1143:
268:
1283:
426:
1228:
1048:
1082:
1738:
1667:
1120:
1179:
1320:
1103:
1249:
1211:
1335:
1065:
63:
1194:
1159:
1304:
1264:
42:
255:
550:
385:
443:
All planarians feed through a muscular and eversible pharynx located slightly posteriorly to the middle of the body length and opening through a ventral mouth. The pharynx is an extensible tube-like organ bearing a complex muscular coat. It specializes as a penetration organ for those planarians that
375:
Although there are over 830 known species of
Geoplanidae in the world, the diversity of land planarians is still poorly known. The highest diversity occurs in tropical forests in South America, Asia and Australia. Europe and North America are relatively species-poor, while the diversity of Africa may
275:
Land planarians are distinguished from their marine and freshwater relatives by their terrestrial habits, as well as by morphological distinctions. Some species have dull colors, including shades of brown and grey, that make them inconspicuous in their environment, but most species are marked by very
795:
Geoplanidae: non-expanded head and multiple eyes. It included three subfamilies: Geoplaninae, with dorsal testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, Caenoplaninae, with ventral testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, and
Pelmatoplaninae, with ventral testicles and weak
192:
Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats. They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine
537:
Some land planarians show hunting behaviour, using chemical signals to detect their prey. Most land planarians have chemical sensory organs in the anterior part of the body, such as sensory pits and epidermal folds which serve as chemical radars for detecting their food. The mucus trails from the
333:
of land planarians has the longitudinal nerve cords reduced to one ventral pair that is located much deeper in the body than in other triclads. These ventral cords are usually connected by many comissures, so that they fuse into a single ventral nerve plate. Additionally, land planarians have a
188:
These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus. They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment.
800:
Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, revealed that
Rhynchodeminae and Microplaninae are not closely related and that Caenoplaninae is closer to Rhynchodeminae than to Geoplaninae. The current classification of land planarian subfamilies is shown in the following phylogenetic tree after
1680:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; BarriÚre, Patrick; Fanai, Crispus; Gey, Delphine; Han, Andrew Wee Kien; La Quay-Velåzquez, Giomara; Lee, Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann; Lefevre, Jean-Marc; Meyer, Jean-Yves; Philippart, David; Robinson, David G.; Thévenot, Jessica; Tsatsia, Francis (2015).
1794:
Sluys, Ronald; Mateos, Eduardo; Riutort, Marta; Ălvarez-presas, Marta (2016). "Towards a comprehensive, integrative analysis of the diversity of
European microplaninid land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Microplaninae), with the description of two peculiar new species".
791:
Rhynchodemidae: non-expanded head and a single pair of eyes. It included two subfamilies: Rhynchodeminae, with subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers grouped into large bundles, and
Microplaninae, with weaker subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers not forming
561:, a family of freshwater planarians (at that time part of the suborder Paludicola). The most recent classification puts both land and freshwater planarians within a single suborder called Continenticola, with land planarians forming a single family, Geoplanidae.
538:
slime of slugs, snails and other planarians orient planarians towards their prey. Different species use different techniques for capturing and immobilizing their prey, such as entrapment with sticky mucus and immobilization by physical force.
444:
feed on arthropods; or as a grasping organ for those planarians that feed on other soft bodied invertebrates such as earthworms. All geoplanidae pharynxes are equipped with glandular secretions that externally digest and dissolve their prey.
317:, which the animal uses to glide over surfaces. Numerous secretory cells open throughout the epidermis, the most characteristic ones being the rhabditogen cells, which produce a secretion in the form of small rod-like structures, the
2087:
Jones, H.D.; Boag, B. (2007). "The distribution of New
Zealand and Australian terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) in the British Islesâthe Scottish survey and MEGALAB WORMS".
291:
that helps them to creep over the substrate. The creeping sole may be wide and flat, occupying most of the ventral surface, or narrow and pronounced, being easily distinguished from the rest of the ventral surface.
1142:
2317:
Santoro, Giulio; Jones, Hugh D. (2001). "Comparison of the earthworm population of a garden infested with the
Australian land flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea alba) with that of a non-infested garden".
