New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

283: 774:, the "Save Our Seaport" community group, the New Amsterdam Market, and the Metropolitan Waterfront Alliance. The "Save Our Seaport" group specifically argued that New Market Building was culturally important for its maintenance of the historic fish market for 66 years, and that it offers a "fine example of WPA Moderne municipal architecture (an increasingly rare form throughout the nation)." They had encouraged others to write letters to the LPC to support formal designation or district protection. However, in 2013, the LPC declined to hold a hearing to consider this landmark designation or to expand the district. Community Board 1 supports protecting and repurposing the New Market Building, and the 1029: 1261: 486: 1301: 1069: 2620: 2586: 1344: 215: 1106: 766:, possessed a lease for large parts of the Seaport area and desired to redevelop it, generating fears among locals that the New Market Building would be altered or destroyed. The corporation has offered to provide a more modest food market (at 10,000 sq ft (930 m)) into their development plans, but market organizers have not been satisfied as they believe this proposal is not guaranteed or large enough, and would still not ensure the protection of the historic building. 368: 1217: 522:, was designated in November 1965. Within its first year, the LPC designated 37 landmarks in addition to the Brooklyn Heights Historic District. The LPC's earliest landmarks were mainly selected based on their architecture, and were largely either government buildings, institutions, or structures whose preservation was unlikely to be controversial. As a result, several prominent buildings were destroyed in the first several years of the LPC's existence, such as the 304:

the commissioners must include at least one resident from each of New York City's five boroughs (who may also be a professional). All of the commissioners are unpaid, except for the chairman. The commission also employs a full-time, paid workforce of 80, composed of administrators, legal advisors, architects, historians, restoration experts, and researchers. Students sponsored by the federal government, as well as volunteers, also assist the commission.

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selected properties will then be discussed at public hearings where support or opposition to a proposed landmark designation are recorded. According to the Landmarks Preservation Law, a building must be at least thirty years old before the LPC can declare it a landmark. Approval of a landmark designation requires six commissioners to vote in favor. Approved designations are then sent to the

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years". Several changes to the Landmarks Law were made by the City Council committee that was reviewing the legislation; for example, the committee removed a clause mandating a 400 ft (120 m) protective zone around proposed landmarks. The bill passed the City Council on April 7, 1965, and was signed into law by Wagner on April 20.

906:, however, the LPC argues that "the buildings lack the necessary architectural and historical significance and that better examples of the settlement house movement and tenements exist in other parts of the city." The activists have said they hope that the LPC under the new mayor will be more receptive to preservation in the neighborhood. 448:, were destroyed in spite of support for preservation. By the 1950s, there was growing support for preservation of architecturally significant structures. For example, a 1954 study found approximately two hundred structures that could potentially be preserved. At the same time, older structures, especially those constructed before 313:

deemed landmarks. The enforcement department reviews reports of alleged violations of the Landmarks Law, which includes alterations to a landmark. In 2016, the preservation commission consolidated its archaeological collection of artifacts and launched a reconstructed archaeology department, known as the

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theaters. An advisory panel under mayor Koch voted to allow the LPC consider theaters not only on their historical significance but also on their architectural merits. In response to objections from some of the major theatrical operators, several dozen scenic and lighting designers offered to work on

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as having preserved New York City's municipal identity and enhanced the market perception of a number of neighborhoods. This success is believed to be due, in part, to the general acceptance of the LPC by the city's developers. By 2016, the LPC had designated 1,355 individual landmarks, 117 interior

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This committee had dissolved by early 1962. Wagner formed the Landmarks Preservation Commission on April 21, 1962, with twelve unsalaried members. Soon afterward, the LPC began designating buildings as landmarks. That July, Wagner issued an executive order that compelled municipal agencies to notify

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The Landmarks Preservation Commission consists of 11 commissioners, who are unpaid and serve three-year terms on a part-time basis. By law, the commissioners must include a minimum of six professionals: three architects, a historian, a city planner or landscape architect, and a realtor. In addition,

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in 1985, a decision was made to change the process by which buildings are declared to be landmarks due to some perceived issues with the manner by which the LPC operates as well as the realization that the destruction feared when the LPC was formed was no longer imminent. By 1990, the LPC was cited

