation was also found between attendance, magnitude of exaggerated traits, age, frequency of fights, and
1283:
The hotshot hypothesis is the only model that attributes males as the driving force behind aggregation. The hotshot model hypothesizes that attractive males, known as hotshots, garner both female and male attention. Females go to the hotshots because they are attracted to these males. Other males
1097:
There are two types of lekking arrangement: classical and exploded. In the classic lekking system, male territories are in visual and auditory range of their neighbours. In an exploded lek, males are further away from one another than they would be in a classical lek. Males in an exploded lek are
1383:
Another hypothesis is predation protection, or the idea that there is a reduction in individual predation risk in a larger group. This could work both for the males within the group and any female who visits the lek. Protection also explains the presence of mixed leks, when a male of one species
1315:
traffic has been observed to be concentrated around leks, bathing sites, and fruiting areas, with males aggregated near the most visited fruiting resources. The hotspot model also predicts that lek size is dependent upon the number of females inhabiting a patch of land. To test if the number of
1237:
argued that male sexual characteristics only convey useful information to the females if these traits confer a handicap on the male. Zahavi's handicap principle may offer a resolution to the lek paradox, for if females select for the condition of male ornaments, then their offspring have better
1150:
1129:
mating success. This female preference leads to mating skew, with some males being more successful at copulating with females. The variation in mating success is quite large in lek mating systems with 70–80% of matings being attributed to only 10–20% of the males present.
1147:
1087:
bubbles. Bird leks may have 10-200 individuals. A strict hierarchy accords the top-ranking males the most prestigious central territories. Females come to choose mates when the males' hierarchy is established, and preferentially mate with the dominants in the
1120:, subordinate betas may inherit an alpha's display site, increasing the chances of female visitation. Rank may also contribute to the stability of lek size, as lower ranking males may congregate to achieve a perceived optimal size to attract females.
1082:
lek mating arena, in which each male, alpha-male (highest ranking), beta-male, gamma-male, etc., guards a territory of a few meters in size. The dominant males may each attract eight or more females. Higher-ranking individuals have larger
1098:
outside visual range of one another, but they stay within earshot. Exploded lek territories are much larger than classic systems and more variable in size. A well-known example of exploded leks is the "booming" call of the
1325:
was a negative correlation found between male aggressiveness and female visitation in the little bustard population, suggesting that the model might be correct. Evidence supporting the black hole model is mainly found in
1355:, leks are composed of brothers and half-brothers. The lower-ranking males gain some fitness benefit by passing their genes on through attracting mates for their brothers, since larger leks attract more females.
1310:
The hotspot model considers the female density to be the catalyst for the clustering of males. This model predicts that leks will form where females tend to reside as a way to increase female interaction. Female
1110:
Lek territories of different taxa are stable and do not vary in terms of size and location. Males often return to the same mating sites because of female fidelity. Avian females such as the black grouse and
2391:
Cappa, F.; Bruschini, C.; Cervo, R.; Turillazzi, S.; Beani, L. (2013). "Males do not like the working class: male sexual preference and recognition of functional castes in a primitively eusocial wasp".
1165:
The main benefit for both sexes is mating success. For males, the costs stem from females' preferences. The traits that are selected for may be energetically costly to maintain and may cause increased
1242:. Another potential resolution to the lek paradox is Rowe and Houle's theory that sexually selected traits depend on physical condition, which might in turn, summarize many genetic loci. This is the
1316:
females affects lek formation, a group of female little bustard decoys were added to a lek. The presence of these female decoys did not have an effect on lek size, tending to refute the hypothesis.
1263:
Several possible mechanisms have been proposed as to why males cluster into leks, including the hotshot, hotspot, black hole, kin selection, and predation protection hypotheses, as described below.
1146:
198:(Swedish: "tjäderlek"), but it is widely distributed phylogenetically among other birds, and in many other animal groups within the vertebrates and the arthropods, as shown in the cladogram.
62:, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners with which to mate. It can also refer to a space used by displaying males to defend their own share of territory for the
157:
1783:
Ponomarenko, I. Ja (1965). "Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes".
1351:. In some species, the males at the leks show a high degree of relatedness, but this does not apply as a rule to lek-forming species in general. In a few species such as peacocks and
2429:
Alcock, John (1983). "Consistency in the
Relative Attractiveness of a Set of Landmark Territorial Sites to Two Generations of Male Tarantula Hawk Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)".
162:), a noun which typically denotes pleasurable and less rule-bound games and activities ("play", as by children), or from the Swedish verb "leka", to play. Written English use of
3921:
Concannon, Moira R.; Stein, Adam C.; Uy, J. Albert C. (2012). "Kin selection may contribute to lek evolution and trait introgression across an avian hybrid zone".
1176:
At first glance, it may seem that females receive no direct benefits from lekking, since the males are only contributing genes to the offspring in the absence of
1601:
Durães, R.; Loiselle, B. A.; Blake, J. G. (2008). "Spatial and temporal dynamics at manakin leks: Reconciling lek traditionality with male turnover".
2133:; Green, D.; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M.; Albon, S. D. (November 1988). "Passing the buck: resource defence, lek breeding and mate choice in fallow deer".
4081:
4661:
3976:"Comparison of Species Tree Methods for Reconstructing the Phylogeny of Bearded Manakins (Aves: Pipridae, Manacus) from Multilocus Sequence Data"
1553:
Jiguet, F.; Bretagnolle, V. (2006). "Manipulating lek size and composition using decoys: An experimental investigation of lek evolution models".
