63:. However, certain manufacturers such as Volkswagen, Toyota and Ford have developed a 'dual injection' system, combining direct injectors with port (indirect) injectors, combining the benefits of both types of fuel injection. Direct injection allows the fuel to be precisely metered into the combustion chamber under high pressure which can lead to greater power and fuel efficiency. The issue with direct injection is that it typically leads to greater amounts of
146:
176:
128:, by contrast, uses slow-moving air and fast-moving fuel; both the design and manufacture of the injectors is more difficult. The optimisation of the in-cylinder air flow is much more difficult than designing a prechamber. There is much more integration between the design of the injector and the engine. It is for this reason that car diesel engines were almost all indirect injection until the ready availability of powerful
167:
chamber and combustion begins. Pressure increases and the fuel droplets are forced through the small holes into the main cylinder, resulting in a very good mix of the fuel and air. The bulk of the combustion actually takes place in the main cylinder. This type of combustion chamber has multi-fuel capability because the temperature of the prechamber vaporizes the fuel before the main combustion event occurs.
183:
The air cell is a small cylindrical chamber with a hole in one end. It is mounted more or less coaxially with the injector, said axis being parallel to the piston crown, with the injector firing across a small cavity which is open to the cylinder into the hole in the end of the air cell. The air cell
153:
Swirl chambers are spherical cavities located in the cylinder head and separated from the engine cylinder by a tangential throat. About 50% of the air enters the swirl chamber during the compression stroke of the engine, producing a swirl. After combustion, the products return through the same throat
67:
and with the fuel no longer contacting the intake valves, carbon can accumulate on the intake valves over time. Adding indirect injection keeps fuel spraying on the intake valves, reducing or eliminating the carbon accumulation on intake valves and in low load conditions, indirect injection allows
187:
When the injector fires, the jet of fuel enters the air cell and ignites. This results in a jet of flame shooting back out of the air cell directly into the jet of fuel still issuing from the injector. The heat and turbulence give excellent fuel vaporisation and mixing properties. Also, since the
166:
This chamber is located at the cylinder head and is connected to the engine cylinder by small holes. It occupies 40% of the total cylinder volume. During the compression stroke, air from the main cylinder enters the precombustion chamber. At this moment, fuel is injected into the precombustion
154:
to the main cylinder at much higher velocity, so more heat is lost to the walls of the passage. This type of chamber finds application in engines in which fuel control and engine stability are more important than fuel economy. These are also called
Ricardo chambers, named after the inventor,
81:
delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, either a prechamber or swirl chamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber. The prechamber is carefully designed to ensure adequate mixing of the atomized fuel with the compression-heated air.
123:
for starting. In an indirect injection system the air moves fast, mixing the fuel and air. This simplifies engine (piston crown, head, valves, injector, prechamber, etc.) design and allows the use of less tightly toleranced designs which are simpler to manufacture and more reliable.
118:
The purpose of the divided combustion chamber is to speed the combustion process, and to increase power output by increasing engine speed. The addition of a prechamber increases heat loss to the cooling system and thereby lowers engine efficiency. The engine requires
326:
crown causes uneven expansion which can lead to cracking, distortion, or other damage, although advancements in manufacturing techniques have allowed manufacturers to largely mitigate the effects of uneven expansion, allowing for indirect injection diesels to use
296:
with diesel engines is lower than with direct injection as the larger exposed areas tend to dissipate more heat and the air moving through the ports tending to increase pressure drops. However, using higher compression ratios will somewhat negate this
225:
Indirect injection is much simpler to design and manufacture, especially for gasoline engines. Less injector development is required and the injection pressures are low (1500 psi/100 bar versus 5000 psi/345 bar and higher for direct
191:
Air cell injection can be considered as a compromise between indirect and direct injection, gaining some of the efficiency advantages of direct injection while retaining the simplicity and ease of development of indirect injection.
184:
is mounted so as to minimise thermal contact with the mass of the head. A pintle injector with a narrow spray pattern is used. At its top dead centre (TDC) the majority of the charge mass is contained in the cavity and air cell.
188:
majority of the combustion takes place outside the air cell in the cavity, which communicates directly with the cylinder, there is less heat loss involved in transferring the burning charge into the cylinder.
195:
Air cell chambers are commonly named Lanova air chambers. The Lanova combustion system was developed by the Lanova company, which was founded in 1929 by Franz Lang, Gotthard
Wielich and Albert Wielich.
