145:. To pronounce them, one must attempt to say the velar consonants but then close their lips for the bilabial component, and then release the lips. While 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar so the preceding vowel sounds as if it were followed by a velar, and the following vowel sounds as if it were preceded by a labial. The order of the letters in ⟨
4944:
5469:
5449:
5420:
5378:
5342:
5313:
5284:
5248:
5206:
5170:
5141:
5112:
5076:
5054:
5018:
4989:
4960:
807:
5501:
4513:
3672:
124:
Globally, these types of consonants are quite rare, only existing in two regions: West and
Central Africa on the one hand, Eastern New Guinea and northern Vanuatu on the other. There are 2 other isolated cases, allophonically in Vietnamese and in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi).
874:, and so consider such stops to be labial. However, there may be a distinction between the velar labial clicks and the uvular labial clicks , which is not captured if they are described as simply labial.
2014:
2050:
2024:
2034:
2019:
2004:
63:
1981:
1971:
1005:
1966:
941:
4873:
2919:
2665:
1247:
208:, which aside from its isolated location, is unusual in having a relatively large inventory of labial-velar consonants, including the rare
828:
2933:
2926:
2672:
3147:
2905:
2651:
870:
are stops that involve closure at both the lips and the soft palate. Treatments often analyze the dorsal articulation as part of the
1916:
4662:
2940:
2637:
4835:
4765:
4701:
4624:
2912:
2658:
1206:
17:
5510:
5045:
4830:
4708:
4605:
4522:
3681:
3442:
3349:
1930:
1015:
5560:
4785:
4722:
4527:
3532:
3424:
3331:
2644:
346:
224:
5061:
4878:
4729:
4675:
4631:
4061:
4016:
3519:
3456:
3363:
2814:
2570:
5083:
4858:
4643:
4612:
4027:
3979:
3965:
3907:
3893:
3541:
3449:
3356:
1961:
5132:
4807:
4792:
4572:
4041:
3559:
3470:
3431:
3377:
3338:
3095:
1240:
1216:
854:
376:
836:
5304:
4558:
4034:
3686:
3613:
3550:
3463:
3370:
2877:
2821:
2786:
2577:
2542:
201:
937:
5369:
5148:
5103:
4668:
4650:
3595:
2863:
2619:
1925:
1497:
1271:
699:
290:
45:
5555:
5320:
5275:
5161:
4578:
4517:
4512:
3944:
3872:
3676:
3671:
3477:
3384:
3030:
2989:
2725:
2392:
1470:
832:
1138:
5333:
5119:
4980:
4586:
4468:
4328:
4296:
3620:
2884:
2800:
2793:
2556:
2549:
2378:
1465:
5440:
5291:
5177:
4868:
4564:
4459:
4448:
4360:
3972:
3900:
3602:
3060:
2870:
2849:
2772:
2626:
2605:
2528:
2009:
1909:
1477:
1460:
1452:
1233:
768:
429:
319:
247:
75:
760:
729:
694:
632:
628:
607:
597:
585:
575:
563:
553:
541:
531:
519:
509:
497:
487:
470:
466:
462:
421:
393:
371:
314:
285:
228:
213:
150:
146:
114:
110:
59:
55:
5349:
4996:
4951:
4681:
4475:
3958:
3937:
3886:
3629:
3047:
3003:
2996:
2947:
2739:
2732:
2683:
2428:
2399:
2248:
2077:
1492:
1487:
5505:
5500:
5411:
5009:
4489:
4411:
3289:
3182:
3069:
2975:
2891:
2807:
2711:
2563:
2410:
2385:
2364:
1757:
31:
5460:
5197:
4967:
4863:
4482:
4402:
4391:
3993:
3951:
3921:
3879:
3253:
2961:
2856:
2779:
2697:
2612:
2535:
2442:
2293:
2264:
1404:
1349:
1054:
185:
173:
1158:"Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment"
5427:
5239:
5025:
4540:
4418:
3986:
3914:
3638:
3235:
3209:
3158:
3078:
3010:
2954:
2690:
2470:
2435:
2275:
2255:
2234:
1515:
1334:
1267:
888:
817:
5476:
5389:
5213:
4432:
3828:
3296:
3129:
3120:
3103:
2982:
2898:
2718:
2456:
2417:
2371:
2307:
1902:
1718:
1713:
1624:
821:
5255:
4425:
4189:
4127:
3819:
3808:
3753:
3275:
3260:
3140:
2968:
2704:
2449:
2335:
2300:
2191:
2176:
2160:
1735:
1545:
1344:
1319:
1263:
765:
197:
41:
4251:
4178:
4158:
4116:
4096:
3835:
3732:
3242:
3216:
3191:
3165:
2477:
2321:
2282:
2241:
2171:
2132:
1976:
1324:
1301:
1279:
983:
883:
434:
102:
86:, such as . They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to
1142:
4714:
4240:
4220:
4198:
4136:
3849:
3788:
3111:
2463:
2314:
2216:
1762:
1725:
1437:
1894:
8:
5515:
4778:
4382:
4269:
4260:
4169:
4107:
3856:
3842:
3760:
3282:
2342:
2196:
2153:
1833:
1703:
1680:
1429:
1382:
1354:
871:
624:
403:
251:
231:
occur in
Central Igbo. As stated above, the voiced implosive has been confirmed in Lese.
