535:, a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins. Dystroglycan, which is later cleaved into alpha-dystroglycan and beta-dystroglycan is originally expressed in most cells to mature tissues, and it provides molecular link between the ECM and the actin-based cytoskeleton. After the virus enters the cell by alpha-dystroglycan mediated endocytosis, the low-pH environment triggers pH-dependent membrane fusion and releases RNP (viral ribonucleoprotein) complex into the cytoplasm. Viral RNA is unpacked, and replication and transcription initiate in the cytoplasm. As replication starts, both S and L RNA genomes synthesize the
597:
68:
512:
335:
38:
406:
3107:
3095:
547:. The S RNA encodes GP and NP (viral nucleocapsid protein) proteins, while L RNA encodes Z and L proteins. The L protein most likely represents the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. When the cell is infected by the virus, L polymerase is associated with the viral RNP and initiates the transcription of the genomic RNA. The 5’ and 3’ terminal 19 nt viral
464:
at the GP1 glycoprotein amino acid position 260 is required for high-affinity binding to alpha-DG. In addition, GP1 amino acid position 259 also appears to be important, since all arenaviruses showing high-affinity alpha-DG binding possess a bulky aromatic amino acid (tyrosine or phenylalanine) at
392:
copies of itself. The RNA copies are a template for producing negative-sense progeny, but mRNA is also synthesized from it. The mRNA synthesized from vcRNA are translated to make the GP and Z proteins. This temporal control allows the spike proteins to be produced last, and therefore, delay
567:
activity of the L polymerase and the cap binding activity of NP. Antigenomic RNA transcribes viral genes GPC and Z, encoded in genomic orientation, from S and L segments respectively. The antigenomic RNA also serves as the template for the replication. After translation of GPC, it is
396:
Nucleotide studies of the genome have shown that Lassa has four lineages: three found in
Nigeria and the fourth in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The Nigerian strains seem likely to have been ancestral to the others but additional work is required to confirm this.
531:. Which endocytotic pathway is used is not known yet, but at least the cellular entry is sensitive to cholesterol depletion. It was reported that virus internalization is limited upon cholesterol depletion. The receptor used for cell entry is alpha-
439:
where Lassa is endemic. Alpha-dystroglycan is also used as a receptor by viruses of the New World clade C arenaviruses (Oliveros and Latino viruses). In contrast, the New World arenaviruses of clades A and B, which include the important viruses
1148:
Monath TP, Maher M, Casals J, Kissling RE, Cacciapuoti A (November 1974). "Lassa fever in the
Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970-1972. II. Clinical observations and virological studies on selected hospital cases".
615:. The symptoms include flu-like illness characterized by fever, general weakness, cough, sore throat, headache, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Hemorrhagic manifestations include vascular permeability.
1376:
Cao W, Henry MD, Borrow P, Yamada H, Elder JH, Ravkov EV, et al. (December 1998). "Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus".
472:
coated pits for cellular entry and bind to their receptors in a pH dependent fashion, Lassa and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus instead use an endocytotic pathway independent of clathrin,
559:
from the genomic S and L RNAs, which code NP and L proteins, respectively. Transcription terminates at the stem-loop (SL) structure within the intergenomic region. Arenaviruses use a
294:, where she died. Subsequently, two others became infected, one of whom was fifty-two-year-old nurse Lily Pinneo who had cared for Laura Wine. Samples from Pinneo were sent to
499:. On contact with the endosome pH-dependent membrane fusion occurs mediated by the envelope glycoprotein, which at the lower pH of the endosome binds the lysosome protein
349:. Their genome is contained in two RNA segments that code for two proteins each, one in each sense, for a total of four viral proteins. The large segment encodes a small
733:
Frame JD, Baldwin JM, Gocke DJ, Troup JM (July 1970). "Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. I. Clinical description and pathological findings".
1580:
Levene MI, Gibson NA, Fenton AC, Papathoma E, Barnett D (July 1990). "The use of a calcium-channel blocker, nicardipine, for severely asphyxiated newborn infants".
701:
activity to only dsRNAs. the NP dsRNA exonuclease activity counteracts IFN responses by digesting the PAMPs thus allowing the virus to evade host immune responses.
2890:
384:
copies of the negative- or minus-sense genome. This ensures an adequate supply of viral proteins for subsequent steps of replication, as the NP and L proteins are
1113:
Fraser DW, Campbell CC, Monath TP, Goff PA, Gregg MB (November 1974). "Lassa fever in the
Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, 1970-1972. I. Epidemiologic studies".
