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concessionaires, and the
British crown. Robert Coryndon, who was brought in from north-western Rhodesia as resident commissioner in that year, sought to take a hard line with Labotsibeni, Malunge, and those whom he described as ‘the Zombodze faction’. He was not, however, able to get support from his superiors for a plan to depose Labotsibeni and replace her by Mona, the infant heir. After a year in office Coryndon described Labotsibeni as ‘a woman of extraordinary diplomatic ability and strength of character, an experienced and capable opposition with which it was for some time incapable of dealing’ (Jones, 402). Prince Malunge was the effective leader of a Swazi deputation to London, which met the colonial secretary, Lord Elgin, in February 1908. They got little or no redress on the land issue, apart from a disputed, and subsequently dishonoured, promise that they would be able to buy back the crown land. Three years after the return of the deputation, Labotsibeni and Malunge became, with the consent of Coryndon, the prime movers behind a national fund to buy back land—a move that seems to have drawn a little of the bitterness from the issue.
451:. There was some tension between the two rulers, which lasted until Tibati's death in October 1895, but by 1894 Labotsibeni had emerged as the stronger of the two. She played a leading role in opposition to the third Swaziland convention of 1894, which provided for the establishment, in February 1895, of a Transvaal protectorate over Swaziland. This replaced the tripartite system of administration involving Great Britain, the Transvaal, and the Swazi nation, that had been set up in 1890. It also represented a concession by the British to the claims of the Transvaal over Swaziland, though they were not prepared to allow Swaziland's incorporation into the Transvaal. It was at this time that Labotsibeni emerged as a remarkably intelligent, articulate, and astute spokesperson for the Swazi nation; she dominated the debate at indabas, and got the better of the argument at meetings with such representatives of the Transvaal as the vice-president, N. J. Smit, and the commandant-general, Piet Joubert, as well as with the republic's special commissioner in Swaziland, J. C. Krogh, and successive British consuls in Swaziland, James Stuart and
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the supernatural power to make rain. Her position was strengthened by the reckless behaviour of Bhunu, who established his own base at
Mampondweni in the Mdzimba mountains above Zombodze. When he was implicated in the murder of Labotsibeni's senior induna, Mbhabha Nsibandze, and two other indunas, at Zombodze in April 1898, the Transvaal administration sought to bring him to trial. Accompanied by his brother, Malunge, he fled across the border into the British colony of Natal. He was saved from deposition by the intervention of the British high commissioner in South Africa, Lord Milner, who held that the Transvaal's attempt to try him was ultra vires. He returned to Swaziland under British protection and a commission of inquiry imposed a fine on him, holding that he had allowed disorderly behaviour within his kingdom. Britain and the Transvaal then combined to add a protocol to the Swaziland convention that purported to reduce his status from king to paramount chief, and removed his powers of criminal jurisdiction.
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many subjects. Labotsibeni was reported in 1914 as saying that ‘as
Swaziland would no doubt enter the Union at some future date she was in sympathy with any efforts tending towards the betterment of the conditions under which Union natives live, and for this reason her son Malunge had become a member of the Native Congress’ (Macmillan, 294–5). Prince Malunge attended the conference that was held by the South African Natives National Congress in Kimberley in February 1914 to discuss the response to the Land Act, and was treated as the most distinguished delegate. He and Labotsibeni were close to two of the prime movers in the founding of the congress, the lawyers
372:— hence her name. This conflict, in which her father was embroiled at the time of her birth, was part of King Mswati II’s ongoing efforts to solidify his rule and consolidate the boundaries of his kingdom. Notably, the Mdluli clan, to which she belonged, was among the high-ranking members of the Swati aristocracy. This distinguished lineage would later become significant in determining the succession to the throne when one of her sons emerged victorious. Her father passed away circa 1870, and she came under the guardianship of her uncle, the Chief, also known as her 'babe mncane' in Swati culture. Chief Mvelase, who also resided at the royal court of
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did not live long to enjoy untrammelled power: he died two months later at
Zombodze on 10 December. Labotsibeni now became queen regent as well as queen mother and acted in the name of Bhunu's son, Mona, also known as Nkhotfotjeni, who was chosen to succeed at the age of six months; he eventually became paramount chief, and later King Sobhuza II. It was widely believed that Labotsibeni would have preferred her second son, Malunge, a handsome, intelligent, eloquent, and able young man, to succeed Bhunu. His succession would have avoided a very long minority, but it would have been an unacceptable break with Swazi custom.
