22:
477:
by mixing their populations; and it was meant to reduce emigration from
Yugoslavia by providing an opportunity people otherwise living in overpopulated areas where land was scarce. The colonisation process was to favour "nationally conscious", "reliable men", primarily referring to Serbs. The majority of the colonists, 76% of them, were drawn from Serbia and Montenegro. Further 11% came from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Authorities determined that the colonists were to be settled in specifically designated areas to avoid their dispersion in areas of their settlement. The restriction was imposed in pursuit of the objective of ethnic homogenisation of ethnically mixed areas in border regions.
395:
461:
632:
127:
310:
739:
608:
to manage the reform in
Vojvodina and establishment of 130 new villages. The bureaucrats were replacement for the purged ethnic Hungarian and German officials. The reform also led to an increase of the proportion of Serbs in the total population of Vojvodina from 34% to 38% between 1910 and 1930. At the same time, Hungarians and Germans lost their privileged status in the region, while Serbs received privileges instead. According to historian
426:(the northern part of the pre-World War I Serbia) from the land reform. Instead, the territory was taken as the desired model of peasant land ownership. There, the feudal relations were abolished in 1833 and small free peasant-owned plots were created. That led to portrayals of the Serbian countryside as the "peasant paradise" defying the laws of capitalist economy and imparting national identity on the peasant landowners. The region of
600:. The scheme envisaged that the German population would be useful in promoting culture, technical and professional knowledge among the rest of the population. However, applications for award of plots through the land reform submitted by Hungarians and Germans were normally disregarded. Instead, by 1924, in the period when it was possible to opt to leave Yugoslavia and go to the "mother" country, about 30,000
791:
could only take place with consent of the landowners until a further agreement is finalised. That came about on 19 May 1939, providing that provisions of
Yugoslav law applied equally to Italian citizens who owned land in Yugoslaviaāexcept that they were exempt from taxation of compensation paid for the expropriated land and allowed to take the compensation out of the country either as securities or cash.
333:. The manifesto was also in line with the November 1918 declaration of the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Faced with the civil unrest associated with the Green Cadres, the National Council promised land to every peasant. New Yugoslav authorities feared unrest that might be caused by former soldiers returning to impoverished homes after the war, especially the former
795:
estates would be compensated in government bonds nominally worth 400 million dinars. The bonds were to be redeemed over 30 years and charged to the recipients of the land together with an interest and taxes. Other recipients of the land were required to pay a portion of the estimated value of the land immediately, and the rest over 10 years.
325:
that will be "only God's and theirs". Two weeks later, on 6 January 1919, the Regent
Alexander published a manifesto declaring his wish for an urgent and just agrarian reform. The Regent Alexander's manifesto was in line with the declaration of the Serbian government made in February 1917, after the defeat in the World War I
386:(the interim legislative) endorsed the Interim Decree without any discussion. The ministry argued that the urgency of the matter did not allow for the regular procedure. Until 1931, the reform was based on ministerial decisions and decrees. That year, legislation was enacted concluding the land reform.
654:
Colonisation and redistribution resumed in South Serbia after the war. During the course of the interwar land reform, 231,099 hectares (571,060 acres) were expropriated and distributed to 48,261 families. The area comprised more than a third of the total agricultural land in the province. Half of the
531:
attacked Muslim farmers and landowners. By mid-1919, about 2,000 Muslims were killed, more than 4,000 families driven from their homes and 400,000 hectares (990,000 acres) of land seized. The
Muslims were targeted not only as landowners, but also because of their ethnicity. The authorities recognised
522:
to purchase land from landowners, offering them loans for the purpose. However, the scheme produced little since the funds made available were inadequate at least until 1910. A census of taken in Bosnia and
Herzegovina in 1895 recorded 88,970 serf families. By 1914, approximately 42,500 serf families
476:
who argued that colonisation is necessary for the reform to happen at all. The colonisation had a number of direct objectives. One was to increase proportion of South Slavic population in areas home to significant non-Slavic populations; it was to facilitate amalgamation of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes
803:
In the course of the
Yugoslav interwar land reform, 1,924,307 hectares (4,755,070 acres) of land was expropriated and distributed to 614,603 families. The reform distributed the land previously managed as Muslim properties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, present-day Kosovo and North Macedonia, and in the
607:
In
Vojvodina, estates exceeding 320 hectares (790 acres) were subject to expropriation and redistribution under the reform. This resulted in seizure of 222,707 hectares (550,320 acres) of land, distributed to 100,004 families. The process involved hiring of 16,000 additional (largely Serb) officials
790:
blocked treaty ratification until 1928. Through the treaty, Italy and
Yugoslavia reached an interim agreement on the method of expropriation of Italian-owned land in Dalmatia encompassing approximately 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres). The agreement stipulated that expropriation of Italian-owned land
765:
and various other types of tenancy resembling feudal or pre-feudal systems remained in place. In early 1920s, more than 40% of arable land in Dalmatia was worked by landless peasants through application of such tenancy relations. Following the royal manifesto of January 1919 and the Interim Decree,
725:
South Slavs moving to the country from Hungary. In practice, preference in distribution of land to local population was given to supporters of the central government. The bulk of the interwar colonisation in Croatia-Slavonia took place between 1919 and 1924, against the backdrop of the Green Cadres
324:
was one of the first steps taken by the authorities of the newly established Yugoslavia. On 24 December 1918, within four weeks following proclamation of Yugoslavia, Regent Alexander issued a declaration asking peasants to calmly wait for the state to settle the agrarian question and give them land
811:
The accompanying process of colonisation was poorly organised and led to legal uncertainty regarding the colonists' rights and inability of the colonists to run productive farms due to lack of farming knowledge and experience or award of unsuitable land. The central role of the colonisation in the
616:
was encouraged and pursued by the Yugoslav government as a means of strengthening the government's control over Vojvodina and to lessen the influence of minorities. State secretary Slavko Å eÄerov claimed in 1930, that the main objective of the reform in Vojvodina was to ruin the wealthy non-Slavic
536:
region where they killed Muslims and looted property. Yugoslav military deployed troops to curb such attacks, but killings continued into mid-1920s. The conflicts related to implementation of the land reform increasingly took on the character of an ethnic, anti-Muslim struggle. This was especially
418:
at the time, marked by gradual development of agricultural relations rather than revolutionary change. The land reform was touted as the foundation of social concord, the source of power of the state and the source of prosperity of the people, critical for peace in the country. It became a āsacred
662:
About 10,000 armed Albanians resisted Yugoslav rule through the unsuccessful rebellion of the KaƧak Movement. In response, in January and February 1919, government troops killed more than 6,000 people and destroyed more than 3,800 houses in Kosovo. The Yugoslav government planned to settle 50,000
526:
Approximately two thirds of the land encompassed by the interwar land reform were located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 1,175,305 hectares (2,904,240 acres), representing 23% of the total territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was expropriated for redistribution. Overall, 1,286,227 hectares
430:
was particularly glorified as the land of simple "illitierate peasants" where an idigenous land ownership model existed, unlike foreign-invented ones found elsewhere in the country. In reality, the Serbian agricultural sector was highly dependent on government aid and its production presented an
419:
questionā in the politics. Scientific and economic justifications for the reform were made even though there were no scientific analyses. Critics arguing that small plots would not be economically viable or prosperous were discredited politically as anti-social, anti-cultural, and anti-national.