274:
have expanded the endemic zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions, indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the tropical wooded
1831:
2646:
3224:
710:
1285:"RING finger Z protein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) inhibits transcription and RNA replication of an LCMV S-segment minigenome"
321:
was found to be the main reservoir of the virus in West Africa, able to shed virus in its urine and feces without exhibiting visible symptoms.
3183:
2900:
286:
In 1969, missionary nurse Laura Wine fell ill with a mysterious disease she contracted from an obstetrical patient in Lassa, a village in
2275:
389:
539:
S and L RNAs, and from the antigenomic RNAs, genomic S and L RNA are synthesized. Both genomic and antigenomic RNAs are needed for
1912:
653:(PAMP) and activates an immune response. One of the mechanisms detects double stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is only synthesized by
314:, and others. Casals contracted the fever, and nearly lost his life; one technician died from it. By 1972, the multimammate rat,
1250:
Lashley, Felissa R., and Jerry D. Durham. Emerging
Infectious Diseases: Trends and Issues. New York: Springer Pub., 2002. Print.
496:
492:
1824:
980:
899:
650:
435:
known as the LARGE proteins. Specific variants of the genes encoding these proteins appear to be under positive selection in
3262:
2149:
380:
replicates very rapidly, and demonstrates temporal control in replication. The first replication step is transcription of
2264:
1334:"Completion of the Lassa fever virus sequence and identification of a RING finger open reading frame at the L RNA 5' End"
428:
576:. GPC is cleaved into GP1 and GP2 at the later stage of the secretory pathway. It has been reported that the cellular
2139:
681:
to the nucleus. Translocated transcription factors activate expression of interferons 𝛂 and 𝛃, and these initiate
263:, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year.
2651:
2491:
2024:
2019:
1817:
45:
3188:
1545:
Drosten C, Kümmerer BM, Schmitz H, Günther S (January 2003). "Molecular diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers".
3252:
3161:
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and transcription, but it also suppresses host innate IFN response by inhibiting translocation of IRF-3. NP of
569:
343:
2683:
2323:
1922:
528:
2974:
2969:
2577:
601:
445:
67:
1666:"Lassa virus infection of human dendritic cells and macrophages is productive but fails to activate cells"
1259:
Ridley, Matt. Genome: The
Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. Print.
3257:
2604:
2599:
2587:
2129:
2012:
453:
236:
3272:
3085:
2693:
2611:
2592:
1958:
2816:
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2171:
1238:
431:. Receptor recognition depends on a specific sugar modification of alpha-dystroglycan by a group of
2895:
2838:
2716:
2511:
2036:
540:
244:
2999:
2661:
2656:
2561:
2356:
2342:
2318:
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2070:
1954:
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369:), which is proteolytically cleaved into the envelope glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 that bind to the
224:
220:
3229:
3123:
2346:
2314:
2290:
2125:
2003:
1927:
1902:
1888:
1867:
768:
299:
1625:"Cutting edge: impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by Ebola and Lassa viruses"
1484:
970:
278:
ecozone in west Africa. There are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans.
3267:
2779:
2688:
2666:
2330:
2239:
2007:
1809:
573:
544:
385:
19:
This article is about the hemorrhagic fever-causing Lassa virus. For the rabiform virus, see
1766:"Hiding the evidence: two strategies for innate immune evasion by hemorrhagic fever viruses"
1435:
Bowen MD, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Hustad HL, Bausch DG, Demby AH, et al. (August 2000).
2831:
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62:
8:
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strategy to gain the cap structures from the cellular mRNAs, and it is mediated by the
350:
307:
252:
187:
1558:
1461:
1436:
1309:
1284:
1082:
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from the mRNA. The positive- or plus-sense genome, then makes viral complementary RNA
3277:
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3044:
2821:
2164:
1978:
1795:
1746:
1687:
1646:
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1664:
Baize S, Kaplon J, Faure C, Pannetier D, Georges-Courbot MC, Deubel V (March 2004).
1609:
817:
551:
regions of both RNA segments are necessary for recognition and binding of the viral
3175:
2772:
2757:
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1785:
1777:
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1636:
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1050:
1028:
859:
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742:
626:, intestine, lungs and urinary system, and then progresses to the vascular system.
