356:". However, recent research has questioned the relationship between the Bishop score and a successful induction, finding that a poor Bishop score actually may improve the chance for a vaginal delivery after induction. A Bishop Score is done to assess the progression of the cervix prior to an induction. In order to do this, the cervix must be checked to see how much it has effaced, thinned out, and how far dilated it is. The score goes by a points system depending on five factors. Each factor is scored on a scale of either 0–2 or 0–3, any total score less than 5 holds a higher risk of delivering by caesarean section.
349:, waiting for the labour to start naturally with careful monitoring of the woman and baby is more likely to lead to healthier outcomes. For women over 37 weeks pregnant whose babies are suspected of not coping well in the womb, it is not yet clear from research whether it is best to have an induction or caesarean immediately, or to wait until labour happens by itself. Similarly, there is not yet enough research to show whether it is best to deliver babies prematurely if they are not coping in the womb or whether to wait so that they are less premature when they are born.
258:
index finger into the opening of the cervix or neck of the womb. They then use a circular movement to try to separate the membranes of the amniotic sac, containing the baby, from the cervix. This action, which releases hormones called prostaglandins, may prepare the cervix for birth and may initiate labour. While this process causes great discomfort for the patient, even causing bleeding, irregular contractions and the risk of breaking the amniotic sack, many would still choose to have membrane sweeping carried out for their next birth.
298:
However, researchers have found that multiparous women who undergo labor induction without medical indicators are not predisposed to caesarean sections. Doctors and pregnant women should have a discussion of risks and benefits when considering an induction of labor in the absence of an accepted medical indication. There is insufficient evidence to determine if inducing a woman's labor at home is a safe and effective approach for both the women and the baby.
367:, when their caesarean scar re-opens. Uterine rupture is very serious for the woman and the baby, and induction of labour increases this risk further. There is not yet enough research to determine which method of induction is safest for a woman who has had a caesarean section before. There is also no research to say whether it is better for these women and their babies to have an elective caesarean section instead of being induced.
395:
that elective induction in women who were not post-term increased a woman's chance of a C-section by two to three times. A more recent study indicated that induction may increase the risk of caesarean section if performed before the 40th week of gestation, but it has no effect or actually lowers the risk if performed after the 40th week.
314:
determined that the risk of stillbirth per 1000 births after 40, 41 and 42 weeks of gestation were 0.42, 0.61 and 1.08, respectively. Thus, it is important to acknowledge the probabilistic evidence when discussing formal medical inductions, because it highlights the how small the likelihood of having a stillbirth post-term is.
379:
500 inductions are performed in order to avoid 1 stillbirth. Many of these unnecessary inductions could potentially provoke other risks, forcing medical practitioners to perform other interventions such as caesarean sections. These additional interventions could cause labor to be more risky for the pregnant person.
278:
Cook
Medical Double Balloon known as the Cervical Ripening Balloon with Stylet for assisted placement is FDA approved. The Double balloon provides one balloon to be inflated with saline on one side of the Uterine side of the cervix and the second balloon to be inflated with saline on the vaginal side
394:
delivery for the baby. However, studies into this matter show differing results. One study indicated that while overall caesarean section rates from 1990 to 1997 remained at or below 20 per cent, elective induction was associated with a doubling of the rate of
Caesarean section. Another study showed
159:
Mechanical and physical approaches can include artificial rupture of membranes or membrane sweeping. Membrane sweeping may lead to more women spontaneously going into labor (and fewer women having labor induction) but it may make little difference to the risk of maternal or neonatal death, or to the
301:
Studies have shown a slight increase in risk of infant mortality for births in the 41st and particularly 42nd week of gestation, as well as a higher risk of injury to the mother and child. Due to the increasing risks of advanced gestation, induction appears to reduce the risk for caesarean delivery
378:
The medical rationale for performing an induction is decreasing the risk of stillbirth. However, as mentioned in the above section, the probability of having a stillbirth post-term is very small, meaning that for the vast majority of post-term pregnancies, inductions are unnecessary. Approximately
297:
by 12%, and also reduces fetal death. Some observational/retrospective studies have shown that non-indicated, elective inductions before the 41st week of gestation are associated with an increased risk of requiring a caesarean section. Randomized clinical trials have not addressed this question.
