214:
190:, dated April 11, 1961) is a process for making lead shot in small sizes from about #7 to about #9. In this process, molten lead is dripped from small orifices and dropped approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) into a hot liquid, where it is then rolled along an incline and then dropped another 3 feet (90 cm). The temperature of the liquid controls the cooling rate of the lead, while the surface tension of the liquid and the inclined surface(s) work together to bring the small droplets of lead into highly regular balls of lead in spherical form. The size of the lead shot that is produced is determined by the diameter of the orifice used to drip the lead, ranging from approximately 0.018 inches (0.46 mm) for #9 lead shot to about 0.025 inches (0.64 mm) for #6 or #7.0 shot, while also depending on the specific lead alloy that is used.
198:
manufacturing process causes the shot to become harder than it would otherwise be if allowed to cool more slowly. Hence, chilled lead shot, being harder and less likely to deform during firing, is preferred by shotgunners for improving shot pattern densities at longer (> 30 yards (27 m)) ranges, whereas soft lead shot, being softer and more likely to deform during firing, is preferred for improving shot pattern densities at very close (< 20 yards (18 m)) ranges as the softer and now deformed shot scatters more quickly when fired. Soft lead shot is also more readily deformed during the firing process by the effects of chokes.
110:
31:
1933:
1879:
1704:
1715:
2028:'s range. As of 2011, thirty-five states prohibited lead shot use in such specially-specified areas when hunting. In an effort to protect the condor, the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned for hunting wild boar, deer, antelope, elk, pronghorn, antelope, coyote, squirrel, and other non-game wildlife in areas of California designated as its habitat range. The
2044:. Depending on hunting laws, alternatives to lead shot are mandated for use by hunters in some locations when hunting migratory birds, notably waterfowl. In the US, the restrictions are limited to migratory waterfowl, while Canadian restrictions are wider and apply (with some exceptions) to all migratory birds. The hunting of upland migratory birds such as
2145:
similar to or greater than lead, and with a shot softness that results in ballistic properties that are comparable to lead. These shells provide more consistent patterns and greater range than steel shot. They are also generally safe to use in older shotguns with barrels and chokes not rated for use
153:
Roundness of manufactured shot produced from the shot tower process is graded by forcing the newly produced shot to roll accurately down inclined planes. Unround shot will naturally roll to the side, for collection. The unround shot was either re-processed in another attempt to make round shot using
1944:
were first documented in the US in the 1880s; by 1919, the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting were positively identified as a major source of deaths of bottom-feeding waterfowl. Once ingested, stomach acids and mechanical action cause the lead to break down and be absorbed into the body and
92:
Lead shot is also used for a variety of other purposes such as filling cavities with dense material for weight and/or balance. Some versions may be plated with other metals. Lead shot was originally made by pouring molten lead through screens into water, forming what was known as "swan shot", and,
1976:
have shown that avian scavengers consume lead fragments in gut piles left in the field from harvested big game animals, as well as by the consumption of small game, or "pest animal," carcasses that have been shot with lead-core ammo, but not retrieved. Not all lead exposure in these circumstances
193:
The roundness of the lead shot depends on the angle of the inclined surfaces as well as the temperature of the liquid coolant. Various coolants have successfully been used, ranging from diesel fuel to antifreeze and water-soluble oil. After the lead shot cools, it is washed, then dried, and small
225:
Shot is available in many sizes for different applications. The size of numbered shot decreases as the number increases. In hunting, some sizes are traditionally used for certain game, or certain shooting situations, although there is overlap and subjective preference. The range at which game is
197:
Lead shot dropped quickly into liquid cooling baths when being produced from molten lead is known as "chilled lead shot", in contrast to "soft lead shot" which is produced by molten lead not being dropped as quickly into a liquid cooling bath. The process of rapidly chilling lead shot during its
2117:
Steel was one of the first widely used lead alternatives that the ammunition industry turned to. But steel is one hundred times harder than lead, with only two-thirds its density, resulting in undesirable ballistic properties compared to lead. Steel shot can be as hard as some barrels, and may
1945:
bloodstream, resulting in death. "If a bird swallows only one pellet, it usually survives, although its immune system and fertility are likely to be affected. Even low concentrations of lead have a negative impact on energy storage, which affects the ability to prepare for migration."
