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intruders. If another least flycatcher intrudes their territory, the resident male quickly reacts, uttering a sharp note and adopting a threat-display. In its threat-display, the male attempts to look bigger by “fluffing out its breast feathers, raising its chest, extending, vibrating and bending the wings, spreading and flicking the tail up and down, and crouching”. This display lasts only a second or two before the male flies off to chase the trespasser away. If the intruder is too persistent, the resident male engages in a fight and usually wins.
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maples, birches, or ashes, or on the top of a large branch. The average height of the nest is 12 to 25 inches above the ground, but can vary from 2 to 65 inches depending on the habitat. The female builds the nest by weaving fine pieces of grass, strips of bark, twigs, lichen, spider and caterpillar webs, animal hairs and feathers, and other plant-derived materials together to form a tidy cup, a process that takes her about five days.
454:
In the Fall migration, it has been reported that populations living in the west first migrate east before heading south. From the East, they then fly down to the
Tropics. A few of them establish themselves for the winter in southern Florida, but most of them choose to spend their winter on the coasts
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The courtship behavior of the least flycatcher remains largely unknown but it is thought to involve the male chasing the female through trees. The males are aggressive and sing incessantly until pairs form. Once pairs form, the female starts building their nest on either the forks of small trees like
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Females can also engage in territorial defenses in certain occasions. If the trespasser comes in a radius of about 20 feet surrounding her nest, the female reacts. If her partner is absent, she flies off to chase the intruder and attacks if necessary. She can also work in tandem with her partner to
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The female least flycatcher typically lays three to five creamy-white colored eggs, with a strong tendency towards four. The female incubates the eggs for a period of 13 to 16 days while the male remains in the area and occasionally feeds her. The eggs hatch together in June over a period of one to
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birds. The least flycatcher's wings are lined with two white bars, and white rings contour its eyes. Its beak is short and the lower mandible is yellowish. The juveniles look similar to the adults except that their wing bars are slightly darker, with tawny/olive hues. Because other flycatchers also
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The least flycatcher breeds in spring in close quarters with other pairs of its species. The proximity of neighbors even appears to be more important than habitat quality when the bird is selecting its breeding site. The advantage that could explain such a behavior remains unclear and has been the
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The least flycatcher leaves its wintering ground relatively early in comparison to other birds, arriving back north in late April to mid-May. It is thought that they can afford to arrive so early because they can subsist on small-sized insects which are out early in spring. They might also arrive
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The couple spends most of its time in their chosen breeding site. Their average defended territory size is 0.18 acres (8036.8 feet square), with an average distance between congener's nests of 175 feet. Both parents become particularly aggressive and territorial to both intra- and heterospecific
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To forage, the least flycatcher mainly catches its insects mid-air, but they also catch some insects from the vegetation. When foraging, the bird watches from a perch and flies out to catch the insects that pass by. The Least flycatcher is considered a slow searcher in comparison to other birds,
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The adult least flycatcher molts after migrating to its wintering ground, which differs from most other passerines. The juveniles, on the other hand, molt prior and throughout their Fall migration. The reason why the molt of the adults is delayed remains unclear, but might be due to the highly
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The least flycatcher, as its name indicates, feeds on flies but includes many other items in its diet. They mainly eat insects such as many small wasps, winged ants, beetles, caterpillars, midges, a few true bugs, grasshoppers, spiders and other small invertebrates. They also occasionally eat
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Least flycatchers’ age and sex groups migrate at different intervals. In Fall, adult males leave the breeding ground first, followed by adult females about a week later. The younger ones only join the rest of the group a month later. Fall migration occurs in July and early August, peaking in
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but hover extensively in comparison to its congeners. Those perches are mainly dead twigs of the bottom part of a tree located in opened patches of the forest. In short, Robinson and Holmes (1982) determined that the least flycatcher attacks 81.1% of their preys by hovering, 9.6% by
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repeatedly and rapidly during the morning (about 60 times per minute), losing some speed and regularity throughout the day. All of the males in a same area seem to sing in unison. This singing fervor gradually decreases throughout the summer, as the breeding cycle reaches an end.
336:
The least flycatcher lives in aspen clusters, orchards, shade trees and open woods. They breed in deciduous or mixed forests and occasionally in coniferous groves. They tend to prefer breeding sites near clearing or edges but can also nest in dry woods. They spend the winter in
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Singing is essential to the least flycatcher to establish and defend their territory. While the female remains quietly in the nest, the male sings from several perches some distance away from the nest, and a few kilometers above the level of the nest. From there, he sings the
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The least flycatcher spends its breeding season in southern Yukon to central Quebec and
Maritime Provinces, in Wyoming Indiana, New Jersey and in the mountains of North Carolina. The breeding season only last about 64 days, after which they return south in the Tropics.
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The vocalization of the least flycatcher is often characterized as being dry and sounding like a piercing «che-bec» pushed with strength, the second syllable being louder than the first. During the hottest days of the summer, they often call incessantly.