257:
Membrane sweep, also known as membrane stripping, Hamilton maneuver, or "stretch and sweep". The procedure is carried out by a midwife or doctor as part of an internal vaginal examination. The midwife or doctor puts a couple of lubricated, gloved fingers into the women's vagina and inserts their
224:
preparations is used to artificially induce labor if it is deemed medically necessary. A high dose of oxytocin does not seem to have greater benefits than a standard dose. There are risks associated with IV oxytocin induced labor. Risks include the women having induced contractions that are too
313:
Although there has been a recorded increase in the risk of perinatal death and stillbirth after 41 weeks of gestation, this risk is small. In fact, a study conducted in 2012 examined stillbirth rates in the state of
California, and excluded babies with genetic or congenital problems. The study
863:
Guinn DA, Davies JK, Jones RO, Sullivan L, Wolf D (2004). "Labor induction in women with an unfavorable Bishop score: Randomized controlled trial of intrauterine Foley catheter with concurrent oxytocin infusion versus Foley catheter with extra-amniotic saline infusion with concurrent oxytocin
164:
or spontaneous vaginal births. There are also risks associated with membrane sweeping. The risks include irregular contractions, bleeding, and in 1 out of every 10 women an amniotic sac rupture, which can lead to a formal induction within 24 hours of the rupture if labor hasn't been induced.
71:
and delivery. Inducing (starting) labor can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. In
Western countries, it is estimated that one-quarter of pregnant women have their labor medically induced with drug treatment. Inductions are most often performed either with
209:
is the most studied compound and with most evidence behind it. A range of different dosage forms are available with a variety of routes possible. The use of misoprostol has been extensively studied but normally in small, poorly defined studies. Only a very few countries have approved
359:
Sometimes when a woman's waters break after 37 weeks she is induced instead of waiting for labour to start naturally. This may decrease the risks of infection for the woman and baby but more research is needed to find out whether inducing is good for women and babies longer term.
168:
The use of intrauterine catheters are also indicated. These work by compressing the cervix mechanically to generate release on prostaglandins in local tissues. There is no direct effect on the uterus. Results from a 2021 systematic review found no differences in
317:
Inducing labor before 39 weeks in the absence of a medical indication (such as hypertension, IUGR, or pre-eclampsia) increases the risk of complications of prematurity including difficulties with respiration, infection, feeding,
382:
Another criticism of inductions is that the pregnant person's bodily autonomy is overlooked. Many pregnant people might not want to be induced, and rather share in the decision-making process with their medical practitioner.
292:
has recommended against elective induction before 39 weeks if there is no medical indication and the cervix is unfavorable. One recent study indicates that labor induction at term (41 weeks) or post-term reduces the rate of
398:
A 2014 systematic review and meta analysis on the subject of induction and its effect on cesarean section indicate that after 41 weeks of gestation there is a reduction of cesarean deliveries when the labour is induced.
1615:
1126:
Caughey AB, Sundaram, V, Kaimal, AJ, Gienger, A, Cheng, YW, McDonald, KM, Shaffer, BL, Owens, DK, Bravata, DM (Aug 18, 2009). "Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy".
386:
Induced labor may be more painful for the woman as one of the side effects of intravenous oxytocin is increased contraction pains, mainly due to the rigid onset. This may lead to the increased use of
1211:
229:. There is no high quality evidence to indicate if IV oxytocin should be stopped once a woman reaches active labor in order to reduce the incidence of women requiring caesarean sections.
225:
vigorous, too close together (frequent), or that last too long, which may lead to added stress on the baby (changes in baby's heart rate) and may require the mother to have an emergency
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341:) may lead to better outcomes for the woman but does not improve or worsen outcomes for the baby. More research is needed to produce more certain results. If waters break (
375:
Membrane sweeping, a common method of labor induction, can cause bleeding and irregular contractions and is often done without informed consent by the pregnant person.