279:
are less likely to damage the fuel system in an indirect-injection diesel engine, as high injection pressures are not needed. In direct-injection engines (especially modern engines using high-pressure
333:
Starting fluid ("ether") often cannot be used in an indirect injection diesel engine as the glow plugs greatly increase the risk of preignition compared to direct injection diesels.
283:
fuel systems), keeping fuel filters in good condition is more critical as debris can damage the pumps and injectors when waste vegetable oil or waste engine oil are used.
656:
545:
303:
are needed for a cold engine start on diesel engines; many indirect injection diesel engines cannot start at all in cold weather without glow plugs.
233:
and indirect injection diesel versions of the same basic engine. At best such types differed only in the cylinder head and the need to fit a
265:
4-cylinder types. Such designs allow petrol and diesel versions of the same vehicle to be built with minimal design changes between them.
90:
An advantage of indirect injection gasoline engines versus direct injection gasoline engines is that deposits on intake valves from the
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17:
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68:
for better fuel-air mixing. This system is mainly used in higher cost models due to the added expense and complexity.
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The lower stresses that indirect injection imposes on internal components mean that it is possible to produce
1138:
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Indirect injection using pre-combustion chambers are also used in high performance engines, such as those in
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129:
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322:, or tuning) than direct injection diesels. The increased temperature and pressure on one part of the
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60:
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refers to the spraying of the fuel onto the back of the intake valve, which speeds its evaporation.
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as it exits the precombustion chamber or swirl chamber, such engines are less suited to high
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750:
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8:
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250:
94:
are washed by the fuel. Indirect injection engines also tend to produce lower amounts of
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42:
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Acro-type injection system, the predecessor of the Lanova, also designed by Franz Lang
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Because the heat and pressure of combustion is applied to a very small area on the
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compared to direct injection engines as the fuel and air are more uniformly mixed.
330:
Indirect engines are often much noisier than direct injection common-rail engines.
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105:, where they can allow the engine to produce more power with greater efficiency.
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Higher engine speeds can be reached, since burning continues in the prechamber.
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The injection pressure required is low, so the injector is cheaper to produce.
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437:
Stone, Richard. "An introduction to ICE", Palgrace
Macmillan, 1999, p. 224
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416:
401:"Formation of Intake Valve Deposits in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines"
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463:. Macmillan International Higher Education. 18 June 1971. pp. 21–.
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simulation systems made the adoption of direct injection practical.
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203:. An example is the Mack-Lanova ED diesel engine fitted to the
262:
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Advantages of indirect injection combustion chambers
51:
equipped with indirect injection systems, wherein a
405:SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants
1305:
460:Electromechanical Prime Movers: Electric Motors
664:
399:Smith, Scott; Guinther, Gregory (2016-10-17).
222:The injection direction is of less importance.
136:Classification of indirect combustion chambers
650:
398:
41:where fuel is not directly injected into the
581:Troubleshooting and Repairing Diesel Engines
547:Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines
513:Troubleshooting and Repairing Diesel Engines
577:
509:
55:delivers the fuel at some point before the
657:
643:
199:In the US, the Lanova system was used by
723:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
477:
249:to the diesel. Examples include the BMC
241:in the petrol version whilst fitting an
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161:
144:
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14:
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59:, have mostly fallen out of favor to
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170:
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24:
25:
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108:
372:
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216:Smaller diesels can be produced.
140:
825:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
605:
487:. oldengine.org. Archived from
613:"The Lanova Combustion System"
451:
440:
431:
392:
366:
13:
1:
359:
550:. McGraw Hill Professional.
92:crankcase ventilation system
7:
375:"Direct vs. port injection"
337:
149:Ricardo Comet swirl chamber
113:
27:Engine fuel delivery method
10:
1330:
666:Internal combustion engine
584:. TAB Books. p. 128.
516:. TAB Books. p. 127.
35:internal combustion engine
1283:
1247:
1207:
1162:
1134:Diesel particulate filter
1119:
1086:Idle air control actuator
1068:
1035:
1027:Engine control unit (ECU)
1017:
964:
918:
880:
800:
685:
672:
18:Lanova combustion chamber
1199:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1111:Throttle position sensor
820:Overhead camshaft layout
738:Core plug (freeze plug)
271:Alternative fuels like
1314:Fuel injection systems
544:Dempsey, Paul (2007).