4708:
2986:
Duval, E. H. (2013). "Female mate fidelity in a lek mating system and its implications for the evolution of cooperative lekking behaviour".
2866:
Merton, Don V.; Morris, Rodney B.; Atkinson, Ian A. E. (1984). "Lek behaviour in a parrot: The kākāpō Strigops habroptilus of New
Zealand".
4673:
1495:
Théry, M. (1992). "The evolution of leks through female choice: Differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins".
4372:
2295:
Boness, Daryl J.; et al. (2006). "Mating tactics and mating system of an aquatic-mating pinniped: the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina".
3876:
Petrie, Marion; Krupa, Andrew; Terry, Burke (1999). "Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues".
1384:
joins a lek of another species for protection from a common set of predators. This occurs with manakins, as well as other birds such as
3100:
Höglund, J.; Kalais, J. A.; Fiske, P. (1992). "The costs of secondary sexual characters in the lekking great snipe (Gallinago media)".
1284:
form leks around these hotshots as a way to lure females away from the hotshot. A manipulative experiment using the little bustard,
133:, but diversity is maintained and runaway does not occur. Many attempts have been made to explain it away, but the paradox remains.
4126:
3464:
Tomkins, Joseph L.; Radwan, Jacek; Kotiaho, Janne S.; Tregenza, Tom (June 2004). "Genic capture and resolving the lek paradox".
2764:
2739:
117:(the owl parrot), has more widely separated territories, but still in auditory range. Lekking is associated with an apparent
17:
2095:
Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob; Durant, Sarah M. (March 2003). "Mating strategies of topi bulls: getting in the centre of attention".
4074:
3608:
Iwasa, Y.; Pomiankowski, A.; Nee, S. (1991). "The
Evolution of Costly Mate Preferences II: The 'Handicap' Principle".
2895:"Female mate choice across spatial scales: influence of lek and male attributes on mating success of blue-crowned manakins"
4616:
4611:
4606:
3229:
2662:
Parsons, P. A. (1977). "Lek
Behavior in Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) Polypori Malloch-An Australian Rainforest Species".
2544:
1603:
1497:
113:
A classical lek consists of male territories in visual and auditory range of each other. An exploded lek, as seen in the
3653:
Hamilton, William D.; Zuk, Marlene (22 October 1982). "Heritable True
Fitness and Bright Birds: A Role for Parasites?".
2823:
Jiguet, F.; Arroyo, B.; Bretagnolle, V. (2000). "Lek mating systems: a case study in the Little
Bustard Tetrax tetrax".
4927:
3504:
Rowe, Locke; Houle, David (1996). "The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits".
2501:
Kimsey, Lynn Siri (1980). "The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks".
2209:
Apollonio, Marco; Festa-Bianchet, Marco; Mari, Franco (1989). "Correlates of copulatory success in a fallow deer lek".
1185:
consistently choose leks near their release sites; high male calling rates were observed to reduce female search time.
4718:
4922:
4116:
2598:(1984). "Sex roles in the ghost moth Hepialus humuli (L.) and a review of mating in the Hepialidae(Lepidoptera)".
2260:
Soto, Karim H.; Trites, Andrew W. (April 2011). "South
American sea lions in Peru have a lek-like mating system".
4067:
1972:
Vitousek, Maren N.; Mitchell, Mark A.; Woakes, Anthony J.; Niemack, Michael D.; Wikelski, Martin (27 June 2007).
2348:
Croll, George A.; McClintock, James B. (2000). "An evaluation of lekking behavior in the fiddler crab Uca spp".
4859:
4576:
4571:
4387:
70:, and the conferring of indirect benefits to males and reduced costs to females. Although most prevalent among
4760:
3806:
McDonald, D. B.; Potts, W. K. (1994). "Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek-mating bird".
2946:
1102:, the males of which position themselves many kilometres apart from one another to signal to potential mates.
4343:
2631:
the gold swift demonstrates the evolution of leking and male swarming via a hotspot (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae"
3771:
Loiselle, B. A.; Ryder, Thomas B.; Durães, Renata; Tori, Wendy; Blake, John G.; Parker, Patricia G. (2007).
1921:
Knopp, T.; Heimovirta, M.; Kokko, H.; Merila, J. (2008). "Do Male Moor Frogs (Rana arvalis) Lek with Kin?".
4696:
3777:
3736:
3734:; Price, O. F.; Maccou, A. D. C. (1991). "Mate retention, harassment, and the evolution of ungulate leks".
3188:
Reynolds, J. D.; Gross, M. R. (1990). "Costs and
Benefits of Female Mate Choice: Is There a Lek Paradox?".
3143:
Alatalo, R. V.; Höglund, J.; Lundberg, A. (1991). "Lekking in the black grouse: a test of male viability".
4802:
4691:
4621:
4281:
3923:
167:
4881:
2538:
Lederhouse, Robert C. (1982). "Territorial
Defense and Lek Behavior of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly,
1691:
Oakes, E. J. (1992). "Lekking and the
Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism in Birds: Comparative Approaches".
4360:
4355:
3282:
2503:
2431:
2394:
4849:
4219:
3223:
Wickman, P.; Jansson, P. (1997). "An estimate of female mate searching costs in the lekking butterfly
2707:
Marshall, S. A. (2000). "Agonistic behaviour and generic synonymy in Australian Clusiidae (Diptera)".