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The female sings rarely. She instead uses a call-note that
Macqueen (1950) describes as sounding like «Chweep». She sometimes calls while feeding her nestling, or to her partner when he leaves and returns to the nest. She also uses her
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subject of many studies. Some of the hypothesis the scholars explored include: clustering to take advantage of heterogeneous resources, to deter predators, or to keep away other species with similar resource requirements.
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three days. Once the eggs hatch, both parents bring food to their newborns. The nestlings fly for the first time at the age of 12 to 17 days. They typically remain being fed by their parents for another 2 to 3 weeks.
302:, measuring 12 to 14 cm in height with a wingspan of 19 to 22 cm and weighing approximately 10.3 g. Its plumage is dull olive-gray on its back and whitish on its belly, notably brighter than the other
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Sherry TW, Holmes RT. 1985. Dispersion patterns and habitat responses of birds in northern hardwoods forest. Cody M, editor. In: Habitat selection in birds. New York (NY): Academic Press. p. 283-309.
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defend their territory in scenarios where there are more than one intruder at a time. In that case, they both cooperate and chase them away, although the male is always first to react.
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The least flycatcher also made its way in the open country. They often live in villages or city parks, nesting in shade trees and orchards, or along rural roads and forest edges.
580:
Johnson NK, Cicero C (2002). "The role of ecologic diversification in sibling speciation of
Empidonax flycatchers (Tyrannidae): multigene evidence from mtDNA".
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of
Central America. Once in that region, they inhabit wooded ravines of the Pacific slope or the dense bushes and wooded edges habitats of the Caribbean side.
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Johnson NK (1980). "Character variation and evolution of sibling species in the
Empidonax difficilis–flavescenscomplex (Aves: Tyrannidae)".
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Hussell DJT, Davis T, Montgomerie RD. 1967. Differential fall migration of adult and immature Least
Flycatchers. Bird-Banding. 38: 61-66.
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Robinson SK, Holmes RT (1982). "Foraging behavior of forest birds: the relationships among search tactics, diet, and habitat structure".
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Perry EF, Manolis JC, Andersen DE. 2008. Reduced predation in interior nests in clustered all purpose territories of least flycatchers (
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early because of their highly competitive breeding site selection – a product of their habit to breed in clustered distribution.
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switching perch around 10 times/minute and frequently turning around on its perch to get a 360° view. Least flycatchers rarely
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Zink RM, Johnson NK (1984). "Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers. I. Sibling species in the genera
Empidonax and Contopus".
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Getty, T (1981). "Competitive collusion: the preemption of competition during the sequential establishment of territories".
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The least flycatcher is hard to distinguish from the other birds of its genus. The bird is one of the smallest of the genus
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Keister AR, Slatkin M. 1974. A strategy of movement and resource utilization. Theoretical
Population Biology. 6: 1–20.
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Turner, GF; Pitcher, TJ (1986). "Attack abatement: a model for group protection by combined avoidance and dilution".
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analysis has revealed that the least flycatcher diverges significantly from its congeners and does not possess any
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Ely CA. 1970. Migration of Least and Traill's flycatchers in west-central Kansas. Bird-Banding. 41: 198-204.
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competitive site selection of winter habitat, where the first to arrive are the first to be served.
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have those field marks, the best way to identify the least flycatcher is by its call and habitat.
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Hussell, DJT (1980). "The timing of fall migration and molt in least flycatchers".
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Hussell, DJT (1981). "Migrations of the Least
Flycatcher in Southern Ontario".
325:. During winter, they migrate to Central America and establish themselves from
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Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails
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A Natural History of American Birds of Eastern and Central North America
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The closest relative to the least flycatcher was long thought to be the
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1055:"The sequence of plumage and moults of the passerine birds of New York"
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Les oiseaux du Québec et de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord. 5th edition
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MacQueen PM (1950). "Territory and song in the least flycatcher".
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Johnson NK. 1963. Comparative molt cycles in the tyrannid genus
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based on similarities in their songs and appearances. However,
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The least flycatcher inhabits the Eastern Rockies of
245:, after the sound it makes) is a small insect-eating
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at the USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
341:where they nest in forest edges and second growth.
1105:. Proc. XIII Intern. Ornithol. Congr no. 870-883.
509:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699854A93751971.en
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532:University of California Publications in Zoology
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348:Behaviour: vocalization, diet and reproduction
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386:-note in outbursts when defending her nest.
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1164:Boreal Song Initiative. Least Flycatcher "
1059:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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655:del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie D (2004).
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846:. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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695:"Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)"
693:Tarof S (2008). Poole, Alan F. (ed.).
1668:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
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727:. Bramhall Books. pp. 318–319.
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1643:IUCN Red List least concern species
495:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1436:least-flycatcher-empidonax-minimus
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484:BirdLife International (2016).
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1212:Least Flycatcher photo gallery
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844:Lives of North American birds
757:Ecological Society of America
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1214:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1135:Journal of Field Ornithology
1036:Journal of Field Ornithology
978:). The Auk. 125(3): 643-650.