194:
amounts of graphite are finally added to prevent clumping of the lead shot. Lead shot larger than about #5 tends to clump badly when fed through tubes, even when graphite is used, whereas lead shot smaller than about #6 tends not to clump when fed through tubes when graphite is used.
149:
of molten lead become near-spherical as they fall. When the tower is high enough, the lead droplets will solidify during the fall and thus retain their spherical form. Water is usually placed at the bottom of the tower, cooling the lead immediately upon landing.
2146:
with steel shot, such as for bismuth and tungsten-polymer (although not tungsten-iron) shot. Unfortunately, all non-lead shot other than steel is far more expensive than lead, which has diminished in its acceptance by hunters.
226:
typically encountered and the penetration needed to assure a clean kill must both be considered. Local hunting regulations may also specify a size range for certain game. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low
266:(in high volume production) or cast (in small volume production). The Bliemeister method does not work for shot larger than #5 (0.12 in, 3.05 mm), and works progressively poorly for shot sizes larger than about #6.
1763:. They are no longer solely manufactured from lead but instead are often made from softer materials that can be easily pressed onto the fishing line instead of being closed in a crimp using pliers, as was once common.
2048:
was specifically excluded from the 1991 US restrictions as scientific evidence did not support their contribution to the poisoning of bald eagles. In 1985, Denmark banned the use of lead in wetlands covered by the
1737:
in various situations, especially where a dense, pourable weight is required. Generally, small shot is best for these applications, as it can be poured more like a liquid. Completely round shot is not required.
2681:
2032:
has similarly been shown to be affected by lead originating from dead or wounded waterfowl—the requirement to protect this species was one of the biggest factors behind laws being introduced in 1991 by the
133:
tower and digging a shaft under the house through the caves underneath to achieve the required drop. The process was patented in 1782. The process was later brought above ground through the building of
258:. Sizes range in ascending order from size #B (0.17 in, 4.32 mm) to Tri-Ball. It is usually referred by the size, followed by "buck", e.g. "#000" is referred to as "triple-aught buck" in the
2041:
2122:
on older firearms that were designed only for use with softer lead shot. The higher pressures required to compensate for the lower density of steel may exceed the design limits of a barrel.
1742:
Stress testing: Providing variable weights in strength-of-materials stress-testing systems. Shot pours from a hopper into a basket, which is connected to the test item. When the test item
2475:
Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose. 1986. A Review of the
Problem of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Special Publication 4. 34pp.
2040:
Hunting restrictions have also banned the use of lead shot while hunting migratory waterfowl in at least 29 countries across by international agreement, for example the
2106:
in place of lead shot. In Canada, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and many western European countries (France as of 2006), all shot used for hunting migratory
1796:
use lead shot as a flexible weight to deliver high energy blows while minimizing damage from sharp impact force (similar to the way it is used in dead blow hammers).
2812:
1977:
leads to immediate mortality, but multiple sub-lethal exposures result in secondary poisoning impacts, which eventually lead to death. Among condors around the
1759:
Split shot, a larger type of lead shot where each pellet is cut part-way through the diameter. This type of shot was formerly commonly used as a line weight in
1972:
Lead from spent ammunition also impacts scavenging bird species such as vultures, ravens, eagles and other birds of prey. Foraging studies of the endangered
274:
Below is a chart with diameters per pellet and weight for idealized lead spheres for U.S. Standard
Designations with a comparison to English shot sizes.
213:
2068:
ranges in the US have banned the use of lead after elevated levels of lead were found in waterfowl, small birds, mammals and frogs in their vicinity.
1833:
2476:
1889:
2730:
173:. This also affects its melting point. Hardness is also controlled by the rate of cooling that is used in manufacturing lead shot.