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late 1880s. By the time of his death in
October 1889 he had granted numerous overlapping and conflicting land concessions, and a variety of equally contentious monopolies, including one which purported to give its holder the right to collect ‘the king's private revenue’. Critics alleged that many of these were granted in exchange for greyhounds and gin, but a good deal of money changed hands, much of it finding its way into the pockets of corrupt white advisers, including the egregious and venal Theophilus ‘Offy’ Shepstone, the eldest son of Sir
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475:. During this period she adopted the habitual stance of a Swazi monarch. While leaning towards the British, she sought to preserve Swaziland as a neutral space and maintained a diplomatic relationship with the South African Republic's forces. She was largely successful in keeping Swaziland out of the war. Exceptional incidents were Thinthitha Dlamini's attack on a party from the Piet Retief commando near Hlatikhulu in February 1901, and General
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knowledge of his mother's strength of character. It is said that King
Mbandzeni had himself recommended her to be the mother of his heir. In the early years of Bhunu's minority Labotsibeni had to take second place to Tibati, who served as queen regent. While Tibati remained at the royal homestead of Nkanini, Labotsibeni established a new headquarters for her son a few kilometres away at
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in 1916 to
Lovedale, a school run by the United Free Church of Scotland at Alice in the Cape, which he attended for three years. In 1919 she decided that he should be withdrawn from school and prepared for his installation as king. She transferred authority to him in the presence of the resident commissioner,
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Labotsibeni's last major contribution as queen regent was her insistence, in spite of some opposition, that Mona, the heir to the throne, should receive the best education then available to a black person in southern Africa. After primary education at the Swazi
National School at Zombodze he was sent
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Labotsibeni's husband, King
Mbandzeni (also known as Dlamini IV) was described as an attractive person, and an essentially fair-minded ruler, who was unable to stop, and may indeed have encouraged, the army of concession-hunters who invaded his country in the wake of the gold rush to Barberton in the
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Historian Hilda Kuper notes that growing up in the royal palace afforded her the advantage of acquiring “knowledge of court etiquette, insights into the political dynamics of the era, and a sense of self-assurance”. These experiences would later contribute to her distinguished leadership. She served
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Although Bhunu had been installed as ngwenyama or king, with the title Ngwane V, in
February 1895, Labotsibeni retained considerable authority. As queen mother she was, in terms of the unwritten constitution of the country, a dual monarch with political influence equal to that of the king, and with
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After the selection of her eldest son, Bhunu, as the successor to his father in 1889, Labotsibeni became the Ndlovukati or Queen mother. There is little doubt that in choosing Bhunu as the heir to his father the old queen mother, Tibati, and the members of the inner council were influenced by their
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Labotsibeni died after a long illness at Zombodze on 15 December 1925 and was buried there. In an obituary The Times noted that she had for two generations been ‘the best known native woman in South Africa’. T. D. Mweli Skota's African Yearly Register noted that ‘she was a wonderful woman; a good,
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and Richard Msimang, and provided the bulk of the funds, about £3000, which were required for the establishment in 1912 of its official newspaper, Abantu-Batho, whose first editor, Cleopas Kunene, had been secretary and interpreter to Labotsibeni. Malunge's sudden death in January 1915 was a great
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in October 1899 the Transvaal's special commissioner, J. C. Krogh, and the British consul, Johannes Smuts, withdrew from Swaziland. General Piet Joubert wrote to Bhunu, indicating that the South African Republic was leaving Swaziland in his hands. He resumed full authority over his kingdom, but he
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in 1910, and the provision in the schedule attached to the act for the future incorporation of Swaziland and the other high commission territories in the union, prompted Labotsibeni and Malunge to take a greater interest than they had done previously in the affairs of South Africa, where they had
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These concessions were to be the subject of endless litigation and several commissions of inquiry over the ensuing twenty years. They had the effect of involving the governments of Great Britain and the South African Republic (the Transvaal) in the affairs of Swaziland in support of the competing
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This is the day that I have always longed for. It has now come at last like a dream which has come true. King Mbandzeni died in October 1889 … As from that day my life has been burdened by an awful responsibility and anxiety. It has been a life full of the deepest emotions that a woman has ever
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in 1905, to protest over these and other issues, and Selborne himself paid a visit to Swaziland in September 1906. On that occasion he announced that the administration of Swaziland would, in view of the imminent restoration of self-government to the Transvaal, be transferred to the high
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Labotsibeni and her council also protested vigorously against the terms of the land partition, which was proclaimed in 1907, and subsequently carried out by George Grey, brother of the Liberal cabinet minister Sir Edward Grey. This divided Swaziland between the Swazi nation, the white
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in July 1901. Labotsibeni had apparently called in the Boers to remove this troublesome group of freebooters and to release Prince Mancibane, a member of the royal family whom the British had detained on suspicion of spying, but she regretted the Boers' destruction of the small town.
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Valley central Swaziland, brought her with him. At court, she was known as 'LaMvelasi', a Swati custom of addressing women by their maiden or father’s name, even after marriage. Uniquely, she was named after her influential adoptive father or uncle, further enhancing her status.
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Dlamini (c. 1857–1889), soon after his succession in 1874. They had four surviving children, three sons, Bhunu (c. 1875–1899), Malunge (c. 1880–1915), and Lomvazi (c. 1885–1922), and a daughter, Tongotongo (c. 1879–1918).