723:; May, John Bichard (1955).
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659:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
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788:Boreal Songbird Initiative
292:South Padre Island - Texas
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588:(10): 11(10): 2065–2081.
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1663:Birds described in 1843
990:The American Naturalist
942:The American Naturalist
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1653:Birds of North America
640:David, N, ed. (2003).
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249:. It is the smallest
721:Forbush, Edward Howe
270:Hammond's flycatcher
1203:Least Flycatcher -
1187:"Empidonax minimus"
1166:Empidonax minimus".
759:: 63(6): 1918–1931.
40:Conservation status
1225:IUCN Red List maps
1158:Empidonax minimus.
1053:Dwight, J (1900).
842:Kaufman K (2001).
699:Birds of the World
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1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
977:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
927:
918:
916:
914:
905:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
845:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
789:
785:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
758:
751:
749:
747:
745:
736:
730:
726:
722:
716:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
658:
651:
643:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
534:: 112: 1–151.
533:
526:
510:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
489:
480:
476:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:late-August.
443:
439:
430:
426:
422:
413:
411:
407:
402:
396:
387:
385:
379:
376:
370:
345:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:United-States
320:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:
290:
281:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
258:North America
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
202:
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Passeriformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1590:
1243:
1219:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1165:
1157:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1042:(2): 97–111.
1039:
1035:
993:
989:
983:
975:
970:
945:
941:
935:
926:
903:
843:
787:
756:
724:
715:
698:
656:
650:
641:
585:
581:
575:
550:
546:
540:
531:
525:
513:. Retrieved
499:
493:
487:
479:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
436:
427:
423:
419:
416:Reproduction
397:
393:
383:
380:
374:
371:
367:
353:Vocalization
343:
335:
316:
303:
297:
295:
267:
250:
242:
238:
233:
232:
228:
226:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1522:Neotropical
1496:NatureServe
1444:iNaturalist
1268:Wikispecies
1141:(1): 65–71.
1065:: 373–360.
515:12 November
284:Description
278:sister taxa
256:in eastern
1637:Categories
1606:Q109563604
1574:Xeno-canto
644:. Broquet.
471:References
254:flycatcher
137:Tyrannidae
1648:Empidonax
1103:Empidonax
1089:222083127
446:Migration
395:berries.
305:Empidonax
299:Empidonax
251:Empidonax
243:chebecker
187:Baird, SF
155:Species:
148:Empidonax
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1600:Wikidata
1501:2.105566
1488:22699854
1462:11055451
1338:22699854
1333:BirdLife
1253:Wikidata
1010:84728592
962:84738064
610:24350606
602:12296949
410:gleaning
264:Taxonomy
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1620:8426201
1553:1484435
1413:2482791
1320:Avibase
1259:Q944011
1191:Avibase
790:. 2015.
567:2413021
406:hawking
375:Che-bec
189:, 1843)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1566:604018
1527:leafly
1475:178344
1420:GNAB:
1395:EURING
1387:leafly
1361:leafly
1307:ARKive
1287:leafly
1087:
1008:
960:
731:
608:
600:
565:
384:chweep
331:Panama
327:Mexico
319:Canada
239:chebec
218:
212:
206:
1540:73966
1514:28730
1457:IRMNG
1449:16602
1382:eBird
1374:39HWK
1358:BOW:
1085:S2CID
1006:S2CID
958:S2CID
606:S2CID
563:JSTOR
401:glean
241:, or
1615:GBIF
1548:OBIS
1509:NCBI
1483:IUCN
1470:ITIS
1408:GBIF
1400:9150
1351:9933
1346:BOLD
729:ISBN
598:PMID
517:2021
500:2016
390:Diet
364:Call
247:bird
227:The
117:Aves
1431:IBC
1369:CoL
1294:ADW
1283:ABA
1223:at
1075:hdl
1067:doi
998:doi
994:118
950:doi
946:128
703:doi
590:doi
555:doi
504:doi
329:to
1639::
1617::
1602::
1576::
1563::
1550::
1537::
1524::
1511::
1498::
1485::
1472::
1459::
1446::
1433::
1410::
1397::
1384::
1371::
1348::
1335::
1322::
1309::
1296::
1285::
1270::
1255::
1189:.
1175:.
1139:51
1137:.
1083:.
1073:.
1063:13
1061:.
1057:.
1040:52
1038:.
1018:^
1004:.
992:.
956:.
944:.
912:^
852:^
796:^
786:.
765:^
743:^
701:.
697:.
665:^
618:^
604:.
596:.
586:11
584:.
561:.
551:33
549:.
498:.
492:.
412:.
333:.
280:.
260:.
1193:.
1181:.
1091:.
1077::
1069::
1012:.
1000::
964:.
952::
737:.
709:.
705::
612:.
592::
569:.
557::
519:.
506::
490:"
486:"
231:(
62:)
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