99:
Implementation of the land reform relied largely on the Interim Decree on the Preparation of the Agrarian Reform promulgated in 1919, supplemented by a number of ministerial-level orders and regulations. An act regulating the reform was enacted in 1931. The reform and colonisation were conducted
794:
In Dalmatia, a total of 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) of land was expropriated and distributed to 96,953 families through the land reform. The former landowners received compensation in different forms. Dalmatia-specific legislation enacted in 1930 and 1931 determined that the owners of large
434:
According to historian SrÄan MiloÅ”eviÄ, the Å umadija countryside was not selected because it was a particularly successful role-model, but because it was customary to extend solutions previously applied in Serbia to Yugoslavia. This was a product of Serbia's political position in the process of
492:'s delta in Dalmatia. Such cases were made legal by the order of the minister of agrarian reform, recognising such claims of land occupied by the end of 1923. Furthermore, Yugoslav citizens resettling from Hungary or Romania were recognised as the beneficiaries of the reform and awarded land.
75:
volunteers, landless peasants resettled from poorer parts of the country, Yugoslav citizens moving to the country from neighbouring countries, and even those who usurped agricultural land on their own initiative and without any formal authorisation. Preference was given to the volunteers and
439:
regardless of opposition from the majority of non-Serbs. As Serbian politicians insisted on political continuity between pre-unification Serbia and Yugoslavia, Serbian institutions and practices, including the land ownership, were extended to the entire Yugoslavia. Contemporaries like
691:
During the interwar Yugoslav land reform, 110,577 hectares (273,240 acres) were expropriated and distributed to 99,908 families in Croatia-Slavonia. Agricultural estates exceeding 150 hectares (370 acres) and 200 hectares (490 acres) were subject to redistribution in the regions of
642:
The territories acquired by Serbia through the Balkan Wars (subsequently organised as the province of South Serbia) had a non-Serb majority. In 1912ā1914, until the outbreak of the World War I, Serbian authorities repressed the non-Serb majority and embarked upon a campaign of
812:
land reform was the result of Yugoslav government's desire to pursue ethnic politics through ethnic and cultural consolidation of national territory. Alignment of socio-economical issues with ethnic affiliations contributed to ethnicisation of Yugoslav politics.
708:
Expropriation of the large estates contributed to the weakening of the political power of landowners. Approximately one half of the land was distributed to the local population, while the remainder was given to colonists arriving from Bosnia and Herzegovina,
659:. At the same time, 200,000ā300,000 Muslim Albanians and Turks emigrated from Sandžak and Kosovo to Albania and Turkey due to violence and persecution. Between 1918 and 1921, the Albanian population in the territory of present-day Kosovo nearly halved.
591:
on 21 April 1920, prompted the Yugoslav authorities to deploy 20,000 troops to the area to quell the area. There were proposals to make it possible for the Vojvodina's German population to receive land through the reform, but only in areas south of the
583:) as well as the Serbs. Yugoslav authorities confiscated many Hungarian-owned farms and turned the land over to Serbs. The move left many homeless. At the same time, the authorities closed down all primary and secondary schools in Vojvodina teaching in
781:
between Italy and Yugoslavia on 20 July 1925 further complicated agrarian issues in Dalmatia. The treaty secured the rights of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia without providing for reciprocal rights of Croat and Slovene minorities in Italy, and the
774:, the territory promised by the treaty was occupied by Italy until 1923. Difficult economic situation in Dalmatia caused more than 15,000 people to emigrate to the United States, Canada, South America, Australia, and New Zealand between 1920 and 1928.
766:
peasants largely stopped paying any rent for the land in breach of their contracts, believing they would become the owners of the land. However, application of the Interim Decree was suspended in Dalmatia by the provincial government on request of the
268:. In practice, Serbs dominated the government which became highly centralised. Parts of the country saw civil unrest, looting by armed groups, and revolutionary movements. In Croatia-Slavonia and in Vojvodina, those were largely associated with the
559:. Only 10% of the expected amount was paid. The interwar land reform weakened the existing political and intellectual elite of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Muslim population, while strengthening the position of the Christian population in the land.
