631:
781:
1139:
1750:
1588:
1545:
1502:
40:
754:
62:
767:
978:
917:
in
Northern Africa, tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Central America, and Australia. Its possible native distribution in South America and different parts of Australasia is unclear, as many species in those regions, poorly known, might in fact belong to
801:. The milk or latex emerging from bruised flesh is often white or cream, but more vividly coloured in some species; it can change upon exposition or remain unchanged. Fruitbodies are small to very large, gilled, rather fleshy, without
2629:
Mushroom collecting in
Tanzania and Hunan (Southern China): Inherited wisdom and folklore of two different cultures. In: Tropical Mycology: Macromycetes (eds. Watling R, Frankland JC, Ainsworth AM, Isaac S, Robinson
2627:
2025:
1947:
902:). The habitat and especially the type of host tree can also be critical. While there are some easily recognizable species, other species can be quite hard to determine without microscopical examination.
994:
While most species display a preference towards either broadleaf or coniferous hosts, some are more strictly associated with certain genera or species of plant hosts. A well-studied example is that of
898:) are: initial colour of the latex and color change, texture of cap surface, taste (mild, peppery, or bitter) of latex and flesh, odor, and microscopical features of the spores and the cap cuticle (
1010:
1949:
Diversity and ecology of tropical ectomycorrhizal fungi in Africa. In: Tropical
Mycology: Macromycetes (eds. Watling R, Frankland JC, Ainsworth AM, Isaac S, Robinson CH.)
1261:
817:
328:, their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus
3000:
Doljak, B.; Stegnar, M.; Urleb, U.; Kreft, S.; Umek, A.; CiglariÄŤ, M.; Ĺ trukelj, B.; PopoviÄŤ, T. (2001). "Screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms".
2087:
2637:
926:. Several species have also been introduced with their host trees outside their native range, e.g. in South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
2034:
1956:
883:, as well as closed (angiocarpous) and sequestrate fruitbodies. All known annulate and pleurotoid (i.e., laterally stiped) milk-caps, on the contrary, belong to
653:
1195:, are generally not considered edible, at least raw, but are nevertheless consumed in some regions, e.g. in Finland. Some small, fragrant species, such as the "
1112:
species are considered late-stage colonizers, that means, they are generally not present in early-colonizing vegetation, but establish in later phases of
1004:
2910:
2027:
Agarics and boletes of neotropical oakwoods. In: Tropical
Mycology: Macromycetes (eds. Watling R, Frankland JC, Ainsworth AM, Isaac S, Robinson CH.)
2796:
Anke H, Bergendorff O, Sterner O (1989). "Assays of the biological activities of guaiane sesquiterpenoids isolated from the fruit bodies of edible
2216:
805:, often depressed or even funnel-shaped with decurrent gills. Cap surface can be glabrous, velvety or pilose, dry, sticky or viscose and is often
3246:
809:. Several species have pits (scrobicules) on the cap or pileus surface. Dull colors prevail, but some more colorful species exist, e.g. the blue
3298:
1161:
notably ranks among the most highly valued mushrooms in the
Northern hemisphere, while opinions vary on the taste of other species, such as
3132:
879:
characters known so far that define both genera unequivocally but tendencies exist: zonate and viscose to glutinose caps are only found in
3045:
1373:
Lee, Hyun; Wissitrassameewong, Komsit; Smythe, Jim; Myung Soo, Park; Verbeken, Annemieke; Eimes, John; Lim, Young Woon (2019-05-10).
2294:
3220:
3259:
2365:
1895:
1865:
1106:). For most tropical species, host plant range is poorly known, but species in tropical Africa seem to be rather generalist.
607:
has to be applied only to a smaller number of species, containing mainly tropical, but also some temperate milk-caps such as
3264:
841:
ornamentation in the form of more or less prominent warts or spines, connected by ridges, like other members of the family
2874:
Wood WF; Brandes JA; Foy BD; Morgan CG; Mann TD; DeShazer DA. (2012). "The maple syrup odour of the "candy cap" mushroom,
2099:
703:
Some additional species, all tropical, do not seem to fall into these subgenera and occupy more basal positions within
3097:
1427:
630:
3334:
680:
is a subject of ongoing research. Three subgenera are currently accepted and supported by molecular phylogenetics:
3303:
797:
The eponymous "milk" and the brittle consistency of the flesh are the most prominent field characters of milk-cap
1822:
825:
color is white to ocher or, in some cases, pinkish. Some species have angiocarpous, i.e., closed fruitbodies.