209:
153:⟩ is therefore not arbitrary but motivated by the phonetic details of the sounds.
142:
4801:
4231:
3797:
3746:
3725:
2484:
2328:
2186:
2166:
2120:
1698:
1531:
1339:
1296:
1177:
1121:
964:
734:
398:
220:
177:
960:
5226:
4757:
4152:
4003:
3767:
3694:
3308:
2221:
2201:
2143:
2029:
1820:
1777:
1654:
1619:
1442:
1409:
1377:
1311:
1212:
1080:
1011:
968:
454:
1181:
1125:
5036:
4090:
3781:
3739:
2211:
2181:
2148:
2138:
1845:
1838:
1693:
1649:
1644:
1507:
1419:
1396:
1372:
1329:
1288:
1169:
1113:
1070:
956:
644:
243:
181:
106:
5360:
5094:
4551:
4081:
3774:
3203:
2206:
2072:
1810:
1708:
1688:
1629:
1597:
1414:
1198:
984:"Phonetic characteristics of double articulations in some Mangbutu-Efe languages"
867:
742:
426:
138:
1034:(2006). "On doubly articulated labial-velar stops and nasals in Tibeto-Burman".
5266:
1782:
776:
710:
656:
458:
295:
205:
165:
161:
134:
91:
1173:
1117:
1075:
1058:
5549:
4925:
4442:
4284:
3698:
1868:
1828:
1805:
1772:
1745:
1202:
1084:
908:
704:
660:
652:
381:
351:
239:
235:
193:
87:
227:. Floyd (1981) and Clark (1990) report that voiced and voiceless implosives
4771:
2493:
1878:
1797:
1787:
1767:
324:
5523:
4937:
4920:
4694:
4214:
3018:
2087:
2065:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1750:
1607:
169:
157:
95:
79:
5402:
4930:
2228:
2082:
1666:
1031:
189:
5188:
4690:
3931:
3864:
2750:
2506:
2110:
1855:
1661:
1612:
1572:
1567:
1554:
620:
942:"The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu"
806:
27:
Consonant that is doubly articulated at the soft palate and the lips
5494:
4825:
4747:
4741:
4506:
3665:
2503:
1589:
1577:
1102:"A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu"
1101:
51:
1157:
4598:
3802:
2358:
2060:
1562:
648:
1225:
912:
473:. The following possibilities are possible if tone is ignored:
981:
4901:
2055:
1602:
156:
Phonemic labial–velars occur in the majority of languages in
1924:
188:
families), and are relatively common in the eastern end of
118:
83:
627:, where they are variants of the plain velar consonants
913:"WALS Online – Chapter Presence of Uncommon Consonants"
453:
These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than
204:. In Southeast Asia, they occur in the Adu dialect of
3703:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
50:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
133:Truly doubly articulated labial-velars include the
1197:
1063:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
982:Didier Demolin, Bernard Teston (September 1997).
5547:
64:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
991:International Speech Communication Association
250:. Labial–velar stops and nasals also occur in
4874:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1910:
1241:
651:, combine the labial–velar consonants with a
1365:
1053:
835:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
638:
128:
1917:
1903:
1248:
1234:
659:had a prenasalised labial-velar stop with
1972:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1074:
1003:
855:Learn how and when to remove this message
1155:
1099:
219:Labial–velar stops can also occur as an
1007:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
14:
5548:
2142:
1092:
1010:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
796:
192:. The rare implosive is only found in
4899:
4381:
4080:
3796:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2108:
1943:
1898:
1229:
1036:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1030:
907:
447:'old-style bamboo pipe or container'
4910:
4851:
4544:
3754:
3715:
2124:
1148:
833:adding citations to reliable sources
800:
54:. For the distinction between ,
4879:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3733:
3693:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1208:The Sounds of the World's Languages
101:Labial-velars are often written as
24:
3789:
1962:International Phonetic Association
1139:Presentation of the Volow language
1046:
25:
5572:
5475:
5459:
5439:
5426:
5410:
5388:
5368:
5348:
5332:
5319:
5303:
5290:
5274:
5254:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5196:
5176:
5160:
5147:
5131:
5118:
5102:
5082:
5060:
5044:
5024:
5008:
4995:
4979:
4966:
4950:
4806:
4791:
4784:
4764:
4740:
4728:
4721:
4707:
4700:
4674:
4661:
4649:
4642:
4630:
4623:
4611:
4604:
4585:
4571:
4557:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4458:
4447:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4390:
4359:
4327:
4295:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4239:
4230:
4219:
4197:
4188:
4177:
4168:
4157:
4135:
4126:
4115:
4106:
4095:
4060:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4015:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3807:
3761:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3601:
3594:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3518:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3430:
3423:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3337:
3330:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3259:
3252:
3241:
3234:
3215:
3208:
3190:
3181:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3139:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3094:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3046:
3029:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2492:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2416:
2409:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2217:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
961:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000003
5499:
5467:
5447:
5418:
5376:
5340:
5311:
5282:
5246:
5204:
5168:
5139:
5110:
5074:
5052:
5016:
4987:
4958:
4942:
4511:
3747:
3726:
3670:
2015:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1255:
1057:; Miller, Julia Colleen (2016).