180:
150:
77:An indirect injection
178:
162:Precombustion chamber
148:
979:Compression ignition
617:The Commercial Motor
578:Dempsey, P. (1995).
510:Dempsey, P. (1995).
417:10.4271/2016-01-2252
379:The Chronicle Herald
1129:Catalytic converter
485:"Sir Harry Ricardo"
277:waste vegetable oil
1255:Knocking / pinging
847:Combustion chamber
491:on 17 October 2010
181:
151:
96:particulate matter
65:particulate matter
43:combustion chamber
31:Indirect injection
1301:
1300:
1270:Stratified charge
1037:Electrical system
1019:Engine management
852:Compression ratio
792:Starter ring gear
691:rotating assembly
470:978-1-349-01182-7
447:Two-stroke engine
314:outputs (such as
156:Sir Harry Ricardo
16:(Redirected from
1321:
1144:Exhaust manifold
1009:Spark plug wires
895:Boost controller
882:Forced induction
659:
652:
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619:. 6 January 1933
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349:Prosper L'Orange
257:engines and the
171:Air cell chamber
126:Direct injection
86:Gasoline engines
61:direct injection
49:Gasoline engines
21:
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832:Tappet / lifter
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411:(3): 558–566.
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354:Premixed flame
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327:turbocharging.
312:specific power
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243:injection pump
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109:Diesel engines
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72:Port injection
39:fuel injection
26:
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1177:Water cooling
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1154:Oxygen sensor
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1060:Starter motor
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931:Petrol engine
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926:Diesel engine
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890:Blowoff valve
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807:Cylinder head
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591:9780070163485
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557:9780071595186
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523:9780070163485
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344:Harry Ricardo
342:
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329:
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320:supercharging
317:
316:turbocharging
313:
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299:
297:inefficiency.
295:
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288:Disadvantages
282:
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141:Swirl chamber
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79:diesel engine
75:
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69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:fuel injector
50:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1184:Electric fan
984:Coil-on-plug
910:Turbocharger
905:Supercharger
777:Main bearing
767:Firing order
757:Displacement
703:Block heater
687:Engine block
675:Part of the
674:
621:. Retrieved
616:
607:
595:. Retrieved
580:
573:
561:. Retrieved
546:
539:
527:. Retrieved
512:
505:
493:. Retrieved
489:the original
479:
459:
453:
442:
433:
408:
404:
394:
382:. Retrieved
378:
368:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
165:
152:
117:
100:
89:
76:
71:
70:
57:intake valve
47:
30:
29:
1208:Lubrication
1172:Air cooling
989:Distributor
941:Fuel filter
919:Fuel system
900:Intercooler
867:Timing belt
857:Head gasket
787:Piston ring
623:11 November
373:Kerr, Jim.
281:common rail
239:spark plugs
235:distributor
201:Mack Trucks
1260:Power band
1220:Oil filter
1194:Thermostat
1139:EGT sensor
1101:MAF sensor
1096:MAP sensor
1081:Air filter
1045:Alternator
1004:Spark plug
936:Carburetor
862:Rocker arm
802:Valvetrain
733:Crankshaft
677:Automobile
563:2 December
360:References
301:Glow plugs
273:bio-diesel
259:Land Rover
226:injection)
121:glow plugs
994:Glow plug
956:Fuel tank
951:Fuel pump
718:Crankcase
597:8 January
529:8 January
495:8 January
425:1946-3960
261:2.25/2.5-
247:injectors
103:Formula 1
1308:Category
1293:Category
1238:Dry sump
1234:Wet sump
1225:Oil pump
1189:Radiator
1106:Throttle
966:Ignition
837:Camshaft
762:Flywheel
743:Cylinder
728:Crankpin
338:See also
255:B-Series
251:A-Series
114:Overview
1265:Redline
1149:Muffler
1050:Battery
974:Magneto
384:28 June
207:truck.
205:Mack NR
1288:Portal
1076:Airbox
1055:Dynamo
782:Piston
772:Stroke
751:layout
679:series
588:
554:
520:
467:
423:
324:piston
308:piston
231:petrol
33:in an
1248:Other
872:Valve
842:Chest
263:litre
1230:Sump
747:bank
708:Bore
625:2017
599:2017
586:ISBN
565:2017
552:ISBN
531:2017
518:ISBN
497:2017
465:ISBN
421:ISSN
386:2016
275:and
253:and
245:and
237:and
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