557:
Until very recently, land planarians were classified as a suborder within
Tricladida, named Terricola. However, recent phylogenetic studies revealed that they are actually the sister-group of
502:
have been introduced in the
British Isles and are considered to be pest species because they prey upon earthworms and thus may negatively affect soil structure and fertility. Another species,
2439:
Fiore, C.; Tull, J. L.; Zehner, S.; Ducey, P. K. (2004). "Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian
Bipalium adventitium (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes)".
801:Ălvarez-Presas et al., 2008. The old subfamilies Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae have been included as tribes Caenoplanini and Pelmatoplanini inside Rhynchodeminae. Note that
410:
During unfavorable conditions, such as dry seasons, land planarians tend to seek shelter by burrowing in the soil or building a cyst composed of soil particles united by mucus.
1081:
413:
Some species are well adapted to human-disturbed environments and many of those have been introduced in areas outside of their native range. In some localities, such as the
2621:Ălvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà , J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back".
1949:
1571:"Insights into the origin and distribution of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hot spot: a statistical phylogeographic study using a low-dispersal organism"
337:
Contrary to aquatic planarians, land planarians do not have a distinct brain, i.e., there is no clear frontal cluster of nerve cells other than the ventral nerve plate.
1756:
Seitenfus, Ana LĂșcia Ramos; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2004). "Uma introdução Ă morfologia e taxonomia de planĂĄrias terrestres (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola)".
2599:
Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1991). "Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae".
1495:
Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies".
284:, but they lack the anterior tentacles of slugs and the segmentation of leeches. Their size vary greatly, from a few millimeters in length to about one meter.
2482:
Iwai, N.; Sugiura, S.; Chiba, S. (2010). "Prey-tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)".
1282:
1119:
2353:
Murchie, Archie K.; Gordon, Alan W. (2012). "The impact of the 'New Zealand flatworm', Arthurdendyus triangulatus, on earthworm populations in the field".
1047:
2580:
Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1988). "Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae".
1158:
1102:
2846:
287:
The most distinguishing feature that characterizes land planarians is the presence of a creeping sole, a highly ciliated region on the ventral
1378:
Sluys, R.; Kawakatsu, M.; Riutort, M.; Baguñà , J. (2009). "A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)".
1064:
2885:
1178:
1319:
1210:
1248:
1093:
2820:
2009:
Cumming, Meg S. (1995). "Activity patterns of termite-eating land planariansMicroplana termitophaga(Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)".
2964:
2859:
1530:
Carbayo, F.; Leal-Zanchet, A. M.; Vieira, E. M. (2002). "Terrestrial flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) diversity
2396:
Sugiura, Shinji; Yamaura, Yuichi (2008). "Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails".
1227:
334:
highly developed ventral nerve plexus just below the epidermis that is probably associated to the presence of a creeping sole.
1303:
2864:
197:. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil.
784:
In the former suborder Terricola, land planarians were separated into three families according to morphological features:
267:
1334:
1193:
2969:
2799:
2125:"Abundance, reproduction, and feeding of three species of British terrestrial planarians: Observations over 4 years"
2931:
2890:
2044:
Ogren, Robert E. (1955). "Ecological Observations on the Occurrence of Rhynchodemus, a Terrestrial Turbellarian".
403:. Despite being sensitive to dehydration, some species are well adapted to considerably dry environments, such as
2812:
1165:
564:
The following phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009 presents the current classification of planarians:
17:
2872:
1289:
425:
399:
layer, but some may inhabit galleries constructed by other invertebrates or be found on vegetation, such as
417:, the number of introduced land planarian species greatly surpass the number of described native species.
2747:
2742:
2729:
1263:
534:, but has become an even worse pest and today threatens several native snail populations in the Pacific.
62:
1217:
488:
440:
Land planarians are carnivorous and most species are active predators, but some are mainly scavengers.
2936:
2900:
1840:
British Planarians. Platyhelminthes: Tricladida. Keys and notes for the identification of the species
1737:
1666:
1088:
509:
498:
2219:"Predatory behavior of the land flatworm Notogynaphallia abundans (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)"
1687:(Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA"
2669:
1990:
Beauchamp, P. (1913). "Planaires des Broméliacées de Costa Rica Recueillies par Mr C. Picado".
1129:
2923:
2851:
2707:
321:. Rhabditogen cells are very numerous on the dorsal epidermis, but rare on the ventral side.