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Induction of labor in those who are either at or after term improves outcomes for newborns and decreases the number of
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a "high-alert medication" because of the high likelihood of "significant patient harm when it is used in error."
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3416:
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Inducing labour after 34 weeks and before 37 weeks in women with hypertensive disorders (
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Women who have had a caesarean section for a previous pregnancy are at risk of having a
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1816:
657:"High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term"
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Clinicians assess the odds of having a vaginal delivery after labor induction by a "
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Previous health conditions that puts risk on the woman and/or her child such as
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2525:
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1898:
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877:
725:
604:
446:"Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour"
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There are health risks to the woman in continuing the pregnancy (e.g. she has
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3585:
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Middleton P, Shepherd E, Morris J, Crowther CA, Gomersall JC (15 July 2020).
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194:
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Induction of labor for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term
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and the distal portion expanded to dilate it and to release prostaglandins.
233:
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3565:
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Commonly accepted medical reasons for induction include:
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Fetal death in utero and previous history of stillbirth.
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236:has been described but is rarely used in practice.
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661:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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326:admissions, and perinatal death.
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220:(IV) administration of synthetic
2936:Postpartum physiological changes
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1092:
1043:
1016:
807:
789:
2631:Maternal physiological changes
1923:, 2009, The Cochrane Library,
1735:Australian College of Midwives
1634:AHRQ Evidence Report Summaries
1584:10.1002/14651858.CD004906.pub5
1535:10.1002/14651858.CD009792.pub3
1481:10.1002/14651858.CD005302.pub3
1420:10.1002/14651858.CD008968.pub3
1371:10.1002/14651858.CD009433.pub2
1322:10.1002/14651858.CD004735.pub4
1273:10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2
1180:10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub5
1068:10.1002/14651858.CD007372.pub4
943:American Academy of Pediatrics
832:10.1002/14651858.CD000451.pub2
673:10.1002/14651858.CD009701.pub2
648:
596:
572:10.1002/14651858.CD000451.pub3
495:
486:
462:10.1002/14651858.CD012274.pub2
339:pregnancy-induced hypertension
214:for use in induction of labor.
1:
2186:partner-assisted reproduction
1817:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70265-6
951:Guidelines for perinatal care
801:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au
422:
191:extra-amniotic administration
180:
3235:Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
3212:Fetal scalp stimulation test
1653:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1212:"The Evidence on: Due Dates"
982:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b48ef5
324:neonatal intensive care unit
7:
2422:Traditional birth attendant
1129:Annals of Internal Medicine
970:Obstetrics & Gynecology
409:
345:) between 24 and 37 weeks'
10:
3750:
2654:Brain health and pollution
2045:Inducing Labor – WebMD.com
1899:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.003
1666:10.1186/s12884-022-04890-x
1113:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.015
878:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.039
753:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
726:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.026
20:
3669:
3641:
3584:
3551:
3542:
3462:
3454:Resuscitative hysterotomy
3429:
3407:
3379:
3341:Assisted vaginal delivery
3331:
3322:
3313:
3298:External cephalic version
3275:
3255:
3207:Fetal scalp blood testing
3182:Chorionic villus sampling
3174:
3154:Vibroacoustic stimulation
3117:Obstetric ultrasonography
3109:
3102:
3076:
3015:
2980:
2944:
2898:
2889:
2867:Chorionic villus sampling
2849:
2644:
2601:
2570:
2563:
2430:
2355:
2324:
2315:
2249:
2219:Obstetric ultrasonography
2206:
2151:
2143:Pre-conception counseling
2118:
2015:American Family Physician
1942:Caughey A. (8 May 2013).
765:10.1002/14651858.CD003103
83:
51:
35:
30:
2757:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1772:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.137
3417:Manual placenta removal
3144:Contraction stress test
3139:Fetal movement counting
2827:Motor vehicle emissions
2688:Concomitant conditions
2662:environmental toxicants
2405:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2166:artificial insemination
2133:Natural family planning
1961:10.1111/1471-0528.12329
1760:British Medical Journal
916:: an initiative of the
371:Criticisms of induction
160:number of women having
3724:Obstetrical procedures
3245:Fetal fibronectin test
2921:Postpartum confinement
2181:in vitro fertilisation
976:(2, Part 1): 386–397.
714:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
3643:Contraction induction
3394:Wood's screw maneuver
2916:Postpartum depression
2797:Pruritic folliculitis
2541:Unassisted childbirth
1135:(4): 252–63, W53-63.
271:is inserted into the
3409:Third stage of labor
3227:Kleihauer–Betke test
3164:Amniotic fluid index
3023:Gravidity and parity
3003:Congenital disorders
2962:Lactation consultant
2832:Pre-existing disease
2511:Childbirth positions
2501:Rupture of membranes
2198:Unintended pregnancy
2176:fertility medication
2009:Harman, Kim (1999).
1919:A GĂĽlmezoglu et al,
1214:. 13 September 2017.
1107:(4): 421.e1–421.e7.
929:on September 1, 2013
152:Methods of induction
3464:Postpartum bleeding
3444:On maternal request
3381:Dystocia management
3361:Obstetrical forceps
3240:Lamellar body count
3159:Biophysical profile
3089:Leopold's maneuvers
2926:Sex after pregnancy
2733:Endocrine diseases
2679:Prenatal depression
2551:Placental expulsion
2469:Uterine contraction
2452:cervical effacement
2193:Fertility awareness
2050:Induction of labour
797:"Stretch and sweep"
520:10.1503/cmaj.130925
418:, labor suppressant
135:high blood pressure
3696:Never to phase III
3399:Zavanelli maneuver
3389:McRoberts maneuver
2702:Hypercoagulability
2531:Natural childbirth
2380:Postterm pregnancy
2138:Male contraceptive
2062:2008-05-16 at the
1929:2010-06-18 at the
1618:. 27 October 2020.
252:Non-pharmaceutical
189:, endocervical or
93:Postterm pregnancy
3734:Medical mnemonics
3706:
3705:
3637:
3636:
3576:Methylergometrine
3544:Cervical ripening
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3431:Caesarean section
3425:
3424:
3366:Vacuum extraction
3271:
3270:
3132:Crown-rump length
3031:
3030:
3016:Obstetric history
3011:
3010:
2972:Confinement nanny
2885:
2884:
2752:Acute fatty liver
2559:
2558:
2447:cervical dilation
2055:Josie L. Tenore:
960:978-1-58110-734-0
630:Chin Med J (Engl)
392:caesarean section
343:membranes rupture
295:caesarean section
227:caesarean section
171:cesarean delivery
62:
61:
3741:
3549:
3548:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3329:
3328:
3324:Vaginal delivery
3320:
3319:
3263:Cardiotocography
3107:
3106:
3094:Prenatal testing
3058:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3034:
2896:
2895:
2862:Cardiotocography
2568:
2567:
2474:Vaginal delivery
2347:Nesting instinct
2322:
2321:
2307:Rudimentary horn
2236:Prenatal testing
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2029:. Archived from
1997:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1766:(7254): 137–41.
1751:
1745:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1702:. Archived from
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1365:(11): CD009433.
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1009:
996:
993:
964:
937:
936:
934:
925:, archived from
901:
890:
889:
860:
854:
853:
843:
811:
805:
804:
803:. 24 March 2021.
793:
787:
786:
776:
744:
738:
737:
709:
703:
702:
684:
667:(10): CD009701.