1623:
Mahanty S, Hutchinson K, Agarwal S, McRae M, Rollin PE, Pulendran B (March 2003).
1398:
939:
Frame JD (May 1992). "The story of Lassa fever. Part I: Discovering the disease".
3146:
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2335:
1162:
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634:
354:
164:
2731:
1707:"Structural basis for the dsRNA specificity of the Lassa virus NP exonuclease"
1332:
Djavani M, Lukashevich IS, Sanchez A, Nichol ST, Salvato MS (September 1997).
1241:
Stanford
University Humans and Viruses Class of 2005, n.d. accessed 9 May 2018
746:
488:
via vesicular trafficking albeit one that is largely independent of the small
3246:
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2933:
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104:
892:
The Lassa Ward:One Man's Fight
Against One of the World's Deadliest Diseases
596:
376:
Lassa fever causes hemorrhagic fever frequently shown by immunosuppression.
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2251:
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1994:
1937:
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1650:
1566:
1528:
1470:
1350:
1333:
1318:
1224:
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873:
809:
788:"Lassa fever in West Africa: evidence for an expanded region of endemicity"
581:
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532:
417:
370:
362:
248:
240:
216:
140:
128:
1601:
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2565:
2461:
2440:
2225:
2159:
2116:
2046:
1968:
1892:
1847:
698:
665:(melanoma differentiation associated gene 5), detect dsRNAs and initiate
608:
511:
449:
436:
416:
gains entry into the host cell by means of the cell-surface receptor the
334:
287:
55:
405:
3055:
2985:
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2905:
2789:
2671:
2552:
2407:
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1947:
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48:
20:
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92:
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275:
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infects almost every tissue in the human body. It starts with the
353:
protein (Z) that regulates transcription and replication, and the
2994:
2943:
2921:
915:
588:
envelope when the virus buds and release from the cell membrane.
477:
441:
260:
256:
228:
1189:"Multifunctional nature of the arenavirus RING finger protein Z"
3032:
2811:
2540:
2529:
1331:
623:
585:
503:
which results in membrane fusion and escape from the endosome.
489:
338:
Lassa virus structure and genome.Figure by
Fehling et al., 2012
271:
1839:
37:
1622:
1544:
658:
500:
481:
79:
3106:
484:. Once within the cell the viruses are rapidly delivered to
2103:
1704:
1579:
670:
662:
342:
Lassa viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented,
1764:
Hastie KM, Bale S, Kimberlin CR, Saphire EO (April 2012).
1763:
1705:
Hastie KM, King LB, Zandonatti MA, Saphire EO (Aug 2012).
1663:
1147:
1009:"Isolation and antigenic characterization of Lassa virus"
645:
response. Generally, when a pathogen enters into a host,
456:
in addition to the non pathogenic
Amapari virus, use the
409:
Entry mechanisms of Old World and New World arenaviruses.
291:
1434:
1112:
580:
SKI-1/S1P is responsible for this cleavage. The cleaved
1186:
785:
604:
of Lassa virus (in orange) budding off an infected cell
732:
515:
Lassa virus life cycle. Figure by
Fehling et al., 2012
247:. It is endemic in West African countries, especially
3083:
1151:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1115:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
735:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
420:(alpha-DG), a versatile receptor for proteins of the
1375:
1187:
Fehling SK, Lennartz F, Strecker T (November 2012).
786:
Sogoba N, Feldmann H, Safronetz D (September 2012).
637:and endothelial cells. In 2012 it was reported how
1003:
3244:
1282:
302:where a new virus, that would later be known as
1540:
1538:
711:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
1422:Emerging Infectious Diseases Trends and Issues
555:. The primary transcription first transcribes
424:. It shares this receptor with the prototypic
1825:
1503:"Cell entry by human pathogenic arenaviruses"
1496:
1494:
1437:"Genetic diversity among Lassa virus strains"
657:. In the cytoplasm, dsRNA receptors, such as
1616:
1535:
964:
962:
728:
726:
2276:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1757:
1485:"Endemic: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1371:
1369:
1832:
1818:
1657:
1582:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1491:
1428:
1276:
831:
829:
827:
523:is similar to the Old World arenaviruses.
36:
1789:
1740:
1730:
1681:
1640:
1573:
1518:
1500:
1460:
1349:
1308:
1283:Cornu TI, de la Torre JC (October 2001).