3285:
1173:. Several species are reported to be regularly collected for food in Russia, Tanzania and Hunan, China. Some
2937:
2177:
Dunstan WA, Dell B, Malajczuk. (1998). "The diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with introduced
3119:
3106:
1189:. There are, however, no deadly poisonous mushrooms in the genus. Bitter or peppery species, for example
913:
is one of the most prominent genera of mushroom-forming fungi in the
Northern hemisphere. It also occurs
164:
3367:
2591:
Twieg BD, Durall DM, Simard SW (2007). "Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests".
1347:
944:. As such, they are dependent on the occurrence of possible host plants. Confirmed habitats apart from
3339:
2725:
Guerin-Laguette A.; Cummings N.; Butler R.C.; Willows A.; Hesom- Williams N.; Li S.; Wang Y. (2014). "
2156:
2062:
1709:"Tales of the unexpected: angiocarpous representatives of the Russulaceae in tropical South East Asia"
61:
3313:
1278:
1226:
355:
184:
140:
3212:
2705:
State of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in
Finland. Second Finnish National Report
1749:
1587:
1544:
1501:
1138:
780:
709:
541:
339:
3059:
3251:
2293:
Geml J, Laursen GA, Timling I, McFarland JM, Booth MG, Lennon N, Nusbaum C, Tayler DL (2009).
603:
could be retained for the bigger genus with many well-known temperate species, while the name
2210:
2120:
Vellinga EC, Wolfe BE, Pringle A (2009). "Global patterns of ectomycorrhizal introductions".
1113:
1036:
168:
3326:
3168:
2677:
1317:
1293:
1285:
1191:
1169:
1157:
1143:
1102:
1092:
914:
635:
615:
595:
370:
360:
157:
48:
1823:"Species Fungorum (version September 2014). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life"
651:, in the strict sense, contains some species with closed (angiocarpous) fruitbodies, e.g.
8:
2664:
Suortti T, von Wright A, Koskinen A (1983). "Necatorin, a highly mutagenic compound from
2337:
1333:
1118:
1072:
1062:
1042:
1016:
982:
965:
3199:
2681:
639:
is one of the milk-caps with closed fruitbodies that are phylogenetically nested within
3362:
3025:
2982:
2856:
2758:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2527:
2488:
2461:
2400:
2329:
2198:
1733:
1708:
1406:
1052:
838:
772:
729:
609:
560:
235:
191:
56:
2689:
2408:
3321:
3155:
3137:
3017:
3013:
2817:
2813:
2750:
2608:
2604:
2532:
2469:
2404:
2392:
2321:
2317:
2295:"Molecular phylogenetic biodiversity assessment of arctic and boreal ectomycorrhizal
2137:
2133:
1984:
1891:
1861:
1769:
1738:
1680:
1410:
1309:
1082:
941:
798:
758:
3029:
2986:
2762:
2577:
2489:"Comparative phylogenies and host specialization in the alder ectomycorrhizal fungi
2202:
586:(see phylogeny, right). In the course of these taxonomical rearrangements, the name
3160:
3009:
2974:
2929:
2891:
2848:
2809:
2742:
2704:
2685:
2600:
2563:
2522:
2512:
2453:
2384:
2333:
2313:
2268:
2252:
2247:
2231:
2190:
2129:
1728:
1720:
1672:
1605:
1574:
1531:
1488:
1396:
1386:
1325:
1301:
1209:
is one of the few ectomycorrhizal mushrooms that has been successfully cultivated.
1185:
1179:
1163:
987:
957:
945:
846:
811:
785:
20:
3124:
2733:
in New
Zealand: towards the development of innovative gourmet mushroom orchards".
2724:
2429:
2181:
spp. in the
Southern Hemisphere, with particular reference to Western Australia".
544:
uncovered that, while macromorphologically well-defined, milk-caps were in fact a
3111:
1047:
802:
753:
307:
3290:
2428:
Nuytinck J; Verbeken A; Rinaldi AC; Leonardi M; Pacioni G; Comandini O. (2004).
1375:"Taxonomic revision of the genus Lactarius (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in Korea"
1126:, will rather occur in early stages. Several species have preferences regarding
3207:
2714:(Report). Sastamala, Finland: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. p. 14.