2913:
486:
Some species of land planarians have become invasive pest species. The New Zealand flatworm
2959:
2768:
2716:
2491:
1234:
1109:
1054:
504:
447:
As part of the soil ecosystem, land planarians feed mainly on other invertebrates, such as
202:
1950:"Global diversity of free living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, "Turbellaria") in freshwater"
8:
1618:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2014).
1200:
259:
194:
2495:
2562:
2515:
2464:
2421:
2378:
2294:
2259:
2199:
2152:
2069:
2022:
1972:
1820:
1721:
1682:
1650:
1619:
1595:
1570:
1551:
1512:
1472:
1419:"Introduction, and ecological and systematic background, to the Terricola (Tricladida)"
1395:
150:
57:
2260:"A taste for exotic food: Neotropical land planarians feeding on an invasive flatworm"
1435:
2908:
2755:
2638:
2554:
2507:
2456:
2413:
2370:
2335:
2299:
2281:
2240:
2191:
2144:
2105:
2061:
2026:
1812:
1726:
1708:
1655:
1600:
227:
2721:
2566:
2519:
2468:
2425:
2235:
2218:
2203:
2156:
1976:
1824:
1569:Ălvarez-Presas, M.; SĂĄnchez-Garcia, A.; Carbayo, F.; Rozas, J.; Riutort, M. (2014).
1516:
1476:
1399:
1133:
313:
of cubic or columnar cells. The cells are ciliated only on a ventral region, called
2760:
2734:
2630:
2546:
2499:
2448:
2405:
2382:
2362:
2327:
2289:
2271:
2230:
2183:
2136:
2097:
2053:
2018:
1964:
1898:
1887:"Phylogenetic relationships of the triclads (Platyhelminthes, Seriata, Tricladida)"
1804:
1716:
1698:
1645:
1635:
1590:
1582:
1555:
1543:
1504:
1464:
1430:
1414:
1387:
1340:
1071:
207:
129:
1808:
2550:
2452:
2187:
514:
235:
211:
2877:
2634:
2807:
2794:
2692:
924:
678:
618:
414:
395:
Most species of land planarians live at the soil of forests, especially in the
364:
330:
214:, and has damaged the endemic land snail fauna. This species has been found in
2658:
2503:
2409:
2366:
2140:
2101:
1968:
1903:
1886:
1859:
sp.nov. (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), a New Land Planarian from Tokyo"
1547:
1508:
1391:
2953:
2558:
2417:
2374:
2339:
2285:
2244:
2195:
2148:
2109:
2065:
2030:
1816:
1712:
964:
909:
359:
223:
2331:
2258:
Boll, Piter K.; Rossi, Ilana; Amaral, Silvana V.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2015).
2642:
2511:
2460:
2303:
1854:
1730:
1659:
1604:
987:
820:
708:
628:
606:
114:
376:
be as high as that of other tropical regions, but is highly understudied.
2833:
2701:
887:
641:
464:
396:
354:
239:
1568:
2535:"Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian"
2276:
2172:"Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian"
2073:
1703:
1586:
1534:
man-induced disturbance in an ombrophilous forest in southern Brazil".
1468:
858:
833:
810:
721:
571:
558:
527:
349:
310:
41:
1640:
254:
2838:
2781:
1348:
663:
493:
472:
448:
400:
369:
306:
288:
231:
104:
74:
2825:
2663:
2534:
2171:
2124:
2057:
788:
Bipaliidae: head expanded in a spatula-like shape and multiple eyes;
2786:
2686:
1418:
1310:
1273:
1169:
981:
813:. Their relocation inside Geoplanidae needs further investigation.
584:
523:
480:
468:
460:
318:
174:
94:
1775:
Schirch, P. F. (1929). "Sobre as planarias terrestres do Brasil".
549:
384:
404:
243:
1793:
1624:
in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now"
1455:
Ogren, R. E. (1995). "Predation behaviour of land planarians".
1239:
519:
476:
219:
215:
84:
1853:
Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Makino, Naoya; Shirasawa, Yasuko (1982).
2773:
1294:
1149:
452:
281:
2620:
2257:
1377:
1344:
531:
456:
277:
1679:
2210:
1529:
1852:
345:
The family Geoplanidae is composed of five subfamilies:
1935:
The invertebrates. II. Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela
1920:
Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola
276:
colorful patterns. At first they may be confused with
2217:
Prasniski, Maria E. T.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana M. (2009).