4666:
4651:
4528:
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reduce the amount of time a female is vulnerable to predators. When under predatory pressure, female
4733:
4588:
3577:
3416:
Kirkpatrick, M.; Ryan, M. (1991). "The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek".
4902:
4434:
3062:
Mackenzie, A.; Reynolds, J. D.; Sutherland, W. (1995). "Variation in Male Mating Success on Leks".
2317:
4628:
4395:
1798:
Loiselle, Paul V. (December 1982). "Male Spawning-Partner Preference in an Arena-Breeding Teleost
4723:
4098:
4090:
1653:
1555:
1271:
174:(1867) introduces it (capitalised and in single quotes, as 'Lek') explicitly as a Swedish term.
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8:
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Höglund, Jacob (2003). "Lek-kin in birds — provoking theory and surprising new results".
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2947:"Variation in male mating behaviour within ungulate populations: patterns and processes"
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1989:
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explanation for lek stability is from male hierarchies within a lek. In some species of
4770:
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4202:
4143:
4041:
4017:"Active formation of mixed–species grouse leks: a role for predation in lek evolution?"
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1453:"Hotshots, Hotspots, and Female Preferences in the Organization of Lek Mating Systems"
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Brumfield, Robb T.; Liu, Liang; Lum, David E.; Edwards, Scott V. (1 October 2008).
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2003:
1993:
1938:
1895:
1878:
Emlen, Stephen T (1976). "Lek Organization and Mating Strategies in the Bullfrog".
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and Marlene Zuk proposed that sexually selected traits might signal resistance to
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4876:
4864:
4350:
1998:
1647:
1216:
63:
4548:
4425:
4410:
3477:
3371:
Kirkpatrick, M. (1982). "Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Female Choice".
1839:"Male size, spawning pit size and female mate choice in a lekking cichlid fish"
1306:, males aggregate near hotspots with plentiful fruit, where females tend to go.
1279:, the presence of a hotshot male seems to attract males and females to the lek.
1276:
1248:
277:
4871:
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4713:
4633:
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3992:
3975:
3773:"Kin Selection Does Not Explain Male Aggregation at Leks of 4 Manakin Species"
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1624:
1099:
114:
4896:
4508:
4478:
4291:
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4207:
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3749:
3555:
Zahavi, Amotz (September 1975). "Mate selection—A selection for a handicap".
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3321:"A potential resolution to the lek paradox through indirect genetic effects"
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2017:
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recognize and lek with their brothers, even if they have never met before.
1352:
1234:
813:
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451:
255:
195:
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75:
58:
gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as
4854:
4775:
4728:
4553:
4446:
4059:
3835:
3696:
Pomiankowski, A; Moller, A. P. (1995). "A Resolution of the Lek Paradox".
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species in that group lek; groups with no lekking members are not shown.
183:
118:
67:
46:
at a lek, with multiple males displaying for the less conspicuous females
4583:
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2965:
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79:
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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1166:
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578:
322:
212:
187:
99:
87:
66:. A lekking species is characterised by male displays, strong female
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4643:
4461:
4015:
Gibson, Robert M.; Aspbury, Andrea S.; McDaniel, Leonard L. (2002).
3623:
3386:
2793:
2677:
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1452:
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2999:
1815:
1704:
1568:
1468:
1199:
855:
809:
523:
428:
371:
335:
292:
3899:
3274:"Costs and benefits of mate choice in the lek-breeding reed frog,
1298:
4765:
4503:
4296:
4021:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2466:
Davidson, Diane W. (1982). "Sexual Selection in Harvester Ants".
2341:
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1312:
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992:
923:
714:
415:
351:
242:
91:
83:
2780:
Trail, P. W. (1990). "Why Should Lek-Breeders be Monomorphic?".
1370:, leks are composed of brothers and half-brothers, suggesting a
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832:
679:
107:
95:
55:
3770:
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1971:
71:
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1362:
3061:
2208:
692:
387:
339:
3492:
3029:
Hernandez, M. L.; Houston, A. I.; Mcnamara, J. M. (1999).
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Durães, R.; Loiselle; Parker, P. G.; Blake, J. G. (2009).
1920:
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927:
3730:
3312:
3028:
3698:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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1540:
1538:
1536:
1247:
is attributable to high genetic variance. In addition,
3973:
3142:
2176:
Buechner, Helmut K.; Daniel Roth, H. (February 1974).
2030:
1412:
4014:
1207:
trying to attract the attention of a receptive female
3607:
2865:
1736:"Hamilton's rule and the causes of social evolution"
1533:
2175:
2094:
1600:
125:by females for specific male traits ought to erode
3695:
3548:
3099:
2727:
2350:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1415:"Mating success in lekking males: a meta-analysis"
1413:Fiske, P.; Rintamaki, P. T.; Karvonen, E. (1998).
3869:
1974:"High Costs of Female Choice in a Lekking Lizard"
1830:
1649:The Game Birds and Wild Fowl of Sweden and Norway
1552:
172:The Game birds and wild fowl of Sweden and Norway
4894:
3920:
3875:
1965:
3415:
2347:
1776:
3222:
2816:
2066:"Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat"
1785:Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish
4075:
3805:
3187:
2459:
1450:
3366:
3364:
2725:
1658:. Lloyd also borrows 'Lek-ställe' (Swedish
1123:
4089:
3652:
3370:
3318:
1802:Girard (Atherinomorpha: Cyprinodontidae)".