2598:"Effectiveness of Action to Reduce Exposure of Free-Ranging California Condors in Arizona and Utah to Lead from Spent Ammunition"
2034:
1824:
Due to its heat capacity and low thermal conductivity at low temperatures, lead shot has been used as a suitable material for a
2655:
2322:
2755:
2363:
2053:, later expanding this restriction to the whole country. The use of lead has been banned for all hunting activities in the
2001:
within federal waterfowl production areas, wildlife refuges, or some state wildlife management areas. Shot pellets used in
2061:
2912:
2882:
2855:
2819:
2796:
2416:
Pokras, M.; Kneeland, M. (Sep 2008). "Lead poisoning: using transdisciplinary approaches to solve an ancient problem".
2347:
2064:
introduced regulations in 2007 in some hunting areas requiring the use of non-toxic shot to protect upland birds. Some
1919:
1793:
2543:
1746:, the chute closes and the mass of the lead shot in the basket is used to calculate the fracture stress of the item.
2507:
Phasing Out The Use Of Lead Shot For
Hunting In Wetlands: Experiences Made and Lessons Learned By AEWA Range States
1808:
2813:"Protecting Waterfowl From Lead In Wetlands: A Practical Guide to the Lead Shot Regulations in Northern Ireland"
154:
the shot tower again, or used for applications which did not require round shot (e.g., split shot for fishing).
2568:
2506:
1722:
When used as a pourable/mouldable weight, lead shot may be left loose, or mixed with a bonding agent such as
2198:
51.1% tungsten, 44.4% copper, 3.9% tin, and 0.6% iron, or 60% tungsten, 35.1% copper, 3.9% tin, and 1% iron
2954:
2656:"Nontoxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in the U.S. | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
2997:
1989:
Alternatives to lead shot are mandated for use by hunters in certain locations or when hunting migratory
1825:
218:
17:
2950:
2487:
A.M. Scheuhammer and S. L. Norris. 1996. "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights"
246:
Buckshot is a shot formed to larger diameters so that it can be used against bigger game such as
125:
Producing lead shot from a shot tower was pioneered in the late 18th century by
William Watts of
2928:
114:
2902:
2872:
2786:
1981:, lead poisoning because of eating lead shot is the most frequently diagnosed cause of death.
109:
2845:
1941:
231:
2383:
238:). Generally, larger shot carries farther, and does not spread out as much as smaller shot.
2609:
2065:
1954:
2082:
Approved alternatives while hunting migratory waterfowl include pellets manufactured from
1754:: use a weight made of shot, since the weight has to be poured into a narrow glass vessel.
8:
2987:
1861:
235:
202:
2613:
2632:
2597:
2449:
2406:
According to Dulong–Petit law heat capacity of metals is coursely proportional to mass.
1973:
1901:
1897:
2904:
Cartridges of the World: A Complete and
Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges
2908:
2878:
2851:
2792:
2637:
2441:
2433:
2343:
2318:
2276:
2050:
2025:
2024:
Lead shot is also banned within an eight-county area in
California designated as the
2002:
1932:
227:
2453:
2627:
2617:
2425:
2286:
2134:
2119:
1966:
1946:
1769:
62:
2126:
262:
or "triple-o buck" in other
English speaking countries. Buckshot is traditionally
2759:
2622:
2312:
1829:
142:
42:
30:
2705:
2045:
2018:
1994:
1950:
1856:. Lead shot may be enclosed in a vest, blanket, or bag that is placed around a
1816:
50:
2429:
186:
2992:
2981:
2489:
2437:
2262:
2010:
146:
2785:
Elliott, John Edward; Bishop, Christine
Annette; Morrissey, Christy (2011).
2641:
2445:
2077:
1990:
1978:
1857:
1819:: to add weight to the nose of the rocket, increasing the stability factor.
1781:
157:
The hardness of lead shot is controlled through adding variable amounts of
141:
Molten lead would be dropped from the top of the tower. Like most liquids,
2125:
Within recent years, several companies have created non-toxic shot out of
2466:
Federal
Cartridge Company Waterfowl and Steel Shot Guide. Volume I; 1988.
2054:
1958:
1836:
1801:
1784:
184:, named after inventor Louis W. Bliemeister of Los Angeles, California, (
2596:
Green, E.; Hunt, G.; Parish, N.; Newton, I. (2008). Pizzari, Tom (ed.).