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Law. The LPC is responsible for protecting New York City's architecturally, historically, and culturally significant buildings and sites by granting them landmark or historic district status, and regulating them after designation. It is the largest municipal preservation agency in the nation. As of

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A group of community activists formed the "Save Our Seaport Coalition" to advocate that the New Market Building be incorporated into the historic district set by the Landmarks Preservation Commission, in addition to calling for the protection of public space in the neighborhood and for support for

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The goal of New York City's landmarks law is to preserve the aesthetically and historically important buildings, structures, and objects that make up the New York City vista. The Landmarks Preservation Commission is responsible for deciding which properties should be subject to landmark status and

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ratified these designations in March 1988. Of these, both the interior and exterior of 19 theaters were protected, while only the interiors of seven theaters (including the Lyceum, whose exterior was already protected) and the exteriors of two theaters were approved. Several theater owners argued

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Individual landmark: The exteriors of objects or structures; the interior is not included unless designated separately. Individual landmarks must be at least 30 years old and contain "a special character or special historical or aesthetic interest or value as part of the development, heritage, or

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Potential landmarks are first nominated to the LPC from citizens, property owners, city government staff, or commissioners or other staff of the LPC. Subsequently, the LPC conducts a survey of properties, visiting sites to determine which structures or properties should be researched further. The

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relocated to the Bronx in 2005, community members, with leadership from organizer Robert Lavalva, developed the "New Amsterdam Market", a regular gathering with vendors selling regional and "sustainable" foodstuffs outside the old Fish Market buildings. The group's chartered organization planned

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The early version of the LPC initially held little power over enforcement, and failed to avert Pennsylvania Station's demolition. As a result, in April 1964, LPC member Geoffrey Platt drafted a New York City Landmarks Law. Outcry over the proposed destruction of the Brokaw Mansion on Manhattan's

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As of May 1, 2024, there are more than 37,900 landmark properties in New York City, most of which are located in 150 historic districts in all five boroughs. The total number of protected sites includes 1,460 individual landmarks, 121 interior landmarks, and 12 scenic landmarks. Some of

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The full-time staff, students, and volunteers are divided into six departments. The research department performs research of structures and sites that have been deemed potential landmarks. The preservation department reviews and approves permit applications to structures and sites that have been

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in mid-1964. The law, introduced in the City Council that October, would significantly increase the LPC's powers. The City Council cited concerns that "the City has been and is undergoing the loss and destruction of its architectural heritage at an alarming rate, especially so in the last 8-10

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Archaeologists work for the center reviewing the impact of proposed subsurface projects, as well as overseeing any archaeological discoveries. The environmental review department uses data from the research and archaeology departments to collect reports for governmental agencies that require

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The Neil Simon had been known as the Alvin Theatre; both its interior and exterior were designated. The Ambassador Theatre's interior and exterior were designated, but the exterior status was later overturned. The Virginia/August Wilson was known as the ANTA Theatre; only its exterior was

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The first eleven commissioners to take office under the Landmarks Law were sworn in during June 1965. Platt was the first chairman, serving until 1968. The LPC's first public hearing occurred in September 1965, and the first twenty landmarks were designated the next month. The

872:. After years of advocacy, in January 2009, the LPC held a hearing about the landmark designation of the Melkite church, which did succeed. However, under Chairman Robert Tierney, the LPC had declined to hold hearings on the Downtown Community House or 109 Washington Street. 887:

architecture intentionally links the immigrants to the foundations of the country, and that preserving the three buildings together would tell a coherent story of an overlooked, but important ethnic neighborhood. In addition to national Arab-American organizations,

657:, are recognized as well not for their architecture, but rather for their location in a designated historic district. In 2015, Stonewall became the first official New York City landmark to be designated specifically based on its LGBT cultural significance. 352:

Historic districts: Regions with buildings that fit the individual landmark criteria and contain "architectural and historical significance". Landmark districts must also be geographically cohesive with a "coherent streetscape" and a "sense of

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in August 1985. The landmark plan was then deferred temporarily until some landmark guidelines were enacted; the guidelines, implemented in December 1985, allowed operators to modify theaters for productions without having to consult the LPC.

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from 1980 to 1987. The original legislation enabled the LPC to designate landmarks for eighteen months after the law became effective, followed by alternating cycles of three-year hiatuses and six-month "designating periods". In 1973, mayor

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from altering the structure and placing a large office tower above it. This success is often cited as significant due to the LPC's origins following the destruction of Pennsylvania Station, referred to by some as architectural vandalism.