1782:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1227:. Female choice should lead to directional
166:dates from the late 1860s and early 1870s.
78:, lekking is also found in a wide range of
4082:
4068:
3459:
3457:
2940:
2938:
2859:
2537:
2422:
2259:
1727:
4040:
3991:
3790:
3646:
3576:
3503:
3361:
3344:
3295:
3265:
3046:
2918:
2646:
2635:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2600:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2316:
2193:
2048:
2007:
1997:
1854:
1791:
1759:
1430:
1343:An alternative hypothesis for lekking is
3319:Miller, Christine; Moore, Allen (2007).
3095:
3093:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2730:Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life
2706:
2465:
2063:
1797:
1665:
1596:
1594:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1361:
1297:
1270:
1198:
1142:
1074:
1063:
201:The presence of a group name means that
182:Lekking was originally described in the
38:
3848:
3454:
2944:
2935:
2661:
2178:"The Lek System in Uganda Kob Antelope"
1490:
1488:
1486:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1378:
14:
4895:
3554:
2624:
2594:
2500:
2428:
2294:
1836:
1733:
1451:Foster, M. S.; Beehler, B. M. (1998).
4063:
3271:
3090:
2985:
2972:
2779:
2726:Starr, Cecie; Taggart, Ralph (1992).
1877:
1746:(1642). The Royal Society: 20130362.
1690:
1662:, "play-place") for "pairing ground".
1645:
1591:
1494:
1439:
1266:
1132:
149:
2754:
2748:
1800:Cyprinodon macularius californiensis
1483:
1397:
1059:
4607:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles
3230:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3102:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2545:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2468:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2297:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2211:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2135:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1880:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1604:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1498:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1203:A group of three male great-tailed
24:
2880:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1984.tb00250.x
2612:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02320.x
2082:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x
1319:
1188:
177:
25:
4939:
3466:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2031:Toth, C. A.; Parsons, S. (2013).
3945:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05474.x
3031:"Male rank and optimal lek size"
2282:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00405.x
1943:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03748.x
1332:
1293:
4008:
3967:
3914:
3842:
3799:
3764:
3724:
3689:
3601:
3409:
3216:
3181:
3136:
3055:
3022:
2886:
2773:
2719:
2700:
2655:
2618:
2588:
2531:
2494:
2384:
2288:
2253:
2202:
2169:
2123:
2088:
2070:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
2057:
2033:"Is lek breeding rare in bats?"
2024:
1914:
1871:
27:Type of animal mating behaviour
3557:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1639:
13:
1:
2837:10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00119-4
2517:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80088-1
2445:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80174-2
2408:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.020
2370:10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00276-8
1734:Bourke, Andrew F. G. (2014).
1391:
1215:by females for specific male
1173:across a range of bird taxa.
979:: some butterflies and moths
3587:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3
3272:Grafe, T. Ulmar (May 1997).
1999:10.1371/journal.pone.0000567
1856:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80013-1
1258:
1105:
136:
7:
4282:semelparity and iteroparity
2734:(6th ed.). Wadsworth.
10:
4944:
3478:10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.029
1336:
1192:
1136:
141:The term derives from the
54:is an aggregation of male
29:
4928:Swedish words and phrases
4682:
4642:
4597:
4562:
4519:
4386:
4373:Non-reproductive behavior
4097:
3993:10.1080/10635150802422290
3851:Annales Zoologici Fennici
2625:Turner, J. R. G. (2015).
2327:10.1007/s00265-006-0242-9
1625:10.1007/s00265-008-0626-0
1154:Lekking behaviour in the
1124:Female mating preferences
990:
974:
967:
921:
905:
898:
879:
872:
853:
846:
836:
826:
807:
800:
728:
712:
705:
690:
683:
601:
576:
560:
553:
546:
521:
505:
498:
491:
472:
465:
449:
442:
426:
419:
398:
391:
369:
362:
355:
333:
326:
290:
275:
268:
253:
246:
236:
226:
216:
2945:Isvaran, Kavita (2005).
2755:Hall, Edward T. (1966).
2064:Bradbury, J. W. (1977).
1654:Frederick Warne & Co
1646:Lloyd, Llewelyn (1867).
1092:
194:(Swedish: "orrlek") and
4923:Reproduction in animals
4091:Animal sexual behaviour
3828:10.1126/science.7973654
3675:10.1126/science.7123238
3190:The American Naturalist
3064:The American Naturalist
2988:The American Naturalist
1804:The American Naturalist
1693:The American Naturalist
1556:The American Naturalist
1457:The American Naturalist
4240:traumatic insemination
4033:10.1098/rspb.2002.2187
3750:10.1093/beheco/3.3.234
3710:10.1098/rspb.1995.0054
3526:10.1098/rspb.1996.0207
3337:10.1098/rspb.2007.0054
3297:10.1006/anbe.1996.0427
3048:10.1093/beheco/10.1.73
2911:10.1098/rspb.2008.1752
2109:10.1006/anbe.2003.2077
1837:Nelson, C. M. (1995).