2951:"Non Toxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in The U.S"
2029:
1751:
259:
135:
94:
86:
70:
54:
2042:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
2107:
1853:
1845:
1805:
1777:
118:
2227:
2130:
2087:
1969:
can also ingest lead and thus be poisoned when they feed on seeds.
1743:
162:
82:
78:
66:
2150:
Non-toxic shot types approved by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
2223:
2142:
2099:
1998:
1760:
1734:
1708:
263:
255:
201:
The manufacture of non-lead shot differs from that of lead, with
166:
126:
93:
later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a
74:
58:
1772:
are filled with shot to minimize rebound off the struck surface.
2281:
2138:
2091:
2014:
1714:
1703:
130:
2190:>1% iron, any proportion of tungsten, and up to 40% nickel
2083:
1962:
1888:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1849:
1726:
to contain and stabilize the pellets after they are poured.
1723:
251:
170:
2818:. Ireland: Countryside Alliance. 24 Apr 2009. Archived from
2206:
40–76% tungsten, 10–37% iron, 9–16% copper, and 5–7% nickel
1936:
X-ray of lead shot accumulated in the gizzard of a dead swan
101:
has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s.
2513:
2111:
2095:
2006:
247:
46:
129:
who adapted his house on Redcliffe Hill by adding a three-
2929:"Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds: Alternatives to Lead Shot"
2110:
must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any
2103:
158:
2758:. California Department of Fish and Game. Archived from
2728:
2784:
2364:"Shotgun Shell Shot Size Comparison Chart Actual size"
2314:
Engineering Properties and Applications of Lead Alloys
2071:
2680:
Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2018-04-05).
2595:
2253:
65% tungsten, 21.8% tin, 10.4% iron, and 2.8% nickel
2237:
Any proportions of tungsten and tin, and >1% iron
2847:
Legal Measures for the Conservation of Natural Areas
1844:
Due to lead's high density, it is used to attenuate
1804:stands can be filled with lead shot for additional
2261:41.5–95.2% tungsten, 1.5–52.0% iron, and 3.5–8.0%
1984:
2549:. USGS National Wildlife Health Center. p. 2
2409:
2342:(5th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 49.
2037:to ban lead shot in migratory waterfowl hunting.
2979:
2682:"Moving towards using more lead-free ammunition"
2311:Guruswamy, Sivaraman (1999). "XIV. Ammunition".
1698:
57:for shotguns and are still fired primarily from
2245:Any proportions of tungsten, tin, and bismuth.
2729:Elizabeth Weise & Adam Belz (2011-08-23).
2591:
2589:
2415:
2843:
1886:The examples and perspective in this section
269:
2182:Any proportion of tungsten, and >1% iron
45:for small spheres or pellets, often made of
2877:. Cambridge University Press. p. 307.
2788:Wildlife Ecotoxicology: Forensic Approaches
2586:
2542:Lahner, Lesanna L.; Franson, J. Christian.
2477:full report from scholar.google.com (cache)
2460:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2756:"Get the Lead Out (Protecting the Condor)"
1904:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
53:since ancient times and were the original
2896:
2894:
2844:de Klemm, Cyrille; Shine, Claire (1996).
2631:
2621:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2302:
1920:Learn how and when to remove this message
2501:
2499:
1931:
1713:
1702:
212:
108:
29:
2870:
2773:
2748:
2035:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
65:, while they are less commonly used in
14:
2980:
2900:
2891:
2731:"Iowa in middle of lead-shot skirmish"
2679:
2528:
2299:
1868:
1787:contain pouches filled with lead shot.
77:calibers in a configuration known as "
2706:"Regulation - 2021/57 - EN - EUR-Lex"
2496:
2874:Industrial Ecology and Global Change
2569:"Tackling lead ammunition poisoning"
2337:
1872:
1729:Some applications of lead shot are:
2086:, tungsten-iron, tungsten-polymer,
2072:Non-toxic alternatives to lead shot
2062:Missouri Department of Conservation
24:
25:
3009:
2973:
2907:. Gun Digest Books. p. 483.
