Handedness - Knowledge

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perception and gross motor skills. As speech is a very complex motor control task, the specialised fine motor areas controlling speech are most efficiently used to also control fine motor movement in the dominant hand. As the right hand is controlled by the left hemisphere (and the left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere) most people are, therefore right-handed. The theory depends on left-handed people having a reversed organisation. However, the majority of left-handers have been found to have left-hemisphere language dominance—just like right-handers. Only around 30% of left-handers are not left-hemisphere dominant for language. Some of those have reversed brain organisation, where the verbal processing takes place in the right-hemisphere and visuospatial processing is dominant to the left hemisphere. Others have more ambiguous bilateral organisation, where both hemispheres do parts of typically lateralised functions. When tasks designed to investigate lateralisation (preference for handedness) are averaged across a group of left-handers, the overall effect is that left-handers show the same pattern of data as right-handers, but with a reduced asymmetry. This finding is likely due to the small proportion of left-handers who have atypical brain organisation. The majority of the evidence comes from literature assessing oral language production and comprehension. When it comes to writing, findings from recent studies were inconclusive for a difference in lateralization for writing between left-handers and right-handers.

72: 1210:(left-handedness) and increase public awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of being left-handed." It celebrates their uniqueness and differences, who are from seven to ten percent of the world's population. Thousands of left-handed people in today's society have to adapt to use right-handed tools and objects. Again according to the club, "in the U.K. alone there were over 20 regional events to mark the day in 2001 – including left-v-right sports matches, a left-handed tea party, pubs using left-handed corkscrews where patrons drank and played pub games with the left hand only, and nationwide 'Lefty Zones' where left-handers' creativity, adaptability and sporting prowess were celebrated, whilst right-handers were encouraged to try out everyday left-handed objects to see just how awkward it can feel using the wrong equipment." 721: 60: 450:

in more diverse and potentially creative ways. Also, a slightly larger number of left-handers than right-handers are especially gifted in music and math. A study of musicians in professional orchestras found a significantly greater proportion of talented left-handers, even among those who played instruments that seem designed for right-handers, such as violins. Similarly, studies of adolescents who took tests to assess mathematical giftedness found many more left-handers in the population.

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right-handed bowler and therefore deals with less breakdown of the original oil placement. This means left-handed bowlers have to adjust their shot less frequently than right-handed bowlers in team events or qualifying rounds where there are possibly 4-10 people per set of two lanes. This can allow them to stay more consistent. However, this advantage is not present in bracket rounds and tournament finals where matches are 1v1 on a pair of lanes.

1183:, developed for the comfortable use of right-handed people, it is considered more difficult to write legible Chinese characters with the left hand than it is to write Latin letters, though difficulty is subjective and depends on the writer. Because writing when moving one's hand away from its side towards the other side of the body can cause smudging if the outward side of the hand is allowed to drag across the writing, writing in the 662: 496:

that when a child developed a consistent use of their right or left hand during infancy (such as using the right hand to put the pacifier back in, or grasping random objects with the left hand), they were more likely to have superior language skills as a toddler. Children who became lateral later than infancy (i.e., when they were toddlers) showed normal development of language and had typical language scores. The researchers used

839:. For the same reason, the other infielder's positions are seen as being advantageous to right-handed throwers. Historically, there have been few left-handed catchers because of the perceived disadvantage a left-handed catcher would have in making the throw to third base, especially with a right-handed hitter at the plate. A left-handed catcher would have a potentially more dangerous time tagging out a 1063:, and so on. While not requiring a purpose-designed product, there are more appropriate ways for left-handers to tie shoelaces. There are companies that supply products designed specifically for left-handed use. One such is Anything Left-Handed, which in 1967 opened a shop in Soho, London; the shop closed in 2006, but the company continues to supply left-handed products worldwide by mail order. 103:. In a study from 1975 on 7,688 children in US grades 1–6, left handers comprised 9.6% of the sample, with 10.5% of male children and 8.7% of female children being left-handed. Overall, around 90% of people are right-handed. Handedness is often defined by one's writing hand, as it is fairly common for people to prefer to do a particular task with a particular hand. There are people with true 1160:. While a right-hander could smoothly drag the pen across paper from left to right, a dip pen could not easily be pushed across by the left hand without digging into the paper and making blots and stains. Even with more modern pens, writing from left to right, as in many languages, with the left hand covers and can smear what was just written when moving across the line. 1002:

left-handed cricketers who have gone to an early grave trying desperately to shoot straight with a right-handed Lee Enfield .303", wrote a journalist reviewing the study in the cricket press. The findings echo those of previous American studies, which found that left-handed US sailors were 34% more likely to have a serious accident than their right-handed counterparts.

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writing method, the left-handed writer can write as neatly and efficiently or as messily and slowly as right-handed writers. Usually the left-handed child needs to be taught how to write correctly with the left hand, since discovering a comfortable left-handed writing method on one's own may not be straightforward.

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was 1.23, indicating that men are 23% more likely to be left-handed. For example, if the incidence of female left-handedness was 10%, then the incidence of male left-handedness would be approximately 12% (10% incidence of left-handedness among women multiplied by an odds ratio of 1:1.23 for women:men

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Studies in the U.K., U.S. and Australia have revealed that left-handed people differ from right-handers by only one IQ point, which is not noteworthy ... Left-handers' brains are structured differently from right-handers' in ways that can allow them to process language, spatial relations and emotions

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Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed, many devices are designed for use by right-handed people, making their use by left-handed people more difficult. In many countries, left-handed people are or were required to write with their right hands. However, left-handed people have an

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International Left-Handers Day is held annually every August 13. It was founded by the Left-Handers Club in 1992, with the club itself having been founded in 1990. International Left-Handers Day is, according to the club, "an annual event when left-handers everywhere can celebrate their sinistrality

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history have been posted by left-handed batters. Left-handed batters have a slightly shorter run from the batter's box to first base than right-handers. This gives left-handers a slight advantage in beating throws to first base on infield ground balls. Perhaps more important, the follow through of a

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faster the more times a ball is rolled down the lane. Bowlers must continually adjust their shots to compensate for the ball's change in rotation as the game or series is played and the oil is altered from its original pattern. A left-handed bowler competes on the opposite side of the lane from the

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Nelson, Campbell, and Michel studied infants and whether developing handedness during infancy correlated with language abilities in toddlers. In the article they assessed 38 infants and followed them through to 12 months and then again once they became toddlers from 18 to 24 months. They discovered

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One common handedness theory is the brain hemisphere division of labor. In most people, the left side of the brain controls speaking. The theory suggests it is more efficient for the brain to divide major tasks between the hemispheres—thus most people may use the non-speaking (right) hemisphere for

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and related to "adroit") means both "right" and "straight", as well as "law" and the legal sense of "right". The name "Dexter" derives from the Latin for "right", as does the word "dexterity" meaning manual skill. As these are all very old words, they would tend to support theories indicating that

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Moreover, apart from inconvenience, left-handed people have historically been considered unlucky or even malicious for their difference by the right-handed majority. In many languages, including English, the word for the direction "right" also means "correct" or "proper". Throughout history, being

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show that left-handed batters have a slight advantage over right-handed batters when facing right-handed pitchers. Because there are fewer left-handed pitchers than right-handed pitchers, left-handed batters have more opportunities to face right-handed pitchers than their right-handed counterparts

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As handedness is a highly heritable trait associated with various medical conditions, and because many of these conditions could have presented a Darwinian fitness challenge in ancestral populations, this indicates left-handedness may have previously been rarer than it currently is, due to natural

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by Storfer. According to the study, 7.2% of the men and 18.8% of the women evaluated their left-right directional sense as poor or below average; moreover participants who were relatively ambidextrous experienced problems more frequently than did those who were more strongly left- or right-handed.

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spread across Western Europe and the United States in the 19th century, workers needed to operate complex machines that were designed with right-handers in mind. This would have made left-handers more visible and at the same time appear less capable and more clumsy. Writing left-handed with a dip

974:(atypical sexual interests) have also been linked to higher rates of left-handedness. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 males found "elevated paraphilic interests were correlated with elevated non-right handedness". Greater rates of left-handedness have also been documented among 512:

found that left-handers, particularly those with mixed-hand preference, performed significantly better than right-handers in musical memory tasks. There are also handedness differences in perception of musical patterns. Left-handers as a group differ from right-handers, and are more heterogeneous

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Infants have been observed to fluctuate heavily when choosing a hand to lead in grasping and object manipulation tasks, especially in one- versus two-handed grasping. Between 36 and 48 months, there is a significant decline in variability between handedness in one-handed grasping; it can be seen

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Some non-human primates have a preferred hand for tasks, but they do not display a strong right-biased preference like modern humans, with individuals equally split between right-handed and left-handed preferences. When exactly a right handed preference developed in the human lineage is unknown,

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might possibly be less feasible with the left hand than the right under certain circumstances. Conversely, right-to-left alphabets, such as the Arabic and Hebrew, are generally considered easier to write with the left hand. Depending on the position and inclination of the writing paper, and the

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The decrease in handedness variability in children of 36–48 months may be attributable to preschool or kindergarten attendance due to increased single-hand activities such as writing and coloring. Scharoun and Bryden noted that right-handed preference increases with age up to the teenage years.