1214:
1204:
1081:
1032:
969:Prono L (9 January 2008). Zhang Y (ed.).
959:
889:
863:
853:
835:
799:
723:
1366:
641:nucleoprotein (NP) sabotages the host's
595:
510:
468:Unlike most enveloped viruses which use
404:
333:
245:Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment
1419:
1063:
824:
393:recognition by the host immune system.
329:
290:, Nigeria. She was then transported to
3245:
651:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
373:receptor and mediate host cell entry.
3122:
3121:
2647:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
1813:
1182:
1180:
968:
938:
661:(retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and
306:, was isolated for the first time by
885:
883:
2150:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
357:(L). The small segment encodes the
13:
1594:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08540.x
1177:
1007:, Casals J, Downs WG (July 1970).
975:. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 354.
941:New York State Journal of Medicine
836:Yun NE, Walker DH (October 2012).
629:The main targets of the virus are
429:lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
266:As of 2012 discoveries within the
14:
3289:
880:
365:precursor (GP, also known as the
3105:
3093:
2140:Western equine encephalomyelitis
2130:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
1520:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01113.x
1453:10.1128/JVI.74.15.6992-7004.2000
1301:10.1128/JVI.75.19.9415-9426.2001
801:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01469.x
66:
2265:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1698:
1501:Rojek JM, Kunz S (April 2008).
1477:
1413:
1325:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1231:
1141:
1106:
1057:
677:regulatory factor 3) and other
591:
16:Type of viral hemorrhagic fever
2427:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1424:. Springer Publishing Company.
997:
932:
908:
779:
761:
1:
2684:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
1923:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
1559:10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00201-2
1399:10.1126/science.282.5396.2079
1083:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71068-0
972:Encyclopedia of Global Health
838:"Pathogenesis of Lassa fever"
716:
529:receptor-mediated endocytosis
506:
2578:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
1782:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.01.003
1732:10.1371/journal.pone.0044211
602:Scanning electron micrograph
570:posttranslationally modified
400:
281:
7:
3263:Biosafety level 4 pathogens
2600:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
2588:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
1770:Current Opinion in Virology
1683:10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2861
1642:10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.2797
1270:"Lassa virus RefSeq Genome"
704:
324:
227:(VHF), in humans and other
10:
3294:
2612:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
2492:Sandfly fever Naples virus
1237:Jamie Dyal and Ben Fohner
1163:10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.1140
1127:10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.1131
792:Zoonoses and Public Health
584:are incorporated into the
18:
3199:
3130:
3053:
3021:
3012:
2983:
2953:
2931:
2920:
2879:
2847:
2800:
2741:
2730:
2704:
2635:
2550:
2539:
2528:
2500:
2450:
2439:
2405:
2385:
2303:
2280:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
2249:
2238:
2214:
2114:
1992:
1877:
1866:
1855:
794:. 59 Suppl 2 (59): 43–7.
747:10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.670
193:
186:
61:
44:
35:
28:
2896:SARS-related coronavirus
2859:Henipavirus encephalitis
2717:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
2562:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2343:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2315:Arbovirus encephalitides
2291:Arbovirus encephalitides
2261:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2226:Banna virus encephalitis
2126:Arbovirus encephalitides
2071:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2037:Saint Louis encephalitis
2004:Arbovirus encephalitides
1955:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1889:Arbovirus encephalitides
1064:Oransky I (2005-03-12).
631:antigen-presenting cells
3000:Yaba monkey tumor virus
2357:Kyasanur Forest disease
2319:Tick-borne encephalitis
2020:Australian encephalitis
1913:California encephalitis
697:is reported to have an
527:enters the cell by the
225:viral hemorrhagic fever
221:Lassa hemorrhagic fever
2347:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
1928:La Crosse encephalitis
1351:10.1006/viro.1997.8722
894:. St. Martin's Press.
655:negative-sense viruses
605:
516:
458:transferrin receptor 1
410:
339:
3253:Animal viral diseases
2780:Marburg virus disease
2331:Powassan encephalitis
2008:Japanese encephalitis
1670:Journal of Immunology
1629:Journal of Immunology
1507:Cellular Microbiology
890:Donaldson RI (2009).