2216:
1755:
2533:
Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014).
2438:
2170:
Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014).
2163:
1617:
2389:
2046:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
541:Cannibalism has been observed in land planarians.
200:At the other extreme, one species in this family,
2346:
2116:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1412:
420:
52:from the Atlantic rainforests of southern Brazil
2951:
2532:
2481:
2310:
2169:
1673:
391:from the Valdivian rainforests of southern Chile
1751:
1749:
1747:
1075:from a garden in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil.
483:. Some may even feed on other land planarians.
271:A colorful species of the subfamily Bipaliinae.
2598:
2579:
2395:
1837:
1443:
1113:in the SĂŁo Francisco de Paula National Forest.
2352:
2251:
2123:McDonald, Jillian C.; Jones, Hugh D. (2007).
2122:
2080:
1983:
1941:
1922:(in German). Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 540.
1846:
1058:close up under a rock, North California, USA.
222:) in 2013 for the first time, and in 2015 in
2616:
2614:
2316:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1744:
1309:Species of subfamily Bipaliinae in Sarawak,
553:Assorted land planarians from Southeast Asia
544:
2002:
1768:
309:of land planarians is composed by a simple
210:in both disturbed and wild habitats in the
2659:Video of juvenile Land Planarian in Borneo
1947:
1611:
429:A group of land planarians of the species
40:
2611:
2293:
2275:
2234:
2086:
2037:
1989:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1873:
1787:
1720:
1702:
1649:
1639:
1594:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1434:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
2526:
1838:Ball, Ian R.; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981).
1831:
1523:
548:
424:
383:
266:
253:
2432:
2008:
1948:Schockaert, E. R.; et al. (2008).
1774:
14:
2952:
2475:
1483:
1362:
1094:SĂŁo Francisco de Paula National Forest
512:of the introduced giant African snail
2668:
2667:
2623:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2043:
1937:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 550.
1932:
1884:
1562:
1494:
1454:
1164:Unidentified land planarian from the
263:is a land planarian with dull colors.
242:(first record in the Caribbean), and
2901:2d547d77-994d-4b8e-b4ab-193fdccb7be3
2813:f0ff5e90-2c56-4ba8-96fd-31eeb916ec22
796:subepithelial longitudinal muscles.
24:
2023:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05013.x
1863:Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses
1620:"The invasive New Guinea flatworm
1328:in Thomson Nature Park, Singapore.
25:
2981:
2652:
1148:Unidentified land planarian from
324:
2601:Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
2582:Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
1736:
1665:
1333:
1318:
1302:
1281:
1262:
1247:
1226:
1209:
1192:
1177:
1157:
1141:
1118:
1101:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1039:
61:
2592:
2573:
2236:10.1590/S1984-46702009005000011
508:, has been used as an agent of
2965:Taxa named by William Stimpson
1406:
1187:from the Valdivian Rainforest.
421:Feeding and predatory behavior
249:
13:
1:
1842:. Cambridge University Press.
1809:10.1080/14772000.2015.1103323
1683:"The invasive land planarian
1536:Biodiversity and Conservation
1497:Biodiversity and Conservation
1436:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00461-X
1356:
1290:Diversibipalium multilineatum
2551:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312
2453:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001
2188:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312
1797:Systematics and Biodiversity
499:Australoplana sanguinea alba
340:
300:
7:
2635:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032
1758:Acta Biologica Leopoldensia
1221:, the New Zealand flatworm.
10:
2986:
2539:Journal of Natural History
2176:Journal of Natural History
2129:Journal of Natural History
2090:Journal of Natural History
1992:Archives de Zoologie Paris
1918:von Graff, Ludwig (1899).
1891:Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde
1413:Winsor, L.; Johns, P. M.;
1380:Journal of Natural History
1218:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
489:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
379:
295:
2676:
2504:10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4
2410:10.1007/s10530-008-9287-1
2367:10.1007/s10530-012-0309-7
2141:10.1080/00222930701219149
2102:10.1080/00222939600770511
1969:10.1007/s10750-007-9002-8
1933:Hyman, Libbie H. (1951).
1904:10.1163/26660644-05901001
1777:Boletim do Museu Nacional
1392:10.1080/00222930902741669
1257:in the Iberian Peninsula.