2712:
Country Report on the State of Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
1915:
1798:
Buyck B, Verbeken A (1995). "Studies in tropical African Lactarius species, 2:
1391:
1374:
938:
591:
300:
103:
2895:
2746:
2388:
1676:
3356:
3082:
2299:
Pers. (Russulales; Basidiomycota) in Alaska, based on soil and sporocarp DNA"
1724:
1222:
659:
93:
2517:
3021:
2933:
2754:
2612:
2536:
2473:
2396:
2325:
2141:
1742:
1706:
1684:
1401:
876:
665:
579:
365:
177:
149:
39:
2821:
2552:"Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in jack pine stands following wildfire"
2194:
849:(flesh) contains spherical cells that cause the brittle structure. Unlike
766:
246:
3233:
3147:
3091:
2961:
Harmon AD, Weisgraber KH, Weiss U (1979). "Preformed azulene pigments of
1983:
Le HT, Stubbe D, Verbeken A, Nuytinck J, Lumyong S, Desjardin DE (2007).
1097:
899:
842:
822:
311:
123:
2427:
776:
showing a reticulate (net-like) ornament with an amyloid stain reaction.
390:
3225:
2978:
2860:
2465:
2269:"Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity: separating the wheat from the chaff"
2088:"Contrasting evolutionary patterns in two sister genera of macrofungi:
1707:
Verbeken A; Stubbe D; van de Putte K; Eberhardt U; Nuytinck J. (2014).
1579:
1562:
1536:
1519:
1493:
1472:
1196:
977:
970:
871:
566:
550:
501:
449:
330:
113:
3050:
by L. R. Hesler and Alexander H. Smith, 1979 (full text of monograph).
3238:
3194:
3181:
2776:
1826:
1243:
1200:
1130:
and humidity, which will determine the habitats in which they occur.
545:
374:
was accepted as the new type of the genus after the splitting-off of
73:
3277:
3053:
2852:
2457:
1372:
3272:
3186:
3076:
1266:
296:
1116:. However, species symbiotic with early colonizing trees, such as
857:
also have lactiferous, i.e. latex-carrying hyphae in their trama.
322:") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus
1256:
1230:
1127:
1077:
1067:
475:
324:
2911:"Two new pigments from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete
2873:
1604:
Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Eberhardt U, Verbeken A, Kauff F (2008).
1603:
699:: Northern temperate region, tropical Africa, and tropical Asia.
1860:. Guide Delachaux (in French). Paris: Delachaux & Niestlé.
1123:
1057:
1030:
961:
949:
806:
83:
3173:
2176:
1470:
687:: Northern temperate region, three species in tropical Africa.
2835:
Rapior S, Fons F, Bessière JM (2000). "The fenugreek odor of
1087:
995:
953:
386:
319:
303:
292:
257:
220:
205:
2292:
395:
1415:
To date, 583 Lactarius species have been recorded globally
2663:
1024:
subgenera. Other examples of specialized associations of
1020:), some of which even evolved specificity to one of the
1982:
2999:
2486:
2795:
2266:
2060:
1217:
Different bioactive compounds have been isolated from
890:
Characters important for identification of milk-caps (
2960:
2363:
1471:
Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Verbeken A, Walleyn R (2010).
875:
based on morphology alone is difficult; there are no
2702:
2119:
2063:"New and interesting agarics from Western Australia"
1563:"Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16"
1272:
968:, mesoamerican tropical oak forests, and Australian
837:
species have elliptical, rarely globoid spores with
713:
from tropical Africa with an odd brown spore color.
2718:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
2834:
2590:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1855:
1650:
1420:
622:
3354:
2438:sp. and molecular phylogeny of related European
2359:
2357:
2154:
2080:
1840:
1767:
762:exuding cream-colored latex from gills upon cut.
2487:Rochet J, Moreau PA, Manzi S, Gardes M (2011).
2423:
2421:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1477:nom. cons. (Basidiomycota) with conserved type"
736:. It is estimated that a significant number of
657:described from Zambia. The angiocarpous genera
401:
2965:(Schw.) Fries (Russulaceae, Basidiomycetes)".
2908:
2696:
2659:
2657:
2023:
2019:
2017:
1885:
1874:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
922:, which has a more tropical distribution than
720:are recognised, while the angiocarpous genera
693:: Northern temperate region and tropical Asia.