679:transcription factors
647:innate defense system
599:
574:endoplasmic reticulum
514:
408:
361:(NP) and the surface
337:
3162:Lassa mammarenavirus
3132:Lassa mammarenavirus
2206:Semliki Forest virus
695:Lassa mammarenavirus
687:Lassa mammarenavirus
643:innate immune system
639:Lassa mammarenavirus
620:Lassa mammarenavirus
613:Lassa mammarenavirus
525:Lassa mammarenavirus
521:Lassa mammarenavirus
460:. A small aliphatic
433:glycosyltransferases
426:Old World arenavirus
422:extracellular matrix
414:Lassa mammarenavirus
378:Lassa mammarenavirus
330:Structure and genome
304:Lassa mammarenavirus
233:Lassa mammarenavirus
208:Lassa mammarenavirus
179:Lassa mammarenavirus
63:Virus classification
53:Lassa mammarenavirus
30:Lassa mammarenavirus
2753:Ebola virus disease
2417:Colorado tick fever
2172:O'nyong'nyong fever
1723:2012PLoSO...744211H
1441:Journal of Virology
1391:1998Sci...282.2079C
1289:Journal of Virology
1025:1970Natur.227..174B
916:"Lassa Fever | CDC"
317:Mastomys natalensis
3258:Biological weapons
2965:Simian foamy virus
1547:Antiviral Research
1420:Lashley F (2002).
667:signaling pathways
606:
519:The life cycle of
517:
418:alpha-dystroglycan
411:
371:alpha-dystroglycan
340:
308:Jordi Casals-Ariet
253:Republic of Guinea
3273:Tropical diseases
3240:
3239:
3124:Taxon identifiers
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3008:
3007:
2916:
2915:
2726:
2725:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2435:
2434:
2234:
2233:
1979:Rift Valley fever
1447:(15): 6992–7004.
1385:(5396): 2079–81.
1199:(11): 2973–3011.
982:978-1-4129-4186-0
901:978-0-312-37700-7
691:viral replication
683:adaptive immunity
669:that translocate
611:is caused by the
204:
203:
3285:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3109:
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3096:
3089:
3019:
3018:
2929:
2928:
2739:
2738:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2512:Chandipura virus
2448:
2447:
2388:Orthomyxoviridae
2247:
2246:
2194:Ross River fever
1959:Bunyamwera fever
1875:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1206:10.3390/v4112973
1184:
1175:
1174:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1034:10.1038/227174a0
1001:
995:
994:
966:
957:
956:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
912:
906:
905:
887:
878:
877:
867:
857:
855:10.3390/v4102031
833:
822:
821:
803:
783:
777:
776:
765:
759:
758:
730:
689:is essential in
685:. NP encoded in
618:Upon entry, the
71:
70:
40:
26:
25:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3126:
3116:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3069:
3049:
3014:
3004:
2979:
2949:
2923:
2912:
2875:
2850:Paramyxoviridae
2843:
2796:
2733:
2722:
2700:
2631:
2542:
2531:
2516:
2496:
2480:Pappataci fever
2473:Oropouche virus
2468:Oropouche fever
2442:
2431:
2401:
2381:
2299:
2271:Heartland virus
2241:
2230:
2210:
2182:Pogosta disease
2110:
2057:West Nile fever
1988:
1869:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1808:
1807:
1762:
1758:
1703:
1699:
1662:
1658:
1635:(6): 2797–801.
1621:
1617:
1578:
1574:
1543:
1536:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1374:
1367:
1330:
1326:
1295:(19): 9415–26.
1281:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1185:
1178:
1146:
1142:
1111:
1107:
1066:"Sonja Buckley"
1062:
1058:
1002:
998:
983:
967:
960:
937:
933:
924:
922:
914:
913:
909:
902:
888:
881:
848:(10): 2031–48.
834:
825:
784:
780:
767:
766:
762:
731:
724:
719:
707:
649:recognizes the
635:dendritic cells
594:
509:
465:this position.
403:
332:
327:
296:Yale University
284:
270:region of west
182:
118:Negarnaviricota
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3221:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3152:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1844:viral diseases
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1756:
1697:
1656:
1615:
1572:
1553:(1–2): 61–87.
1534:
1490:
1476:
1427:
1412:
1365:
1324:
1275:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1176:
1140:
1105:
1056:
996:
981:
958:
947:(5): 199–202.
