139:
pattern has to be applied at a particular stock consistency; otherwise the pattern will be lost as the fiber flows back while the stock moves past the dandy (too wet), or fiber will pick out of the stock (too dry), causing surface disruption. As the fiber is displaced, localized areas of higher and lower density are produced in a laid pattern, and the pattern is also created on the paper's surface. The pattern is therefore apparent both as one looks through the sheet and as one views its surface. Applying the laid pattern as a mechanical emboss would not create the ribbed pattern seen on looking through the sheet, as this is achieved only by watermarking techniques.
98:
115:
1119:
1129:
20:
106:
the water out of the newly formed sheet, and a slightly thicker layer of pulp was left across the top of the ribs. In a dried sheet, darker strips can be seen running along these chain lines when the sheet is held to the light. Improvements in mould making in the early 1800s lifted the chain wires slightly, resulting in a more evenly toned sheet.
105:
A further distinction exists between what are called "antique laid" and "modern laid" papers. From the 12th century on, the chain wires of a paper mould were attached directly to wooden ribs in the frame itself. When the frame was pulled from the vat, these ribs produced a slight suction which pulled
93:
around 1756, these screens were made up of thicker, more widely spaced wires around which were woven finer and more tightly packed wires. The traditional laid pattern thus consists of a series of wide-spaced lines (chain lines) parallel to the shorter sides of the sheet and more narrowly spaced lines
138:
is added to handmade papers. While in the wet state, the paper stock (a dilute dispersion of the cellulose fibers in water) is drained on a wire mesh to de-water the stock. During this process, a dandy roll with a laid mesh pattern is pressed into the wet stock, displacing the cellulose fiber. This
85:
fibers, then lift it out, tilt it to spread the pulp evenly over the sieve and, as the water drained out between the wires, shake the mould to lock the fibers together. In the process, the pattern of the wires in the sieve was imparted to the sheet of paper.
142:
In machine-made paper, the chain lines run in the machine direction, along the length of the roll. The grain direction of a sheet (the orientation along which the majority of the cellulose fibers settle) is generally parallel to these chain lines.
46:(from the 12th century into the 19th century), laid paper was the predominant kind of paper produced. Its use, however, diminished in the 19th century, when it was largely supplanted by
1029:
77:
mounted in a rectangular mould to produce a single sheet at a time. A papermaker would dip the mould into a vat containing diluted pulp of
1014:
1009:
178:
1024:
1019:
328:
492:
943:
594:
42:
having a ribbed texture imparted by the manufacturing process. In the pre-mechanical period of
European
890:
811:
203:
422:
218:
557:
1004:
938:
895:
1132:
918:
247:
837:
562:
447:
948:
196:
706:
285:
8:
1041:
867:
321:
260:
134:
to create the laid pattern during the early stages of manufacture, similar to the way a
131:
701:
547:
167:
123:
1069:
614:
457:
348:
174:
1094:
953:
791:
599:
569:
362:
114:
1104:
988:
973:
928:
847:
801:
771:
711:
696:
537:
477:
427:
375:
370:
97:
101:
An example of "antique laid" paper, showing darker regions along the chain lines
1153:
1122:
1079:
766:
731:
507:
482:
417:
314:
579:
1147:
968:
958:
875:
761:
751:
721:
686:
649:
584:
552:
517:
24:
1084:
983:
900:
857:
756:
666:
639:
634:
629:
574:
542:
522:
497:
119:
1099:
1064:
1059:
978:
741:
726:
671:
661:
644:
624:
609:
502:
452:
352:
70:
43:
589:
1036:
963:
885:
842:
816:
806:
736:
716:
691:
619:
532:
512:
90:
47:
1074:
832:
796:
776:
746:
681:
676:
527:
135:
1089:
933:
923:
880:
604:
55:
852:
397:
391:
58:
51:
23:
Laid paper from before the era of machine-made paper—leaf from
786:
781:
487:
337:
82:
74:
39:
78:
169:
Papermaking: The
History and Technique of an Ancient Craft
19:
306:
195:
166:
94:(laid lines) at right angles to the chain lines.
1145:
322:
202:. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP. pp.
384:
329:
315:
64:
113:
96:
18:
193:
73:, paper was made by hand, using a wire
50:. Laid paper is still commonly used by
1146:
164:
126:. Published 1887, digitally restored.
310:
216:
173:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
1128:
160:
158:
156:
130:Modern papermaking techniques use a
109:
244:Circular of the Bureau of Standards
13:
198:A New Introduction to Bibliography
14:
1165:
153:
118:Visible laid pattern effect in a
1127:
1118:
1117:
242:U.S. Dept. of Commerce (1917).
278:
253:
236:
219:"Learning to "read" old paper"
210:
187:
1:
944:Environmental impact of paper
146:
217:Blake, Erin (25 June 2012).
69:Before the mechanization of
7:
246:, No. 70. Washington: GPO.
16:Paper with a ribbed texture
10:
1170:
891:Surface chemistry of paper
394:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
89:Up until the invention of
1113:
1052:
997:
909:
866:
825:
470:
440:
410:
361:
344:
336:
423:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
194:Gaskell, Philip (1972).