647:Phylogenetic analyses have also revealed that
2354:
2056:
2054:
1945:
1797:
1651:Eberhardt U, Verbeken A (2004). "Sequestrate
1556:
1554:
2619:
2418:
2215:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2170:
2113:
1932:
1756:
1639:
1513:
1511:
2654:
2625:
2267:Rinaldi AC, Comandini O, Kuyper TW (2008).
2260:
2229:
2014:
1691:
1599:
1597:
1560:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1450:
345:
2954:
2828:
2543:
2480:
2223:
2051:
1909:
1907:
1888:Le guide des champignons: France et Europe
1551:
1453:Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum
1444:
1183:, which contains a mutagenic compound, or
38:
2909:Yang XL, Luo DQ, Dong ZJ, Liu JK (2006).
2584:
2567:
2549:
2526:
2516:
2364:Comandini O, Contu M, Rinaldi AC (2006).
2251:
1978:
1976:
1791:
1732:
1578:
1535:
1517:
1508:
1492:
1400:
1390:
1368:
1366:
860:
716:Currently, over 600 species of the genus
590:was conserved for the genus with the new
318:, are characterized by the milky fluid ("
2902:
2867:
2789:
2286:
1814:
1594:
1459:
1147:for sale on a market in Barcelona, Spain
1137:
976:
779:
765:
752:
629:
2703:Veteläinen M, Huldén M, Pehu T (2008).
1904:
1289:- saffron milk-cap or red pine mushroom
3355:
2157:"Checklist of Russulaceae from Brazil"
2148:
1973:
1913:
1363:
789:is one of the most strikingly colored
3058:
3057:
2769:
2155:SĂ MC, Baseia IG, Wartchow F (2013).
1520:"Report of the General Committee: 11"
3314:1fa41bc3-fc6b-48b2-8aed-1c8b70124d8f
2967:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1890:(in French). Paris: Editions Belin.
1820:
548:genus; as a consequence, the genera
3047:North American species of Lactarius
2884:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
2232:"The Russulaceae of New Zealand 1.
310:species. The species of the genus,
13:
3002:Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
2636:. pp. 149–165. Archived from
2569:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb04309.x
1177:are considered toxic, for example
828:
748:
14:
3379:
3039:
2777:"Edible Forest Fungi New Zealand"
2061:Miller OK Jr; Hilton RN. (1986).
1858:Champignons de France et d'Europe
1337:- dark purple or creamy brown cap
1273:A selection of well-known species
998:, which have several specialized
815:or the orange species of section
3014:10.1097/00001721-200103000-00006
2605:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x
2318:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04192.x
2134:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02728.x
1955:. pp. 11–21. Archived from
1856:Courtecuisse R, Duhem B (2013).
1748:
1586:
1543:
1500:
1265:exhibits inhibitory activity on
1233:have been isolated from colored
740:species remain to be described.
535:according to Buyck et al. 2008.
60:
2993:
2033:. pp. 1–10. Archived from
2024:Halling RE, Mueller GM (2002).
1916:"MushroomExpert.com: The genus
1768:Verbeken A, Nuytinck J (2013).
1606:"Walking the thin line between
1250:
905:
2253:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430170
1655:species from tropical Africa:
743:
519:Phylogenetic relationships of
1:
2690:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97723-9
2240:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1886:Eyssartier G, Roux P (2011).
1357:
676:Systematics within the genus
669:are phylogenetically part of
2814:10.1016/0278-6915(89)90145-2
2802:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1946:Verbeken A, Buyck B (2002).
1229:, and mutagenic substances.
1212:
1133:
707:. This includes for example
570:, together with some former
402:Placement within Russulaceae
7:
1341:
578:also represents the likely
564:was moved to the new genus
19:For the genus of fish, see
10:
3384:
2501:(Basidiomycota) in Europe"
1392:10.1007/s13225-019-00425-6
1276:
962:tropical African shrubland
929:
18:
3066:
2896:10.1016/j.bse.2012.02.027
2747:10.1007/s00572-014-0570-y
2389:10.1007/s00572-006-0047-8
1989:in Northern Thailand: 2.