1185:Pseudogeoplana reticulata
977:
962:
955:
922:
907:
900:
885:
878:
871:
856:
849:
831:
824:
734:
719:
712:
676:
661:
654:
639:
632:
622:
604:
597:
582:
575:
545:Phylogeny and systematics
433:feeding on a land snail,
431:Endeavouria septemlineata
156:
149:
142:
137:
58:Scientific classification
56:
48:
39:
34:
2970:Platyhelminthes families
1089:Cephaloflexa araucariana
2332:10.1078/0031-4056-00089
1548:10.1023/A:1015865005604
1509:10.1023/A:1008994925673
1255:Rhynchodemus sylvaticus
1126:Notogynaphallia plumbea
510:biological pest control
1885:Sluys, Ronald (1989).
1326:Diversibipalium rauchi
1130:Araucaria moist forest
554:
437:
392:
272:
264:
2441:Behavioural Processes
1204:, the blue planarian.
809:belong to the family
552:
428:
387:
270:
257:
2808:Fauna Europaea (new)
2398:Biological Invasions
2355:Biological Invasions
1685:Platydemus manokwari
1622:Platydemus manokwari
1386:(29â30): 1763â1777.
1235:Platydemus manokwari
1166:Valdivian Rainforest
1110:Luteostriata ernesti
1055:Bipalium adventitium
505:Platydemus manokwari
435:Bradybaena similaris
203:Platydemus manokwari
195:biogeographic realms
193:the distribution of
2496:2010NW.....97..997I
2484:Naturwissenschaften
2223:Zoologia (Curitiba)
1201:Caenoplana coerulea
260:Obama anthropophila
27:Family of flatworms
2545:(17â18): 983â994.
2277:10.7717/peerj.1307
2182:(17â18): 983â994.
2011:Journal of Zoology
1704:10.7717/peerj.1037
1587:10.1038/hdy.2014.3
1469:10.1007/BF00036370
1270:Microplana robusta
1096:, southern Brazil.
555:
438:
393:
273:
265:
177:known commonly as
2947:
2946:
2909:Open Tree of Life
2670:Taxon identifiers
1779:(in Portuguese).
1760:(in Portuguese).
1641:10.7717/peerj.297
1503:(12): 1663â1681.
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
944:
943:
935:
934:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
698:
697:
689:
688:
228:Wallis and Futuna
168:
167:
162:
161:Hallez, 1857
133:
50:Obama burmeisteri
16:(Redirected from
2977:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2878:NHMSYS0021057092
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2665:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2490:(11): 997â1002.
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2135:(5â8): 293â312.
2120:
2114:
2113:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1706:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1542:(6): 1091â1104.
1527:
1521:
1520:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1463:(1â3): 105â111.
1452:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1429:(5â6): 389â404.
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1341:Bipalium Javanum
1337:
1322:
1306:
1285:
1266:
1251:
1230:
1213:
1196:
1181:
1161:
1145:
1122:
1105:
1084:
1072:Obama ladislavii
1067:
1050:
958:
957:
903:
902:
881:
880:
874:
873:
852:
851:
827:
826:
817:
816:
715:
714:
657:
656:
635:
634:
625:
624:
600:
599:
578:
577:
568:
567:
208:invasive species
160:
128:
66:
65:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2672:
2655:
2650:
2619:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2531:
2527:
2480:
2476:
2437:
2433:
2394:
2390:
2351:
2347:
2315:
2311:
2256:
2252:
2215:
2211:
2168:
2164:
2121:
2117:
2085:
2081:
2058:10.2307/3223842
2042:
2038:
2007:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1883:
1874:
1857:Bipalium nobile
1851:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1792:
1788:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1745:
1735:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1616:
1612:
1567:
1563:
1528:
1524:
1493:
1484:
1453:
1444:
1411:
1407:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
945:
936:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
699:
690:
547:
515:Achatina fulica
423:
389:Polycladus gayi
382:
343:
327:
303:
298:
252:
236:Solomon Islands
212:Pacific Islands
179:land planarians
173:is a family of
127:
95:Platyhelminthes
60:
28:
23:
22:
18:Land planarians
15:
12:
11:
5:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2928:
2918:
2905:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2795:Fauna Europaea
2791:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2698:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2649:
2648:
2629:(2): 555â568.