1752:10.1098/rstb.2013.0362
1432:10.1093/beheco/9.4.328
1375:
1307:
1280:
1208:
1162:
1089:
1072:
47:
4368:Interspecies breeding
3792:10.1093/beheco/arl081
3276:Hyperolius marmoratus
3251:10.1007/s002650050348
3225:Coenonympha pamphilus
2825:Behavioural Processes
2262:Marine Mammal Science
1365:
1337:Further information:
1301:
1274:
1202:
1153:
1137:Further information:
1078:
1067:
190:), in particular the
186:(grouse, boldface in
42:
18:Lek (animal behavior)
4882:Short-beaked echidna
4622:side-blotched lizard
4139:sexual ornamentation
3732:Clutton-Brock, T. H.
2757:The Hidden Dimension
2709:Studia Dipterologica
2195:10.1093/icb/14.1.145
2131:Clutton-Brock, T. H.
1379:Predation protection
1219:values should erode
1070:western capercaillie
886:tarantula hawk wasps
606:(birds of paradise)
32:Lek (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
4709:Homosexual behavior
4674:Homosexual behavior
4529:Spawning strategies
4329:Bateman's principle
4149:sexy son hypothesis
4127:hormonal motivation
4122:reproductive system
4112:Sexual reproduction
4027:(1509): 2503–2507.
3937:2012MolEc..21.1477C
3892:1999Natur.401..155P
3820:1994Sci...266.1030M
3814:(5187): 1030–1032.
3667:1982Sci...218..384H
3569:1975JThBi..53..205Z
3518:1996RSPSB.263.1415R
3512:(1375): 1415–1421.
3432:1991Natur.350...33K
3331:(1615): 1279–1286.
3243:1997BEcoS..40..321W
3159:1991Natur.352..155A
3114:1992BEcoS..30..309H
2905:(1663): 1875–1881.
2627:"The flexible lek:
2558:1982BEcoS..10..109L
2362:2000JEMBE.254..109C
2309:2006BEcoS..61..119B
2274:2011MMamS..27..306S
2223:1989BEcoS..25...89A
2147:1988BEcoS..23..281C
1990:2007PLoSO...2..567V
1935:2008MolEc..17.2522K
1892:1976BEcoS...1..283E
1617:2008BEcoS..62.1947D
1511:1992BEcoS..30..227T
44:Greater sage-grouse
4657:Breeding behaviour
4378:Fisher's principle
4203:sexual intercourse
4144:handicap principle
3980:Systematic Biology
3778:Behavioral Ecology
3737:Behavioral Ecology
3122:10.1007/bf00170596
3035:Behavioral Ecology
2566:10.1007/bf00300170
2480:10.1007/bf00302813
2231:10.1007/BF00302925
2182:American Zoologist
2155:10.1007/BF00300575
2037:Journal of Zoology
1900:10.1007/bf00300069
1519:10.1007/bf00166707
1419:Behavioral Ecology
1376:
1308:
1281:
1267:Hotshot hypothesis
1209:
1183:marbled reed frogs
1163:
1160:Paraclusia tigrina
1133:Costs and benefits
1090:
1073:
717:: several species
48:
4890:
4889:
4704:Lordosis behavior
4584:Frog reproduction
4534:Polyandry in fish
4314:Sexual dimorphism
4235:sperm competition
4154:Fisherian runaway
4134:Courtship display
3924:Molecular Ecology
3886:(6749): 155–157.
3661:(4570): 384–387.
3153:(6331): 155–156.
2766:978-0-385-08476-5
2741:978-0-534-16566-6
2648:10.1111/bij.12411
2540:Papilio polyxenes
2050:10.1111/jzo.12069
1923:Molecular Ecology
1656:. pp. 219ff.
1611:(12): 1947–1957.
1349:inclusive fitness
1229:runaway selection
1221:genetic diversity
1171:sexual dimorphism
1151:
1060:Lekking behaviour
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
956:
955:
947:
946:
938:
937:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
669:
668:
660:
659:
651:
650:
642:
641:
633:
632:
624:
623:
615:
614:
590:
589:
535:
534:
312:
311:
303:
302:
131:Fisherian runaway
127:genetic diversity
16:(Redirected from
4935:
4860:ringtailed lemur
4719:African wild dog
4692:Sexual selection
4652:Sexual selection
4572:Sexual selection
4213:pseudocopulation
4107:Sexual selection
4084:
4077:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3931:(6): 1477–1486.
3918:
3912:
3911:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3618:(6): 1431–1442.
3605:
3599:
3598:
3580:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3440:10.1038/350033a0
3413:
3407:
3406:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3290:(5): 1103–1117.
3283:Animal Behaviour
3269:
3263:
3262:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3167:10.1038/352155a0
3140:
3134:
3133:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3026:
3020:
3019:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2960:(7): 1192–1199.
2951:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2788:(7): 1837–1852.
2777:
2771:
2770:
2759:. Anchor Books.
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2629:Phymatopus hecta
2622:
2616:
2615:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2504:Animal Behaviour
2498:
2492:
2491:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2432:Animal Behaviour
2426:
2420:
2419:
2395:Animal Behaviour
2388:
2382:
2381:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2097:Animal Behaviour
2092:
2086:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1929:(10): 2522–530.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1849:(6): 1587–1599.
1843:Animal Behaviour
1834:
1828:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1688:
1663:
1657:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1550:
1531:
1530:
1505:(3–4): 227–237.