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whose handedness was a matter of public record—found that left-handed men were almost twice as likely to die in war as their right-handed contemporaries. The study theorised that this was because weapons and other equipment was designed for the right-handed. "I can sympathise with all those

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argues that the proportion of left-handers is increasing, and that an above-average quota of high achievers have been left-handed. He says that left-handers' brains are structured in a way that increases their range of abilities, and that the genes that determine left-handedness also govern

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Many tools and procedures are designed to facilitate use by right-handed people, often without realizing the difficulties incurred by the left-handed. John W. Santrock has written, "For centuries, left-handers have suffered unfair discrimination in a world designed for right-handers."

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trying to score. With the ball in the glove on the right hand, a left-handed catcher would have to turn his body to the left to tag a runner. In doing so, he can lose the opportunity to brace himself for an impending collision. On the other hand, the Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers

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has been used since 1971 but contains some dated questions and is hard to score. Revisions have been published by Veale and by Williams. The longer Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire is not widely accessible. More recently, the Flinders Handedness Survey (FLANDERS) has been developed.

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means "left" as well as "unlucky", and this double meaning survives in European derivatives of Latin, including the English words "sinister" (meaning both 'evil' and 'on the bearer's left on a coat of arms') and "ambisinister" meaning 'awkward or clumsy with both or either hand'.

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based medication used between 1940 and 1971) were more likely to be left-handed over the clinical control group. Diethylstilbestrol animal studies "suggest that estrogen affects the developing brain, including the part that governs sexual behavior and right and left dominance".

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Interactive sports such as table tennis, badminton and cricket have an overrepresentation of left-handedness, while non-interactive sports such as swimming show no overrepresentation. Smaller physical distance between participants increases the overrepresentation. In

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than right-handers and that right-handers also took more time to complete the tests. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ntolka & Papadatou-Pastou (2018) found that right-handers had higher IQ scores, but that difference was negligible (about 1.5 points).

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There are many negative connotations associated with the phrase "left-handed": clumsy, awkward, unlucky, insincere, sinister, malicious, and so on. A "left-handed compliment" is one that has two meanings, one of which is unflattering to the recipient. In French,

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will break away from a right-handed batter and towards a left-handed batter (batting left or right does not indicate left or right handedness). While studies of handedness show that only 10% of the general population is left-handed, the proportion of left-handed

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Researchers studied fetuses in utero and determined that handedness in the womb was a very accurate predictor of handedness after birth. In a 2013 study, 39% of infants (6 to 14 months) and 97% of toddlers (18 to 24 months) demonstrated a hand preference.

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Writing from left to right as in many languages, in particular, with the left hand covers and tends to smear (depending upon ink drying) what was just written. Left-handed writers have developed various ways of holding a pen for best results. For using a

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Handedness displays a complex inheritance pattern. For example, if both parents of a child are left-handed, there is a 26% chance of that child being left-handed. A large study of twins from 25,732 families by Medland et al. (2006) indicates that the

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economist Joshua Goodman finds that left-handed people earn 10 to 12 percent less over the course of their lives than right-handed people. Goodman attributes this disparity to higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems in left-handed people.

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Titus-Ernstoff, Linda; Perez, Kimberly; Hatch, Elizabeth E.; Troisi, Rebecca; Palmer, Julie R.; Hartge, Patricia; Hyer, Marianne; Kaufman, Raymond; Adam, Ervin; Strohsnitter, William; Noller, Kenneth; Pickett, Kate E.; Hoover, Robert (March 2003).

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Many products for left-handed use are made by specialist producers, although not available from normal suppliers. Items as simple as a knife ground for use with the right hand are less convenient for left-handers. There is a multitude of examples:

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Papadopoulou AK, Samsouris C, Vlachos F, Badcock N, Phylactou P, Papadatou-Pastou (November 2023). "Exploring cerebral laterality of writing and the relationship to handedness: a functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation".

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concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between handedness and earnings for the general population, but among college-educated people, left-handers earned 10 to 15% more than their right-handed counterparts.

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being roughly twice as likely to be left-handed, as well as generally lower cognitive and non-cognitive abilities amongst left-handed children. Left-handers are nevertheless also overrepresented in high IQ societies, such as

871:, left-handed players have an advantage on the right side of the field when attacking, getting a better angle, and that defenders might be unused to them. Since few people are left-handed, there is a demand for such players. 911:

on the opposite hand, which protects the quarterback's "blind side", is typically the most valued member of the offensive line. Receivers also have to adapt to the opposite spin. While uncommon, there have been several

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may sometimes affect the brains of unborn children, causing higher rates of left-handedness in children whose mothers receive ultrasound during pregnancy. Research suggests there may be a weak association between

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includes one left-handed and one right-handed defender. A disproportionately large number of ice hockey players of all positions, 62 percent, shoot left, though this does not necessarily indicate left-handedness.

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Because a left-handed pitcher faces first base when he is in position to throw to the batter, whereas a right-handed pitcher has his back to first base, a left-handed pitcher has an advantage when attempting to

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selection. However, on average, left-handers have been found to have an advantage in fighting and competitive, interactive sports, which could have increased their reproductive success in ancestral populations.

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In 2019, Wiberg et al. performed a genome-wide association study and found that handedness was significantly associated with four loci, three of them in genes encoding proteins involved in brain development.

4849: 786:, right-handed) batter more than a right-handed bowler does, because the angle of a bowler's delivery to an opposite-handed batter is much more penetrating than that of a bowler to a same-handed batter (see 1167:

were beaten by schoolteachers or parents for writing with their left hand, or had their left hands tied behind their backs to force them to write with their right hand. As a child, the future British king

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Some studies examining the relationship between handedness and sexual orientation have reported that a disproportionate minority of homosexual people exhibit left-handedness, though findings are mixed.

270: 1248:) preferentially use their left hand for behaviours that involve fine manipulation, but the right for behaviours that require more physical strength. There was less evidence for handedness in 2512:

Laval SH, Dann JC, Butler RJ, Loftus J, Rue J, Leask SJ, et al. (September 1998). "Evidence for linkage to psychosis and cerebral asymmetry (relative hand skill) on the X chromosome".

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across his body, with his glove moving out of the strike zone. A left-handed catcher would be able to catch the pitch moving into the strike zone and create a better target for the umpire.

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because they are better suited to fielding balls hit in the gap between first and second base, and because they do not have to pivot their body around before throwing the ball to another

6341:А. П. Чуприков, В. Д. Мишиев. // Латеральность населения СССР в конце 70-х и начале 80-х годов. К истории латеральной нейропсихологии и нейропсихиатрии. Хрестоматия. Донецк, 2010, 192 с. 2120:

Nicholls, Michael E.R.; Thomas, Nicole A.; Loetscher, Tobias; Grimshaw, Gina M. (November 2013). "The Flinders Handedness survey (FLANDERS): A brief measure of skilled hand preference".

1172:(1895–1952) was naturally left-handed. He was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He was not expected to become king, so that was not a factor. 122:

that involves aiming at a target in an area of an opponent's control, as their opponents are more accustomed to the right-handed majority. As a result, they are over-represented in

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had a right-handedness bias like modern humans. Attempts to determine handedness of early humans by analysing the morphology of lithic artefacts have been found to be unreliable.

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Blanchard R, Kolla NJ, Cantor JM, Klassen PE, Dickey R, Kuban ME, Blak T (September 2007). "IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source".

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is the change of hand preference between different tasks. This is about as widespread as left-handedness. This is highly associated with the person's childhood brain development.

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Yule MA, Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB (February 2014). "Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women".

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left-handed swing provides momentum in the direction of first base, while the right handed batter must overcome the swing momentum towards third base before beginning his run.

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Williams, Terrance J.; Pepitone, Michelle E.; Christensen, Scott E.; Cooke, Bradley M.; Huberman, Andrew D.; Breedlove, Nicholas J.; Breedlove, Tessa J.; Jordan, Cynthia L.;

864:, typical strategy is to play along the left wall forcing the opponent to use their left hand to counter the attack and playing into the strength of a left-handed competitor. 812: 4879: 4841: 4208:"Handedness in autism spectrum disorders and intellectually disabled children and adolescents - Contrasting caregivers' reports with assessments of hand preference" 4658: 172:

refers to having equal ability in both hands. Those who learn it still tend to favor their originally dominant hand. This is uncommon, with about a 1% prevalence.