2610:
2591:
2572:
2525:
2474:
2447:(3): 327â334.
2431:
2404:(3): 737â742.
2388:
2361:(3): 569â586.
2345:
2326:(4): 313â328.
2309:
2250:
2229:(4): 606â612.
2209:
2162:
2115:
2096:(7): 955â975.
2079:
2036:
2017:(4): 531â542.
2001:
1982:
1940:
1925:
1910:
1872:
1845:
1830:
1786:
1767:
1743:
1672:
1610:
1581:(6): 656â665.
1561:
1522:
1482:
1442:
1405:
1360:
1358:
1355:
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1353:
1339:
1332:
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1232:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1170:southern Chile
1163:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1140:
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1124:
1117:
1115:
1107:
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1098:
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954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:Rhynchodeminae
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
884:
879:
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713:
711:
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:Dendrocoelidae
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
660:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
638:
633:
631:
623:
621:
619:Continenticola
615:
614:
611:
610:
603:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
581:
576:
574:
566:
546:
543:
422:
419:
415:United Kingdom
381:
378:
373:
372:
367:
365:Rhynchodeminae
362:
357:
352:
342:
339:
331:nervous system
326:
325:Nervous system
323:
302:
299:
297:
294:
251:
248:
206:has become an
183:land flatworms
166:
165:
164:
163:
154:
153:
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2982:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
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2879:
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2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
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2783:
2779:
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2770:
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2762:
2757:
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2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
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2446:
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2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
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2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
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2197:
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2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1994:(in French).
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:Hydrobiologia
1951:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:(4): 236â262.
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1764:(2): 187â202.
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
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1597:
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1557:
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1537:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:Hydrobiologia
1451:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Yeates, G. M.
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1296:
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1284:
1279:
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1256:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1220:
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1212:
1207:
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1202:
1195:
1190:
1186:
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1160:
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1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1116:
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1111:
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1095:
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1074:
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1040:Image gallery
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
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1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
990:
989:
984:
983:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
965:Microplaninae
960:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
910:Caenoplaninae
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
854:
853:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
829:
828:
822:
819:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
681:
680:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
659:
658:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
637:
636:
630:
627:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
560:
551:
542:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
436:
432:
427:
418:
416:
411:
408:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
377:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Microplaninae
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
338:
335:
332:
322:
320:
316:
315:creeping sole
312:
308:
293:
290:
285:
283:
279:
269:
262:
261:
256:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:New Caledonia
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
198:
196:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
158:
157:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
136:
131:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
111:Superfamily:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2677:
2626:
2622:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2323:
2320:Pedobiologia
2319:
2312:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2052:(1): 54â60.
2049:
2045:
2039:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1894:
1890:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1500:
1496:
1460:
1456:
1426:
1423:Pedobiologia
1422:
1408:
1383:
1379:
1325:
1288:
1269:
1254:
1233:
1216:
1199:
1184:
1125:
1108:
1087:
1070:
1053:
988:Romankenkius
986:
980:
978:
963:
923:
908:
886:
857:
845:
832:
821:Geoplanoidea
807:Romankenkius
806:
802:
799:
783:
736:Geoplanidae
735:
720:
709:Geoplanoidea
677:
662:
640:
629:Planarioidea
605:
583:
563:
556:
540:
536:
513:
503:
497:
487:
485:
465:velvet worms
446:
442:
439:
434:
430:
412:
409:
394:
388:
374:
344:
336:
328:
314:
304:
286:
274:
258:
201:
199:
191:
187:
182:
178:
170:
169:
143:
138:Subfamilies
124:
115:Geoplanoidea
49:
35:Geoplanidae
29:
2960:Geoplanidae
2834:iNaturalist
2735:Geoplanidae
2722:Geoplanidae
2708:Geoplanidae
2702:Wikispecies
2678:Geoplanidae
2607:(2): 35â58.
2588:(2): 39â91.
1897:(1): 3â25.
1803:(1): 9â31.
888:Geoplaninae
846:Geoplanidae
642:Planariidae
607:Cavernicola
397:leaf litter
355:Geoplaninae
250:Description
240:Puerto Rico
171:Geoplanidae
125:Geoplanidae
2954:Categories
1357:References
859:Bipaliinae
834:Dugesiidae
811:Dugesiidae
722:Dugesiidae
572:Tricladida
559:Dugesiidae
528:Irian Jaya
494:Australian
473:millipedes
461:nemerteans
449:earthworms
401:bromeliads
350:Bipaliinae
311:epithelium
159:Terricola
105:Tricladida
2559:0022-2933
2418:1387-3547
2375:1387-3547
2340:0031-4056
2286:2167-8359
2270:: e1307.