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commissioner. As a result of Labotsibeni's pressure, the threat posed by the recent Zulu uprising, and the still unresolved issue of the land concessions, Swaziland thus became a high commission territory like
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She was born at Luhlekweni in northern Swaziland around 1859, the daughter of Matsanjana Mdluli. At the time of her birth, her father was away fighting the people of Tsibeni in what became the
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wise and tactful ruler, and acknowledged by all the representatives of the British Throne as one of the cleverest rulers in Africa’ (Skota, 77).
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1308:
1305:, 1815–1840 (
1304:
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1296:
1293:, 1780–1815 (
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:, 1745–1780 (
1280:
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1225:Queen Ntfombi
1221:
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1203:Queen Dzeliwe
1199:
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925:: (1355–1400)
924:
920:
915:
910:
905:
902:Sikhulumaloyo
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
832:Mawawa/Kuwawa
830:
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815:
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592:9780226514567
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531:
528:
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498:
494:
493:Lord Selborne
490:
485:
482:
478:
474:
468:
465:
460:
456:
454:
450:
442:Early regency
439:
437:
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427:
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353:
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317:
313:
310:
306:
303: –
302:
298:
297:Find sources:
291:
287:
283:
277:
276:
272:
267:This section
265:
261:
256:
255:
247:
245:
241:
237:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1430:1850s births
1406:
1394:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1265:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1164:
1163:
1142:
1141:
1122:
1095:
1076:
1057:
1038:
735:
690:
664:. Retrieved
640:. Retrieved
630:
621:
617:
581:
571:
557:
541:
532:
519:
515:
502:Bechuanaland
486:
477:Tobias Smuts
469:
461:
457:
445:
428:
420:
404:
383:
363:
348:
339:
329:
322:
315:
308:
296:
280:Please help
268:
239:
235:
234:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1435:1925 deaths
1385:, 1975–1982
1377:, 1957–1975
1369:, 1938–1957
1361:, 1925–1938
1295:Regent 1815
1283:Regent 1780
1196:(1968–1982)
1082:: 1836–1840
1005:: 1720–1744
1003:Dlamini III
997:: 1685–1715
989:: 1685–1685
981:: 1645–1680
973:: 1600–1640
965:: 1555–1600
957:: 1520–1550
949:: 1480–1520
933:: 1400–1435
801:Mkhulunkosi
624:(1): 14–16.
527:Pixley Seme
489:Lord Milner
481:Bremersdorp
342:August 2022
144:Predecessor
1424:Categories
1268:Ndlovukati
1254:Mswati III
1235:Mswati III
1194:Sobhuza II
1175:Sobhuza II
1115:Dlamini IV
1050:Ndvungunye
1031:Ngwane III
987:Magudulela
963:Dlamini II
741:1899–1921
711:required.)
666:2023-12-15
642:2023-12-15
563:References
554:Later life
506:Basutoland
407:Ingwenyama
374:Ludzidzini
312:newspapers
250:Early life
99:April 2023
69:newspapers
1088:Mswati II
1069:Sobhuza I
955:Ngwane II
939:Dlamini I
872:Dondobola
857:Madlabane
852:Nkabingwe
817:Madlasomo
807:Qomizitha
438:in 1910.
415:Mbandzeni
395:Mswati II
391:Sobhuza I
387:Tsandzile
370:Transvaal
366:Barberton
269:does not
244:Swaziland
174:1899–1921
154:Successor
139:1894–1925
1227:(regent)
1205:(regent)
1134:Ngwane V
995:Ludvonga
979:Mavuso I
971:Nkosi II
947:Mswati I
931:Ngwane I
887:Msimudze
882:Mlangeni
827:Ngwekati
579:(2009).
546:—
497:Pretoria
449:Zombodze
401:Marriage
378:Ezulwini
923:Nkosi I
917:Khabako
867:Dulunga
473:Zambezi
326:scholar
290:removed
275:sources
240:Gwamile
171:Regency
83:scholar
1063:: 1815
1044:: 1780
877:Sihuba
847:Kunene
842:Gebase
822:Ndlovu
812:Sukuta
705:
589:
328:
321:
314:
307:
299:
226:Father
216:Spouse
206:Burial
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
912:Nkomo
897:Tembe
862:Hhili
614:(PDF)
495:, in
411:Swazi
333:JSTOR
319:books
136:Reign
90:JSTOR
76:books
587:ISBN
543:had.
504:and
305:news
273:any
271:cite
196:Died
189:1859
183:Born
62:news
697:doi
426:.
284:by
45:by
1426::
1266:ti
689:.
675:^
651:^
622:14
620:.
616:.
601:^
455:.
413:,
246:.
187:c.
1409:)
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778:e
771:t
764:v
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355:)
349:(
344:)
340:(
330:·
323:·
316:·
309:·
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278:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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