2702:"Multilocus genetic models of handedness closely resemble single-locus models in explaining family data and are compatible with genome-wide association studies" 2469:

Warren DM, Stern M, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Almasy L (November 2006). "Heritability and linkage analysis of hand, foot, and eye preference in Mexican Americans".

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indicate that genetic factors explain 25% of the variance in handedness, and environmental factors the remaining 75%. While the molecular basis of handedness

6548: 4906: 778:, even for a batter whose experience against left-handed bowlers equals their experience against right-handed bowlers), a left-handed bowler challenges the 1252:

species. Studies of dogs, horses, and domestic cats have shown that females of those species tend to be right-handed, while males tend to be left-handed.

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earlier in two-handed manipulation. Children of 18–36 months showed more hand preference when performing bi-manipulation tasks than with simple grasping.

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is the most common type. Right-handed people are more skillful with their right hands. Studies suggest that approximately 90% of people are right-handed.

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Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta; Ntolka, Eleni; Schmitz, Judith; Martin, Maryanne; Munafò, Marcus R.; Ocklenburg, Sebastian; Paracchini, Silvia (June 2020).

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Dyshniku F, Murray ME, Fazio RL, Lykins AD, Cantor JM (November 2015). "Minor Physical Anomalies as a Window into the Prenatal Origins of Pedophilia".

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Ntolka E, Papadatou-Pastou M (January 2018). "Right-handers have negligibly higher IQ scores than left-handers: Systematic review and meta-analyses".

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Studies have found a positive correlation between left-handedness and several specific physical and mental disorders and health problems, including:

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One advantage is a left-handed catcher's ability to frame a right-handed pitcher's breaking balls. A right-handed catcher catches a right-hander's

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Propper RE, Christman SD, Phaneuf KA (June 2005). "A mixed-handed advantage in episodic memory: a possible role of interhemispheric interaction".

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Pfeifer, Lena Sophie; Schmitz, Judith; Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta; Peterburs, Jutta; Paracchini, Silvia; Ocklenburg, Sebastian (15 January 2022).

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Schwartz G, Kim RM, Kolundzija AB, Rieger G, Sanders AR (February 2010). "Biodemographic and physical correlates of sexual orientation in men".

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asserts that non-sexual men and women were 2.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, more likely to be left-handed than their heterosexual counterparts.

5057: 1179:, left-handed people were forced to switch to being right-handed, or at least switch to writing with the right hand. Due to the importance of 774:, the overall advantage of a bowler's left-handedness exceeds that resulting from experience alone: even disregarding the experience factor ( 6282: 5945:

Luders, Eileen; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Thompson, Paul M.; Gutman, Boris; Anstey, Kaarin J.; Sachdev, Perminder; Toga, Arthur W. (August 2010).

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Papadatou-Pastou M, Martin M, Munafò MR, Jones GV (September 2008). "Sex differences in left-handedness: a meta-analysis of 144 studies".

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Cantor JM, Klassen PE, Dickey R, Christensen BK, Kuban ME, Blak T, et al. (August 2005). "Handedness in pedophilia and hebephilia".

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Veale, Jaimie F. (4 March 2014). "Edinburgh Handedness Inventory – Short Form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis".

463:. A 2005 study found that "approximately 20% of the members of Mensa are lefthanded, double the proportion in most general populations". 1984: 1368: 409:

The modern turn in handedness research has been towards emphasizing degree rather than direction of handedness as a critical variable.

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Hughes JR, Dorner E, Wind M (October 2008). "Is the decreased longevity among left-handers related to an increase in heart disease?".

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Kauko Heikkilä,a,1 Catharina E. M. Van Beijsterveldt,b Jari Haukka,c Matti Iivanainen,d,2 Aulikki Saari-Kemppainen,e (Jun 5, 2018).

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Two theoretical single-gene models have been proposed to explain the patterns of inheritance of handedness, by Marian Annett of the

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Harris, Lauren Julius (January 2010). "In fencing, what gives left-handers the edge? Views from the present and the distant past".

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Fagard J, Lockman JJ (2005). "The effect of task constraints on infants' (bi)manual strategy for grasping and exploring objects".

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show a left-hand preference for everyday tasks in the wild. 'True' handedness is unexpected in marsupials however, because unlike

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Smith LL, Hines M (July 2000). "Language lateralization and handedness in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES)".

1440: 6515: 4271:"Excess of non-right-handedness in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of gender effects and potential biases in handedness assessment" 6896: 5318:

Zucker KJ, Beaulieu N, Bradley SJ, Grimshaw GM, Wilcox A (September 2001). "Handedness in boys with gender identity disorder".

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Luetters CM, Kelsey JL, Keegan TH, Quesenberry CP, Sidney S (November 2003). "Left-handedness as a risk factor for fractures".

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Goodman, Joshua (November 2014). "The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure, and Human Capital Accumulation".

2381:"LRRTM1 on chromosome 2p12 is a maternally suppressed gene that is associated paternally with handedness and schizophrenia" 640: 6172: 5080: 4871: 759:. Some studies suggest that right handed male athletes tend to be statistically taller and heavier than left handed ones. 6919: 6670: 6312: 5142:

Lalumière ML, Blanchard R, Zucker KJ (July 2000). "Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: a meta-analysis".

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Scheirs JG, Vingerhoets AJ (October 1995). "Handedness and other laterality indices in women prenatally exposed to DES".

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Wells, Deborah L.; Millsopp, Sarah (August 2009). "Lateralized behaviour in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus".

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According to a meta-analysis of 144 studies, totaling 1,787,629 participants, the best estimate for the male to female

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In a 2006 better correlate with the lateralization for writing compared to the other measuresstudy, researchers from

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Handedness may be measured behaviourally (performance measures) or through questionnaires (preference measures). The

99:. The other hand, comparatively often the weaker, less dextrous or simply less subjectively preferred, is called the 4962: 1075:

ground to optimise left-handed use (pushing rather than pulling across the paper) without scratching are available.

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were left-handed, while another study demonstrated that left-handedness was associated with a 62% increased risk of

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McManus, I. C. (2009). "The history and geography of human handedness". In Sommer, Iris E. C; Kahn, Rene S (eds.).

3177:"Genomic and evolutionary analyses of asymmetrically expressed genes in human fetal left and right cerebral cortex" 1261: 913: 4902: 6675: 3126:

Medland, Sarah E.; Duffy, David L.; Wright, Margaret J.; Geffen, Gina M.; Martin, Nicholas G. (1 February 2006).

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Williams, Stephen Meredith (2020). A major revision of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: The EHI-8 (Preprint).

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Left-handers are overrepresented among those with lower cognitive skills and mental impairments, with those with

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Rahman Q, Symeonides DJ (February 2008). "Neurodevelopmental correlates of paraphilic sexual interests in men".

1014:, and with poorer communication between brain hemispheres, which may give poorer emotional processing, although 6933: 6691: 5177:

Mustanski BS, Bailey JM, Kaspar S (February 2002). "Dermatoglyphics, handedness, sex, and sexual orientation".

3713: 1327: 1204: 907:, when only one is used, typically line up on the same side as the throwing hand of the quarterback, while the 683: 194: 5621:"Evidence for longevity differences between left handed and right handed men: an archival study of cricketers" 4681: 1920: 1867: 1192: 1156:

Before the development of fountain pens and other writing instruments, children were taught to write with a

287: 251: 6527:", Debate contribution by the Rt Hon. Mr. Peter Luff (MP for Mid-Worcestershire), House of Commons, 22 July. 4586:

Wysocki, C. J.; McManus, I. C. (March 2005). "Left-handers have a lower prevalence of arthritis and ulcer".

2430:"Parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis of several candidate regions for genes for human handedness" 1460: : being the one of a pair of bodily structures that is the more effective or predominant in action • 3356:"Quantifying cerebral asymmetries for language in dextrals and adextrals with random-effects meta analysis" 1315: 1299: 67:

in Argentina. Left hands make up over 90% of the artwork, demonstrating the prevalence of right-handedness.

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This article is about left- and right-handedness in humans. For physical objects which are "handed", see

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did not align with their assigned sex, were more than twice as likely to be left-handed than a clinical

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Is your Child Left-Handed? Why, according to psychological tests, left-handed people ought to remain so

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McManus C (14 April 2012). "Is It True That Left-Handed People Are Smarter Than Right-Handed People?".

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Francks C, Maegawa S, Laurén J, Abrahams BS, Velayos-Baeza A, Medland SE, et al. (December 2007).