2245:1984-4670
2196:0022-2933
2149:0022-2933
2110:0022-2933
2066:0003-0023
2031:0952-8369
1963:: 41â48.
1817:1477-2000
1713:2167-8359
1697:: e1037.
1349:Indonesia
1152:, Brazil.
1136:, Brazil.
1092:from the
664:Kenkiidae
496:flatworm
481:arachnids
370:Timyminae
341:Diversity
319:rhabdites
307:epidermis
301:Epidermis
289:epidermis
232:Singapore
230:Islands,
175:flatworms
144:See text
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
2693:Q3112410
2687:Wikidata
2643:18359250
2567:85280766
2520:23021634
2512:20853096
2469:23159802
2461:15518983
2426:44641680
2304:26500817
2204:85280766
2157:85830660
1998:: 41â52.
1977:21471933
1825:87583502
1783:: 27â38.
1731:26131377
1660:24688873
1634:: e297.
1605:24549112
1575:Heredity
1517:38784755
1477:31413150
1417:(1998).
1400:85174457
1311:Malaysia
1274:Portugal
1128:from an
982:Spathula
803:Spathula
792:bundles;
585:Maricola
524:Maldives
492:and the
469:woodlice
405:savannas
151:Synonyms
130:Stimpson
121:Family:
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
2924:5015349
2492:Bibcode
2383:7041377
2295:4614845
2074:3223842
1722:4485254
1651:3961122
1596:4023448
1556:5912963
477:insects
380:Habitat
296:Anatomy
282:leeches
246:, USA.
244:Florida
101:Order:
2937:414975
2921:uBio:
2914:557384
2898:NZOR:
2865:204237
2852:111005
2800:456253
2787:1GEPLF
2748:165614
2641:
2565:
2557:
2518:
2510:
2467:
2459:
2424:
2416:
2381:
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2302:
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2108:
2072:
2064:
2029:
1975:
1823:
1815:
1729:
1719:
1711:
1658:
1648:
1603:
1593:
1554:
1532:versus
1515:
1475:
1398:
1240:France
1134:ParanĂĄ
530:, and
522:, the
520:Hawaii
453:snails
220:France
216:Europe
132:, 1857
2932:WoRMS
2891:52317
2847:IRMNG
2839:84642
2761:7NHN3
2563:S2CID
2516:S2CID
2465:S2CID
2422:S2CID
2379:S2CID
2264:PeerJ
2200:S2CID
2153:S2CID
2070:JSTOR
1973:S2CID
1953:(PDF)
1821:S2CID
1691:PeerJ
1628:PeerJ
1552:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1473:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1295:Italy
1150:Bahia
457:slugs
278:slugs
2886:NCBI
2860:ITIS
2826:6364
2821:GBIF
2782:EPPO
2774:3136
2743:BOLD
2639:PMID
2555:ISSN
2508:PMID
2457:PMID
2414:ISSN
2371:ISSN
2336:ISSN
2300:PMID
2282:ISSN
2241:ISSN
2192:ISSN
2145:ISSN
2106:ISSN
2062:ISSN
2027:ISSN
1813:ISSN
1727:PMID
1709:ISSN
1656:PMID
1601:PMID
1345:Java
805:and
532:Guam
479:and
329:The
305:The
2873:NBN
2769:EoL
2756:CoL
2730:AFD
2717:ADW
2631:doi
2547:doi
2500:doi
2449:doi
2406:doi
2363:doi
2328:doi
2290:PMC
2272:doi
2231:doi
2184:doi
2137:doi
2098:doi
2054:doi
2019:doi
2015:237
1965:doi
1961:595
1899:doi
1805:doi
1717:PMC
1699:doi
1646:PMC
1636:doi
1591:PMC
1583:doi
1579:112
1544:doi
1505:doi
1465:doi
1461:305
1431:doi
1388:doi
1343:in
1293:in
1272:in
1238:in
1168:in
1132:in
518:in
280:or
181:or
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