931:
907:
900:
879:
823:
778:
760:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
703:
593:
590:
508:
505:
402:
399:
355:RNA polymerase
331:
328:
326:
323:
283:
280:
237:emerging virus
202:
201:
200:
199:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
174:
170:
169:
166:Mammarenavirus
162:
158:
157:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
130:Ellioviricetes
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
102:
98:
97:
90:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
59:
58:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3290:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:Rhabdoviridae
3020:
3017:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:Herpesviridae
2930:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:Coronaviridae
2878:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:Rhabdoviridae
2799:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Herpesviridae
2703:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:Rhabdoviridae
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:Toscana virus
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:Bourbon virus
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:Sindbis virus
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:(8): e44211.
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1676:(5): 2861–9.
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:(7): 567–74.
1587:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1513:(4): 828–35.
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:(6): 1140–9.
1156:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:(6): 1131–9.
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1076:(9463): 932.
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:(5254): 174.
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
978:
974:
973:
965:
963:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
921:
917:
911:
903:
897:
893:
886:
884:
875:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
769:"Lassa fever"
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
727:
722:
712:
709:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
603:
598:
589:
587:
583:
582:glycoproteins
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
561:cap snatching
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:transcription
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:nucleoprotein
356:
352:
348:
345:
336:
322:
320:
318:
313:
312:Sonja Buckley
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
198:
195:
194:
192:
189:
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:Orthornavirae
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
3268:Arenaviridae
3200:
3131:
3054:
3045:Mokola virus
3022:
2984:
2956:Retroviridae
2954:
2942:
2932:
2880:
2848:
2801:
2742:
2715:
2705:
2638:Bunyavirales
2636:
2553:Arenaviridae
2551:
2501:
2453:Bunyavirales
2451:
2406:
2386:
2372:Langat virus
2306:Flaviviridae
2304:
2295:Bhanja virus
2252:Bunyavirales
2250:
2215:
2115:
2087:Yellow fever
2075:Dengue fever
1995:Flaviviridae
1993:
1938:Tahyna virus
1903:Bwamba Fever
1880:Bunyavirales
1878:
1776:(2): 151–6.
1773:
1769:
1759:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1510:
1506:
1479:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1344:(2): 414–8.
1341:
1337:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1233:
1196:
1192:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1016:
1012:
999:
971:
944:
940:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:
910:
891:
845:
841:
791:
781:
772:
763:
741:(4): 670–6.
738:
734:
694:
686:
638:
628:
619:
617:
612:
607:
600:False color
592:Pathogenesis
565:endonuclease
533:dystroglycan
524:
520:
518:
467:
413:
412:
395:
377:
375:
366:
363:glycoprotein
341:
315:
303:
285:
265:
249:Sierra Leone
243:, requiring
241:select agent
232:
223:, a type of
219:that causes
212:
207:
206:
205:
196:
178:
177:
165:
154:Arenaviridae
153:
142:Bunyavirales