828:, had been a residential area for the shipping elite of New York in the early 19th century, and turned into a substantial neighborhood of ethnic immigration in the mid-19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, centered on 227:

enacting regulations to protect the aesthetic and historic nature of these properties. The LPC preserves not only architecturally significant buildings, but the overall historical sense of place of neighborhoods that are designated as

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In 2003, Svehlak wrote a manifesto arguing for the landmark designation of "a trilogy" of three contiguous buildings on Washington Street, the thoroughfare that was most closely associated with "Little Syria". These consisted of the

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first organized a preservation committee in 1961, and the following year, created the LPC. The LPC's power was greatly strengthened after the Landmarks Law was passed in April 1965, one and a half years after the destruction of

630:(one of the youngest declared landmarks), received a unanimous vote by the LPC members. The vast majority of the LPC's actions are not unanimously supported by the LPC members or the community; a number of cases including 734:

upheld the LPC's designations of these theaters the next year. The three theatrical operators challenged the ruling with the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the lawsuit in 1992, thus upholding the designations.

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The LPC helps preserve the city's landmark properties by regulating changes to their significant features. The role of the LPC has evolved over time, especially with the changing real estate market in New York City.

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collectively sued the LPC in June 1988 to overturn the landmark designations of 22 theaters on the merit that the designations severely limited the extent to which the theaters could be modified. The

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The New York Landmarks Preservation Foundation is a not-for-profit organization, established in 1980 to support the Commission. They sponsor plaques, historic district signs, and street signs.

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In its first twenty-five years, the LPC designated 856 individual landmarks, 79 interior landmarks, and 9 scenic landmarks, while declaring 52 neighborhoods with more than 15,000 buildings as

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In a heatedly discussed decision on August 3, 2010, the LPC unanimously declined to grant landmark status to a building on Park Place in Manhattan, and thus did not block the construction of

389:. Before the LPC's creation, buildings and structures were preserved mainly through advocacy, either from individuals or from groups. Numerous residences were saved this way, including the 1513: 2482: 2429: 1782: 5779: 3261: 1541: 1421: 206:

The LPC is governed by eleven commissioners. The Landmarks Preservation Law stipulates that a building must be at least thirty years old before the LPC can declare it a landmark.

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argued in a report that " has both architectural and cultural significance as the last functioning site of the important commercial and shipping hub at South Street Seaport."

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between 1963 and 1966, in spite of widespread outcry, is cited as a catalyst for the architectural preservation movement in the United States, particularly in New York City.

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environmental review for their projects. Finally, the Historic Preservation Grant Program distributes grants to owners of landmark properties designated by the LPC or on the

5856: 5831: 5677: 1569: 848:, as well those of many other ethnic groups including Greeks, Armenians, Irish, Slovaks, and Czechs. Due to eminent domain actions associated with the construction of the 100: 689:

the LPC for creating guidelines for potential landmarks. Theaters were landmarked in alphabetical order; the first theaters to be designated under the 1982 plan were the

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held veto power, rather than the City Council. After the City Council's final approval, a landmark designation may be overturned if an appeal is filed within 90 days.

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signed legislation that allowed the LPC to consider landmarks on a rolling basis. The bill also introduced new scenic and interior landmark designations. The first

6060: 5897: 5804: 5667: 282: 4476: 5762: 1210: 4755: 3732: 5912: 5733: 433: 335:(NHL) sites, and many are on the NRHP. As of 2007, the vast majority of interior landmarks are also exterior landmarks or are part of a historic district. 4292: 4218: 856:, in addition to significant highrise construction in the 1920s and 30s, only a small number of low-rise historic buildings from the earlier eras remain. 5841: 5706: 3619: 5537: 3131: 3015: 2651: 1478: 2911: 2798: 2765: 2697: 417:

were preserved as historic house museums during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Advocates also led efforts to preserve cultural sites such as

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Interior landmark: The interiors of structures, which fit the individual landmark criteria and are "customarily open or accessible to the public".

