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previous two campaigns. The protracted conflict with Abdali led to widespread destruction across the subah and in 1752 Muinul Mulk was finally defeated by Afghan forces. The subah of Lahore was now annexed by the
Afghans, however Muinul Mulk was left in place to govern until his death on 4 November 1753. The Mughals continued to claim authority in the subah and appointed their own governor Mir Momin Khan to challenge Afghan authority, even briefly re-occupying the subah in 1756, however they were quickly defeated. In 1758, the last Governor of the Subah,
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period during Akbar's reign he appointed two governors in case one came to court or fell ill. Akbar further believed, following his experience with the Atka Khail in the Punjab, that it was necessary to regularly transfer governors to avoid them becoming too powerful. As such, for much of its history, governors only served short terms in the subah.
559:
A diwan was in charge of all financial affairs, and all faujdars, jagirdars, zamindars, amins, karoris and qanungoes, were required to refer revenue matters to the diwan. In 1595 the diwan was made independent of the governor, and placed directly under the control of the diwan-i-ala in the central
555:
The subah was ruled by a governor, called a subedar (viceroy). His duties involved maintaining the peace, subduing the northern hill states, hearing cases in court, supervising provincial officers and undertaking works of public utility. Usually a single governor was appointed, however for a brief
468:
Between the dates August 1638 to 1642, Shah Jahan shifted the Mughal court to Lahore owing to his armies that were currently battling the forces of the Shah of Persia over control of the
Kandahar Fort in nearby Afghanistan. Aurangzeb (then a prince) made a brief visit to Lahore on 9 January 1640.
538:
the new Mughal wazir based in Delhi. Despite successfully defeating both rebellions, Muinul Mulk was then attacked by
Durrani for his failure to pay the revenues of the Chahar Mahal. Lacking support from the central government in Delhi, he again enlisted Sikh mercenaries who had aided him in his
501:
and a rebellion by
Hayatullah Khan, son of the late Zakariyah Khan. On 21 March 1747 Hayatullah Khan successfully defeated Yayha Khan in battle. The ousting of Yahya Khan was the first instance of a legitimate appointed governor being displaced in the subah. When his attempts to legitimise his
481:
in 1712, the Mughal Empire was ruled by a succession of rulers influenced by powerful and competing nobles. The erosion of imperial authority soon impacted the provinces where local rulers began to declare independence. The loss of territory, and failure to exert to military influence over the
482:
provinces led to a loss of revenue and financial crisis across the empire. In the Lahore Subah, the tenure of governors increased and began to be seen as a hereditary post. Between 1713 and 1745, the role of governor was held by just two people, father and son, Abdul Samad Khan and
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and his wazir, Qamruddin, led to a delay in appointing a replacement governor. Eventually, Qamruddin was made governor of both the Lahore and Multan subahs, and he nominated first Mir Momin Khan and later Yahya Khan to deputise for him as governor in the two subahs.
1413:
For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal
Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less
563:
A provincial bakshi controlled military affairs. He ensured that the mansabdars fulfilled their duties and issued certificates to that effect. The bakshi was also acted as the official news writer of the subah, reporting all affairs to the central government.
514:. In response, the Mughal government offered to legitimise him and grant him the subahs of Kabul, Kashmir, Thatta, Lahore and Multan if he defeated Durrani, an offer he accepted. In January 1748, Hayatullah Khan was defeated by the Afghans and fled to Delhi.
657:, 1668. The globe itself was manufactured in one piece, so as to be seamless. This complicated process was, if not invented, then certainly perfected, in the Lahore workshop Diya’ ad-din Muhammad worked in. About twenty such
427:. Following the death of Sher Shah's successor, Islam Shah. In 1556, the Sur Empire fragmented into four separate and hostile divisions. The Punjab region came under the control of Sikandar Suri who also controlled Delhi and
356:
and by 1524 he had sacked Lahore. He then appointed representatives to key positions in his newly occupied territories, including Mir Abdul Aziz at Lahore. He went on to take several key hill forts such as
681:. Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed during this period. Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and
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and
Aurangabad to the Afghans. He then faced a rebellion by first Nazir Khan, the Afghan appointed to collect the revenues of the Chahar Mahal, and later Hayatullah Khan, both at the instigation of the
615:
Lahore, along with Delhi, was the most important center of production of military equipment of Mughal empire. In 1757, when the Subah of Lahore came temporarily under control of Ahmed Shah Abdali, the
521:, son of Qamruddin, as governor of Lahore and Multan subahs. Durrani launched a second invasion later in the year resulting in a peace agreement which gave the revenues of the Chahar Mahal, namely
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The Lahore Subah, particularly the city of Lahore, has large number of Mughal Era monuments. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either
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583:, with population of 400,000 to 700,000 in the 17th century. In contrast, only three cities in Europe had population of more than 200,000 in 1600. In his 1670 epic poem
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from Roh. Next he launched campaigns against the
Gakkhars, about whom he suspected of being friendly with the Mughals. During this period, Sher Shah constructed the
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Having occupied Lahore, the
Afghans proceeded to Delhi however were defeated at Sirhind in March 1748. Having seen off the Afghans, the Mughals appointed
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442:, the Hill forts, and remnants of the Afghan establishment. The Gakkhars were co-opted and assimilated into the Mughal polity under Kamal Khan, son of
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813:
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The absence of a strong administration since
Zakariyah Khan's death hindered Yahya Khan. He was forced to deal with increased raiding by
1324:
464:
Painting depicting the arrival of Prince
Aurangzeb at the court of Lahore (9 January 1640) and him being greeted by Shah Jahan, by Murar
587:, English poet John Milton made reference to Lahore as one of the most prosperous cities which Adam saw from the hill of Paradise, "
1322:
New Frontiers of Metallurgy in Archaeology of Punjab Pakistan By Dr Parvaiz Habibullah Educational Press. Pakistan Chowk, Karachi
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Over the next twenty-four year, the Mughals gradually consolidated power in the Punjab. Campaigns followed to subdue local
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Under the Mughals, Delhi and Lahore had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment.