56:
Approximately two thirds of the land expropriated and distributed by the land reform was located on the territory of the present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. All parts of the country were subject to the reform, except the territory of the former
770:. The reason for the suspension was the unresolved status of Dalmatia regarding the award promised to Italy through the Treaty of London as an incentive to join the Allies. While the Italo-Yugoslav border was settled in 1920 through the
700:
respectively. According to Croatian economist Ivan MandiÄ, approximately 40,000 colonists arrived to Slavonia alone in the period. The reform meant expropriation of agricultural land granted by the former Austro-Hungarian authorities in
532:
peasants forcefully usurping land as beneficiaries of the reform. Such policy also led to conflicts with the army as peasants usurped parts of military training grounds. There were numerous incursions from Montenegro into
373:
unsuccessfully argued against the compensations as "parliamentary and judicial nonsense". Two political parties having the most seats in the National Assembly supported the land reform, but had different approaches. The
667:, but only 4,200 colonist households were established in the region. The colonisation of Vardar Macedonia was opposed by the IMRO through guerrilla warfare. As a consequence, the province was garrisoned by about 50,000
364:
of large estates and redistribution of land to those who had none, giving preference to the veterans. It further prescribed that the former owners of the land would be compensated, except if they are related to the
617:
landowners while other aspects were of secondary importance. In the process, Vojvodina's agricultural production declined. In the 1920s, the number of cattle and pigs in the region dropped by more than 40%.
505:
The agrarian issue was raised in the politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 19th century. The nature of the local land ownership and management system stemmed from the Ottoman heritage. Therefore, the
264:
constituted nearly 24% and 9% of the population respectively. The first Yugoslav government considered the three groups three "tribes" of a single nation in line with the ideology of the integral
552:
Former landowners were promised compensation in the amount of 255 million dinars paid over a 40-year period along with 6% interest. The payments started only in 1936 and stopped in 1941 with the
112:
and relations with the Italian minority and enjoyment of property rights of Italian citizens in Yugoslavia. The reform and colonisation contributed to ethnicisation of politics in Yugoslavia.
68:). A total of 1,924,307 hectares (4,755,070 acres) of land was redistributed through the reform. More than 600,000 families received land plots through implementation of the reform.
472:
Strengthening of the "national element" was made an integral part of the land reform in interwar Yugoslavia. A strong proponent of this development was the interior minister
410:, the government committed "a range of revolutionary acts" and went against its principles as it feared unrest among the peasants or even a revolution. Conversely, economist
480:
In addition to the state-organised colonisation, in the early years of the land reform, there were cases of usurpation of land. Some sources refer to such population as the
527:(3,178,340 acres) were distributed to 249,580 families. Implementation of the reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina was accompanied by widespread inter-ethnic violence as the
76:
supporters of the Yugoslav authorities. The colonisation process was used by the Yugoslav authorities as a means of ethnic engineering, seeking to increase proportion of
356:) of 25 February 1919. The decree determined that the land belongs to the one who tills it as the ideological basis for the reform. It also prescribed abolition of
546:
345:
frist hand. The main objective of the land reform appeared to be forging a closer tie between peasantry and the monarchy, reducing the likelihood of a revolution.
452:. In a speech of 16 March 1919, the Regent Alexander asked for urgent land reform by application of the Serbian ownership model to other parts of Yugoslavia.
225:
The provinces of Yugoslavia enjoyed different levels of development and had different legislation in place. The Slovene Lands were organised similarly to the
41:. The reform's proclaimed social ideal was that the land belongs to those who work it. An unrealistically idyllic image of Serbian villages in the region of
651:
to flee to Bulgaria. In 1914, Serbia embarked upon the organised colonisation of the territories corresponding to present-day Kosovo and North Macedonia.
518:
did not bring about substantial changes in legislation or practice of land ownership. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian authorities made it possible for
352:, the most significant piece of legislation for the land reform in interwar Yugoslavia was the Interim Decree on the Preparation of the Agrarian Reform (
21:
2389:
2208:
Repe, Božo (2024). "The Slovenes and the Controversy Over Borders with Italy and Austria after the First World War". In Bianchini, Stefano (ed.).
219:
289:
155:
131:
101:
1800:
1778:[The Agrarian Reform After the First World War and the Greek Catholic Diocese (Review of the Implementation in Northern Croatia)].
441:
100:
against the backdrop of ethnic violence against Moslem population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Kosovo, guerilla warfare waged by the
2104:
Portmann, Michael (2016). "'Ethnic cleansing' in peacetime? Yugoslav/Serb colonization projects in Vojvodina in the twentieth century".
237:
were widespread in Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Serbia, as well as in Dalmatia. Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as South Serbia drew on
45:
was touted as the model of national awareness and peasant liberty sought by the reform. The reform was aimed at dismantling remnants of
2325:
1864:
GrgiÄ, Stipica (2020). "The kingdom of diversity and paternalism: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia, 1918ā1941". In
382:
demanded full compensation for expropriated private property. In April 1919, the Ministry of Agrarian Reform was established and the
567:
Colonisation of Vojvodina, a territory that passed from Hungarian to Serbian (and subsequently Yugoslav) control following the 1918
2041:[Ideological Foundations of Land Reform and Colonization in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: National Aspect].
71:
Internal colonisation was a significant element of the land reform. It consisted of awarding the expropriated land to colonistsā
369:. Initially, the reform was led by the Ministry of Social Affairs. Social affairs minister and co-author of the Interim Decree
2380:
2237:
2209:
2198:
2027:
1879:
1732:
672:
635:
542:
147:
34:
1869:
655:
expropriated land was distributed to the local population, while the other half went to colonists, mostly ethnic Serbs and
241:
heritage, but there were differences in various parts of those territories as well. Parts of Dalmatia were occupied by the
2139:[Agrarian Reform and Industrialization in the Kingdom of SCS ā Land Property of ÄorÄe DunÄerski: the Case Study].