1492:
1481:
1480:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1410:
1213:sexual selection
1152:
1139:Sexual selection
970:
969:
901:
900:
875:
874:
849:
848:
839:
838:
829:
828:
803:
802:
708:
707:
686:
685:
556:
555:
549:
548:
501:
500:
494:
493:
468:
467:
445:
444:
422:
421:
394:
393:
365:
364:
358:
357:
329:
328:
271:
270:
249:
248:
239:
238:
229:
228:
219:
218:
209:
208:
161:
160:
159:
153:
123:sexual selection
21:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4903:Animal breeding
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4865:sexual swelling
4761:European badger
4678:
4638:
4593:
4558:
4515:
4382:
4351:Sexual conflict
4292:hermaphroditism
4093:
4088:
4058:
4013:
4009:
3972:
3968:
3919:
3915:
3874:
3870:
3847:
3843:
3804:
3800:
3769:
3765:
3729:
3725:
3704:(1357): 21–29.
3694:
3690:
3651:
3647:
3624:10.2307/2409890
3606:
3602:
3578:10.1.1.586.3819
3553:
3549:
3502:
3493:
3462:
3455:
3426:(6313): 33–38.
3414:
3410:
3387:10.2307/2407961
3369:
3362:
3317:
3313:
3270:
3266:
3221:
3217:
3186:
3182:
3141:
3137:
3098:
3091:
3060:
3056:
3027:
3023:
2984:
2973:
2954:Current Science
2949:
2943:
2936:
2891:
2887:
2864:
2860:
2821:
2817:
2794:10.2307/2409512
2778:
2774:
2767:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2678:10.2307/2407561
2660:
2656:
2623:
2619:
2593:
2589:
2536:
2532:
2511:(4): 996–1004.
2499:
2495:
2464:
2460:
2427:
2423:
2389:
2385:
2346:
2342:
2293:
2289:
2258:
2254:
2207:
2203:
2174:
2170:
2128:
2124:
2093:
2089:
2062:
2058:
2029:
2025:
1970:
1966:
1919:
1915:
1876:
1872:
1835:
1831:
1796:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1732:
1728:
1689:
1666:
1644:
1640:
1599:
1592:
1551:
1534:
1493:
1484:
1449:
1440:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1381:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1320:Blackhole model
1296:
1269:
1261:
1197:
1191:
1189:The lek paradox
1143:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1108:
1095:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
957:
948:
939:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
591:
536:
313:
304:
180:
178:Taxonomic range
155:
154:
139:
82:including some
64:breeding season
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4161:Mating systems
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4056:
4007:
3986:(5): 719–731.
3966:
3913:
3868:
3857:(3): 249–253.
3841:
3798:
3785:(2): 287–291.
3763:
3744:(3): 234–242.
3723:
3688:
3645:
3600:
3563:(1): 205–214.
3547:
3491:
3472:(6): 323–328.
3453:
3408:
3360:
3311:
3264:
3237:(5): 321–328.
3215:
3202:10.1086/285093
3196:(2): 230–243.
3180:
3135:
3108:(5): 309–315.
3089:
3076:10.1086/285759
3070:(4): 633–652.
3054:
3021:
3000:10.1086/668830
2971:
2934:
2885:
2874:(3): 277–283.
2858:
2831:(1–3): 63–82.
2815:
2772:
2765:
2747:
2740:
2718:
2699:
2672:(1): 223–225.
2654:
2617:
2587:
2552:(2): 109–118.
2530:
2493:
2458:
2421:
2402:(4): 801–810.
2383:
2356:(1): 109–121.
2340:
2318:10.1.1.571.550
2303:(1): 119–130.
2287:
2268:(2): 306–333.
2252:
2201:
2188:(1): 145–162.
2168:
2141:(5): 281–296.
2122:
2103:(3): 585–594.
2087:
2076:(3): 225–255.
2056:
2023:
1964:
1913:
1886:(3): 283–313.
1870:
1829:
1816:10.1086/284026
1810:(6): 721–732.
1790:
1775:
1726:
1705:10.1086/285434
1699:(4): 665–684.
1664:
1638:
1590:
1569:10.1086/508808
1563:(6): 758–768.
1532:
1482:
1469:10.1086/284786
1463:(2): 203–219.
1438:
1425:(4): 328–338.
1395:
1393:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1334:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1295:
1292:
1277:little bustard
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1249:W. D. Hamilton
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1107:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1085:personal space
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
973:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
936:
935:
932:
931:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
904:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
878:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:
863:
852:
847:
845:
837:
835:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
806:
801:
799:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
738:
735:
734:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
711:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
684:
682:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
609:
608:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
583:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
529:
528:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
484:
483:
480:
479:
471:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
448:
443:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
425:
420:
418:
412:
411:
408:
407:
397:
392:
390:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:Marine iguanas
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
348:
347:
344:
343:
332:
327:
325:
319:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
306:
305:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:Desert pupfish
274:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
252:
247:
245:
237:
235:
227:
225:
217:
215:
207:
179:
176:
168:Llewelyn Lloyd
151:[leːk]
138:
135:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4940:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Bird breeding
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Spotted hyena
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4509:penis fencing
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:apophallation
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4388:Invertebrates
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:opportunistic
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4245:penile spines
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:Fertilisation
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Pelvic thrust
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:mate guarding
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:10.1038/43651
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:(2): 213–22.
2993:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:Mallet, James
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(4): 245–50.