2850:. Council of Europe. p. 54.
49:. These have been projected from
1877:
2943:
2921:
2864:
2837:
2805:
2722:
2698:
2673:
2648:
2561:
2317:. CRC Press. pp. 569–570.
1985:Restrictions on the use of lead
2791:. Springer. pp. 371–372.
2544:"Lead Poisoning in Wild Birds"
2481:
2469:
2400:
2376:
2356:
2331:
2158:Percent composition by weight
104:
13:
1:
2292:
2214:95.9% tungsten, 4.1% polymer
1699:Applications outside firearms
2955:US Fish and Wildlife Service
2623:10.1371/journal.pone.0004022
2203:Tungsten-iron-copper-nickel
1940:Lead shot-related waterfowl
205:used to create some alloys.
7:
2493:Vol. 5 Number 5 pp. 279-295
2270:
1900:, discuss the issue on the
241:
73:are also available in many
10:
3014:
2075:
270:Lead shot comparison chart
2901:Barnes, Frank C. (2009).
2430:10.1007/s10393-008-0177-x
2340:Reloading for Shotgunners
2250:Tungsten-tin-iron-nickel
2166:97% bismuth, and 3% tin
208:
2516:. 5 Nov 2009. p. 3
1811:, as well as stability.
2258:Tungsten-iron-polymer
1937:
1719:
1711:
222:
122:
35:
2242:Tungsten-tin-bismuth
2222:95.5% tungsten, 4.5%
2187:Iron-tungsten-nickel
1955:ring-necked pheasants
1935:
1717:
1707:Split shot, used for
1706:
232:ballistic coefficient
216:
187:U.S. patent 2,978,742
112:
33:
2384:"English Shot sizes"
1961:, northern bobwhite
1898:improve this section
2871:Socolow, R (1996).
2614:2008PLoSO...3.4022G
2338:Sapp, Rick (2011).
2155:Approved shot type
2151:
1869:Bird lead poisoning
1862:radiation shielding
1794:blackjacks and saps
1718:Split shot close-up
236:external ballistics
203:compression molding
2998:Shotgun cartridges
2604:(Free full text).
2234:Tungsten-tin-iron
2149:
1974:Californian condor
1938:
1768:The heads of some
1720:
1712:
223:
180:Bliemeister method
123:
99:Bliemeister method
36:
27:Type of ammunition
2710:eur-lex.europa.eu
2324:978-0-8247-8247-4
2277:Slug (projectile)
2268:
2267:
2219:Tungsten-polymer
2118:therefore damage
2051:Ramsar Convention
2003:waterfowl hunting
1947:Upland game birds
1930:
1929:
1922:
1770:dead blow hammers
1696:
1695:
228:sectional density
63:grenade launchers
16:(Redirected from
3005:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2287:Pellet (air gun)
2211:Tungsten-matrix
2195:Tungsten-bronze
2174:Iron and carbon
2152:
2148:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1830:Stirling engines
277:
276:
189:
182:
181:
21:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2762:on 30 July 2009
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2273:
2080:
2074:
1995:migratory birds
1987:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1701:
272:
244:
211:
185:
179:
178:
143:surface tension
107:
43:collective term
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2975:
2974:External links
2972:
2969:
2968:
2942:
2920:
2914:978-1440213304
2913:
2890:
2884:978-0521577830
2883:
2863:
2857:978-9287130709
2856:
2836:
2804:
2798:978-0387894324
2797:
2772:
2747:
2721:
2697:
2672:
2647:
2585:
2560:
2527:
2495:
2480:
2468:
2459:
2424:(3): 379–385.