163:
2420:
808:
and other large estates in former Austro-Hungarian lands: Vojvodina, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia and the Slovene Lands.
2160:
2251:
2223:
2174:
1903:
383:
229:(Austrian) part of the former Austria-Hungary, while Croatia-Slavonia had been previously linked more closely to the
2083:[Legal and Historical Context of the Agrarian Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the First World War].
1928:
1776:"Agrarna reforma poslije Prvog svjetskog rata i GrkokatoliÄka biskupija: osvrt na provedbu u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj"
727:
626:
571:, was a significant element of the interwar land reform in Yugoslavia. The region was predominantly inhabited by
538:
1948:[The Basic Characteristics of Colonisation Processes on the Territory of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1948].
2435:
2243:
488:). Most such cases were observed in the north of the country (Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia), but also in the
2008:
MiloÅ”eviÄ, SrÄan (2010). "The Agrarian Reform ā A 'Divine Thing'". In MĆ¼ller, Dietmar; Harre, Angela (eds.).
705:
to churches, schools, hospitals, and libraries in Croatia depriving such institutions of independent income.
375:
679:
region of Bulgaria. In Sandžak, there was also violence against the Muslim civilian population, such as the
2430:
2425:
2106:
199:
730:. In late 1920s and in 1930s, a portion of the expropriated land was returned to the original landowners.
211:
154:
on 1 December 1918. The proclamation was made in response to a petition presented by a delegation of the
2354:[Realisation of Agrarian Reform and Actions of Brigand Units in Herzegovina after World War I].
171:
85:
648:
757:
abolished serfdom in the mid-19th century, but it exempted Dalmatia from the reform. The practice of
749:
that provided an interim solution for extension of the land reform to Italian citizens in Yugoslavia.
379:
313:
273:
151:
135:
2011:
Rural History Yearbook / Jahrbuch fĆ¼r Geschichte des lƤndlichen Raumes: Transforming Rural Societies
444:
spoke of Serbia's destiny to give direction to the new state as its unifying power, comparing it to
771:
473:
465:
2352:"SprovoÄenje agrarne reforme i djelovanje komitskih Äeta u Hercegovini nakon Prvog svjetskog rata"
1848:
246:
2137:"ŠŠ³ŃŠ°ŃŠ½Š° ŃŠµŃŠ¾ŃŠ¼Š° Šø ŠøŠ½Š“ŃŃŃŃŠøŃŠ°Š»ŠøŠ·Š°ŃŠøŃŠ° Ń ŠŃŠ°ŃŠµŠ²ŠøŠ½Šø Š”Š„Š” ā ŃŃŃŠ“ŠøŃŠ° ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŠ° ŠæŠ¾ŃŠµŠ“Š° ŠŠ¾ŃŃŠ° ŠŃŠ½ŃŠµŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š³"
2039:"ŠŠ°ŃŠøŠ¾Š½Š°Š»Š½Šø Š°ŃŠæŠµŠŗŃ Š“ŠµŠ±Š°ŃŠµ Š¾ Š°Š³ŃŠ°ŃŠ½Š¾Ń ŃŠµŃŠ¾ŃŠ¼Šø Šø ŠŗŠ¾Š»Š¾Š½ŠøŠ·Š°ŃŠøŃŠø Ń ŠŃŠ°ŃŠµŠ²ŠøŠ½Šø Š”Š„Š” (1919ā1920. Š³Š¾Š“ŠøŠ½Šµ)"
2009:
717:
regions of Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Montenegro. Some of the colonists were refugees from
1812:
787:
680:
556:
514:, while the peasants working the land were largely Christians. Austro-Hungarian occupation and
436:
423:
394:
121:
58:
2166:
767:
568:
175:
2415:
2162:
Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation
1992:
1893:
675:. By 1923, the IMRO built a force of more than 9,000, relying on bases in the neighbouring
449:
342:
256:
were the most numerous among them accounting for almost 39% of inhabitants of the country.
77:
609:
8:
2215:
1985:
Ekonomski vjesnik: Review of Contemporary Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economic Issues
1803:[Colonization in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia 1918ā1941.)].
668:
613:
215:
2351:
2136:
2059:
2038:
1840:
631:
1889:
1836:
584:
330:
293:
230:
72:
2393:
2359:
2338:
2334:
2307:
2282:
2247:
2233:
2219:
2194:
2170:
2144:
2123:
2092:
2067:
2046:
2023:
1996:
1967:
1932:
1899:
1875:
1852:
1824:
1787:
805:
778:
746:
366:
167:
65:
460:
2274:
2184:
2156:
2115:
2015:
1957:
1865:
1816:
664:
334:
326:
109:
2119:
783:
742:
370:
2371:
2188:
754:
693:
676:
601:
576:
411:
349:
281:
203:
191:
93:
38:
2081:"Pravno-historijski kontekst agrarne reforme u BiH poslije Prvog svjetskog rata"
1915:"Contribution to the Background of the Ethnic Conflicts in the Carpathian Basin"
2321:"Agrarian Reform in Eastern Europe Following World War I: Motives and Outcomes"
1946:"Osnovne znaÄajke kolonizacijskih procesa na jugoslavenskom prostoru 1918ā1948"
644:
515:
415:
338:
238:
53:
in parts of the country, as well as at breaking up large agricultural estates.
2265:[The Agrarian Question in Dalmatia Between the Two Wars (1918ā1941)].