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
86:
76:(unranked):
52:
29:
3201:Lassa virus
3156:Wikispecies
2744:Filoviridae
2566:Lassa fever
2462:Adria virus
2160:Chikungunya
2117:Togaviridae
2047:Usutu virus
1969:Ngari virus
1893:Batai virus
1239:Lassa virus
920:www.cdc.gov
773:www.who.int
699:exonuclease
609:Lassa fever
545:translation
537:antigenomic
437:West Africa
367:viral spike
351:zinc finger
347:RNA viruses
288:Borno State
197:Lassa virus
3247:Categories
3056:Poxviridae
2986:Poxviridae
2906:SARS-CoV-2
2408:Reoviridae
2286:Tete virus
2217:Reoviridae
2099:Zika fever
1948:Tete virus
1846:(A80–B34,
1005:Buckley SM
925:2016-09-23
717:References
675:interferon
553:polymerase
507:Life cycle
462:amino acid
386:translated
268:Mano River
217:arenavirus
49:micrograph
21:Lyssavirus
3147:Q24719561
3065:Monkeypox
1857:Arthropod
991:775277696
633:, mainly
486:endosomes
446:Guanarito
401:Receptors
344:ambisense
300:New Haven
282:Discovery
173:Species:
101:Kingdom:
94:Riboviria
3278:Zoonoses
3230:11460147
3216:Q1806636
3210:Wikidata
3141:Wikidata
3100:Medicine
3013:Multiple
2901:SARS-CoV
2891:MERS-CoV
2080:DENV-1-4
1868:Mosquito
1841:Zoonotic
1800:22482712
1751:22937163
1711:PLOS ONE
1692:14978087
1651:12626527
1610:38807245
1567:12615304
1529:18182084
1471:10888638
1338:Virology
1319:11533204
1225:23202512
1092:15786567
874:23202452
818:27063493
810:22958249
705:See also
578:protease
549:promoter
474:caveolin
470:clathrin
325:Virology
276:savannah
229:primates
215:) is an
188:Synonyms
149:Family:
113:Phylum:
3112:Viruses
3086:Portals
3015:vectors
2995:Tanapox
2944:B virus
2922:Primate
2441:Sandfly
2267:(CCHFV)
1848:042–079
1791:3758253
1742:3429428
1719:Bibcode
1602:2391009
1407:9851928
1387:Bibcode
1379:Science
1360:9281522
1216:3509680
1193:Viruses
1171:4429183
1135:4429182
1100:5188080
1051:4211129
1043:5428406
1021:Bibcode
953:1614671
865:3497040
842:Viruses
755:4246571
572:in the
490:GTPases
478:dynamin
442:Machupo
390:(vcRNA)
261:Liberia
257:Nigeria
161:Genus:
137:Order:
125:Class:
56:virions
3033:Rabies
2975:HTLV-2
2970:HTLV-1
2924:-borne
2812:Rabies
2734:-borne
2543:-borne
2541:Rodent
2532:-borne
2530:Mammal
2464:(ADRV)
2443:-borne
2242:-borne
1870:-borne
1859:-borne
1798:
1788:
1749:
1739:
1690:
1649:
1608:
1600:
1565:
1527:
1469:
1462:112216
1459:
1405:
1358:
1317:
1310:114509
1307:
1223:
1213:
1169:
1133:
1098:
1090:
1070:Lancet
1049:
1041:
1013:Nature
989:
979:
951:
898:
872:
862:
816:
808:
753:
624:mucosa
586:virion
452:, and
272:Africa
259:, and
251:, the
239:and a
235:is an
3225:IRMNG
3189:11620
3176:3SH48
2773:ZEBOV
2677:THAIV
2165:CHIKV
1606:S2CID
1096:S2CID
1047:S2CID
814:S2CID
671:IRF-3
663:MDA-5
659:RIG-I
557:mRNAs
501:LAMP1
482:actin
454:Sabia
450:Junin
87:Realm
80:Virus
3184:NCBI
3038:RABV
2839:CHPV
2827:DUVV
2822:MOKV
2817:ABLV
2790:RAVV
2785:MARV
2768:TAFV
2763:SUDV
2758:BDBV
2689:ANDV
2672:AMRV
2667:SEOV
2662:PUUV
2657:HTNV
2652:DOBV
2627:CHPV
2622:LUJV
2616:MACV
2605:SABV
2593:JUNV
2582:GTOV
2571:LASV
2421:CTFV
2376:LGTV
2365:AHFV
2361:KFDV
2351:OHFV
2336:POWV
2324:TBEV
2240:Tick
2176:ONNV
2154:VEEV
2144:WEEV
2134:EEEV
2104:ZIKV
2051:USUV
2041:SLEV
2030:KUNV
2025:MVEV
1983:RVFV
1973:NRIV
1963:BUNV
1942:TAHV
1932:LACV
1907:BWAV
1897:BATV
1796:PMID
1747:PMID
1688:PMID
1647:PMID
1598:PMID
1563:PMID
1525:PMID
1467:PMID
1403:PMID
1356:PMID
1315:PMID
1221:PMID
1167:PMID
1131:PMID
1088:PMID
1039:PMID
987:OCLC
977:ISBN
949:PMID
896:ISBN
870:PMID
806:PMID
751:PMID
543:and
497:Rab7
495:and
493:Rab5
480:and
382:mRNA
213:LASV
3171:CoL
2869:NiV
2864:HeV
2832:LBV
2732:Bat
2694:SNV
2199:RRV
2092:YFV
2062:WNV
2013:JEV
1917:CEV
1786:PMC
1778:doi
1737:PMC
1727:doi
1678:doi
1674:172
1637:doi
1633:170
1590:doi
1555:doi
1515:doi
1457:PMC
1449:doi
1395:doi
1383:282
1346:doi
1342:235
1305:PMC
1297:doi
1211:PMC
1201:doi
1159:doi
1123:doi
1078:doi
1074:365
1029:doi
1017:227
860:PMC
850:doi
796:doi
743:doi
298:in
292:Jos
51:of
46:TEM
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