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The death of Zakariyah Khan further hastened the end of Mughal rule in the subah. A conflict between the emperor
411:'Arrival of Humayun in the City of Lahore', illustrated folio from the "third" Akbarnama manuscript, ca.1595–1600
771:
543:, sought assistance from Marathas and expelled Afghans from the province. However, his untimely death caused
1356:
392:. Now lacking resources from the strategically important region, Humayun struggled in his conflict against
17:
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The following is a list of notable governors of Lahore subah appointed by the central Mughal government.
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in 1633. Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the
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reigned between 1628 and 1658 and was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the
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The Origins of Globalization: World Trade in the Making of the Global Economy, 1500-1800
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The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices
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The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices
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position with the Mughal central government failed, Hayatullah Khan allied himself with
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Lahore was also a major centre of production of seamless steel, especially the famous
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in 1641. The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments was raised during reign of emperor
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was appointed, who heard cases, carried out investigations, and delivered judgments.
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Elaborately illustrated map of the Lahore Subah of the Mughal Empire commissioned by
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re-organised his territories into twelve subahs, one of which was the Lahore Subah.
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in 1556 and re-established the Mughal Empire across the Punjab and northern India.
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1117:"Murar - The Arrival of Prince Awrangzeb at the court at Lahore (9 January 1640)"
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Sher Shah instituted a policy of populating the region from Nilab to Lahore with
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A Century of Collecting, 1882-1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries
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A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
653:. In the 17th century, a celestial globe was made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in
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Ali, M. Athar (1970). "PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS UNDER SHAH JAHAN—AN ANALYSIS".
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in 1580. The province ceased to exist after the death of its last viceroy,
450:, half-brother of Akbar launched unsuccessful campaigns to occupy Lahore.
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Under the Mughals, the city of Lahore became one of the largest in the
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Lahore Subah depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
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Husain, Afzal (1970). "Provincial Governors Under Akbar (1580-1605)".
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Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use
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of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by
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431:. However Mughal forces under Humayun defeated Sikandar at the
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1385:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 34.
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India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
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Zwart, Pim de; Zanden, Jan Luiten van (20 September 2018).
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annexed the region up to the Sutlej, an act acquiesced by
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India and the Silk Roads: The History of a Trading World
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The subah of Lahore was bordered on the south by the
705:with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic
283:in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into
1530:
1291:
1389:
631:. This gun was one of the largest ever made in
1512:The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707
1427:"International council on monuments and sites"
597:of Great Mogul — To seat of Mightiest Empires.
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1544:States and territories disestablished in 1758
1380:
1181:
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271:. It was created as one of the original 12
1539:States and territories established in 1580
1478:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1188:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
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1514:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1160:. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1.
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619:was ordered to be cast by Shah Nazir, a
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567:In Lahore, the capital of the subah, a
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1345:. India International Publisher. 2001.
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1342:Metallurgy in India: A Retrospective
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400:. The region now became part of the
369:. By 1526 the whole region from the
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645:Celestial globe § 17th Century
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606:Zamzama Gun (1757), cast in Lahore
25:
1570:
1271:"Dawn Features; December 1, 2003"
1106:
1102:. Central Book Depot. p. 92.
665:during the Mughal Empire.
1084:. Janaki Prakashan. p. 291.
954:, last Mughal governor of Punjab
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717:and the extravagantly decorated
259:and eastern Punjab (present-day
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27:Subdivision of the Mughal Empire
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1298:. Manchester City Art Gallery.
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992:Lally, Jagjeet (1 April 2021),
729:in 1673, as well as the iconic
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344:and took control of the entire
1249:. Cambridge University Press.
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627:viceroy of the Lahore Subah,
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1:
1456:Asian Historical Architecture
1381:Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985).