2409:
2397:
2363:
2342:
2311:
2286:
2148:
2127:
2096:
2071:
2050:
2000:
1971:
1936:
1856:
1828:
1791:
762:
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troops, gendarmes, military police, and armed members of the state-sponsored
402:
were presented as the idyllic role-model for the entire Yugoslav countryside.
361:
207:
126:
50:
656:
553:
528:
269:
242:
226:
202:. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was organised in areas of former
159:
2211:
Italy, Yugoslavia, and the Controversy Over the Adriatic Region, 1915-1920
1820:
252:
No ethnic group constituted the majority of population of Yugoslavia. The
804:
region of Sandžak. It also parceled out the land previously owned by the
533:
407:
321:
265:
195:
179:
150:(subsequently renamed Yugoslavia) was established by proclamation of the
62:
2143:(in Serbian) (2). Belgrade: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije: 93ā120.
2019:
1914:
1841:"The Ethnicization of Agrarian Reforms: The Case of Interwar Yugoslavia"
604:-speaking residents and approximately 45,000 Hungarians left Vojvodina.
427:
399:
42:
2375:
2320:
2045:(in Serbian) (2). Belgrade: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije: 53ā74.
1919:
722:
702:
572:
108:, the reform was delayed by the question of unresolved border with the
183:
360:
where it and similar relations existed. The decree also provided for
277:
245:
attempting to enforce the Italian territorial award made through the
234:
758:
309:
1708:
1696:
1648:
1612:
1600:
697:
588:
587:. Civil unrest during 1919 and a Hungarian uprising in the city of
445:
285:
261:
139:
105:
25:
Provinces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918ā1922
1590:
1588:
1586:
2190:
The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918ā2005
1962:
1945:
1636:
580:
511:
507:
489:
357:
46:
2278:
738:
2295:
2262:
1980:
1775:
1660:
1583:
1173:
718:
714:
597:
257:
187:
182:. Additions of Vojvodina and Montenegro followed annexation of
89:
2080:
1624:
1420:
1418:
1684:
1040:
1038:
874:
253:
81:
2358:(in Bosnian) (38). Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju: 121ā143.
2064:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-SpoÅecznego āStudia i Praceā
1573:
1571:
468:
argued for internal colonisation along with the land reform.
33:
was a process of redistribution of agricultural land in the
1751:
1415:
1098:
710:
593:
519:
316:
called on a land reform in his manifesto of 6 January 1919.
2376:"Urban Thinkers and Peasant Policy in Yugoslavia, 1918-59"
1357:
1355:
1342:
1340:
1301:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1275:
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1271:
1269:
1233:
1221:
1110:
1062:
1035:
1023:
987:
965:
963:
961:
934:
2298:[Colonization in Croatia Between 1919 and 1941].
2263:"Agrarno pitanje u Dalmaciji izmeÄu dva rata (1918ā1941)"
2066:(38). Warsaw: SzkoÅa GÅĆ³wna Handlowa w Warszawie: 11ā27.
1739:
1568:
1185:
1956:(1). Zagreb: Institut za istraživanje migracija: 27ā42.
1845:
Martor. Revue dāAnthropologie du MusĆ©e du Paysan Roumain
1517:
1457:
1163:
1161:
999:
864:
862:
860:
422:
The Interim Decree exempted the territory of the former
414:
deemed the reform in line with similar processes in the
378:
accepted more radical approach to the reform, while the
1435:
1433:
1403:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1266:
1209:
1197:
1122:
1086:
1074:
1050:
975:
958:
922:
510:
system was in place, where the landowners were largely
1720:
1558:
1556:
1469:
1313:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1146:
1134:
1011:
910:
198:. Those territories were organised as the province of
1445:
1158:
898:
886:
857:
821:
2306:(9). Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest: 85ā164.
2273:(8). Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest: 91ā141.
1505:
1493:
1481:
1430:
1379:
946:
1874:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 213ā248.
1553:
1541:
1529:
1391:
1367:
1245:
1786:(1). Križevci: Povijesno druÅ”tvo Križevci: 25ā39.
1672:
845:
833:
329:, promising land to those voluntarily joining the
1801:"Kolonizacija u meÄuratnoj jugoslavenskoj državi"
2407:
2390:UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
2293:
2260:
1983:[Demographic Strategy of East Croatia].
1714:
1702:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1179:
880:
37:(renamed Yugoslavia in 1929) carried out in the
2239:East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars
539:Association of Serbian Chetniks Petar MrkonjiÄ
431:obstacle to modernisation of Serbian society.
292:(IMRO). In Montenegro, civil war known as the
290:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation
206:inhabited by South Slavs, specifically in the
156:National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
132:National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
102:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation
2296:"Kolonizacija u Hrvatskoj 1919.ā1941. godine"
2114:(4). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge: 447ā462.
354:Prethodne odredbe za pripremu agrarne reforme
96:. Most of the colonists arrived from Serbia.
2014:. Innsbruck: Studienverlag. pp. 47ā62.
194:in the immediate aftermath of the 1912ā1913
16:Agricultural reform in Yugoslavia, 1919ā1941
1773:
1577:
761:was abolished in the province in 1878, but
288:, anti-Yugoslav struggle championed by the
61:(corresponding to the northern part of pre-
2326:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2232:
2134:
1731:sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomson1993 (
1690:
1005:
928:
389:
2193:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2091:(27). Tuzla: Univerzitet FINRA: 143ā156.
