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cells lost their ability to support LDV even though they could support other viruses. When other mouse tissues were tested it was found that peritoneal macrophages consistently yielded the highest virus titers. Further studies have shown that in the first twenty-four hours after infection of a macrophage there is very rapid virus replication; this rate gradually falls off to a very low level but continues as long as the macrophage continues to divide. The viremia arises because LDV lyses the cell after replication. The virus is most commonly found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin. The main effect of the virus on the host cell is to increase the activity of certain plasma enzymes; this increase in activity is not directly related to the level of viral infectivity, but does depend on the balance between rate of entry and rate of clearance and evidence leans more heavily towards the rate of clearance. In the plasma, LDH consists of five isoenzymes and LDV generally only has an effect on LDH A4. Another effect only occurs in the C58 and AKR type mice and involves destruction of lower motor neurons producing age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis. Other effects of the virus include a temporary fall in the total white blood cell count that lasts for twenty-four hours after infection.
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weight of 18,000, and VP3 is a heterogeneous glycoprotein of molecular weight 15,000. The envelope is extremely labile and tends to slough off; this characteristic is indicated by its extreme sensitivity to detergent treatment. The virus has a density of 1.13g/mL and the nucleocapsid has a density of 1.17g/mL in a sucrose density gradient. LDV has been shown to mature by budding through the intracytoplasmic membrane. The virions have four structural proteins which include a nucleocapsid protein, a non-glycosylated envelope protein, a major envelope glycoprotein, and a minor envelope glycoprotein.
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mother to her fetus during pregnancy; however, this mode is much less likely in a chronically infected mother mouse. The mother can also spread the virus to her young through her milk. Studies with male mice have shown that they seldom transmit the virus; however, when an infected male fathers a litter with an uninfected female, there are more females in the litter than would be expected, and none of them are infected. However, this is controversial; some believe that it can be spread thought sexual contact. Other modes include fighting and cannibalism.
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and PP1ab. These polyproteins are thought to be cleaved into 12 products. The virus contains a nucleocapsid that is spherical with a diameter of 35 ± 4 nm. This is then enclosed in an envelope to create a smooth surface. The envelope consists of two proteins, VP2 and VP3. VP2 has a molecular
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transplantation. This occurred even before the tumors were obvious clinically. In further investigations, they found that cell-free plasma from tumor-bearing mice was sufficient to cause this increase, which indicated that the agent was small, and further investigation showed that it was a virus.
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As mentioned before, LDV has a very high specificity. Studies have shown that LDV is not only host specific, but cell specific as well. The first cells it was shown to replicate in were primary mouse embryo cell cultures, but these cultures had to be freshly explanted. After about seven days the
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Because the virus causes persistent viremia, virus in the bloodstream, it can be spread by blood-sucking ectoparasites. This is the theory for spread of virus in feral or wild mice which have been found to be infected in Europe, America, and
Australia. Another method of transmission is from the
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LDV was discovered in 1960 by Dr. Vernon Riley and his colleagues while they were working with plasma enzymes in tumor-bearing mice. They found that many types of transplantable tumors caused a five to tenfold increase in the plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity within three days of the
441:"Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus Replication Persists in Liver, Spleen, Lymph Node, and Testis Tissues and Results in Accumulation of Viral RNA in Germinal Centers, Concomitant with Polycolonal Activation of B Cells"
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LDV has a genome that consists of single stranded positive sense RNA that is 14.1kb long. The genome is dominated by two large open reading frames,
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216:(LDH). LDV has a remarkably narrow cell type specificity, meaning nothing homologous with LDV in mice has been found in another species.
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and only slightly harms the immune system. The main clinical sign is an increased level of the plasma enzyme
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439:
Anderson, Grant W.; Raymond R. R. Rowland; Gene A. Palmer; Chen Even; Peter G. W. Plagemann (August 1995).
490:"Structure and Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus and its RNA"
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356:"The Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus Capsid Protein is a Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Protein"
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in animals and cause a variety of diseases. LDV specifically causes lifelong persistent
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Mohammadi, Hakimeh; Shayan Sharif; Raymond R. Rowland; Dongwan Yon (11 June 2009).
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Brinton-Darnell, Margo; Peter G. W. Plagemann (August 1975).
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409:. Charles River Technical Sheet. Archived from
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246:and ORF1ab; these code for two polyproteins,
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163:Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV)
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404:"Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus"
308:"Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus"
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278:"Taxonomy browser (Variarterivirinae)"
578:Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
548:Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
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451:(8). Journal of Virology: 5177–5185.
172:Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus
306:Rowson, K.E.K.; B.W.J. Mahy (1985).
500:(2). Journal of Virology: 420–433.
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457:10.1128/JVI.69.8.5177-5185.1995
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174:(LDV) constitutes the species
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506:10.1128/JVI.16.2.420-433.1975
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321:10.1099/0022-1317-66-11-2297
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196:also includes the family of
180:which is part of the family
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312:Journal of General Virology
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372:10.1007/s00705-009-0410-0
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177:Gamamaarterivirus lacdeh
200:. Arteriviruses infect
146:Gammaarterivirus lacdeh
23:Gammaarterivirus lacdeh
210:does not harm the host
214:lactate dehydrogenase
360:Archives of Virology
282:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30:Virus classification
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540:Taxon identifiers
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332:. Archived from
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133:Gammaarterivirus
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418:. Retrieved
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338:. Retrieved
334:the original
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285:. Retrieved
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255:Pathogenesis
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229:Transmission
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192:. The order
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85:Pisuviricota
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43:(unranked):
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572:Wikispecies
202:macrophages
194:Nidovirales
189:Nidovirales
109:Nidovirales
420:2011-05-06
340:2011-05-06
287:2021-06-17
264:References
186:and order
238:Structure
220:Discovery
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
635:Category
605:11460136
563:Q6468976
557:Wikidata
494:J. Virol
445:J. Virol
390:19517211
155:Synonyms
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
524:1171266
475:7609091
381:7087266
330:3903045
206:viremia
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
592:741076
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618:11048
600:IRMNG
414:(PDF)
407:(PDF)
244:ORF1a
54:Realm
47:Virus
613:NCBI
520:PMID
471:PMID
386:PMID
326:PMID
248:PP1a
587:EoL
510:PMC
502:doi
461:PMC
453:doi
376:PMC
368:doi
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316:doi
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