1337: 1281:, which also discusses counterclockwise/anticlockwise, the two terms for the opposite sense of rotation 807: 107:(equal preference of either hand), but it is rare—most people prefer using one hand for most purposes. 4928: 614:

concluded: "Left-handers showed no systematic tendency to suffer from disorders of the immune system".

466:

Ghayas & Adil (2007) found that left-handers were significantly more likely to perform better on

7049: 6831: 3221:"Epigenetic regulation of lateralized fetal spinal gene expression underlies hemispheric asymmetries" 432: 240: 5049: 2859:"Handedness, language areas and neuropsychiatric diseases: insights from brain imaging and genetics" 2759:"Common variants in left/right asymmetry genes and pathways are associated with relative hand skill" 6747: 6583: 6563: 3896:

Storfer, Miles D. (October 1995). "Problems in Left-Right Discrimination in a High-Iq Population".

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Podestá, María Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. (2005).

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Hepper PG, Wells DL, Lynch C (2005). "Prenatal thumb sucking is related to postnatal handedness".

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Wiberg A, Ng M, Al Omran Y, Alfaro-Almagro F, McCarthy P, Marchini J, et al. (October 2019).

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Schachter SC (May 1994). "Handedness in women with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol".

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Coren, Stanley (1995). "Differences in Divergent Thinking as a Function of Handedness and Sex".

3301:"The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions" 2757:

Brandler WM, Morris AP, Evans DM, Scerri TS, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, et al. (September 2013).

348:(sonography used to check the healthy development of the fetus and mother) and left-handedness. 6283:"Erste deutsche Beratungs- und Informationsstelle für Linkshänder und umge-schulte Linkshänder" 1010:

A high level of handedness (whether strongly favoring right or left) is associated with poorer

568: 4706: 4310:

Lin KR, Prabhu V, Shah H, Kamath A, Joseph B (2015). "Handedness in diplegic cerebral palsy".

6531: 6516:

Science Creative Quarterly's overview of some of the genetic underpinnings of left-handedness

5794:"Degree of Handedness, but not Direction, is a Systematic Predictor of Cognitive Performance" 4182: 3663:"Degree of Handedness, but not Direction, is a Systematic Predictor of Cognitive Performance" 3407:"Complementary hemispheric specialization for language production and visuospatial attention" 1090: 1015: 816: 537:

Lower-birth-weight and complications at birth are positively correlated with left-handedness.

487:

The study also revealed an effect of age, with younger participants reporting more problems.

254:

studies suggests that genetic variance in handedness cannot be explained by a single genetic

5947:"When more is less: Associations between corpus callosum size and handedness lateralization" 2596:

Eriksson N, Macpherson JM, Tung JY, Hon LS, Naughton B, Saxonov S, et al. (June 2010).

806:

players is closer to 39% of hitters and 28% of pitchers, according to 2012 data. Historical

6649: 6410: 6253: 5233: 4219: 4142: 3989: 3552: 3312: 2713: 2247: 1822: 1347: 291: 290:

for a measure of relative hand skill and found that genes involved in the determination of

3219:

Ocklenburg S, Schmitz J, Moinfar Z, Moser D, Klose R, Lor S, et al. (February 2017).

2598:"Web-based, participant-driven studies yield novel genetic associations for common traits" 8: 7034: 6740: 6720: 6576: 1284: 479: 460: 441: 53: 6414: 5237: 4242: 4223: 4207: 4146: 3993: 3759:"The Wages of Sinistrality: Handedness, Brain Structure, and Human Capital Accumulation" 3316: 2909:"Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol" 2717: 2330:

Francks C, DeLisi LE, Fisher SE, Laval SH, Rue JE, Stein JF, Monaco AP (February 2003).

2230:

Medland SE, Duffy DL, Wright MJ, Geffen GM, Hay DA, Levy F, et al. (January 2009).

1826: 7054: 7039: 7011: 7004: 6235: 6011: 5971: 5946: 5922: 5895: 5871: 5844: 5820: 5793: 5733: 5645: 5620: 5601: 5558: 5515: 5472: 5429: 5386: 5343: 5300: 5257: 5202: 5022: 4822: 4611: 4568: 4525: 4477: 4452: 4428: 4403: 4379: 4354: 4335: 4165: 4130: 4070:

Musical Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain

4040: 4013: 3957: 3932: 3873: 3689: 3662: 3608: 3583: 3564: 3485: 3433: 3406: 3382: 3355: 3336: 3324: 3247: 3220: 3157: 3108: 3059: 3016: 2938: 2925: 2908: 2883: 2858: 2834: 2809: 2785: 2758: 2734: 2701: 2677: 2652: 2624: 2597: 2573: 2548: 2494: 2405: 2380: 2312: 2256: 2232:"Genetic influences on handedness: data from 25,732 Australian and Dutch twin families" 2231: 2145: 2015: 1843: 1809: 1804: 1727: 1700: 1681: 1614: 1587: 1565: 1273: 1039: 861: 644: 604: 572: 522: 323: 143: 64: 49: 6223: 5503: 3079:"Ultrasound in pregnancy and non-right handedness: meta-analysis of randomized trials" 3047: 2356: 2331: 2279:

Annett M (2009). "The genetic basis of lateralization". In Sommer IE, Kahn RS (eds.).

2165:"Determining Hominid Handedness in Lithic Debitage: A Review of Current Methodologies" 1544: 1527: 1432: 6826: 6489: 6428: 6399:"Parallel Emergence of True Handedness in the Evolution of Marsupials and Placentals" 6227: 6151: 6118: 6019: 5976: 5962: 5927: 5876: 5825: 5774: 5725: 5650: 5593: 5550: 5507: 5464: 5433: 5421: 5378: 5335: 5292: 5261: 5249: 5194: 5159: 5124: 4814: 4749: 4722: 4603: 4560: 4517: 4482: 4433: 4384: 4353:

Gardener H, Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A (August 2010).

4327: 4292: 4247: 4170: 4084: 4074: 4044: 4005: 3962: 3913: 3865: 3826: 3807: 3694: 3613: 3556: 3521: 3489: 3477: 3438: 3387: 3328: 3279: 3272: 3252: 3198: 3149: 3100: 3051: 3008: 3004: 2973: 2930: 2888: 2839: 2790: 2739: 2682: 2648: 2629: 2578: 2529: 2486: 2451: 2410: 2361: 2302: 2261: 2210: 2184: 2137: 2083: 2046: 2019: 1966: 1848: 1785: 1732: 1685: 1673: 1619: 1557: 1549: 1374: 994: 892: 779: 728: 628: 611: 549: 467: 295: 6239: 5562: 5519: 5390: 5304: 5206: 4826: 4615: 4572: 4529: 3877: 3861: 3340: 3161: 3063: 3020: 2942: 2498: 2316: 2164: 2106: 1753:

Santrock JW (2008). "A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development". In Ryan M (ed.).

744: 478:

in left-right discrimination was investigated in a cohort of 2,720 adult members of

6843: 6613: 6481: 6455: 6418: 6397:

Giljov, Andrey; Karenina, Karina; Ingram, Janeane; Malashichev, Yegor (July 2015).

6219: 6143: 6090: 6003: 5966: 5958: 5917: 5907: 5866: 5856: 5815: 5805: 5764: 5737: 5717: 5640: 5632: 5605: 5585: 5542: 5499: 5476: 5456: 5413: 5370: 5347: 5327: 5284: 5241: 5186: 5151: 5116: 5085: 4806: 4714: 4686: 4595: 4552: 4509: 4472: 4464: 4423: 4415: 4374: 4366: 4339: 4319: 4282: 4237: 4227: 4160: 4150: 4111: 4036: 4017: 3997: 3952: 3944: 3905: 3857: 3799: 3770: 3684: 3674: 3643: 3603: 3595: 3584:"Unimanual to bimanual: tracking the development of handedness from 6 to 24 months" 3548: 3513: 3469: 3428: 3418: 3377: 3367: 3320: 3242: 3232: 3188: 3139: 3112: 3090: 3043: 3000: 2965: 2920: 2878: 2870: 2829: 2821: 2780: 2770: 2729: 2721: 2672: 2664: 2619: 2609: 2568: 2560: 2521: 2478: 2441: 2400: 2392: 2351: 2343: 2294: 2286: 2251: 2243: 2180: 2176: 2149: 2129: 2102: 2075: 2038: 2007: 1958: 1838: 1830: 1818: 1777: 1722: 1712: 1663: 1655: 1609: 1599: 1569: 1539: 1309: 908: 545: 280: 255: 96: 6459: 4232: 3568: 3517: 3473: 1480: 720: 298:

suggest the same mechanisms that determine left-right asymmetry in the body (e.g.