179:. Most of these are concentrated in historic districts, although there are over a thousand individual landmarks, as well as numerous interior and 6080: 4691: 4510: 2373: 2039: 3526: 5902: 5892: 5767: 2464: 1177: 6075: 5774: 5233: 4554: 2844: 2512: 2419: 1133: 421:, which in the late 1950s was slated for replacement with an office tower. However, early preservation movements often focused on preserving 5784: 5701: 4664: 2978: 987: 1888: 5927: 5922: 5882: 5601: 4395: 4151: 2534: 5296: 4634: 4457: 3245: 5851: 4060: 3911: 1640: 804:

in 2001, New York City tour guide Joseph Svehlak and other local historians became concerned that government-encouraged development in

3670: 5887: 5789: 5672: 4608: 4535: 2698:"2 City Landmarks Feared in Danger; Bank and Oldest House May Go Way of Penn Station Penn Station Loss Regretted Street or Landmark?" 437: 4577: 2944: 4722: 3827: 5639: 3419: 875:

Community and preservation groups — including the "Friends of the Lower West Side" and the "Save Washington Street" group led by

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The Mayor's Committee for the Preservation of Structures of Historic and Esthetic Importance was formed in mid-1961 by mayor

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as having preserved New York City's municipal identity and enhanced the market perception of a number of neighborhoods.

5728: 5132: 4234: 1405: 853: 694: 551: 519: 5270: 4193: 2374:"City's Landmarks Subject of Study; Art Societies Find About 200 Pre-world War I Buildings Are Worthy of Preservation" 6003: 5975: 5819: 5743: 5619: 5523: 5439: 5400: 5024: 3560: 3498: 3391: 3360: 3326: 3083: 1925: 1827: 1729: 623: 272: 228: 5716: 5624: 4999: 4094: 3800: 3049: 1501: 1282: 1099: 172: 349:: Sites owned by the city, which fit the individual landmark criteria and are "parks or other landscape features". 5907: 5814: 5755: 5721: 5574: 1635: 919: 714: 276: 5649: 5124: 2108: 1087: 971: 706: 560: 507: 422: 346: 180: 3884: 502:

in Brooklyn was the first landmark numerically, and was designated simultaneously with structures such as the

401:, all of which ultimately became individual landmarks after the LPC's formation. Other structures such as the 231:. The LPC is responsible for overseeing a range of designated landmarks in all five boroughs ranging from the 5993: 5983: 5750: 5581: 5505: 3611: 829: 763: 5988: 5799: 5634: 5408: 4305: 1127: 627: 441: 219: 81: 4699: 3588: 2739: 2185: 1028: 914:

Very rarely, a landmark status granted by the LPC has been revoked. Some have been revoked by vote of the

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Walsh, Thomas (December 15, 1989). "$ 200 Million Landmark Lawsuit Dismissed; Designations Are Intact".

5998: 4437: 4250: 3167:"Landmarks Get City Protection: Right to Save Architectural Heritage Recognized as Government Function" 1260: 812:

of Manhattan. Also known as "Little Syria" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the area between

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façade and that was owned by the city, into a permanent food market. However, a real estate company,

527: 176: 2619: 2585: 883:, arguing that its history demonstrates the multi-ethnic heritage of the neighborhood, and that its 718:

that the landmark designations impacted them negatively, despite Koch's outreach to theater owners.

4558: 4540: 897: 880: 861: 787: 723: 719: 485: 406: 2504: 922:. Others have been demolished, either through neglect or for development, and revoked by the LPC. 864:– which hosted the Bowling Green Association to serve the neighborhood's immigrants – 425:

houses, while paying relatively little attention to other architectural styles or building types.

4642: 4380: 2652:"City Asks to Save Landmarks; Names Scholar to New Agency; Van Derpool of Columbia Is Given Post" 2278: 902: 833: 821: 817: 547: 515: 410: 390: 372: 2130: 2086: 5569: 1300: 1062: 731: 709:

in mid-1987. Ultimately, 28 additional theaters were designated as landmarks, of which 27 were

597: 477:, identified by the LPC as a possible landmark, inspired Wagner to send the legislation to the 398: 196: 4403: 1068: 596:

One of the most prominent decisions in which the LPC was involved was the preservation of the

5591: 5555: 4300: 4132: 3865: 2160: 915: 865: 791: 775: 698: 478: 381: 268: 167: 147: 5106: 1648:(OATH), for hearings conducted on summonses for quality of life violations issued by the LPC 578:. In 1989, when the LPC and its process was under review following a panel created by mayor 1294: 879:

student Carl "Antoun" Houck — have continued, especially, to advocate for a hearing on the