1100:The Life and Times of Humayun
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380:After Babur's death, his son
547:to again occupy it in 1761.
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7:
1452:"Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate"
1222:. Oxford University Press.
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835:Portrait of Ali Mardan Khan
689:suburb in 1637 by his wife
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332:Establishing Mughal control
287:. Collectively, Lahore and
64:Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil
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862:Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi
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1361:National Museums Scotland
1327:27 September 2007 at the
1292:Timothy Clifford (1983).
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1141:Singh, Surinder (1985).
1098:Prasad, Ishwari (1976).
1065:Singh, Surinder (1985).
1002:Oxford University Press
477:Following the death of
377:was under his control.
263:), now divided between
1080:Shyam, Radhey (1978).
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713:in 1635, and both the
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124:• Disestablished
1156:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
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1145:. Panjab University.
1069:. Panjab University.
1216:Dyson, Tim (2018).
873:Qulij Khan Andajani
639:Steel manufacturing
446:. In 1566 and 1581
114:• Established
104:Early modern period
1004:, pp. 21–46,
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695:whose tomb is also
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340:first crossed the
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1559:History of Punjab
1554:History of Lahore
1521:978-0-19-807742-8
1357:"Celestial globe"
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1229:978-0-19-882905-8
1167:978-81-7824-109-8
1019:978-0-19-758107-0
970:History of Punjab
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827:Notable governors
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317:Kashmir Subah
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289:Multan Subahs
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253:Mughal Empire
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221:Today part of
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173:Mughal Empire
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1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
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1421:
1412:
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
1397:"Short Cuts"
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1382:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
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1335:
1317:
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1265:
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1120:
1099:
1081:
1075:
1066:
997:
944:Moin-ul-Mulk
922:18th century
921:
920:
914:Bahadur Khan
886:Mutamad Khan
868:17th century
867:
866:
843:16th century
842:
841:
838:
733:gate of the
730:
711:Shahi Hammam
672:
669:Architecture
648:
629:Moin-ul-Mulk
614:
588:
578:
566:
562:
560:government.
558:
554:
519:Moin-ul-Mulk
516:
496:
488:
479:Bahadur Shah
476:
467:
452:
437:
414:
396:and fled to
379:
335:
309:Multan Subah
306:
244:
242:
155:Succeeded by
154:
149:
35:Lahore Subah
29:
18:Lahore Subah
1508:Irfan Habib
1484:: 288–319.
1461:28 December
1277:18 November
1194:: 269–277.
907:Dara Shikoh
806:Lahore Fort
735:Lahore Fort
703:Lahore Fort
651:Wootz steel
536:Safdar Jung
448:Mirza Hakim
421:Rohtas Fort
342:Indus River
321:Kabul Subah
313:Delhi Subah
150:Preceded by
91:Subdivision
1533:Categories
1366:15 October
976:References
940:Yahya Khan
917:Izzat Khan
903:Jafar Khan
900:Qulij Khan
889:Khair khan
882:Wazir Khan
699:Shah Jahan
643:See also:
621:metalsmith
551:Government
444:Rai Sarang
402:Sur Empire
1510:(1999) .
1407:19 August
952:Adina Beg
877:Asaf Khan
857:Rai Singh
848:Said Khan
737:in 1674.
723:Aurangzeb
691:Nur Jahan
541:Adina Beg
453:In 1580,
440:Zamindars
388:based in
336:In 1519,
295:Geography
281:Adina Beg
66:, ca.1770
51:1580–1758
1490:44141077
1436:13 April
1432:. UNESCO
1325:Archived
1200:44141074
1126:5 August
959:See also
731:Alamgiri
683:his tomb
611:Weaponry
265:Pakistan
249:province
233:Pakistan
575:Economy
523:Sialkot
510:of the
473:Decline
417:Afghans
386:Humayun
373:to the
354:Khushab
327:History
261:Haryana
251:of the
71:Capital
45:Mughals
1518:
1488:
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725:, the
663:Lahore
659:globes
655:Lahore
625:Mughal
531:Pasrur
527:Gujrat
425:Jhelum
382:Kamran
375:Sutlej
367:Kahlur
359:Kutila
348:up to
273:Subahs
257:Punjab
247:was a
75:Lahore
1486:JSTOR
1430:(PDF)
1196:JSTOR
1082:Babur
675:Delhi
595:Lahor
499:Sikhs
455:Akbar
423:near
398:Kabul
390:Delhi
371:Indus
363:Harur
350:Bhera
338:Babur
277:Akbar
269:India
228:India
41:Subah
1516:ISBN
1463:2017
1438:2015
1409:2016
1368:2020
1300:ISBN
1279:2022
1251:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1128:2023
1014:ISBN
679:Agra
593:and
591:Agra
569:qazi
508:Emir
429:Agra
365:and
352:and
311:and
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243:The
118:1580
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589:To
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