2408:
2399:
2375:
2355:
2349:978-1440226915
2348:
2330:
2323:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:Iron-tungsten
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2073:
2070:
2046:mourning doves
2019:European Union
1986:
1983:
1951:mourning doves
1928:
1927:
1892:of the subject
1890:worldwide view
1885:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1840:
1834:thermoacoustic
1821:
1820:
1817:Model rocketry
1813:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
896:
892:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:
856:
853:
850:
848:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
822:
816:
813:
812:
809:
806:
804:
802:
799:
796:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
754:
751:
748:
746:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
660:
658:
655:
652:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
588:
586:
583:
580:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
531:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
516:
514:
511:
508:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
463:
460:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
418:
415:
412:
410:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
348:
346:
344:
341:
338:
336:
332:
331:
328:
325:
323:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
308:
307:Diameter (mm)
305:
302:
296:
290:
289:Mass (grains)
287:
284:
281:
271:
268:
243:
240:
210:
207:
113:Shot tower at
106:
103:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2825:on 2013-02-27
2821:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2687:
2686:www.canada.ca
2683:
2676:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:(12): e4022.
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2490:Ecotoxicology
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2263:fluoropolymer
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:Iron (steel)
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2017:, and in the
2016:
2012:
2011:United States
2009:-free in the
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1910:November 2021
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:, especially
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:0.10 or less
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:0.085 – 0.087
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
869:
868:
864:
861:
859:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
815:
814:
810:
807:
805:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
695:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
661:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
589:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
551:
550:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
517:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
430:
426:
423:
421:
419:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
347:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
324:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
304:Diameter (in)
303:
301:
297:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
267:
265:
261:
260:United States
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
220:
219:post-medieval
217:Selection of
215:
206:
204:
199:
195:
191:
188:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
137:
132:
128:
120:
116:
111:
102:
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2959:. Retrieved
2957:. 4 Apr 2013
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2923:
2903:
2873:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2807:
2787:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:the original
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2675:
2664:. Retrieved
2662:. 2022-04-19
2659:
2650:
2605:
2601:
2577:. Retrieved
2575:. 2024-06-20
2572:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2518:. Retrieved
2488:
2483:
2471:
2462:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2388:Vintage Guns
2387:
2378:
2367:. Retrieved
2358:
2339:
2333:
2313:
2163:Bismuth-tin
2124:
2116:
2081:
2078:Green bullet
2059:
2057:as of 1992.
2039:
2023:
1988:
1979:Grand Canyon
1971:
1939:
1916:
1907:
1887:
1858:point source
1785:weight belts
1782:scuba diving
1728:
1721:
1471:2.16 – 2.21
1282:1.94 – 1.99
1144:3.43 – 3.56
1005:7.29 – 7.40
825:
819:
299:
298:Pellets per
293:
292:Pellets per
273:
245:
224:
200:
196:
192:
177:
175:
156:
152:
140:
124:
115:Clifton Hill
98:
91:
38:
37:
2660:www.fws.gov
2520:17 November
2133:, or other
2066:clay pigeon
2055:Netherlands
1959:wild turkey
1837:cryocoolers
1826:regenerator
1802:Loudspeaker
1752:Hydrometers
1301:#5½ (m.g.)
793:F (or TTT)
554:Special SG
386:MG (mould)
300:oz (steel)
136:shot towers
121:, Australia
105:Manufacture
71:Shot shells
55:projectiles
2988:Ammunition
2982:Categories
2766:2009-07-28
2715:2024-09-14
2691:2024-09-14
2666:2024-09-14
2579:2024-09-14
2512:(Report).