939:Elemental chlorine free
896:Units of paper quantity
265:www.merriam-webster.com
919:Bleaching of wood pulp
127:
102:
65:Traditional production
32:
838:Corrugated fiberboard
595:Electrical insulation
448:Thomas Francis Carter
286:"Classic Laid Papers"
165:Hunter, Dard (1978).
117:
100:
22:
290:www.neenahpaper.com
128:
124:Randolph Caldecott
103:
33:
1141:
1140:
466:
465:
458:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
436:
435:
406:
405:
349:Paper engineering
110:Modern production
54:as a support for
1161:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1105:Beverage cartons
1095:Watercolor paper
954:Hollander beater
438:
437:
408:
407:
382:
381:
331:
324:
317:
308:
307:
301:
300:
298:
296:
282:
276:
275:
273:
271:
257:
251:
240:
234:
233:
231:
229:
214:
208:
207:
201:
191:
185:
184:
172:
162:
122:illustration by
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1109:
1048:
993:
989:Sulfite process
974:Paper recycling
929:Conical refiner
911:
905:
862:
848:Paper chemicals
821:
462:
432:
428:Charles Fenerty
402:
380:
376:Missal of Silos
371:Battle of Talas
357:
340:
335:
305:
304:
294:
292:
284:
283:
279:
269:
267:
259:
258:
254:
241:
237:
227:
225:
215:
211:
192:
188:
181:
163:
154:
149:
112:
67:
29:Systema naturae
17:
12:
11:
5:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1005:Paper industry
1001:
999:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Handmade paper
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
872:
870:
868:Specifications
864:
863:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Plastic-coated
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
461:
460:
455:
450:
444:
442:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
420:
418:Matthias Koops
414:
412:
404:
403:
401:
400:
395:
388:
386:
379:
378:
373:
367:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
345:
342:
341:
334:
333:
326:
319:
311:
303:
302:
277:
252:
235:
209:
186:
179:
151:
150:
148:
145:
111:
108:
66:
63:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:United States
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Paper machine
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Kraft process
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
871:
869:
865:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
473:
469:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
443:
439:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
413:
409:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
387:
383:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
366:
364:
360:
354:
350:
347:
346:
343:
339:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
312:
309:
291:
287:
281:
266:
262:
256:
249:
245:
239:
224:
223:The Collation
220:
213:
205:
200:
199:
190:
182:
180:0-486-23619-6
176:
171:
170:
161:
159:
157:
152:
144:
140:
137:
133:
125:
121:
116:
107:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
62:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:is a type of
37:
30:
26:
21:
1070:Papier-mâché
1065:Paper towels
984:Soda pulping
901:Wet strength
702:Photographic
656:
575:Cotton (rag)
548:Construction
293:. Retrieved
289:
280:
268:. Retrieved
264:
261:"Chain line"
255:
243:
238:
226:. Retrieved
222:
212:
197:
189:
168:
141:
129:
120:picture book
104:
88:
68:
35:
34:
28:
1100:Paper money
1060:Lined paper
979:Papermaking
912:and process
910:Manufacture
886:Paper sizes
615:Greaseproof
600:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
453:Dard Hunter
385:Originators
353:Papermaking
71:papermaking
44:papermaking
1037:Paper mill
964:Organosolv
843:Fiber crop
833:China clay
792:Waterproof
692:Paperboard
570:Correction
563:Carbonless
411:Developers
147:References
132:dandy roll
91:wove paper
48:wove paper
36:Laid paper
1090:Notebooks
1075:Cardboard
858:Wood pulp
826:Materials
802:Wood-free
777:Wallpaper
772:Tree-free
712:Red rosin
697:Parchment
682:Onionskin
677:Newsprint
538:Cartridge
533:Cardstock
528:Cardboard
478:Acid-free
136:watermark
1148:Category
1123:Category
1080:Clothing
998:Industry
934:Deinking
924:Calender
881:Grammage
767:Transfer
732:Security
605:Glassine
508:Blotting
483:Air-laid
441:Scholars
206:–58, 60.
59:drawings
56:charcoal
25:Linnaeus
1133:Commons
1085:Tissues
876:Density
853:Papyrus
812:Writing
762:Tracing
752:Thermal
727:Scritta
722:Rolling
687:Origami
650:Butcher
585:Display
553:Contact
518:Bristol
493:Asphalt
398:Damjing
392:Cai Lun
363:History
295:8 April
270:8 April
228:8 April
52:artists
1015:Europe
1010:Canada
757:Tissue
667:Manila
640:Korean
635:Ingres
630:Inkjet
543:Coated
523:Carbon
498:Banana
248:p. 169
177:
31:(1758)
1154:Paper
1025:Japan
1020:India
787:Wasli
782:Washi
742:Stone
672:Mummy
662:Lokta
645:Kraft
625:India
610:Graph
580:CrĂŞpe
503:Bible
488:Amate
471:Types
338:Paper
83:linen
75:sieve
40:paper
1053:Uses
1042:List
817:Xuan
807:Wove
737:Seed
717:Rice
657:Laid
620:Hemp
558:Copy
513:Bond
297:2020
272:2020
230:2020
175:ISBN
79:hemp
797:Wax
747:Tar
81:or
27:'s
1150::
590:DĂł
351:/
288:.
263:.
221:.
204:57
155:^
61:.
330:e
323:t
316:v
299:.
274:.
250:.
232:.
183:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