1677:10.1017/S0953756204000784
1279:List of Lactarius species
1262:Lactarius badiosanguineus
1199:", are sometimes used as
966:tropical Asian rainforest
498:
472:
446:
429:
422:
415:
356:Christian Hendrik Persoon
197:
190:
183:
176:
155:
148:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
2505:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1781:Scripta Botanica Belgica
1770:"Not every milkcap is a
1725:10.3767/003158514X679119
1297:- false saffron milk-cap
937:belongs to a lineage of
346:Systematics and taxonomy
334:has been separated from
3098:Lactarius (Russulaceae)
2518:10.1186/1471-2148-11-40
1800:Lactarius chromospermus
986:mainly associates with
542:Molecular phylogenetics
2934:10.1002/hlca.200690103
2922:Helvetica Chimica Acta
2370:ectomycorrhizal fungi"
1473:"Proposal to conserve
1148:
991:
861:Species identification
794:
777:
763:
644:
385:" is derived from the
340:molecular phylogenetic
2430:"Characterization of
2195:10.1007/s005720050215
1141:
980:
783:
769:
756:
633:
623:Relationships within
599:; this way, the name
306:, containing several
2913:Lactarius deliciosus
2727:Lactarius deliciosus
2626:Härkonen M. (2002).
2230:McNabb RFR. (1971).
1665:Mycological Research
1561:Norvell LL. (2011).
1451:Persoon CH. (1797).
1318:Lactarius torminosus
1294:Lactarius deterrimus
1286:Lactarius deliciosus
1155:species are edible.
1144:Lactarius deliciosus
636:Arcangeliella crassa
596:Lactarius torminosus
158:Lactarius torminosus
49:Lactarius torminosus
2682:1983PChem..22.2873S
2434:ectomycorrhizae on
2432:Lactarius tesquorum
1671:(Pt 9): 1042–1052.
1334:Lactarius trivialis
1011:L. brunneohepaticus
983:Lactarius pyrogalus
378:as separate genus.
2979:10.1007/BF02003967
2876:Lactarius fragilis
2550:Visser S. (1995).
2166:: online 125: 303.
1580:10.1002/tax.601023
1537:10.1002/tax.604026
1518:Barrie F. (2011).
1494:10.1002/tax.591031
1149:
992:
942:obligate symbionts
795:
778:
773:Lactarius alnicola
764:
728:have not yet been
645:
610:Lactifluus volemus
558:, and the species
3368:Russulales genera
3350:
3349:
3322:Open Tree of Life
3060:Taxon identifiers
2676:(12): 2873–2874.
2666:Lactarius necator
2312:(10): 2213–2227.
2306:Molecular Ecology
2236:DC ex S. F. Gray"
1897:978-2-7011-5428-2
1867:978-2-603-02038-8
1614:: the dilemma of
1321:- woolly milk-cap
1310:Lactarius quietus
1305:- indigo milk-cap
1237:species, such as
1221:species, such as
946:temperate forests
833:Microscopically,
759:Lactarius quietus
539:
538:
513:
512:
487:
486:
461:
460:
354:was described by
284:
283:
277:
269:
261:
250:
239:
224:
209:
144:
3375:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3291:NHMSYS0001485971
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3055:
3054:
3034:
3033:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2963:Lactarius indigo
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2936:. Archived from
2919:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2837:Lactarius helvus
2832:
2826:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2407:. Archived from
2374:
2366:"An overview of
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2336:. Archived from
2303:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2276:Fungal Diversity
2273:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2004:Fungal Diversity
2001:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1825:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1661:L. dolichocaulis
1648:
1637:
1636:
1629:Fungal Diversity
1626:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1530:(4): 1211–1214.
1515:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1394:
1379:Fungal Diversity
1370:
1326:Lactarius turpis
1302:Lactarius indigo
1223:sesquiterpenoids
1002:symbionts (e.g.
956:, mediterranean
812:Lactarius indigo
786:Lactarius indigo
710:L. chromospermus
425:
424:
418:
417:
411:
410:
406:
405:
364:as the original
275:
267:
256:
245:
234:
219:
204:
139:
65:
64:
42:
28:
27:
21:Lactarius (fish)
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3062:
3042:
3037:
2998:
2994:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2917:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2868:
2853:10.2307/3761565
2833:
2829:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2723:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2593:New Phytologist
2589:
2585:
2556:New Phytologist
2548:
2544:
2485:
2481:
2458:10.2307/3762063
2426:
2419:
2411:
2372:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2301:
2291:
2287:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2207:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2122:New Phytologist
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1981:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1914:Kuo M. (2011).