825: 801: 750: 465: 195:. The LPC has been involved in several prominent preservation decisions, including that of 187: 5501: 5430:

New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial

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eventually to attempt to reconstitute the "New Market Building", a 1939 structure with an

8: 4335: 3016:"First Official Landmarks of City Designated; 20 Sites Listed — Each to Get Year's Grace" 876: 626:. The next year marked the first time in the LPC's history that a proposed landmark, the 394: 5428: 4505: 4462: 4197: 3647: 3565: 3503: 3460: 3396: 3365: 3331: 3088: 2469: 2064: 2016: 1930: 1832: 1787: 1756: 1734: 1343: 1165: 845: 805: 754: 744: 690: 677: 575: 4249:

Garfinkel, Molly (ndg) "New Market Building is Place Matters building of the month!".

3429: 646:, which remained at the center of a discussion over its future for a number of years. 385:

expressed its opposition to the demolition of a 17th-century house on Pearl Street in

5596: 5472: 5445: 5435: 5412: 5371: 5337: 5304: 5241: 5138: 5128: 4914: 4880: 4846: 4786: 4159: 4102: 4068: 4034: 3995: 3958: 3919: 3835: 3774: 3740: 3713: 3678: 3292: 3253: 3208: 3175: 3057: 3023: 2986: 2952: 2919: 2885: 2852: 2845:"Landmarks Bill Goes to Council; Protective Zone Is Cut, but Architecture Rules Stay" 2806: 2773: 2705: 2659: 2542: 2474: 2424: 2381: 2336: 1995: 1896: 1697: 1621:

The interior spaces were divided into a four-screen cinema, then converted to retail.

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would lead to the disappearance of the last physical heritage of the once "low-rise"

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Landmark designations of theaters increased significantly in 1987, starting with the

650: 643: 535: 252: 2799:"City Council Gets Landmarks Bill; Preservation of Historical Places in City Is Aim" 275:, and decides whether to confirm, modify, or veto the designation. Before 1990, the 5494: 4974: 2912:"Landmarks Bill Signed by Mayor; Wagner Approves It Despite Protests of Realty Men" 1244: 884: 710: 639: 244: 5050: 1328: 1238: 214: 5683: 5466: 5453: 4453: 3869: 3556: 3494: 3451: 3387: 3356: 3322: 1921: 1725: 948: 685: 523: 474: 386: 4136: 2164: 680:

theaters as individual city landmarks in 1982, following the destruction of the

5056:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 12, 2008. p. 9 4219:"City says no to landmarking Seaport building, leaving door open to demolition" 1377: 681: 531: 444:

were demolished if they had fallen out of architectural favor. Others, such as

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Historic Districts Council. "South Street Seaport." Retrieved August 11, 2014.

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in April 1974, while the first interior landmark was part of the neighboring

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The preservation movement in New York City dates to at least 1831, when the

5457: 4748:"Fire Tears Through Historic Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Synagogue on LES: FDNY" 3733:"New York Day by Day; Doing Justice to Landmakers And to Theater Interiors" 2766:"Bill Would Save City Landmarks; Commission Would Pass on Alteration Plans" 813: 738: 615: 564: 556: 429: 4665:"City Council subcommittee turns down Landmarks designation of 135 Bowery" 2040:"Landmarks Preservation Commission Launches NYC Archaeological Repository" 452:, were being perceived as an impediment to development. The demolition of 115: 3124:"Former Home of Macy's and Mutual Reserve Building Become City Landmarks" 1216: 635: 579: 449: 236: 753:

has been active since 1977 and was extended on July 11, 1989. After the

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There was generally little support for the preservation movement until

367: 256: 1383: 5955: 5945: 5917: 4563: 4331:"Discovering 'Little Syria' — New York's Long-Lost Arab Neighborhood" 3424: 315:

NYC Archaeological Repository: The Nan A. Rothschild Research Center.