652:
646:
645:
625:
619:
618:
600:
594:
593:
583:
551:
542:
541:
531:
499:
493:
490:
484:
483:
473:
441:
207:Prostaglandin E2
55:edit on Wikidata
28:
27:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3686:Clinical trials
3665:
3633:
3617:
3610:Dinoprostone/E2
3589:
3580:
3553:Ergot alkaloids
3538:
3520:
3490:
3481:
3458:
3421:
3403:
3375:
3309:
3293:Podalic version
3267:
3251:
3170:
3098:
3072:
3062:
3032:
3027:
3007:
2976:
2940:
2911:Postpartum care
2881:
2845:
2748:Liver diseases
2742:Thyroid disease
2640:
2626:Gestational age
2597:
2555:
2521:Labor induction
2426:
2417:Perinatal nurse
2390:Birth attendant
2351:
2311:
2245:
2241:Medical imaging
2202:
2171:fertility fraud
2147:
2114:
2105:
2064:Wayback Machine
2036:
2034:
2005:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1940:
1936:
1931:Wayback Machine
1918:
1914:
1879:
1875:
1836:
1832:
1801:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1645:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1578:(7): CD004906.
1564:
1560:
1529:(6): CD009792.
1515:
1506:
1475:(1): CD005302.
1461:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1414:(7): CD008968.
1400:
1396:
1351:
1347:
1316:(3): CD004735.
1302:
1298:
1267:(1): CD009273.
1253:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1174:(8): CD004945.
1160:
1156:
1124:
1120:
1097:
1093:
1048:
1044:
1021:
1017:
1010:
999:
961:
932:
930:
918:ABIM Foundation
914:Choosing Wisely
902:
893:
861:
857:
826:(1): CD000451.
812:
808:
795:
794:
790:
759:(2): CD003103.
745:
741:
710:
706:
653:
649:
626:
622:
601:
597:
566:(2): CD000451.
552:
545:
500:
496:
491:
487:
456:(8): CD012274.
442:
429:
425:
412:
373:
365:uterine rupture
304:perinatal death
286:
254:
183:
154:
86:
65:Labor induction
58:
31:Labor induction
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3729:Theriogenology
3726:
3721:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3629:Carboprost/F2α
3626:
3619:
3618:
3615:Sulprostone/E2
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Misoprostol/E1
3595:
3593:
3586:Prostaglandins
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3527:labor inducers
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3477:B-Lynch suture
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:EXIT procedure
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:Lung maturity
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3149:Nonstress test
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Pregnancy test
3080:
3078:
3077:Maternal tests
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Health visitor
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:Nonstress test
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:Skin diseases
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Amniotic fluid
2574:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Multiple birth
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Bradley method
2328:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2224:Pregnancy test
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2004:
2003:External links
2001:
1999:
1998:
1983:
1954:(6): 658–661.
1934:
1912:
1893:(3): 700–705.
1873:
1830:
1795:
1746:
1717:
1690:
1639:
1621:
1607:
1558:
1504:
1452:
1443:
1394:
1345:
1296:
1244:
1217:
1203:
1154:
1118:
1091:
1042:
1031:(5): 399–403.
1015:
997:
995:
994:
965:
959:
938:, which cites
891:
872:(1): 225–229.
855:
806:
788:
739:
704:
647:
620:
595:
543:
494:
485:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
411:
408:
372:
369:
285:
284:When to induce
282:
281:
280:
279:of the cervix.
276:
269:Foley catheter
265:
259:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
239:
237:
230:
215:
182:
179:
153:
150:
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109:
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96:
85:
82:
60:
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48:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
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3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
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3695:
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3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Dinoprost/F2α
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
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3556:
3554:
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3541:
3536:
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3528:
3524:
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3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
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3475:
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3445:
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3434:
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3428:
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3415:
3414:
3412:
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3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Symphysiotomy
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3305:Amnioinfusion
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Fetal surgery
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:Interventions
3274:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Amniocentesis
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Monthly nurse
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Amniocentesis
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Vaginal flora
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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2762:
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2755:
2753:
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2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:Substance use
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Fundal height
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
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2492:
2490:
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2482:
2481:
2480:
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2472:
2470:
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2444:
2443:
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2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
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2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:Preterm birth
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Hypnobirthing
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
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2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:3D ultrasound
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
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2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Birth control
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2033:on 2011-09-27
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:(2): 477–84.
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:(2): 134–44.
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(3): 628–33.