2036:
2007:
1981:"Demografska strategija istoÄne Hrvatske"
1961:
1409:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1029:
993:
981:
969:
940:
916:
500:
2370:
2318:
2103:
2078:
2057:
1871:Interwar Easte Central Europe, 1918ā1941
1835:
1757:
1424:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1283:
1215:
1203:
1152:
1140:
1017:
868:
737:
630:
459:
455:
393:
308:
174:(also referred to as Vojvodina) and the
170:. Serbia had annexed the territories of
125:
84:), especially in border regions such as
20:
2349:
1726:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1239:
1227:
2408:
1978:
1943:
1912:
1798:
1745:
1547:
1451:
1191:
1167:
952:
2381:The Slavonic and East European Review
2183:
2155:
2060:"Agrarian reforms in Interwar Europe"
1888:
1863:
1562:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1439:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1260:
904:
892:
851:
839:
827:
673:Association against Bulgarian Bandits
636:Association against Bulgarian Bandits
543:Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists
299:
220:Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
148:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
35:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
2207:
1678:
1774:BaniÄ, Petra; PekliÄ, Ivan (2015).
686:
537:true for organisations such as the
164:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
13:
178:in the immediate aftermath of the
162:state composed of the short-lived
31:land reform in interwar Yugoslavia
14:
2447:
2294:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko, Zdenka (1990).
2261:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko, Zdenka (1989).
1805:Proceedings of the Faculty of Law
495:
384:Temporary National Representation
304:
152:Prince Regent Alexander of Serbia
516:annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
1929:Springer Science+Business Media
728:1920 Croatian Peasant Rebellion
627:Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo
620:
104:and civil unrest elsewhere. In
88:and present-day territories of
2244:University of Washington Press
448:, as the driving force in the
280:resisted the new state in the
233:. Ownership models resembling
1:
2120:10.1080/14623528.2016.1227561
815:
158:, thereby creating a unified
115:
2319:Thompson, Sarahelen (1993).
2107:Journal of Genocide Research
1898:. London: Hurst Publishers.
745:opposed ratification of the
562:
7:
2135:RafailoviÄ, Jelena (2016).
2058:Morawski, Wojciech (2019).
733:
186:, and areas of present-day
10:
2452:
1950:Migracijske i etniÄke teme
1766:
798:
647:which caused thousands of
624:
523:purchased their own land.
464:As a government minister,
398:Villages in the region of
119:
2421:Agriculture in Yugoslavia
2037:MiloÅ”eviÄ, SrÄan (2013).
274:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1895:Serbia: A Modern History
1799:DrakiÄ, Gordana (2008).
172:Banat, BaÄka and Baranja
86:Banat, BaÄka and Baranja
2350:VelagiÄ, Adnan (2009).
2079:MutapÄiÄ, Edin (2011).
1913:Kocsis, KƔroly (1994).
1849:Romanian Peasant Museum
1578:BaniÄ & PekliÄ 2015
406:According to economist
390:Proclaimed social ideal
348:According to historian
218:, and Austro-Hungarian
136:Prince Regent Alexander
2214:. Abingdon-on-Thames:
1813:University of Novi Sad
788:Croatian Peasant Party
750:
639:
557:invasion of Yugoslavia
547:Serbian National Youth
501:Bosnia and Herzegovina
469:
437:creation of Yugoslavia
424:Principality of Serbia
403:
380:People's Radical Party
317:
143:
122:Creation of Yugoslavia
59:Principality of Serbia
26:
2436:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
2167:Duke University Press
1979:MandiÄ, Ivan (1992).
1944:LauÅ”iÄ, Ante (1989).
1821:10.5937/zrpfns42-0068
1715:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1703:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1667:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1655:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1643:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1631:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1619:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1607:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
1595:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1990
1180:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
881:Å imonÄiÄ-Bobetko 1989
768:Allies of World War I
741:
634:
625:Further information:
569:Armistice of Belgrade
463:
456:Internal colonisation
397:
312:
176:Kingdom of Montenegro
129:
24:
2333:(3). New York City:
2216:Taylor & Francis
1993:University of Osijek
450:unification of Italy
343:Bolshevik Revolution
284:, and there was pro-
130:A delegation of the
78:South Slavic peoples
2431:1930s in Yugoslavia
2426:1920s in Yugoslavia
2020:10.25365/rhy-2010-4
1890:Hoare, Marko Attila
1837:Giordano, Christian
1760:, pp. 448ā449.
1748:, pp. 274ā275.
1717:, pp. 115ā116.
1705:, pp. 112ā113.
1693:, pp. 227ā234.
1657:, pp. 104ā105.
1621:, pp. 124ā125.
1609:, pp. 121ā124.
1526:, pp. 466ā468.
1466:, pp. 385ā389.
1427:, pp. 450ā451.
1310:, pp. 136ā140.
1298:, pp. 135ā136.
1242:, pp. 125ā126.
1230:, pp. 122ā123.
1194:, pp. 273ā274.
669:Royal Yugoslav Army
614:population exchange
474:Svetozar PribiÄeviÄ
466:Svetozar PribiÄeviÄ
276:. In South Serbia,
272:or inspired by the
2234:Rothschild, Joseph
2218:. pp. 62ā84.
1107:, pp. 57, 63.
777:Conclusion of the
751:
640:
585:Hungarian language
470:
404:
331:Royal Serbian Army
318:
300:Aims of the reform
294:Christmas Uprising
231:Kingdom of Hungary
144:
142:on 1 December 1918
73:Royal Serbian Army
27:
2300:Povijesni prilozi
2267:Povijesni prilozi
2200:978-0-253-34656-8
2185:Ramet, Sabrina P.
2157:Ramet, Sabrina P.
2029:978-3-7065-4950-9
1881:978-0-367-13570-6
1866:Ramet, Sabrina P.
1847:(19). Bucharest:
1645:, pp. 94ā96.
1478:, pp. 47ā49.
1119:, pp. 57ā58.
1071:, pp. 56ā57.
1047:, pp. 58ā59.
1032:, pp. 49ā50.
996:, pp. 50ā52.
943:, pp. 47ā48.