2393:2022-05-24
2369:2022-05-24
2293:References
2076:See also:
2030:bald eagle
1942:poisonings
1854:gamma rays
1809:decoupling
1488:580 – 585
1380:Bird/Clay
1285:220 – 225
1179:Waterfowl
1103:Waterfowl
1027:Waterfowl
925:Waterfowl
875:Waterfowl
826:Waterfowl
294:oz (lead)
280:U.S. Size
169:, forming
95:shot tower
87:snake shot
2735:USA Today
2438:1612-9202
2418:EcoHealth
2108:waterfowl
1991:waterfowl
1902:talk page
1846:radiation
1778:Shot belt
1744:fractures
1507:Bird/Clay
1482:Bird/Clay
1456:Bird/Clay
1430:Bird/Clay
1405:Bird/Clay
1154:Waterfowl
1129:Waterfowl
1078:Waterfowl
1053:Waterfowl
1002:Waterfowl
976:Waterfowl
973:A or BBBB
950:Waterfowl
900:Waterfowl
852:Waterfowl
798:Waterfowl
750:Waterfowl
283:U.K. Size
221:lead shot
119:Melbourne
67:riot guns
34:Lead shot
18:Lead shot
2642:19107211
2602:PLOS ONE
2454:21280606
2446:19165554
2271:See also
2228:Nylon 11
2135:elements
2131:tungsten
2088:tungsten
2005:must be
1997:or when
1949:such as
1896:You may
1806:acoustic
820:or AAAA
242:Buckshot
163:antimony
83:rat shot
79:birdshot
59:shotguns
2633:2603582
2610:Bibcode
2224:Nylon 6
2143:density
2141:with a
2127:bismuth
2100:bismuth
1999:hunting
1967:chukars
1780:: some
1761:angling
1735:ballast
1709:fishing
818:SSSSSG
256:caribou
167:arsenic
127:Bristol
85:", or "
75:handgun
2935:25 Mar
2931:. AEWA
2911:
2881:
2854:
2829:24 Mar
2795:
2640:
2630:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2346:
2321:
2282:Bullet
2139:alloys
2120:chokes
2098:, and
2092:nickel
2026:condor
2015:Canada
1850:X-rays
1666:0.048
1660:2,600
1635:2,385
1632:0.183
1593:0.062
1587:1,250
1568:0.066
1562:1,040
1497:2.032
1485:0.748
1445:2.286
1433:1.067
1420:2.413
1392:0.095
1358:1.458
1341:0.102
1316:0.107
1265:0.113
1191:0.128
1115:0.143
1039:0.161
937:0.194
928:10.94
887:0.203
839:0.214
830:14.58
824:Buck/
785:0.227
776:17.50
770:SSSSG
713:0.245
704:21.89
641:0.269
632:29.17
569:0.298
449:0.332
401:0.347
264:swaged
171:alloys
145:makes
131:storey
97:. The
51:slings
2961:4 Apr
2823:(PDF)
2816:(PDF)
2740:3 Apr
2553:4 Apr
2547:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
2450:S2CID
2084:steel
1963:quail
1792:Many
1724:epoxy
1692:1.02
1674:Dust
1669:1.22
1657:0.17
1654:Pest
1651:Dust
1644:1.27
1619:1.52
1609:0.32
1596:1.57
1584:0.35
1581:Pest
1571:1.68
1559:0.42
1556:Pest
1546:1.78
1534:0.51
1520:1.91
1517:0.075
1510:0.63
1459:0.97
1417:0.095
1408:1.25
1395:2.41
1383:1.29
1370:2.54
1344:2.59
1332:1.62
1329:Bird
1319:2.72
1307:1.82
1304:Bird
1294:2.79
1268:2.87
1256:2.19
1253:Bird
1243:3.05
1231:2.57
1217:3.18
1214:0.125
1207:2.90
1194:3.25
1182:3.12
1157:3.24
1141:0.135
1132:3.65
1118:3.63
1106:4.38
1093:3.81
1081:4.86
1068:3.91
1065:0.154
1056:5.47
1042:4.09
1030:6.25
1017:4.32
991:4.57
979:8.75
965:4.83
953:10.2
940:4.93
915:5.08
903:12.0
890:5.16
878:12.5
865:5.33
855:13.9
842:5.44
811:5.59
801:16.0
788:5.77
773:Buck
763:5.84
753:18.2
729:20.7
716:6.22
701:Buck
698:SSSG
691:6.35
680:23.4
657:26.3