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1743:0-9751674-3-X
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:Vernon, David
1721:
1706:on 2012-04-22
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
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1672:
1667:
1662:
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1650:
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1635:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1603:
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1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
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1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1491:
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1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
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1283:
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1274:
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1213:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
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1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
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1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
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1110:
1106:
1102:
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1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:
928:
924:
920:
919:
915:
910:
906:
900:
898:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
802:
798:
792:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:(5): 1391–8.
719:
715:
708:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
639:
636:(3): 449–52.
635:
631:
624:
616:
612:
608:
607:
599:
591:
587:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
514:(9): 665–73.
513:
509:
505:
498:
489:
481:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
427:
417:
414:
413:
407:
405:
400:
396:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
361:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:pre-eclampsia
327:
325:
321:
315:
311:
309:
305:
299:
296:
291:
277:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
255:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
231:
228:
223:
219:
216:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:prostaglandin
192:
188:
185:
184:
178:
176:
172:
166:
163:
157:
149:
147:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:pre-eclampsia
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
81:
79:
75:
74:prostaglandin
70:
66:
56:
50:
47:
43:
40:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3605:Gemeprost/E1
3570:Syntometrine
3561:Acetergamine
3526:
3472:Hysterectomy
3332:
3127:Anomaly scan
2697:Hypertension
2684:Immunization
2667:in pregnancy
2583:Amniotic sac
2536:Silent birth
2520:
2479:Presentation
2442:Bishop score
2412:Obstetrician
2302:Interstitial
2229:home testing
2035:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2018:
2014:
1992:
1986:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1920:
1915:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1728:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1693:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1472:
1468:
1446:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1264:
1260:
1236:. Retrieved
1234:. 2011-07-18
1229:
1220:
1206:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1028:
1024:
1018:
973:
969:
950:
931:, retrieved
927:the original
912:
869:
865:
858:
823:
819:
809:
800:
791:
756:
752:
742:
717:
713:
707:
664:
660:
650:
633:
629:
623:
605:
598:
563:
559:
511:
507:
497:
488:
453:
449:
401:
397:
385:
381:
377:
374:
362:
358:
354:Bishop score
351:
328:
316:
312:
300:
287:
234:mifepristone
199:dinoprostone
187:Intravaginal
167:
158:
155:
143:
87:
64:
63:
23:Induced coma
18:
3682:from market
3661:Demoxytocin
3566:Ergometrine
3523:Uterotonics
3371:Odon device
3192:Triple test
3122:Nuchal scan
3103:Fetal tests
2993:Apgar score
2777:Hepatitis C
2763:Infections
2603:Development
2588:Endometrium
2546:Water birth
2464:Bloody show
2395:Men's roles
2325:Preparation
2277:Heterotopic
864:infusion".
218:Intravenous
212:misoprostol
203:misoprostol
148:performed.
80:treatment.
3719:Childbirth
3713:Categories
3656:Carbetocin
3351:Episiotomy
3070:childbirth
2998:Child care
2891:Postpartum
2850:Procedures
2802:Dermatoses
2658:Nutrition
2516:Home birth
2438:Pelvimetry
2317:Childbirth
2297:Unintended
2153:Conception
2112:childbirth
2037:2004-09-18
1710:2012-04-10
1659:(1): 551.
1238:2011-08-20
423:References
388:analgesics
308:stillbirth
197:, such as
181:Medication
162:c-sections
146:C-sections
69:childbirth
3692:Phase III
3680:Withdrawn
3591:analogues
3531:oxytocics
3333:Induction
3202:Fetoscopy
3197:Quad test
3066:pregnancy
2506:Caesarean
2272:Abdominal
2108:Pregnancy
933:August 1,
699:205201341
416:Tocolytic
347:gestation
335:eclampsia
140:High BMI.