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1373:
1372:kin selection
1369:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:kin selection
1340:
1339:Kin selection
1333:Kin selection
1330:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1300:
1294:Hotspot model
1291:
1289:
1288:
1287:Tetrax tetrax
1278:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:genic capture
1241:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:parental care
1174:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
978:
972:
971:
965:
964:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
934:
933:
930:
929:
925:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
909:
903:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
877:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
857:
851:
850:
844:
841:
840:
834:
831:
830:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
811:
805:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
782:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
716:
710:
709:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
665:
664:
656:
655:
647:
646:
638:
637:
629:
628:
620:
619:
611:
610:
607:
605:
604:Paradisaeidae
599:
598:
595:
594:
586:
585:
582:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
564:
558:
557:
551:
550:
544:
543:
540:
539:
531:
530:
527:
525:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
503:
502:
496:
495:
489:
488:Passeriformes
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
476:
470:
469:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:(sandpipers)
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
430:
424:
423:
417:
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410:
409:
406:
404:
403:
396:
395:
389:
386:
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382:
381:
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367:
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321:
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308:
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288:
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280:
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266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
244:
241:
240:
234:
231:
230:
224:
223:Deuterostomia
221:
220:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
158:
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147:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4850:olive baboon
4798:Hippopotamus
4786:domestic cat
4734:domestic dog
4662:golden eagle
4629:Crocodilians
4277:polygynandry
4198:cloacal kiss
4185:
4024:
4020:
4010:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3782:
3776:
3766:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3509:
3505:
3469:
3465:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3378:
3372:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3105:
3101:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3038:
3034:
3024:
2991:
2987:
2957:
2953:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2756:
2750:
2729:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2217:(2): 89–97.
2214:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2040:
2036:
2026:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1696:
1692:
1659:
1648:
1641:
1608:
1602:
1560:
1554:
1502:
1496:
1460:
1456:
1422:
1418:
1382:
1368:black grouse
1353:black grouse
1342:
1323:
1309:
1285:
1282:
1262:
1235:Amotz Zahavi
1233:
1210:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1127:
1109:
1096:
991:
975:
922:
910:: some ants
906:
880:
854:
814:fiddler crab
808:
729:
713:
691:
602:
577:
563:Pycnonotidae
561:
522:
506:
473:
452:Scolopacidae
450:
427:
400:
399:
370:
334:
291:
276:
256:Atlantic cod
254:
202:
200:
196:capercaillie
192:black grouse
181:
171:
163:
145:
140:
112:
76:black grouse
59:
51:
49:
36:
4589:Salamanders
4469:Echinoderms
4452:sea anemone
4435:Cephalopods
4339:cannibalism
4262:promiscuity
4181:mating plug
4171:mating call
4166:mate choice
3381:(1): 1–12.
2641:: 184–201.
2043:(1): 3–11.
1984:(6): e567.
1195:Lek paradox
1113:great snipe
1080:Sage grouse
1001:druid flies
997:fruit flies
977:Lepidoptera
860:paper wasps
843:Hymenoptera
797:Protostomia
526:(manakins)
510:(cotingas)
475:Psittacidae
431:(bustards)
402:Tetraonidae
233:Vertebrates
184:Tetraonidae
104:crustaceans
80:vertebrates
68:mate choice
4897:Categories
4564:Amphibians
4544:Salmon run
4474:Gastropods
4396:Arthropods
4361:intralocus
4356:interlocus
4334:bimaturism
4193:Copulation
4186:lek mating
1787:: 349–354.
1652:. London:
1392:References
1374:mechanism.
908:Formicidae
882:Pompilidae
581:(weavers)
565:(bulbuls)
508:Cotingidae
477:(parrots)
336:Amphibians
102:including
100:arthropods
88:amphibians
4831:Primates
4820:Pinnipeds
4808:Marsupial
4739:gray wolf
4499:earthworm
4484:love dart
4457:jellyfish
4426:butterfly
4319:anisogamy
4307:synchrony
4297:cuckoldry
4267:polyandry
4117:evolution
3611:Evolution
3573:CiteSeerX
3374:Evolution
3041:: 73–79.
2782:Evolution
2665:Evolution
2606:: 67–82.
2439:: 74–80.
2313:CiteSeerX
1660:lekställe
1388:species.