1912:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1796:
1792:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1705:
1692:
1649:
1640:
1624:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1559:
1552:
1542:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1469:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1402:1854/LU-8620961
1371:
1364:
1360:
1344:
1329:- ugly milk-cap
1281:
1275:
1253:
1215:
1136:
948:include arctic
932:
908:
865:Distinguishing
863:
831:
829:Micromorphology
751:
749:Macromorphology
746:
628:
554:was split from
514:
488:
462:
404:
348:
301:ectomycorrhizal
280:
172:
161:
138:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3088:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3040:External links
3038:
3036:
3035:
2992:
2953:
2928:(5): 988–990.
2901:
2866:
2847:(2): 305–308.
2827:
2808:(6): 393–397.
2788:
2768:
2741:(7): 511–523.
2717:
2695:
2670:Phytochemistry
2653:
2618:
2599:(2): 437–447.
2583:
2562:(3): 389–401.
2542:
2479:
2452:(2): 272–282.
2417:
2414:on 2016-03-04.
2383:(6): 381–395.
2353:
2285:
2259:
2222:
2169:
2147:
2128:(4): 960–973.
2112:
2079:
2050:
2013:
1972:
1931:
1903:
1896:
1873:
1866:
1839:
1813:
1790:
1755:
1690:
1657:L. angiocarpus
1638:
1620:Ochricompactae
1593:
1550:
1507:
1458:
1443:
1419:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1313:- oak milk-cap
1306:
1298:
1290:
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1252:
1249:
1214:
1211:
1135:
1132:
1037:L. cistophilus
939:ectomycorrhiza
931:
928:
907:
904:
862:
859:
830:
827:
750:
747:
745:
742:
701:
700:
694:
688:
654:L. angiocarpus
627:
621:
537:
536:
516:
515:
511:
510:
507:
506:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
485:
484:
481:
480:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
455:
454:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
403:
400:
347:
344:
282:
281:
279:
278:
270:
262:
251:
240:
225:
210:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
185:c. 583 species
181:
180:
174:
173:
162:
153:
152:
146:
145:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
104:Agaricomycetes
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2943:on 2014-10-06
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:Pinus radiata
2728:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2643:on 2014-10-06
2639:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2343:on 2015-09-10
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2102:on 2014-10-06
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2040:on 2014-10-06
2036:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1962:on 2014-10-06
1958:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:on 2020-05-13
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:sp. nov. and
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:L. deliciosus
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1207:L. deliciosus
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:L. torminosus
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:L. deterrimus
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:L. deliciosus
1154:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:L. deterrimus
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:L. deliciosus
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:boreal forest
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
927:
925:
921:
916:
912:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:synapomorphic
874:
873:
868:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
804:
800:
792:
788:
787:
782:
775:
774:
768:
761:
760:
755:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Arcangeliella
719:
714:
712:
711:
706:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:
679:
674:
672:
668:
667:
662:
661:
660:Arcangeliella
656:
655:
650:
642:
638:
637:
632:
626:
620:
618:
617:
616:Lf. vellereus
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
509:
508:
505:
504:
503:
496:
495:
492:
491:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
469:
466:
465:
457:
456:
453:
452:
451:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
434:
427:
426:
420:
419:
413:
412:
408:
407:
399:
397:
393:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:
371:L. torminosus
367:
363:
362:
358:in 1797 with
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
274:
271:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
170:
166:
160:
159:
154:
151:
147:
142:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Basidiomycota
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3067:
3046:
3008:(2): 123–8.
3005:
3001:
2995:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2945:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2925:
2921:
2912:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2780:. Retrieved
2771:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2698:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2645:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2628:
2621:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2409:the original
2380:
2376:
2367:
2345:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2309:
2305:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2262:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2211:cite journal
2189:(2): 71–79.
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2093:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2042:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2026:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1964:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1948:
1923:. Retrieved
1917:
1887:
1857:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1816:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1716:
1712:
1668:
1664:
1663:comb. nov".