3651:Oxytocin
3439:Elective
3315:Delivery
3222:Apt test
3175:Sampling
2899:Maternal
2877:Abortion
2822:Bleeding
2772:COVID-19
2737:Diabetes
2722:Cannabis
2672:prenatal
2593:Placenta
2564:Prenatal
2494:shoulder
2489:cephalic
2457:position
2431:Delivery
2292:Postterm
2257:Cervical
2120:Planning
2060:Archived
2027:10465223
1978:33295368
1970:24738892
1927:Archived
1907:16949399
1868:19239366
1860:15923963
1825:10076139
1790:10894690
1737:, 2005,
1685:35804308
1602:28744896
1553:28599068
1499:28050900
1438:27404120
1389:26599471
1340:28257562
1291:28106904
1198:32666584
1149:19687492
1086:32852803
1037:12063879
990:19623003
949:(2012).
886:15295370
850:15674873
783:11406079
734:16647925
691:25300173
642:15043790
615:33818996
590:32103497
538:24778358
480:30125998
410:See also
320:jaundice
222:oxytocin
175:neonatal
131:diabetes
78:oxytocin
37:ICD-9-CM
3288:Fetendo
3110:Imaging
2808:Others
2782:Malaria
2727:Opioids
2717:Alcohol
2712:Smoking
2571:Anatomy
2400:Midwife
2368:Newborn
2287:Ovarian
2267:Ectopic
2262:Cryptic
2207:Testing
1676:9264300
1593:6483152
1544:6481365
1490:6464808
1429:6457969
1380:8935540
1331:6464692
1282:6465052
1189:7389871
1077:8094591
841:7032890
774:8693181
682:8932234
581:7044809
529:4049989
471:6513418
404:pitocin
242:Relaxin
232:Use of
101:(IUGR).
3675:WHO-EM
2981:Infant
2906:Lochia
2692:Anemia
2611:Embryo
2484:breech
2363:Mother
2342:Lamaze
2025:
1976:
1968:
1905:
1866:
1858:
1823:
1788:
1778:
1741:
1683:
1673:
1600:
1590:
1551:
1541:
1497:
1487:
1436:
1426:
1387:
1377:
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1279:
1196:
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1147:
1084:
1074:
1035:
988:
957:
884:
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838:
781:
771:
732:
697:
689:
679:
640:
613:
588:
578:
536:
526:
478:
468:
273:cervix
84:Causes
3256:Other
2952:Doula
2945:Roles
2837:Sleep
2812:Drugs
2792:Lupus
2616:Fetus
2385:Doula
2356:Roles
2282:Molar
2250:Types
2073:>.
1974:S2CID
1864:S2CID
1781:27430
1062:(8).
695:S2CID
53:[
3535:G02A
3068:and
2646:Care
2110:and
2023:PMID
1966:PMID
1948:BJOG
1903:PMID
1856:PMID
1821:PMID
1786:PMID
1739:ISBN
1681:PMID
1598:PMID
1576:2017
1549:PMID
1527:2017
1495:PMID
1434:PMID
1412:2016
1385:PMID
1363:2016
1336:PMID
1314:2017
1287:PMID
1194:PMID
1145:PMID
1082:PMID
1060:2020
1033:PMID
986:PMID
955:ISBN
935:2013
882:PMID
846:PMID
824:2005
779:PMID
757:2010
730:PMID
687:PMID
638:PMID
611:PMID
586:PMID
534:PMID
476:PMID
454:2018
306:and
288:The
173:nor
124:Twin
46:73.1
42:73.0
3622:F:
3598:E:
3588:and
2767:HIV
1956:doi
1952:121
1895:doi
1891:195
1848:doi
1813:doi
1809:180
1776:PMC
1768:doi
1764:321
1671:PMC
1661:doi
1588:PMC
1580:doi
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1485:PMC
1477:doi
1424:PMC
1416:doi
1375:PMC
1367:doi
1326:PMC
1318:doi
1277:PMC
1269:doi
1231:NPR
1184:PMC
1176:doi
1137:doi
1133:151
1109:doi
1105:199
1072:PMC
1064:doi
978:doi
974:114
874:doi
870:191
836:PMC
828:doi
769:PMC
761:doi
722:doi
718:194
677:PMC
669:doi
634:117
576:PMC
568:doi
524:PMC
516:doi
512:186
466:PMC
458:doi
201:or
193:of
3715::
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2440:/
2019:60
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2013:.
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1946:.
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1862:.
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