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Island, which allowed a larger amount of seawater exchange. However, very little water exchange occurs at all; every second only 25 cubic metres (6,600 US gal) of water flows into the lagoon. Rainwater from tropical storms and hurricanes is the only significant fresh water the bay receives. The salinity is greatest in the Lower Laguna Madre, where it averages around 45 ppt.
389:. A newer bridge was built in 1974, but part of it collapsed on September 15, 2001, after being hit by a barge, causing eight people to plunge to their deaths and significantly hindering the economy of South Texas. It was rebuilt and reopened in November of that year. Port Isabel had 4,865 residents during the
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near the
Mexican border. As a natural ecological unit, the Laguna Madre of the United States is the northern half of the ecosystem as a whole, which extends into Tamaulipas, Mexico approximately 144 miles (232 km) south of the US border, to the vicinity of the Rio Soto La Marina and the town of
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The reasons for the lagoon's hypersalinity include its isolation from other bodies of water, the lack of a significant river source, and a high rate of evaporation caused by its shallowness and dry climate. Its salinity was even greater before the Port
Mansfield Gulf Channel was dredged on Padre
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The lagoon is shallow and narrow, averaging only 3.6 feet (1.1 m) in depth and 4 miles (6.4 km) to 6 miles (9.7 km) in width. The depth is only 0.66 feet (20 cm) to 1.1 feet (34 cm) in the areas not dredged to form the 12-foot (3.7 m) deep, 138-foot (42 m) wide
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The tourism industry is also a mainstay for communities on the lagoon. Beach-goers must pass the Laguna Madre to reach the prime beaching destination at both North and South Padre
Islands. Fishing has drawn tourists to Port Isabel, where the
337:, over 12,000 years ago. Early peoples obtained oysters from the bay, which were eliminated due to changes in salinity after the full formation of Laguna Madre. The first people to encounter the new lagoon were most likely the nomadic
853:) of shrimp annually, which accounted for 65% of the entire production in Texas. In Port Mansfield, the fishing industry has greatly expanded with the opening of the Port Mansfield Channel, allowing a steady accumulation of red fish,
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was used as a resort for
Spaniards after watersellers came ashore in the late 18th century looking for freshwater supplies. A settlement known as Point Isabel was established at the location in the 1830s, and in 1853, the
558:, which runs the bay's length and joins the upper and lower stretches. Two types of hard reef are found in the lagoon bed and on the shoreline, including beach rock reefs (shell and sand bound by
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The Laguna Madre is one of the most important and unspoiled lagoon ecosystems in Texas. It is also one of the most protected in the United States; 75% of its shores are protected by the
526:, and Bird Island on the eastern Padre Island shore, northeast of the opening of Baffin Bay. The Lower Laguna Madre includes the area south of the Saltillo Flats to the extension of
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is believed to be the first
European to come in contact with Laguna Madre in the early 16th century, and is credited with giving it the name, which is Spanish for "mother lagoon".
424:. The cut allows an influx of seawater into the Lower Laguna Madre to improve the fishing and shipping industry of Port Mansfield. The community had 415 residents in 2000.
857:, and flounder. Because of the bay's environmental protections, very few manufacturing plants have been constructed in the area. Following an environmental campaign, the
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1140:"An Ecological Survey of the Waters of Willacy and Kenedy Counties, Especially Those Waters Which are Affected by the Opening of Port Mansfield Pass and Channel"
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has been held since 1934. Visitors also flock to Bird Island off the western coast of Padre Island, for windsurfing, kayaking, and other water sports.
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Several land grants were handed out by the
Spanish government for ranching near the lagoon. The first was believed to have been given to
578:(ppt), which is above the seawater average of 35 ppt. Because of the high salinity, it holds the distinction as one of the Earth's six
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Laguna Madre was formed about 3,000 years ago, after the stabilization of the sea level on the Texas Coast, culminating in the rise of
285:, which has been dredged through the lagoon. Cumulatively, Laguna Madre is approximately 130 miles (210 km) long, the length of
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for survival. The seagrass of Laguna Madre accounts for 80% of all seagrass found off the Texas Coast; however, it is threatened by
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reefs, common in Baffin Bay, and elsewhere in the system, formed between 300 and 3,000 years ago by the annelid's calcareous tubes.
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393:. To the north, Port Mansfield was established in 1950, at the old fishing community of Red Fish Landing. It was named after
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and an occasional oak tree bent by the wind. The lagoon is split by a 20-mile (32 km) expanse of sand flats, named the
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caused by poor circulation and dredging. An influx of seawater can sometimes replace the vital seagrass with oyster beds.
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to decrease the shipment of oil and gas along the
Intracoastal Waterway, greatly diminishing the chance of a spill.
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on the east. Fish, shrimp and crab, which feed the bird populations, depend on the lagoon and its plentiful beds of
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333:. The Baffin Bay extension is considerably older than Laguna Madre, and formed as a river valley during the
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cement) common south of Baffin Bay due to the occasional shifts in the Laguna Madre coastal shoreline; and
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Laguna Madre is found between the mainland of South Texas and Padre Island. At this location between the
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360:. Cabazos stocked the land with 900 cattle. American ranching settlements developed following the
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Laguna Madre is home to more finfish than anywhere else on the Texas coast, with such species as
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was constructed to overlook the lagoon. The city was named Port Isabel in 1928, and in 1954, the
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farm off Baffin Bay, due to the potential harm to the scenic shores and the bird populations.