907:, pp. 46ā48.
895:, pp. 44ā46.
830:, pp. 43ā44.
806:Croatian nobility
779:Treaty of Nettuno
772:Treaty of Rapallo
747:Treaty of Nettuno
726:violence and the
681:Å ahoviÄi massacre
638:fighters in 1920s
610:Branko PetranoviÄ
442:Nikola StojanoviÄ
367:House of Habsburg
168:Kingdom of Serbia
2443:
2401:
2372:Warriner, Doreen
2367:
2346:
2315:
2290:
2257:
2229:
2204:
2180:
2152:
2131:
2100:
2075:
2054:
2033:
2004:
1975:
1965:
1940:
1909:
1885:
1860:
1832:
1795:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1264:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
687:Croatia-Slavonia
665:Vardar Macedonia
376:Democratic Party
337:captured in the
335:prisoners of war
327:Serbian campaign
314:Regent Alexander
247:Treaty of London
212:Croatia-Slavonia
110:Kingdom of Italy
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2302:(in Croatian).
2269:(in Croatian).
2254:
2226:
2201:
2177:
2141:Tokovi istorije
2043:Tokovi istorije
2030:
1987:(in Croatian).
1952:(in Croatian).
1906:
1882:
1811:(3). Novi Sad:
1782:(in Croatian).
1769:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1691:Rothschild 1974
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1267:
1259:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1006:RafailoviÄ 2016
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
929:RafailoviÄ 2016
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
818:
801:
755:Austrian Empire
736:
694:Central Croatia
689:
677:Pirin Macedonia
629:
623:
577:Danube Swabians
565:
503:
498:
458:
412:Doreen Warriner
392:
350:Jozo Tomasevich
307:
302:
282:Kachak Movement
204:Austria-Hungary
192:North Macedonia
124:
118:
94:North Macedonia
80:(predominantly
39:interwar period
17:
12:
11:
5:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2388:(90). London:
2368:
2347:
2316:
2291:
2258:
2252:
2230:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2153:
2132:
2101:
2087:(in Bosnian).
2076:
2055:
2034:
2028:
2005:
1976:
1941:
1910:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1833:
1807:(in Serbian).
1796:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1729:, p. 842.
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1669:, p. 126.
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1597:, p. 159.
1582:
1567:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1514:, p. 198.
1504:
1502:, p. 237.
1492:
1490:, p. 467.
1480:
1468:
1456:
1454:, p. 428.
1444:
1442:, p. 464.
1429:
1414:
1410:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1402:
1390:
1388:, p. 454.
1378:
1366:
1364:, p. 450.
1351:
1349:, p. 452.
1336:
1334:, p. 146.
1324:
1322:, p. 133.
1312:
1300:
1288:
1286:, p. 153.
1265:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 144.
1208:
1206:, p. 143.
1196:
1184:
1182:, p. 115.
1172:
1170:, p. 273.
1157:
1145:
1133:
1129:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2013
1121:
1117:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1109:
1105:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2013
1097:
1093:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1085:
1081:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1073:
1069:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1061:
1057:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1049:
1045:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2013
1034:
1030:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
1022:
1010:
998:
994:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
986:
982:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
974:
970:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
957:
945:
941:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2010
933:
921:
917:MiloÅ”eviÄ 2013
909:
897:
885:
873:
856:
844:
832:
819:
817:
814:
800:
797:
735:
732:
688:
685:
645:Serbianisation
622:
619:
564:
561:
502:
499:
497:
496:Implementation
494:
457:
454:
416:Eastern Europe
391:
388:
339:Russian Empire
306:
305:Interim Decree
303:
301:
298:
120:Main article:
117:
114:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2448:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2253:9780295953571
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2225:9781040124352
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:9780822315483
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:(1). Osijek:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:(4). Berlin:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1905:9781805261575
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:Portmann 2016
1754:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1681:, p. 74.
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:, p. 98.
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1580:, p. 27.
1579:
1574:
1572:
1565:, p. 50.
1564:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1538:, p. 47.
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:Portmann 2016
1421:
1419:
1412:, p. 58.
1411:
1406:
1400:, p. 46.
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1376:, p. 51.
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:Portmann 2016
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:Portmann 2016
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:MutapÄiÄ 2011
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1284:MutapÄiÄ 2011
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1263:, p. 49.
1262:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1216:MutapÄiÄ 2011
1212:
1205:
1204:MutapÄiÄ 2011
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1155:, p. 35.
1154:
1153:Giordano 2014
1149:
1143:, p. 38.
1142:
1141:Giordano 2014
1137:
1131:, p. 69.
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1095:, p. 56.
1094:
1089:
1083:, p. 55.
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1059:, p. 54.
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1020:, p. 60.
1019:
1018:Warriner 1959
1014:
1008:, p. 99.
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
984:, p. 51.
983:
978:
972:, p. 49.
971:
966:
964:
962:
955:, p. 28.
954:
949:
942:
937:
931:, p. 98.
930:
925:
919:, p. 53.
918:
913:
906:
901:
894:
889:
883:, p. 94.
882:
877:
871:, p. 22.
870:
869:Morawski 2019
865:
863:
861:
854:, p. 42.
853:
848:
842:, p. 40.