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Preserving New York: Winning the Right to Protect a City's Landmarks

5187:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 12, 2006 5950: 5005:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 26, 2010 4907:"Neighborhood Report: Stuyvesant Square; Dvorak, Back Home at Last" 3860:"Legitimate: Landmarks Panel Issues Guidelines; Owners Not Happy". 3481:

Staff. (May 7, 1989) "Ladies' Mile District Wins Landmark Status",

3456:"Office Tower Above Grand Central Barred by State Court of Appeals" 3327:"Architecture View; A Commission that has Itself Become a Landmark" 759: 642:

have been challenged. One of the most controversial properties was

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was discussed during the commission's first public hearing in 1965.

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Example of a plaque placed on a Landmark designated building, this

2465:"Architecture View; In This Dream Station Future and Past Collide" 5207:"Landmarks Rescind Landmarks Designation Status of Former School" 4980:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 24, 1990 4813:"Cathedral of St. John the Divine finally becomes a NYC landmark" 3864:. Vol. 321, no. 8. December 18, 1985. pp. 89, 94. 837: 611:

Penn Central Transportation Co., et al. v. New York City, et al.

271:, which receives reports from other city agencies including the 5960: 672:

A major dispute arose over the preservation of theaters in the

5234:"Bronx Landmark, Under City's Care, Is on Brink of Demolition" 3612:"Stonewall Inn granted landmark status by New York commission" 976:

The building was torn down and its site was later occupied by

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Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995).

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were preserved largely based on individual or group advocacy.

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attended a conference aimed at ending the Revolutionary War.

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New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission flickr Group

4609:"How Some of NYC's First Landmarked Buildings Became Rubble" 4458:"An Effort to Save the Remnants of a Dwindling Little Syria" 676:

during the 1980s. The LPC considered protecting close to 50

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landmarks, 138 historic districts, and 10 scenic landmarks.

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The building was demolished in 2014 due to extreme neglect.

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Touring the Flatiron: Walks in Four Historic Neighborhoods

4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4578:"New York City's Landmarks Law and the Rescission Process" 4555:"In New York's Little Syria, a fight to preserve the past" 4350:"Arab Americans Aim at Preserving New York's Little Syria" 4235:"Food Market For Seaport In Last-Minute Deal Over Pier 17" 3731:

Johnston, Laurie; Anderson, Susan Heller (June 23, 1983).

3561:"Stonewall, Gay Bar That Made History, Is Made a Landmark" 3226: 3103: 2979:"Geoffrey Platt Is Dead at 79; Led City Preservation Move" 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2309: 2259: 1646:

New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings

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The building was torn down in 2004 due to extreme neglect.

37: 4530: 4528: 1889:"On Estimate Board's Agenda, Last Item Is Its Own Demise" 1605: 1600: 1581: 1576: 1553: 1548: 1525: 1520: 1490: 1485: 1458: 1453: 1433: 1428: 1394: 1389: 1354: 1349: 1311: 1306: 1271: 1266: 1227: 1222: 1190: 1185: 1154: 1149: 1116: 1111: 1074: 1039: 1034: 999: 994: 960: 955: 896:

have also advocated for the LPC to hold a hearing on the

4477:"Activists lobby 9/11 Memorial to remember 'Little Syria 4427:"(Former) St. George's Syrian Church Designation Report" 340:

cultural characteristics of the City, state, or nation".

5025:"Council rejects designation of Queens church building" 4932: 4152:"High Court Upholds Naming Of 22 Theaters as Landmarks" 3417: 3361:"Advisory Group to Determine Future of Landmarks Board" 2723: 2535:"Mayor Appoints 13 To Help Preserve Historic Buildings" 2237: 2235: 2222: 2220: 2218: 5399: 5297:"City Nullifies Designation Of Steinway Historic Area" 4975:"City and Suburban Homes Company, First Avenue Estate" 4949:"9 NYC Buildings that Have Lost Their Landmark Status" 4525: 4061:"Owners File Suit to Revoke Theaters' Landmark Status" 3152: 2209: 1867: 1865: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1410:

The mansion was torn down in 1967 and replaced by the

4536:"Rediscovering 'Little Syria' after the storm passed" 4396:"Tour guide looks to save remnants of 'Little Syria'" 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 781: 5271:"Two age-old homes on City Island are now landmarks" 3671:"Midtown Theaters Surveyed for Landmark Designation" 2444: 2354: 2297: 2247: 2232: 2215: 2155:

Bernstein, Fred A. (September 2007). "In Memoriam".

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