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in 1792, which included 500,000 acres (2,000 km) in the area south of Baffin Bay to the
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518:. This part of the lagoon is known as the Upper Laguna Madre and includes the extension of
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La Pesca, extending approximately 275 miles (443 km) through USA and Mexico in total.
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In Laguna Madre, Bird Island Basin is home to a wide variety of birds when wet, including
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in 1957 across Padre Island and redredged in 1962 after work was done to improve the
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This article is about the lagoon in the United States. For the lagoon in Mexico, see
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Frank W. Judd, Richard C.; Bartlett, Richard D.; John W., Jr
Campbell (2002).
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U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System: Laguna Madre
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The Laguna Madre of Texas and
Tamaulipas (Gulf Coast Studies Series, 2)
934:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. xxi, 346 pp.
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in Upper Laguna Madre, Red Fish Bay just below the Saltillo Flats, and
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1253:. Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. Archived from
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industries. In the 1960s, Port Isabel averaged a catch of 3,600,000
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Many fowl migrate and live around the lagoon including 75% of all
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542:, which is found along the shoreline of the King Ranch, south to
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486:, the climate is dry and it is sometimes referred to as the
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Tunnell, Jr. John W. and Frank W. Judd. editors. (2002).
277:. The roughly 20-mile (32 km) long Saltillo Flats
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divides it into Upper and Lower lagoons joined by the
993:. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from
1145:. Texas Coastal Erosion Data Network. Archived from
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and dolphins can be found in the bay, while cattle,
1360:. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. June 3, 2010
1306:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
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1222:. Texas State Historical Association. May 30, 2010
416:in the 1940s. The Port Mansfield Ship Channel was
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455:(dark brown, directly to the left of Baffin Bay)
404:-TX), who introduced the bill that extended the
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1081:"1 year later, causeway solution still debated"
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1354:"Water Body Records for Lower Laguna Madre"
1334:. Texmaps and Carson Map Company, Inc. 2010
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758:ducks. Other birds in the area include the
301:The lagoon's ecosystem is protected by the
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273:, United States. It is one of seven major
1594:Bodies of water of Cameron County, Texas
1589:Bodies of water of Willacy County, Texas
1584:Bodies of water of Kleberg County, Texas
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932:The Laguna Madre of Texas and Tamaulipas
873:have likewise railed against a proposed
620:Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge
538:. Included in the Lower Laguna Madre is
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303:Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge
1579:Bodies of water of Kenedy County, Texas
1574:Bodies of water of Nueces County, Texas
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548:estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas
289:in the US. The main extensions include
275:estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas
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883:Texas International Fishing Tournament
802:can sometimes be seen near the shore.
245:lagoon along the western coast of the
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1196:. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
1079:Brezosky, Lynn (September 15, 2002).
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1138:Breuer, Joseph P. (April 23, 1962).
1119:. Texas State Historical Association
1060:. Texas State Historical Association
1024:. Texas State Historical Association
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1276:Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008).
894:
494:, is usually marked by sand dunes,
368:, which was established in 1847 by
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1569:Geography of Corpus Christi, Texas
985:Blankinship, Randy; Kyle Spiller.
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574:Laguna Madre has a salinity of 36
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1194:Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine
1111:Leatherwood, Art (May 30, 2010).
1052:Garza, Alicia A. (May 30, 2010).
1016:Garza, Alicia A. (May 30, 2010).
512:John F. Kennedy Memorial Causeway
309:, as well as the privately owned
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1188:Patoski, Joe Nick (July 2008).
582:lagoons/bays, the others being
201:280,910 acres (113,680 ha)
16:Hypersaline lagoon in Texas, US
1384:Padre Island National Seashore
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624:Padre Island National Seashore
345:Indians. The Spanish explorer
307:Padre Island National Seashore
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951:Smith, Suzanne; Steve Black.
910:Texas Water Development Board
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108:Show map of the United States
1559:Lagoons of the United States
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372:. The area near present-day
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865:from Corpus Christi to the
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604:Laguna Madre of Tamaulipas
556:Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
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1220:Handbook of Texas Online
1117:Handbook of Texas Online
1058:Handbook of Texas Online
1022:Handbook of Texas Online
991:Texas Parks and Wildlife
837:rely on the fishing and
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534:, and is crossed by the
347:Alonso Ălvarez de Pineda
321:on the lagoon's shores.