6884: 6877: 6860: 6821: 6623: 6618: 6537: 6147: 6063: 4743: 4323: 4266: 3647: 3599: 2825: 2775: 2614: 2290: 2133: 2079: 1233: 1027: 1011: 961: 715: 575:

increases for left-handed women, but the effect is unknown for men at this point.

541: 514: 372: 364: 307: 299: 247: 180: 164:

is less common. Studies suggest that approximately 10% of people are left-handed.

59: 5155: 3980:

Deutsch, D (3 February 1978). "Pitch memory: an advantage for the left-handed".

6982: 6977: 5417: 5221: 4513: 3909: 3144: 3127: 1962: 1834: 1717: 1342: 1184: 1145: 900: 590: 564: 518: 322:

Four studies have indicated that individuals who have had in-utero exposure to

6423: 6398: 6320: 5769: 5752: 5589: 5546: 5460: 5374: 5288: 5190: 4810: 4599: 4556: 4287: 4270: 3803: 2969: 2810:"The genetic relationship between handedness and neurodevelopmental disorders" 2482: 1781: 585:

At least one study maintains that left-handers are more likely to suffer from

7028: 6972: 6795: 6628: 6177: 5912: 5861: 5810: 4653: 4419: 4064: 3679: 3372: 2188: 1604: 1553: 1410: 965: 852: 832: 586: 579: 571:

in women, but not in men. Another study suggests that the risk of developing

553: 509: 261: 168: 104: 80: 6485: 5331: 4155: 3423: 3193: 3176: 2549:"Genome-wide association study of handedness excludes simple genetic models" 2526:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<420::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-E

2446: 2429: 1407:"What does Handedness have to do with Brain Lateralization (and who cares?)" 6962: 6544: 6432: 6375: 6231: 5980: 5931: 5896:"Hierarchical brain networks active in approach and avoidance goal pursuit" 5880: 5829: 5778: 5729: 5597: 5554: 5511: 5468: 5425: 5382: 5339: 5296: 5253: 5198: 5163: 5128: 4818: 4607: 4564: 4521: 4486: 4468: 4437: 4388: 4331: 4296: 4251: 4174: 4001: 3966: 3869: 3811: 3698: 3617: 3560: 3525: 3481: 3442: 3391: 3256: 3202: 3153: 3104: 3055: 2934: 2892: 2874: 2843: 2794: 2743: 2686: 2633: 2582: 2490: 2455: 2414: 2365: 2265: 2141: 2087: 1852: 1789: 1736: 1677: 1623: 1222: 1180: 1068: 1056: 724: 582:

than right-handed women and the effect is greater in post-menopausal women.

513:

than right-handers, in perception of certain stereo illusions, such as the

303: 229: 6023: 5654: 5636: 3917: 3456:

Karlsson, Emma M.; Johnstone, Leah T.; Carey, David P. (2 November 2019).

3300: 3012: 2977: 2533: 2396: 2042: 1561: 275: From these studies, McManus et al. now conclude that handedness is 48:"Leftie" and "Rightie" redirect here. For the political orientations, see 4115: 4009: 3775: 3758: 3332: 2668: 1970: 1229: 1141: 1060: 896: 787: 763: 731: 360: 208: 4842:"Righties vs Lefties - The Importance Of Handedness Training In Hitting" 4770: 3237: 2564: 1588:"Hand preference, performance abilities, and hand selection in children" 1505: : not : other than : reverse of : absence of • 831:

Defensively in baseball, left-handedness is considered an advantage for

6992: 6955: 6763: 6701: 6696: 6554:

Handedness & earnings, published in Journal of Human Resources 2007

6368:"Left-Handers' Day August 13th: Celebrate your right to be left-handed" 6015: 5753:"The contributions of handedness and working memory to episodic memory" 5721: 2725: 1805:"Left-handedness is associated with greater fighting success in humans" 1698: 1668: 1659: 1294: 1289: 1195:, all left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand. 998: 982: 975: 971: 938: 881: 875: 840: 798: 686: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 557: 356: 310:(handedness being a reflection of brain asymmetry for motor function). 111: 4951: 4402:

Gardener H, Munger K, Chitnis T, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A (May 2009).

4370: 2332:"Confirmatory evidence for linkage of relative hand skill to 2p12-q11" 751:

is sometimes used to refer to a left-handed individual, especially in

5245: 5120: 3948: 3095: 3078: 2298: 2163:

Ruck, Lana; Broadfield, Douglas C.; Brown, Clifford T. (2015-05-07).

1278: 1225: 1169: 1138:

the predominance of right-handedness is an extremely old phenomenon.

1072: 904: 836: 743:, about half the participants are left-handed. In tennis, 40% of the 600: 276: 31: 6193:"Pros and cons: Raising a left-handed child in a right-handed world" 6007: 5490:

Bogaert AF (2001). "Handedness, criminality, and sexual offending".

4451:

Fritschi L, Divitini M, Talbot-Smith A, Knuiman M (September 2007).

4404:"The relationship between handedness and risk of multiple sclerosis" 3717: 2011: 661: 4450: 3933:"Early handedness in infancy predicts language ability in toddlers" 3502: 2347: 1641: 1249: 1218: 868: 794: 752: 483: 368: 363:

is largely unclear, Ocklenburg et al. (2017) found that asymmetric

327: 123: 6210:

Kushner, Howard I (June 2011). "Retraining the King's left hand".

5320:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

4691: 4088: 2653:"PCSK6 is associated with handedness in individuals with dyslexia" 2651:, Morris AP, Ring SM, Richardson AJ, et al. (February 2011). 1526:

Hardyck, C.; Petrinovich, L. F.; Goldman, R. D. (September 1976).

766:

the advantage left-handers usually hold in one-on-one situations:

110:

Most of the current research suggests that left-handedness has an

5106: 4355:"Prenatal and early life factors and risk of Parkinson's disease" 1236:. Left-handedness was particularly apparent in the red kangaroo ( 1163:

Into the 20th and even the 21st century, left-handed children in

1157: 1130: 960:

A 2001 study also found that people assigned male at birth whose

920: 825: 771: 740: 135: 131: 5219: 4797:

Abel & Kruger (2007). "Lefties are still a little shorter".

4031:

Deutsch, Diana (1980). "Handedness and Memory for Tonal Pitch".

3661:

Prichard, Eric; Propper, Ruth E.; Christman, Stephen D. (2013).

1985:"Differences Between Left Handed, Mixed Handed and Ambidextrous" 6945: 6396: 4542: 4401: 2119: 1176: 1164: 756: 540:

A variety of neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders like

139: 127: 114:

marker—a combination of genetics, biology and the environment.

5446: 3790:

Perelle, Ira B.; Ehrman, Lee (May 2005). "On the Other Hand".

2905: 2856: 2646: 6732: 6568: 5317: 5224:(March 2000). "Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation". 3841: 3218: 3128:"Handedness in Twins: Joint Analysis of Data From 35 Samples" 2002:

Williams, Stephen (20 February 2022). "Non-Righthandedness".

1757:. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 172–205. 1643: 981:

A 2014 study attempting to analyze the biological markers of

811:

have against left-handed pitchers. Fifteen of the top twenty

119: 6103:

Web page discussing ways different left-handed writers cope.

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results in a 12.3% incidence of left-handedness among men).

6350:А. П. Чуприков, Е. А. Волков. // Мир леворуких. Киев. 2008. 5403: 5274: 1097: 88: 3404: 500:

of infant and toddler development to assess the subjects.

6558: 5532: 2756: 2595: 1949:

Hardyck C, Petrinovich LF (May 1977). "Left-handedness".

1872: 1803:

Richardson, Thomas; Gilman, R. Tucker (28 October 2019).

1525: 1516:. ("Nondominant" is one of 945 words listed under "non-") 803: 596:

Left-handers may be more likely to suffer bone fractures.

5791: 5141: 4682:"Sinister and Rich: The evidence that lefties earn more" 3827:"Effect of handedness on intelligence level of students" 3660: 3125: 2468: 2428:

Van Agtmael T, Forrest SM, Williamson R (October 2002).

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A high level of handedness is associated with a smaller

294:

in the body play a key role in handedness. Brandler and

5707: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 219:

There are several theories of how handedness develops.

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pen, in particular, was prone to blots and smearing.

589:, and are more likely to have reduced longevity from 563:

A 2012 study showed that nearly 40% of children with

560:

have been associated with left- and mixed-handedness.