1660:
1656:
1652:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1570:
1566:
1527:
1523:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1452:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1422:
1414:
1382:
1378:
1349:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1251:Pharmacology
1242:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1119:L. pubescens
1117:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1073:L. pyrogalus
1071:
1063:L. pubescens
1061:
1051:
1043:L. tesquorum
1041:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:L. lilacinus
1015:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
988:common hazel
981:
969:
934:
933:
923:
919:
910:
909:
906:Distribution
895:
891:
889:
884:
880:
870:
866:
864:
854:
850:
834:
832:
816:
810:
796:
790:
784:
771:
757:
737:
733:
726:Zelleromyces
725:
721:
717:
715:
708:
704:
702:
697:Plinthogalus
696:
690:
684:
677:
675:
670:
666:Zelleromyces
664:
658:
652:
648:
646:
640:
634:
624:
614:
608:
604:
600:
594:
592:type species
587:
583:
580:sister group
575:
571:
565:
559:
555:
549:
546:paraphyletic
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
500:
499:
474:
473:
448:
447:
432:
431:
430:
389:
382:
380:
375:
369:
366:type species
361:L. piperatus
359:
351:
349:
335:
329:
323:
315:
299:-producing,
287:
286:
285:
276:Earle (1909)
272:
268:Earle (1909)
264:
254:Lactariopsis
253:
242:
231:
227:
216:
212:
201:
156:
150:Type species
134:
133:
47:
31:
25:
3234:iNaturalist
3092:Wikispecies
1995:Plinthogali
1573:: 223–226.
1487:: 447–453.
1455:(in Latin).
1428:"MycoBank:
1385:: 275–335.
1225:, aromatic
1053:L. blennius
900:pileipellis
843:Russulaceae
823:Spore print
799:fruitbodies
744:Description
730:synonymized
561:L. furcatus
368:. In 2011,
273:Hypophyllum
243:Lactariella
124:Russulaceae
3357:Categories
2947:2014-09-28
2800:species".
2782:2014-09-28
2735:Mycorrhiza
2647:2014-09-28
2377:Mycorrhiza
2347:2014-09-28
2183:Mycorrhiza
2106:2014-09-27
2094:Lactifluus
2076:: 126–137.
2044:2014-09-28
1966:2014-09-28
1925:2014-09-28
1833:2014-09-27
1810:: 427–442.
1787:: 162–168.
1437:2014-09-28
1358:References
1350:Lactifluus
1197:candy caps
1114:succession
1083:L. quietus
1005:L. alpinus
971:Eucalyptus
920:Lactifluus
896:Lactifluus
885:Lactifluus
872:Lactifluus
770:Spores of
691:Russularia
605:Lactifluus
576:Multifurca
567:Multifurca
551:Lactifluus
529:Multifurca
525:Lactifluus
502:Lactifluus
450:Multifurca
381:The name "
376:Lactifluus
350:The genus
342:evidence.
331:Lactifluus
232:Galorrheus
217:Lactifluus
114:Russulales
90:Division:
3363:Lactarius
3195:FloraBase
3112:Lactarius
3068:Lactarius
2973:: 54–56.
2890:: 51–53.
2841:Mycologia
2798:Lactarius
2499:Lactarius
2446:Mycologia
2440:Lactarius
2405:195074078
2297:Lactarius
2246:: 46–66.
2234:Lactarius
2164:Mycotaxon
2090:Lactarius
1993:subgenus
1991:Lactarius
1987:Lactarius
1918:Lactarius
1821:Kirk PM.
1804:Mycotaxon
1802:Pegler".
1772:Lactarius
1719:: 13–24.
1713:Persoonia
1653:Lactarius
1612:Lactarius
1475:Lactarius
1430:Lactarius
1411:149443885
1244:L. indigo
1235:Lactarius
1227:volatiles
1219:Lactarius
1213:Chemistry
1201:flavoring
1186:L. helvus
1180:L. turpis
1175:Lactarius
1164:L. indigo
1153:Lactarius
1134:Edibility
1110:Lactarius
1028:are with
1026:Lactarius
1000:Lactarius
974:forests.
935:Lactarius
924:Lactarius
911:Lactarius
892:Lactarius
881:Lactarius
867:Lactarius
855:Lactarius
835:Lactarius
818:Deliciosi
791:Lactarius
738:Lactarius
734:Lactarius
718:Lactarius
705:Lactarius
685:Piperites
678:Lactarius
671:Lactarius
649:Lactarius
641:Lactarius
625:Lactarius
601:Lactarius
588:Lactarius
584:Lactarius
574:species.
556:Lactarius
521:Lactarius
433:Lactarius
383:Lactarius
352:Lactarius
338:based on
336:Lactarius
316:milk-caps
314:known as
288:Lactarius
265:Gloeocybe
247:J.Schröt.