1386:. National Park Service
1113:"Port Mansfield, Texas"
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536:Queen Isabella Causeway
383:Queen Isabella Causeway
379:Point Isabel Lighthouse
46:over Lower Laguna Madre
44:Queen Isabella Causeway
1278:"Seawater Composition"
1018:"Kenedy County, Texas"
905:"Laguna Madre Estuary"
602:in Australia, and the
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1257:on September 24, 2010
959:. University of Texas
590:on the west coast of
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406:Intracoastal Waterway
283:Intracoastal Waterway
21:Laguna Madre (Mexico)
1054:"Port Isabel, Texas"
957:Texas Beyond History
863:oil and gas pipeline
708:smooth butterfly ray
622:to the west and the
588:Laguna Ojo de Liebre
354:JosĂŠ NicolĂĄs Cabazos
241:is a long, shallow,
1531:TrinityâSan Jacinto
1332:The South Texas Map
821:, and many others.
819:American white ibis
807:black-necked stilts
688:Atlantic midshipman
398:Joseph J. Mansfield
151: /
1564:Estuaries of Texas
1500:East Matagorda Bay
1456:Estuaries of Texas
1087:. Associated Press
811:roseate spoonbills
772:long-billed curlew
736:southern stargazer
576:parts per thousand
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464:Lower Laguna Madre
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449:Upper Laguna Madre
387:South Padre Island
230:South Padre Island
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867:Rio Grande Valley
792:white-tailed deer
768:roseate spoonbill
740:southern stingray
680:southern kingfish
664:southern flounder
560:calcium carbonate
488:Wild Horse Desert
335:Pleistocene epoch
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172:Ocean/sea sources
155:26.750°N 97.417°W
78:Show map of Texas
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1380:"Birdwatching"
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1328:"Laguna Madre"
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1282:Marine Science
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516:Corpus Christi
508:Saltillo Flats
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474:(light green)
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454:
453:Laguna Salada
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1518:Brazos River
1474:Laguna Madre
1473:
1411:
1408:Laguna Madre
1390:September 1,
1388:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1250:
1224:. Retrieved
1219:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1154:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1057:
1026:. Retrieved
1021:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:the original
990:
961:. Retrieved
956:
953:"Baffin Bay"
946:
931:
926:
914:. Retrieved
908:
879:
875:wind turbine
855:brown shrimp
849:; 4,000,000
828:
815:great egrets
804:
753:
732:common snook
728:gray snapper
644:blue catfish
641:
617:
608:
596:Spencer Gulf
586:in Ukraine,
573:
552:
540:Red Fish Bay
500:prickly pear
480:Nueces River
477:
468:Red Fish Bay
463:
448:
370:Richard King
351:
343:Coahuiltecan
331:Padre Island
328:
300:
287:Padre Island
269:Counties in
239:Laguna Madre
238:
236:
218:Laguna Vista
198:Surface area
102:Laguna Madre
72:Laguna Madre
42:View of the
31:Laguna Madre
25:
1511:Cedar Lakes
1507:San Bernard
916:February 7,
845:(3,500,000
831:Port Isabel
788:Sea turtles
632:brown tides
580:hypersaline
532:Port Isabel
414:Brownsville
391:2000 census
374:Port Isabel
362:Mexican War
315:Port Isabel
279:land bridge
243:hypersaline
222:Port Isabel
210:Settlements
158: /
133:Coordinates
1553:Categories
1468:Rio Grande
1287:January 9,
889:References
851:short tons
744:tripletail
720:sheepshead
656:black drum
524:Kingsville
520:Baffin Bay
492:King Ranch
484:Rio Grande
466:(yellow),
451:(yellow),
441:Baffin Bay
437:Alazan Bay
366:King Ranch
358:Rio Grande
311:King Ranch
291:Baffin Bay
126:Gulf Coast
1489:Guadalupe
1410:from the
871:Activists
847:long tons
839:shrimping
672:houndfish
614:Ecosystem
600:Shark Bay
528:South Bay
472:South Bay
339:Karankawa
295:South Bay
1251:GulfBase
1226:June 14,
1123:June 15,
1091:June 15,
1028:June 15,
963:June 16,
825:Industry
782:and the
692:mojarras
684:ladyfish
660:red drum
628:seagrass
564:Serpulid
482:and the
447:(pink),
428:Features
305:and the
118:Location
1364:June 8,
1338:June 5,
1261:June 5,
1200:June 5,
1156:July 2,
1064:June 9,
1001:June 5,
800:bobcats
756:redhead
700:pinfish
470:(red),
422:jetties
418:dredged
325:History
267:Cameron
263:Willacy
259:Kleberg
146:97°25â˛W
143:26°45â˛N
1479:Nueces
1415:Online
1310:
938:
843:tonnes
796:nilgai
584:Sivash
255:Kenedy
251:Nueces
121:South
1150:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
780:egret
776:crane
750:Birds
530:near
522:near
496:yucca
408:from
271:Texas
184:Basin
123:Texas
1509:and
1392:2009
1366:2010
1340:2010
1308:ISBN
1289:2010
1263:2010
1228:2010
1202:2010
1158:2010
1125:2010
1093:2010
1066:2010
1030:2010
1003:2010
965:2010
936:ISBN
918:2020
833:and
798:and
742:and
638:Fish
598:and
341:and
317:and
265:and
237:The
514:in
412:to
249:in
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1356:.
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1192:.
1166:^
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1101:^
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1038:^
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1068:.
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920:.
402:D
400:(
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