6510:

Lefties Have The Advantage In Adversarial Situations

5750: 5008: 4707:"Evolutionary perspectives on sport and competition" 3930: 3581: 3274:

Neuropsychology: The Neural Bases of Mental Function

2958:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

2699: 2546: 1868:"Left-handed boxers win more fights, research shows" 4742:Graham, Douglas; Bachmann, Thomas T. (2004-04-15). 4704: 4309: 3831:

Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology

3175:Sun T, Collura RV, Ruvolo M, Walsh CA (July 2006). 2162: 1977: 1123:means both "left" and "awkward" or "clumsy", while 5751:Sahu A, Christman SD, Propper RE (November 2016). 5575: 4929:"Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average" 4778:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. June 2011 4769: 3752: 3750: 3271: 2955: 2807: 1948: 41:"Left-hander" redirects here. For other uses, see 6254:"A question of the left being right – and normal" 5619:Aggleton JP, Kentridge RW, Neave NJ (June 1993). 4796: 1370:El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Patagonia 1198: 404: 7026: 5894:Spielberg JM, Heller W, Miller GA (2013-06-17). 5360: 4630:"Three Myths and Three Facts About Left-Handers" 4499: 4264: 3931:Nelson EL, Campbell JM, Michel GF (March 2014). 3582:Nelson EL, Campbell JM, Michel GF (April 2013). 3538: 3405:Cai, Q; Van Der Haegen, L; Brysbaert, M (2013). 1802: 945: 6344: 3747: 3298: 2547:Armour JA, Davison A, McManus IC (March 2014). 2200: 2198: 1045: 490: 4741: 4585: 3353: 2700:McManus IC, Davison A, Armour JA (June 2013). 1585: 1151: 1103:left-handed was considered negative, or evil. 207:though it is known through various means that 6748: 6584: 6445: 5792:Prichard E, Propper RE, Christman SD (2013). 5668:Jonathan R (February 1995). "Left For Dead". 3789: 3633: 3214: 3212: 3070: 1895:"Why are left-handed people better fighters?" 1373:(in Spanish). Grupo Abierto Communicaciones. 734:, winds up to throw the ball to his teammate. 436:development of the brain's language centers. 5625:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 4187:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2195: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1124: 1118: 1078: 988: 578:Left-handed women may have a higher risk of 317: 6549:Higher paychecks: a left-handed compliment? 4872:"2012 Major League Baseball Batting Splits" 4453:"Left-handedness and risk of breast cancer" 4057: 4024: 3973: 3924: 2808:Brandler WM, Paracchini S (February 2014). 1912: 1107: 923:, the oil pattern used on the bowling lane 95:, due to it being stronger, faster or more 87:is an individual's preferential use of one 75:A female student writes with her left hand. 6755: 6741: 6591: 6577: 5081:"Why Left-Handed Quarterbacks Are So Rare" 4986:"The Decline of Left-Handed First Basemen" 4191:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3824: 3305:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3209: 3033: 2706:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1755:Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development 1038:Left-handedness is associated with better 1030:whereas low handedness with a larger one. 6422: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 5970: 5921: 5911: 5870: 5860: 5819: 5809: 5768: 5644: 5100: 5025:. The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers. 4719:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001 4679: 4649:"Left-handers win in hand-to-hand combat" 4476: 4427: 4378: 4286: 4241: 4231: 4164: 4154: 3956: 3774: 3688: 3678: 3607: 3432: 3422: 3381: 3371: 3246: 3236: 3192: 3143: 3094: 3083:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2990: 2924: 2882: 2833: 2784: 2774: 2733: 2676: 2623: 2613: 2572: 2445: 2404: 2355: 2255: 1842: 1726: 1716: 1667: 1630: 1613: 1603: 1543: 1059:such as knives, corkscrews and scissors, 702:Learn how and when to remove this message 387: 306:) also play a role in the development of 6112: 5685:"Science: Sudden death for left-handers" 5667: 4959:"First Base Pickoffs for Lefty Pitchers" 4839: 4705:Widermann D, Barton RA, Hill RA (2011). 3714:"Right-Hand, Left-Hand official website" 3076: 2100: 2001: 1752: 1098:Negative connotations and discrimination 719: 599:Left-handers have a lower prevalence of 70: 58: 6209: 6137: 5489: 4131:"Triplets, birthweight, and handedness" 4101: 4063: 4030: 3979: 3895: 3756: 3738: 3119: 2204: 1528:"Left-handedness and cognitive deficit" 14: 7027: 6353: 6170: 5078: 5060:from the original on December 16, 2018 4996:from the original on 26 September 2015 4983: 4903:"The advantage of batting left-handed" 4745:Ideation: The Birth and Death of Ideas 4646: 4205: 3850:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 3553:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.009 3354:Carey, David; Johnstone, Leah (2014). 3269: 2278: 2248:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.005 2032: 2026: 1918: 1767: 1398: 423:List of musicians who play left-handed 6736: 6572: 6264:from the original on January 24, 2011 6171:Akullu, Lydia Felly (8 August 2023). 6140:Language Lateralization and Psychosis 5993: 5842: 5569: 5047: 4900: 4882:from the original on 9 September 2015 4748:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 38. 3891: 3889: 3887: 3629: 3627: 2282:Language lateralization and psychosis 2065: 1244:). Red-necked (Bennett's) wallabies ( 1033: 884:typically uses a strategy in which a 378: 351: 6470: 4661:from the original on 27 October 2016 3263: 2514:American Journal of Medical Genetics 1748: 1746: 1701:"Handedness in twins: meta-analyses" 1581: 1579: 684:adding citations to reliable sources 655: 641:National Bureau of Economic Research 6671:Handedness and mathematical ability 6115:Black Magick: The Left Hand Path: 1 6088: 5029:from the original on 17 August 2012 4698: 3757:Goodman, Joshua (1 November 2014). 3711: 3168: 1921:"Why are more people right-handed?" 1865: 1644:"Human handedness: A meta-analysis" 1213: 997:—which examined mortality data for 762:Other, sports-specific factors may 419:Handedness and mathematical ability 375:asymmetries related to handedness. 24: 6564:Study Reveals Why Lefties Are Rare 5996:The American Journal of Psychology 4939:from the original on 13 April 2013 4909:from the original on 13 March 2013 4735: 4041:10.1016/B978-0-12-343150-9.50016-0 4033:Neuropsychology of Left-Handedness 3884: 3825:Ghayas, Saba; Adil, Adnan (2007). 3624: 3325:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41921.x 2926:10.1097/01.EDE.0000039059.38824.B2 2434:European Journal of Human Genetics 2336:American Journal of Human Genetics 1404: 1071:, preferred by many left-handers, 1021: 1005: 222: 25: 7066: 6666:Handedness and sexual orientation 6503: 6173:"Myths about left-handed persons" 5682: 5050:"Depleted Sabres defense thrives" 4852:from the original on 3 April 2019 4312:Developmental Neurorehabilitation 4275:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3588:Infant Behavior & Development 1743: 1576: 1491:from the original on 8 March 2017 1443:from the original on 8 March 2017 1240:) and the eastern gray kangaroo ( 1144:is sometimes referred to as the " 952:Handedness and sexual orientation 899:affects blocking patterns on the 639:In a 2014 study published by the 6715: 6714: 6439: 6390: 6335: 6313:"Teaching Left-Handers to Write" 6305: 6275: 6246: 6203: 6185: 6164: 6131: 6113:Donaghue, Timothy (2018-11-12). 6106: 6082: 6056: 6030: 5987: 5963:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.016 5938: 5887: 5836: 5785: 5744: 5701: 5676: 5661: 5612: 5526: 5483: 5440: 5397: 5354: 5079:Greene, Nick (2 November 2020). 4104:Journal of Economic Perspectives 3763:Journal of Economic Perspectives 3299:Rasmussen, T; Milner, B (1977). 3132:Twin Research and Human Genetics 1262:Lateralization of brain function 968:(19.5% vs. 8.3%, respectively). 914:notable left-handed quarterbacks 660: 6676:Bias against left-handed people 6512:, ScienceDaily, April 14, 2006. 5900:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5849:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5311: 5268: 5213: 5170: 5135: 5072: 5041: 4977: 4921: 4894: 4864: 4833: 4790: 4762: 4711:Applied Evolutionary Psychology 4673: 4640: 4622: 4579: 4536: 4493: 4444: 4395: 4346: 4303: 4258: 4199: 4122: 4095: 3862:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.007 3818: 3783: 3732: 3705: 3654: 3636:Infant Behavior and Development 3575: 3532: 3496: 3449: 3398: 3347: 3292: 3027: 2984: 2949: 2899: 2850: 2801: 2750: 2693: 2640: 2589: 2540: 2505: 2462: 2421: 2372: 2323: 2272: 2223: 2156: 2113: 2094: 2059: 1995: 1942: 1931:from the original on 2013-12-03 1887: 1859: 1796: 1761: 1586:Scharoun SM, Bryden PJ (2014). 1387:from the original on 2021-10-29 1085:Bias against left-handed people 671:needs additional citations for 412: 246:However, growing evidence from 6934:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory 6808:Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis 6762: 6692:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory 6598: 4680:Waldfogel J (15 August 2006). 3077:Salvesen KÅ (September 2011). 