178:Diversity
135:Lactarius
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
32:Lactarius
3273:MycoBank
3208:Fungorum
3145:BioLib:
3138:60015515
3133:AusFungi
3077:Wikidata
3030:28411589
3022:11302474
2987:21207966
2763:13077838
2755:24676792
2613:17888121
2578:85061542
2537:21306639
2491:Alnicola
2474:21148854
2397:16896800
2326:19389163
2203:32374410
2142:19170899
2010:: 61–94.
1743:25264381
1685:15506016
1635:: 15–40.
1348:List of
1342:See also
1267:thrombin
1231:Pigments
1151:Several
1034:shrubs (
915:natively
312:commonly
297:mushroom
230:subdiv.
228:Agaricus
213:Agaricus
202:Lactaria
192:Synonyms
165:Schaeff.
120:Family:
70:Domain:
3340:1457089
3252:1320923
3226:2532156
3083:Q748899
2880:rubidus
2861:3761565
2822:2792969
2678:Bibcode
2528:3045908
2466:3762063
2334:8274584
2282:: 1–45.
2070:Sydowia
1734:4150074
1616:Russula
1608:Russula
1352:species
1257:extract
1128:soil pH
1058:birches
930:Ecology
851:Russula
839:amyloid
572:Russula
533:Russula
476:Russula
325:Russula
130:Genus:
110:Order:
100:Class:
3327:522236
3311:NZOR:
3265:168555
3187:1LACTG
3125:122166
3028:
3020:
2985:
2859:
2820:
2761:
2753:
2611:
2576:
2535:
2525:
2511:: 40.
2495:Alpova
2472:
2464:
2436:Cistus
2403:
2395:
2368:Cistus
2332:
2324:
2201:
2140:
1894:
1864:
1741:
1731:
1683:
1618:sect.
1409:
1100:(e.g.
1096:), or
1090:(e.g.
1080:(e.g.
1070:(e.g.
1060:(e.g.
1050:(e.g.
1031:Cistus
996:alders
958:maquis
950:tundra
845:. The
807:zonate
531:, and
308:edible
260:(1901)
249:(1898)
238:(1818)
223:(1801)
215:sect.
208:(1797)
171:(1821)
143:(1797)
3335:WoRMS
3304:34444
3278:17895
3247:IRMNG
3239:54597
3213:17895
3200:38699
3174:16730
3161:9H84D
3148:59992
3026:S2CID
2983:S2CID
2941:(PDF)
2918:(PDF)
2878:var.
2857:JSTOR
2759:S2CID
2708:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2634:(PDF)
2574:S2CID
2462:JSTOR
2442:taxa"
2412:(PDF)
2401:S2CID
2373:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2330:S2CID
2302:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2179:Pinus
2160:(PDF)
2066:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
2031:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1625:(PDF)
1567:Taxon
1524:Taxon
1481:Taxon
1407:S2CID
1124:birch
1122:with
1088:pines
1068:hazel
1048:beech
1022:Alnus
869:from
847:trama
732:with
387:Latin
320:latex
304:fungi
293:genus
291:is a
258:Henn.
221:Pers.
206:Pers.
141:Pers.
84:Fungi
3299:NCBI
3260:ITIS
3221:GBIF
3182:EPPO
3120:APNI
3018:PMID
2818:PMID
2751:PMID
2729:and
2630:CH.)
2609:PMID
2533:PMID
2497:and
2470:PMID
2393:PMID
2322:PMID
2217:link
2138:PMID
2092:and
1892:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1739:PMID
1681:PMID
1610:and
1040:and
952:and
894:and
803:veil
724:and
663:and
613:and
396:milk
169:Gray
3286:NBN
3169:EoL
3156:CoL
3107:AFD
3010:doi
2975:doi
2930:doi
2892:doi
2882:".
2849:doi
2839:".
2810:doi
2743:doi
2686:doi
2668:".
2601:doi
2597:176
2564:doi
2560:129
2523:PMC
2513:doi
2454:doi
2385:doi
2314:doi
2248:doi
2191:doi
2130:doi
2126:181
1729:PMC
1721:doi
1673:doi
1669:108
1575:doi
1532:doi
1489:doi
1397:hdl
1387:doi
1259:of
1255:An
1241:or
1167:or
1098:fir
1086:),
1078:oak
1076:),
1066:),
1056:),
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398:".
394:, "
391:lac
295:of
236:Fr.
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