644:6.83
629:Buck
619:6.86
608:29.4
595:7.37
585:36.6
572:7.57
560:39.8
557:Buck
547:7.62
536:40.5
523:7.87
513:44.7
500:8.13
476:8.38
465:53.8
452:8.43
440:54.7
437:Buck
427:8.64
404:8.81
392:62.5
389:Buck
379:9.14
335:000½
330:9.65
312:0000
254:, or
252:moose
234:(see
209:Sizes
147:drops
41:is a
2993:Lead
2963:2013
2937:2013
2909:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2831:2013
2793:ISBN
2742:2011
2638:PMID
2555:2013
2522:2020
2514:AEWA
2442:PMID
2434:ISSN
2344:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2112:lead
2096:iron
2060:The
2007:lead
1993:and
1965:and
1860:for
1852:and
1832:and
1689:0.04
1679:Pest
1663:n/a
1641:0.05
1629:Pest
1624:#12
1616:0.06
1606:Pest
1601:#11
1590:n/a
1578:#12
1565:n/a
1553:#11
1543:0.07
1537:850
1531:Pest
1525:#10
1502:#9½
1494:0.08
1462:450
1450:#8½
1442:0.09
1436:410
1411:350
1400:#7½
1389:n/a
1386:340
1367:0.10
1361:300
1355:Bird
1338:n/a
1335:270
1313:n/a
1310:240
1291:0.11
1279:Bird
1262:n/a
1259:200
1250:#4½
1240:0.12
1234:170
1228:Bird
1204:Bird
1199:#4½
1188:n/a
1185:140
1169:3.3
1166:0.13
1160:135
1135:120
1112:n/a
1109:100
1090:0.15
1036:n/a
1014:0.17
988:0.18
962:0.19
956:n/a
945:BBB
934:n/a
912:0.20
906:n/a
884:n/a
872:AAA
862:0.21
836:n/a
808:0.22
782:n/a
760:0.23
740:6.1
737:0.24
726:Buck
710:n/a
688:0.25
677:Buck
667:6.6
664:0.26
654:Buck
649:#3½
638:n/a
626:SSG
616:0.27
605:Buck
592:0.29
582:Buck
577:#2½
566:n/a
544:0.30
533:Buck
520:0.31
510:Buck
505:#1½
497:0.32
486:Buck
473:0.33
462:Buck
446:n/a
424:0.34
414:Buck
409:00½
398:n/a
376:0.36
364:Buck
358:000
353:9.4
350:0.37
340:Buck
327:0.38
317:Buck
286:Type
248:deer
230:and
176:The
165:and
89:".
81:", "
61:and
47:lead
39:Shot
2628:PMC
2618:doi
2573:WWT
2426:doi
2226:or
2137:or
2104:tin
1828:in
1733:As
1638:n/a
1540:n/a
1528:#10
1491:n/a
1476:#9
1465:n/a
1439:577
1425:#8
1414:490
1377:#7
1364:420
1352:#6½
1349:#7
1326:#6
1288:317
1273:#6
1237:243
1222:#5
1176:#3
1163:192
1149:#4
1138:154
1123:#3
1100:#1
1087:125
1084:90
1073:#2
1062:103
1059:80
1047:#1
1033:70
1024:BB
1008:60
999:BBB
982:50
970:BB
931:40
922:AA
881:35
847:TT
833:30
779:25
745:FF
732:21
721:#4
707:20
683:18
672:#3
635:15
611:14
600:#2
563:11
539:10
528:#1
489:49
457:00
434:SG
417:59
373:n/a
367:70
343:76
320:82
159:tin
2984::
2953:.
2893:^
2775:^
2733:.
2708:.
2684:.
2658:.
2636:.
2626:.
2616:.
2600:.
2588:^
2571:.
2530:^
2498:^
2448:.
2440:.
2432:.
2420:.
2386:.
2301:^
2129:,
2114:.
2021:.
2013:,
1957:,
1953:,
1479:#9
1453:#8
1276:#5
1225:#4
1126:#2
1011:86
996:B
985:72
959:61
909:53
895:T
492:9
481:0
468:8
443:8
395:7
370:6
361:LG
250:,
161:,
138:.
117:,
69:.
2965:.
2939:.
2917:.
2887:.
2860:.
2833:.
2801:.
2769:.
2744:.
2718:.
2694:.
2669:.
2644:.
2620::
2612::
2606:3
2582:.
2557:.
2524:.
2456:.
2428::
2422:5
2396:.
2372:.
2352:.
2327:.
2102:-
2094:-
2090:-
1923:)
1917:(
1912:)
1908:(
1894:.
1864:.
1839:.
1050:B
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
._(FindID_93511).jpg)