2181:10.1179/2051618515y.0000000009 2035:Handedness and Brain Asymmetry 1866:Guy, Jack (25 February 2019). 1692: 1519: 1473: 1425: 1360: 1333:Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis 1328:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory 1205:International Left-Handers Day 1199:International Left-Handers Day 813:career batting average leaders 405:Correlation with other factors 279:and estimate that at least 40 232:of handedness is roughly 24%. 195:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory 188: 13: 1: 6559:Handedness Research Institute 6460:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.010 6317:Handedness Research Institute 6224:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60854-4 6038:"Tying shoelaces left handed" 5504:10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00134-2 4502:Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 4233:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25935 3518:10.1080/1357650X.2023.2284407 3474:10.1080/1357650X.2019.1652308 3048:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00005-6 2107:10.13140/RG.2.2.15176.55042/1 1545:10.1016/s0010-9452(76)80008-1 1353: 1321: 946:Sexuality and gender identity 334: 288:genome-wide association study 6540:. December 1918. p. 22. 6148:10.1017/CBO9780511576744.004 5048:Hoppe B (January 23, 2017). 4961:. isport.com. Archived from 4901:Walsh J (15 November 2007). 4840:Peterson D (17 March 2017). 4647:Knight W (8 December 2004). 4324:10.3109/17518423.2012.696736 3648:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.05.005 3600:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.01.009 3005:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90149-x 2826:10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.008 2814:Trends in Molecular Medicine 2776:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003751 2615:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993 2291:10.1017/CBO9780511576744.006 2134:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.02.002 2080:10.1080/1357650X.2013.783045 1316:Proper right and proper left 1300:Left- and right-hand traffic 1046:Products for left-handed use 491:Early childhood intelligence 286:Brandler et al. performed a 201: 43:Left-Hander (disambiguation) 7: 6289:(in German). Archived from 6117:. Independently Published. 5578:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5535:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5449:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5363:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5277:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5179:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5156:10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.575 4799:Perceptual and Motor Skills 4713:. Oxford University Press. 4073:. Oxford University Press. 3898:Perceptual and Motor Skills 1255: 1152:Discrimination in education 1089:McManus noted that, as the 797:, a right-handed pitcher's 36:Handedness (disambiguation) 10: 7071: 6645:Neuroanatomy of handedness 5418:10.1177/107906320701900307 4984:Miller S (29 March 2009). 4545:Osteoporosis International 4514:10.1177/155005940803900406 3910:10.1177/003151259508100226 3145:10.1375/183242706776402885 1963:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.385 1835:10.1038/s41598-019-51975-3 1718:10.1186/s40359-021-00695-3 1485:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1437:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1338:Neuroanatomy of handedness 1267: 1202: 1082: 949: 828:baserunners at first base. 747:are left-handed. The term 713: 416: 266:Excessive citations inline 239:, and by Chris McManus of 47: 40: 29: 7000:Footedness in boardsports 6991: 6944: 6932: 6911: 6842: 6818: 6806: 6770: 6710: 6684: 6658: 6637: 6606: 6424:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.043 6287:lefthander-consulting.org 5770:10.3758/s13421-016-0625-8 5590:10.1007/s10508-013-0175-0 5547:10.1007/s10508-015-0564-7 5461:10.1007/s10508-005-4344-7 5375:10.1007/s10508-007-9255-3 5289:10.1007/s10508-009-9499-1 4811:10.2466/pms.104.2.405-406 4776:Oxford English Dictionary 4600:10.1080/13576500442000256 4557:10.1007/s00198-003-1450-z 4457:British Journal of Cancer 4288:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.137349 3804:10.1007/s10519-005-3226-z 2970:10.1080/01688639508405162 2483:10.1080/13576500600761056 1782:10.1080/13576500701650430 1079:Bias against left-handers 1018:may reduce such effects. 989:Mortality rates in combat 651: 622: 528: 433:University College London 318:Prenatal hormone exposure 283:contribute to the trait. 214: 5913:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00284 5862:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00230 5811:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00009 4420:10.1177/1352458509102622 4135:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3937:Developmental Psychology 3741:Scientific American Mind 3680:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00009 3373:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01128 3036:Psychoneuroendocrinology 2657:Human Molecular Genetics 2647:Scerri TS, Brandler WM, 1605:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00082 633:Johns Hopkins University 503: 149: 6804:In cognitive abilities 6545:Handedness and Earnings 6486:10.1016/C2021-0-02209-4 5843:Shobe ER (2014-04-22). 5798:Frontiers in Psychology 5332:10.1111/1469-7610.00773 5191:10.1023/A:1014039403752 4771:"southpaw, n. and adj." 4709:. In Roberts SC (ed.). 4156:10.1073/pnas.1719567115 3667:Frontiers in Psychology 3424:10.1073/pnas.1212956110 3360:Frontiers in Psychology 2447:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200851 2033:Annett, Marian (2013). 1592:Frontiers in Psychology 1175:Until very recently in 456:intellectual disability 339:Another theory is that 271:considered for deletion 252:genome-wide association 237:University of Leicester 63:Stenciled hands at the 6929:Handedness measurement 5757:Memory & Cognition 5710:Memory & Cognition 5670:Wisden Cricket Monthly 5144:Psychological Bulletin 5109:Psychological Bulletin 5056:. Olean Times Herald. 5023:"Left Handed Catchers" 4469:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603920 4206:Samadi, S. A. (2024). 4002:10.1126/science.622558 2209:. Phoenix Paperbacks. 1951:Psychological Bulletin 1648:Psychological Bulletin 1125: 1119: 1108: 932: 895:, the handedness of a 857: 735: 452: 388:Developmental timeline 76: 68: 34:. For other uses, see 27:Preference or tendency 6908:Handedness related to 6478:The Lateralized Brain 6260:. February 22, 2008. 6091:"Left-Handed Writers" 6064:"Product Information" 5637:10.1136/jech.47.3.206 4905:. hardballtimes.com. 3194:10.1093/cercor/bhk026 2397:10.1038/sj.mp.4002053 2391:(12): 1129–39, 1057. 2207:Right Hand, Left Hand 2043:10.4324/9780203759646 1091:Industrial Revolution 1016:bilateral stimulation 950:Further information: 849: 817:Major League Baseball 723: 447: 429:Right-Hand, Left-Hand 417:Further information: 371:plays a key role for 74: 62: 6920:Mathematical ability 6892:Handedness in people 6873:Handedness in boxing 6650:Twins and handedness 6525:Left-handed Children 6068:Anything Left-Handed 6042:Anything Left-Handed 4116:10.1257/jep.28.4.193 4035:. pp. 263–271. 3776:10.1257/jep.28.4.193 3278:. Houghton Mifflin. 2875:10.1093/brain/awz257 2385:Molecular Psychiatry 1991:. 19 September 2021. 1348:Twins and handedness 1305:Left-right confusion 1246:Macropus rufogriseus 1193:Soviet school system 1106:The Latin adjective 764:increase or decrease 680:improve this article 346:ultrasound screening 292:left-right asymmetry 6941:Handedness genetics 6415:2015CBio...25.1878G 6218:(9782): 1998–1999. 5238:2000Natur.404..455W 5054:Buffalo Hockey Beat 4224:2024Heliy..1025935S 4147:2018PNAS..115.6076H 3994:1978Sci...199..559D 3317:1977NYASA.299..355R 3238:10.7554/eLife.22784 3187:(Suppl 1): i18-25. 2718:2013NYASA1288...48M 2565:10.1038/hdy.2013.93 1989:Southpaw Essentials 1925:Scientific American 1827:2019NatSR...915402R 1501:Definition of non- 1487:. Merriam-Webster. 1439:. Merriam-Webster. 1285:Dexter and sinister 569:Parkinson's disease 442:Scientific American 431:, Chris McManus of 54:Right-wing politics 6915:Sexual orientation 6372:lefthandersday.com 6142:. pp. 37–58. 5722:10.3758/BF03195341 5222:Breedlove, S. Marc 4933:Baseball Reference 4876:Baseball Reference 4408:Multiple Sclerosis 4359:Movement Disorders 2726:10.1111/nyas.12102 2669:10.1093/hmg/ddq475 2285:. pp. 73–86. 2205:McManus C (2003). 1919:Holder MK (1997). 1810:Scientific Reports 1660:10.1037/bul0000229 1274:Cardinal direction 1242:Macropus giganteus 1040:divergent thinking 1034:Divergent thinking 862:four wall handball 736: 573:multiple sclerosis 523:glissando illusion 474:The prevalence of 468:intelligence tests 379:Language dominance 352:Epigenetic markers 324:diethylstilbestrol 144:mixed martial arts 77: 69: 65:Cueva de las Manos 50:Left-wing politics 7022: 7021: 7017: 7016: 6969:In major viscera 6827:Dual brain theory 6730: 6729: 6495:978-0-323-99737-9 6471:Further resources 6409:(14): 1878–1884. 