1327:ungulates
1259:Evolution
1253:parasites
1225:fecundity
1167:predation
1106:Stability
1068:A posing
731:Pinnipeds
579:Ploceidae
405:(grouse)
323:Tetrapoda
213:Nephrozoa
188:cladogram
137:Etymology
121:: strong
84:bony fish
4918:Ethology
4855:mandrill
4813:kangaroo
4756:Elephant
4667:seabirds
4599:Reptiles
4549:Seahorse
4447:Cnidaria
4411:scorpion
4344:coercion
4302:seasonal
4272:polygyny
4257:monogamy
4230:external
4225:internal
4051:12573063
4002:18853359
3961:10795904
3953:22320709
3863:23736806
3758:51779413
3718:43984154
3640:28563835
3542:85631446
3486:16701278
3403:28581098
3355:17341455
3306:53206142
3259:25290065
3210:84996792
3130:24980393
3084:84269919
3016:20512716
3008:23348775
2966:24110971
2929:19324796
2845:11074312
2810:28567800
2694:28567739
2582:27843985
2525:53161684
2488:22011338
2453:53201501
2416:53203396
2378:11058729
2335:25266746
2247:23311725
2163:23311725
2117:54229602
2018:17593966
1978:PLOS ONE
1959:25770747
1951:18422930
1908:10792384
1865:54249065
1824:85368424
1770:24686934
1721:26713188
1713:19426038
1633:36424100
1577:17109318
1477:85295271
1357:Peacocks
1304:manakins
1205:grackles
856:Vespidae
810:Decapoda
524:Pipridae
429:Otididae
372:Reptilia
293:Cichlids
243:Teleosts
92:reptiles
74:such as
4872:Raccoon
4845:gorilla
4781:cheetah
4766:Felidae
4751:Dolphin
4744:red fox
4684:Mammals
4634:Tuatara
4612:lizards
4504:epitoky
4440:octopus
4099:General
4042:1691199
3933:Bibcode
3908:4394886
3888:Bibcode
3836:7973654
3816:Bibcode
3808:Science
3683:7123238
3663:Bibcode
3655:Science
3632:2409890
3595:1195756
3565:Bibcode
3514:Bibcode
3448:4366707
3428:Bibcode
3395:2407961
3346:2176171
3239:Bibcode
3175:4303268
3155:Bibcode
3110:Bibcode
2920:2674486
2853:8785010
2802:2409512
2686:2407561
2574:4599468
2554:Bibcode
2358:Bibcode
2305:Bibcode
2270:Bibcode
2239:4600315
2219:Bibcode
2143:Bibcode
2009:1891434
1986:Bibcode
1931:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1761:3982664
1613:Bibcode
1585:2527129
1527:1886240
1507:Bibcode
1313:manakin
1275:In the
1240:fitness
1156:Clusiid
1118:manakin
1088:centre.
993:Diptera
926:: some
924:Apoidea
833:Insects
715:Bovidae
680:Mammals
416:Neoaves
352:Amniota
338:: some
143:Swedish
119:paradox
108:insects
96:mammals
60:lekking
56:animals
4913:Crowds
4877:Rodent
4840:bonobo
4825:walrus
4724:coyote
4617:snakes
4554:Sharks
4495:Worms
4491:Sponge
4421:insect
4416:beetle
4406:spider
4324:oogamy
4049:
4039:
4000:
3959:
3951:
3906:
3879:Nature
3861:
3834:
3756:
3716:
3681:
3638:
3630:
3593:
3575:
3540:
3532:
3484:
3446:
3419:Nature
3401:
3393:
3353:
3343:
3304:
3257:
3208:
3173:
3146:Nature
3128:
3082:
3014:
3006:
2964:
2927:
2917:
2851:
2843:
2808:
2800:
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2738:
2715:: 3–9.
2692:
2684:
2580:
2572:
2523:
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2451:
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2376:
2333:
2315:
2245:
2237:
2161:
2115:
2016:
2006:
1957:
1949:
1906:
1863:
1822:
1768:
1758:
1719:
1711:
1631:
1583:
1575:
1525:
1475:
1386:grouse
1211:Since
1100:kākāpō
115:kākāpō
98:, and
4835:human
4793:Fossa
4776:tiger
4729:dingo
4714:Canid
4644:Birds
4577:frogs
4462:coral
4252:Modes
3957:S2CID
3904:S2CID
3859:JSTOR
3754:S2CID
3714:S2CID
3628:JSTOR
3538:S2CID
3534:50503
3530:JSTOR
3444:S2CID
3391:JSTOR
3302:S2CID
3255:S2CID
3206:S2CID
3171:S2CID
3126:S2CID
3080:S2CID
3012:S2CID
2962:JSTOR
2950:(PDF)
2849:S2CID
2798:JSTOR
2682:JSTOR
2578:S2CID
2570:JSTOR
2521:S2CID
2484:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2412:S2CID
2331:S2CID
2243:S2CID
2235:JSTOR
2159:S2CID
2113:S2CID
1955:S2CID
1904:S2CID
1861:S2CID
1820:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1629:S2CID
1581:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1473:S2CID
1217:trait
1093:Types
388:Birds
340:frogs
72:birds
4771:lion
4539:Eels
4521:Fish
4401:crab
4047:PMID
3998:PMID
3949:PMID
3832:PMID
3679:PMID
3636:PMID
3591:PMID
3482:PMID
3399:PMID
3351:PMID
3004:PMID
2925:PMID
2868:Ibis
2841:PMID
2806:PMID
2761:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2690:PMID
2374:PMID
2014:PMID
1947:PMID
1766:PMID
1709:PMID
1573:PMID
1158:fly
928:bees
693:Bats
203:some
106:and
4697:rut
4037:PMC
4029:doi
4025:269
3988:doi
3941:doi
3896:doi
3884:401
3824:doi
3812:266
3787:doi
3746:doi
3706:doi
3702:260
3671:doi
3659:218
3620:doi
3583:doi
3522:doi
3510:263
3474:doi
3436:doi
3424:350
3383:doi
3341:PMC
3333:doi
3329:274
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3247:doi
3227:".
3198:doi
3194:136
3163:doi
3151:352
3118:doi
3072:doi
3068:145
3043:doi
2996:doi
2992:181
2915:PMC
2907:doi
2903:276
2876:doi
2872:126
2833:doi
2790:doi
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2643:doi
2639:114
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2354:254
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2045:doi
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1994:doi
1939:doi
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1851:doi
1812:doi
1808:120
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1744:369
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