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as a keyhole. The extraordinary feature of the weld seam is its high depth-to-width ratio. The energy-flow density of the freely burning arc is slightly more than 100 kW/cm. Unlike a dual process where two separate weld processes act in succession, hybrid welding may be viewed as a combination of both weld processes acting simultaneously in one and the same process zone. Depending on the kind of arc or laser process used, and depending on the process parameters, the two systems will influence each other in different ways.
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required for this is thus determined by the temperature-dependent absorption and by the amount of energy lost by conduction into the rest of the workpiece. In laser-hybrid welding, using MIG, vaporisation takes place not only from the surface of the workpiece but also from the filler wire, so that more metal vapor is available to facilitate the absorption of the laser radiation.
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Over the years a great deal of research has been done to understand fatigue behavior, particularly for new techniques like laser-hybrid welding, but knowledge is still limited. Laser-hybrid welding is an advanced welding technology that creates narrow deep welds and offers greater freedom to control
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surfaces. This can be achieved by preheating the material. In the hybrid process, the arc heats the metal, helping the laser beam to couple in. After the vaporisation temperature has been reached, the vapor cavity is formed, and nearly all radiation energy can be put into the workpiece. The energy
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For welding metallic objects, the laser beam is focused to obtain intensities of more than 1 MW/cm. When the laser beam hits the surface of the material, this spot is heated up to vaporization temperature, and a vapor cavity is formed in the weld metal due to the escaping metal vapor. This is known
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Laser welding not only requires high laser power but also a high quality beam to obtain the desired "deep-weld effect". The resulting higher quality of beam can be exploited either to obtain a smaller focus diameter or a larger focal distance. A variety of laser types are used for this process, in
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Whereas in the early days laser sources still had to prove their suitability for industrial use, today they are standard equipment in many manufacturing enterprises. The combination of laser welding with another weld process is called a "hybrid welding process". This means that a laser beam and an
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The combination of the laser process and the arc process results in an increase in both weld penetration depth and welding speed (as compared to each process alone). The metal vapor escaping from the vapor cavity acts upon the arc plasma. Absorption of the laser radiation in the processing plasma
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The combination of laser light and an electrical arc into an amalgamated welding process has existed since the 1970s, but has only recently been used in industrial applications. There are three main types of hybrid welding process, depending on the arc used:
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Absorption of the laser radiation is substantially influenced by the temperature of the workpiece surface. Before the laser welding process can start, the initial reflectance must be overcome, especially on
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augmented laser welding. While TIG-augmented laser welding was the first to be researched, MIG is the first to go into industry and is commonly known as hybrid laser welding.
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remains negligible. Depending on the ratio of the two power inputs, the character of the overall process may be mainly determined either by the laser or by the arc.
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the weld surface geometry. Therefore, fatigue analysis and life prediction of hybrid weld joints has become more important and is the subject of ongoing research.
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where the laser light can be transmitted via a water-cooled glass fiber. The beam is projected onto the workpiece by
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electrical arc act simultaneously in one welding zone, influencing and supporting each other.
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can also be used where the beam is transmitted via lens or mirrors.
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is a type of welding process that combines the principles of
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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224:"Laser-Hybrid Welding Drives VW Improvements"
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
898:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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382:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
372:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
31:needs additional citations for
807:Amplified spontaneous emission
367:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
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347:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
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863:Chirped pulse amplification
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667:List of laser applications
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405:Electric resistance (ERW)
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657:List of laser articles
257:List of laser articles
55:"Laser-hybrid welding"
599:Tools and terminology
832:Population inversion
178:Laser-hybrid process
172:Carbon dioxide laser
119:Laser-hybrid welding
40:improve this article
883:Laser beam profiler
802:Active laser medium
742:Free-electron laser
662:List of laser types
435:Friction stir (FSW)
410:Electron-beam (EBW)
234:on 12 December 2008
967:Laser applications
532:Heat-affected zone
460:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
123:laser beam welding
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903:Optical amplifier
752:Solid-state laser
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415:Electroslag (ESW)
362:Flux-cored (FCAW)
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878:Injection seeder
858:Beam homogenizer
837:Ultrashort pulse
827:Lasing threshold
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445:Laser beam (LBW)
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230:. Archived from
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96:November 2013
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57: –
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51:Find sources:
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29:This article
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893:Mode locking
846:Laser optics
506:Power supply
496:Filler metal
450:Laser-hybrid
449:
377:Plasma (PAW)
293:Metalworking
236:. Retrieved
232:the original
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
923:Q-switching
784:X-ray laser
777:Ti-sapphire
747:Laser diode
725:Helium–neon
569:Fabrication
547:Weldability
339:Arc welding
238:18 November
164:collimating
158:particular
127:arc welding
956:Categories
589:Metallurgy
470:Ultrasonic
465:Spot (RSW)
420:Exothermic
209:References
139:plasma arc
66:newspapers
888:M squared
710:Gas laser
693:Dye laser
584:Machining
579:Jewellery
491:Electrode
484:Equipment
222:Graf, T.
941:Category
735:Nitrogen
594:Smithing
430:Friction
251:See also
193:aluminum
972:Welding
720:Excimer
604:Welding
574:Forming
564:Casting
331:Welding
80:scholar
762:Nd:YAG
757:Er:YAG
698:Bubble
646:Lasers
501:Helmet
168:optics
160:Nd:YAG
82:
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767:Raman
511:Robot
475:Upset
425:Forge
357:Flash
153:Laser
87:JSTOR
73:books
772:Ruby
240:2013
125:and
59:news
730:Ion
143:MIG
141:or
135:TIG
42:by
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