6197:Kids on the Coast 6157:978-0-511-57674-4 6124:978-1-7312-4270-9 5232:(6777): 455–456. 4846:Game Sense Sports 4755:978-0-471-47944-4 4371:10.1002/mds.23339 4141:(23): 6076–6081. 4050:978-0-12-343150-9 3988:(4328): 559–560. 3792:Behavior Genetics 3270:Banich M (1997). 2869:(10): 2938–2947. 2169:Lithic Technology 2128:(10): 2914–2926. 2052:978-1-134-95074-4 1380:978-987-1121-16-8 1230:placental mammals 995:Durham University 893:American football 729:American football 712: 711: 704: 629:Lafayette College 612:systematic review 550:anxiety disorders 101:non-dominant hand 16:(Redirected from 7062: 7050:Mental processes 6866:Right-handedness 6844:Ocular dominance 6773: 6772: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6718: 6717: 6614:Right handedness 6593: 6586: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6541: 6499: 6464: 6463: 6448:Animal Behaviour 6443: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6374:. 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6036: 6035: 6031: 6008:10.2307/1422892 5992: 5988: 5943: 5939: 5892: 5888: 5841: 5837: 5790: 5786: 5749: 5745: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5691: 5681: 5677: 5666: 5662: 5617: 5613: 5574: 5570: 5531: 5527: 5488: 5484: 5445: 5441: 5402: 5398: 5359: 5355: 5316: 5312: 5273: 5269: 5218: 5214: 5175: 5171: 5140: 5136: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4965:on 22 June 2013 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4838: 4834: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4703: 4699: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4584: 4580: 4541: 4537: 4498: 4494: 4449: 4445: 4400: 4396: 4351: 4347: 4308: 4304: 4263: 4259: 4204: 4200: 4180: 4179: 4127: 4123: 4100: 4096: 4081: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4029: 4025: 3978: 3974: 3929: 3925: 3894: 3885: 3846: 3842: 3823: 3819: 3788: 3784: 3755: 3748: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 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1048: 1036: 1028:corpus callosum 1024: 1022:Corpus callosum 1012:episodic memory 1008: 1006:Episodic memory 991: 962:gender identity 954: 948: 935: 886:defence pairing 718: 716:Southpaw stance 708: 697: 691: 688: 677: 665: 654: 625: 542:autism spectrum 531: 515:octave illusion 506: 493: 425: 415: 407: 390: 381: 373:gene expression 354: 337: 320: 308:brain asymmetry 300:nodal signaling 259: 225: 223:Genetic factors 217: 204: 191: 181:cross-dominance 162:Left-handedness 152: 91:, known as the 57: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7068: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7045:Discrimination 7042: 7037: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6983:Situs inversus 6980: 6978:Situs ambiguus 6975: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6542: 6528: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6504:External links 6502: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6454:(2): 537–541. 6438: 6389: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6304: 6274: 6245: 6202: 6184: 6163: 6156: 6130: 6123: 6105: 6081: 6055: 6029: 6002:(3): 311–325. 5986: 5937: 5886: 5835: 5784: 5743: 5700: 5675: 5660: 5611: 5584:(2): 299–310. 5568: 5525: 5482: 5439: 5412:(3): 285–309. 5396: 5353: 5310: 5267: 5212: 5169: 5134: 5115:(5): 677–699. 5099: 5071: 5040: 5007: 4976: 4950: 4920: 4893: 4863: 4832: 4805:(2): 405–406. 4789: 4761: 4754: 4734: 4727: 4697: 4694:on 2010-01-12. 4672: 4639: 4621: 4578: 4551:(11): 918–22. 4535: 4492: 4443: 4394: 4365:(11): 1560–7. 4345: 4302: 4257: 4198: 4121: 4110:(4): 193–212. 4094: 4079: 4056: 4049: 4023: 3972: 3923: 3904:(2): 491–497. 3883: 3840: 3817: 3798:(3): 343–350. 3782: 3769:(4): 193–212. 3746: 3731: 3704: 3653: 3642:(3): 305–315. 3623: 3574: 3531: 3512:(1): 117–150. 3495: 3468:(6): 707–739. 3448: 3417:(4): 322–330. 3397: 3346: 3291: 3284: 3262: 3208: 3167: 3118: 3069: 3042:(5): 497–512. 3026: 2983: 2948: 2919:(2): 155–160. 2898: 2849: 2800: 2749: 2692: 2639: 2588: 2539: 2504: 2461: 2440:(10): 623–30. 2420: 2371: 2348:10.1086/367548 2342:(2): 499–502. 2322: 2307: 2271: 2222: 2216:978-0753813553 2215: 2194: 2175:(3): 171–188. 2155: 2112: 2093: 2074:(2): 164–177. 2058: 2051: 2025: 1994: 1976: 1957:(3): 385–404. 1941: 1911: 1886: 1858: 1795: 1776:(1–2): 15–55. 1760: 1742: 1705:BMC Psychology 1691: 1654:(6): 481–524. 1629: 1575: 1538:(3): 266–279. 1518: 1472: 1424: 1397: 1379: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1343:Situs inversus 1340: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1238:Macropus rufus 1232:, they lack a 1215: 1212: 1203:Main article: 1200: 1197: 1185:Latin alphabet 1153: 1150: 1146:left-hand path 1099: 1096: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1047: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1023: 1020: 1007: 1004: 990: 987: 947: 944: 934: 931: 930: 929: 917: 901:offensive line 889: 879: 872: 865: 848: 847: 846: 845: 829: 791: 745:seeded players 710: 709: 668: 666: 659: 653: 650: 624: 621: 616: 615: 608: 597: 594: 591:cardiovascular 583: 576: 565:cerebral palsy 561: 538: 530: 527: 519:scale illusion 505: 502: 492: 489: 414: 411: 406: 403: 389: 386: 380: 377: 353: 350: 336: 333: 319: 316: 224: 221: 216: 213: 203: 200: 190: 187: 186: 185: 173: 165: 159: 151: 148: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7067: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973:Situs solitus 6971: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Ambidexterity 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6723: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6629:Ambidexterity 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6378:on 2014-07-15 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6347: 6338: 6323:on 2013-09-23 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6293:on 2013-09-22 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6178:Daily Monitor 6174: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6044:. 24 May 2013 6043: 6039: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5690: 5689:New Scientist 5686: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541:(8): 2151–9. 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5455:(4): 447–59. 5454: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369:(1): 166–72. 5368: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326:(6): 767–76. 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283:(1): 93–109. 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185:(1): 113–22. 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150:(4): 575–92. 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4728:9780199586073 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4654:New Scientist 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594:(2): 97–102. 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414:(5): 587–92. 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265:Hirnstein M, 4261: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218:(4): e25935. 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4080:9780190206833 4076: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943:(3): 809–14. 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3735: 3720:on 2012-05-04 3719: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3285:9780395666999 3281: 3276: 3275: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3089:(3): 267–71. 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999:(5): 619–23. 2998: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964:(5): 725–30. 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763:PLOS Genetics 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663:(3): 608–14. 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:PLOS Genetics 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477:(6): 508–24. 2476: 2472: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2308:9780511576744 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1413:on 2013-03-26 1412: 1408: 1401: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057:kitchen tools 1052: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1003: 1000: 996: 986: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 967: 966:control group 963: 958: 953: 943: 940: 926: 922: 918: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 883: 880: 877: 873: 870: 866: 863: 859: 858: 856: 854: 853:breaking ball 842: 838: 834: 833:first basemen 830: 827: 822: 821: 818: 814: 809: 805: 800: 796: 792: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 733: 730: 726: 722: 717: 706: 703: 695: 685: 681: 675: 674: 669:This section 667: 663: 658: 657: 649: 646: 642: 637: 634: 630: 620: 613: 609: 606: 602: 598: 595: 592: 588: 587:heart disease 584: 581: 580:breast cancer 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 554:schizophrenia 551: 547: 543: 539: 536: 535: 534: 526: 524: 520: 516: 511: 510:Diana Deutsch 501: 499: 498:Bayley scales 488: 485: 481: 477: 472: 469: 464: 462: 457: 451: 446: 445:, he states: 444: 443: 437: 434: 430: 424: 420: 410: 402: 398: 394: 385: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 349: 347: 342: 332: 329: 326:(a synthetic 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