841:
836:
829:
824:
820:
813:
809:
807:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:Stjepan RadiÄ
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
763:sharecropping
760:
756:
748:
744:
743:Stjepan RadiÄ
740:
731:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
699:
695:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:colonists in
660:
658:
652:
650:
646:
637:
633:
628:
618:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
530:
529:Bosnian Serbs
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
493:
491:
487:
486:autocolonists
483:
482:autokolonisti
478:
475:
467:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
432:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
409:
408:Mijo MirkoviÄ
401:
396:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
371:Vitomir KoraÄ
368:
363:
362:expropriation
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
315:
311:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Cisleithanian
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Slovene Lands
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
137:
133:
128:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
69:
67:
64:
60:
54:
52:
51:sharecropping
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2385:
2379:
2355:
2330:
2324:
2303:
2299:
2270:
2266:
2238:
2210:
2189:
2161:
2140:
2111:
2105:
2088:
2084:
2063:
2042:
2010:
1988:
1984:
1963:10.11567/met
1953:
1949:
1924:
1918:
1894:
1870:
1844:
1808:
1804:
1783:
1779:
1753:
1741:
1727:Thomson 1993
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1550:, p. 5.
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1327:
1320:VelagiÄ 2009
1315:
1308:VelagiÄ 2009
1303:
1296:VelagiÄ 2009
1291:
1240:VelagiÄ 2009
1235:
1228:VelagiÄ 2009
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
948:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
847:
835:
823:
810:
802:
793:
776:
752:
707:
690:
661:
657:Montenegrins
653:
641:
621:South Serbia
606:
566:
554:World War II
551:
525:
504:
485:
481:
479:
471:
433:
421:
405:
353:
347:
341:who saw the
319:
270:Green Cadres
251:
243:Italian Army
224:
200:South Serbia
160:South Slavic
145:
98:
70:
55:
30:
28:
18:
2416:Land reform
2337:: 840ā844.
2279:10.22586/pp
2242:. Seattle:
1931:: 425ā433.
1815:: 265ā277.
1746:DrakiÄ 2008
1548:MandiÄ 1992
1452:Kocsis 1994
1192:DrakiÄ 2008
1168:DrakiÄ 2008
953:LauÅ”iÄ 1989
649:Macedonians
534:Herzegovina
322:land reform
296:broke out.
266:Yugoslavism
196:Balkan Wars
180:World War I
63:World War I
2410:Categories
2165:. Durham:
2085:Tranzicija
1920:GeoJournal
1563:Ramet 2006
1536:Ramet 2006
1524:Hoare 2024
1512:Ramet 1995
1500:GrgiÄ 2020
1488:Hoare 2024
1476:Ramet 2006
1464:Hoare 2024
1440:Hoare 2024
1398:Ramet 2006
1386:Hoare 2024
1374:Ramet 2006
1261:Ramet 2006
905:Ramet 2006
893:Ramet 2006
852:Ramet 2006
840:Ramet 2006
828:Ramet 2006
816:References
723:expatriate
703:perpetuity
573:Hungarians
545:, and the
116:Background
2398:0037-6795
2392:: 59ā81.
2364:0350-1159
2343:0002-9092
2312:0351-9767
2287:0351-9767
2149:0354-6497
2128:1462-3528
2097:1512-5785
2072:2082-0976
2051:0354-6497
2001:1847-2206
1972:1333-2546
1937:0343-2521
1857:1224-6271
1851:: 31ā42.
1829:0550-2179
1792:1332-2567
1679:Repe 2024
683:in 1924.
563:Vojvodina
286:Bulgarian
278:Albanians
235:feudalism
2374:(1959).
2236:(1974).
2187:(2006).
2159:(1995).
1892:(2024).
1839:(2014).
734:Dalmatia
698:Slavonia
596:and the
589:Subotica
446:Piedmont
428:Å umadija
400:Å umadija
262:Slovenes
216:Dalmatia
166:and the
140:Belgrade
134:meeting
106:Dalmatia
43:Å umadija
2356:Prilozi
1995:: 5ā9.
1868:(ed.).
1767:Sources
799:Results
581:Germans
512:Muslims
508:Chiflik
490:Neretva
358:serfdom
239:Ottoman
184:Sandžak
47:serfdom
2396:
2362:
2341:
2310:
2285:
2250:
2222:
2197:
2173:
2147:
2126:
2095:
2070:
2049:
2026:
1999:
1970:
1935:
1902:
1878:
1855:
1827:
1790:
759:corvƩe
719:Istria
715:Kordun
612:, the
602:German
598:Danube
541:, the
258:Croats
188:Kosovo
90:Kosovo
66:Serbia
2335:Wiley
786:-led
520:serfs
254:Serbs
82:Serbs
2394:ISSN
2360:ISSN
2339:ISSN
2308:ISSN
2283:ISSN
2248:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2145:ISSN
2124:ISSN
2093:ISSN
2068:ISSN
2047:ISSN
2024:ISBN
1997:ISSN
1968:ISSN
1933:ISSN
1900:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1853:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1788:ISSN
1780:Cris
1733:help
753:The
721:and
713:and
711:Lika
696:and
594:Sava
575:and
320:The
260:and
190:and
146:The
92:and
49:and
29:The
2275:doi
2116:doi
2016:doi
1958:doi
1817:doi
138:in
2412::
2386:38
2384:.
2378:.
2331:75
2329:.
2323:.
2281:.
2246:.
2169:.
2122:.
2112:18
2110:.
2089:13
2062:.
2022:.
1966:.
1925:32
1923:.
1917:.
1843:.
1823:.
1809:42
1784:17
1585:^
1570:^
1555:^
1432:^
1417:^
1354:^
1339:^
1268:^
1247:^
1160:^
1037:^
960:^
859:^
549:.
249:.
222:.
214:,
210:,
2400:.
2366:.
2345:.
2314:.
2304:9
2289:.
2277::
2271:8
2256:.
2228:.
2203:.
2179:.
2151:.
2130:.
2118::
2099:.
2074:.
2053:.
2032:.
2018::
2003:.
1989:5
1974:.
1960::
1954:5
1939:.
1908:.
1884:.
1859:.
1831:.
1819::
1794:.
1735:)
579:(
484:(
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