805:
653:labial–velar approximant release
347:voiceless labial–velar implosive
202:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3768:
1926:International Phonetic Alphabet
1272:International Phonetic Alphabet
46:International Phonetic Alphabet
4859:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3782:
3740:
2109:
2035:IPA chart for English dialects
1944:
1132:
1024:
997:
975:
929:
901:
643:Some languages, especially in
13:
1:
3775:
1191:
1004:Güldemann, Tom (2018-09-10).
936:
623:labial-velars are known from
377:voiced labial–velar implosive
246:, has both labial–velars and
4869:Voiceless bidental fricative
1977:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1156:François, Alexandre (2010),
1100:François, Alexandre (2005),
164:(for example in the name of
7:
2078:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
877:
700:voiceless labial–velar stop
655:: , . The extinct language
291:voiceless labial–velar stop
10:
5577:
4900:
248:labial–alveolar consonants
32:Labialized velar consonant
29:
5401:
5359:
5265:
5187:
5093:
5035:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4908:
4895:
4864:Nasal palatal approximant
4541:Co-articulated consonants
4441:
4386:
4349:
4317:
4282:
4213:
4151:
4089:
4050:
4002:
3930:
3863:
3801:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3574:
3496:
3403:
3307:
3202:
3102:
3017:
2844:
2748:
2600:
2502:
2357:
2227:
2159:
2131:
2117:
2104:
2043:
1997:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1854:
1819:
1796:
1734:
1679:
1640:
1588:
1553:
1544:
1524:
1506:
1451:
1428:
1395:
1310:
1287:
1278:
1261:
1174:10.1017/s0952675710000205
1118:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115
1076:10.1017/S0025100315000365
674:
671:
668:
481:
478:
385:
265:
262:
259:
172:; they are found in many
894:
889:List of phonetics topics
769:voiced labial–velar stop
639:Labialized labial-velars
430:voiced labial–velar stop
320:voiced labial–velar stop
129:Plain labial-velar stops
30:Not to be confused with
5561:Labial–velar consonants
3713:Non-pulmonic consonants
2845:Non-sibilant fricative
2601:Non-sibilant affricate
1967:History of the alphabet
482:Two-consonant sequence
254:but only word-finally.
214:/k͡pʰ,k͡p,ɡ͡b,ᵑɡ͡b,ŋ͡m/
72:Labial–velar consonants
42:phonetic transcriptions
2025:Sinological extensions
1264:Articulatory phonetics
168:, former president of
39:This article contains
18:Labial-Velar consonant
5556:Place of articulation
1438:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1211:. Oxford: Blackwell.
884:Place of articulation
174:Niger–Congo languages
149:⟩ and ⟨
3497:Lateral approximant
1763:Labio-palatalization
829:improve this section
113:is written Q q, and
90:velars, such as the
2121:Pulmonic consonants
1453:Double articulation
1154:See pp.429-430 of:
1106:Linguistic Typology
938:François, Alexandre
872:airstream mechanism
797:Velar labial clicks
338:'the Ewe language'
225:voiceless implosive
223:(unattested) and a
4051:Lateral fricative
3697:, to the left are
3404:Lateral fricative
2192:Postalveolar
2177:Linguolabial
2020:Naming conventions
1983:Journal of the IPA
772:with labialization
738:with labialization
735:labial-velar nasal
455:consonant clusters
399:labial-velar nasal
176:as well as in the
76:doubly articulated
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5486:
5485:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4844:
4843:
4669:Uvular–epiglottal
4536:
4535:
4498:
4497:
3709:
3708:
3657:
3656:
3575:Lateral tap/flap
2172:Labiodental
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2030:World Orthography
1892:
1891:
1778:Pharyngealization
1675:
1674:
1540:
1539:
1498:Uvular–epiglottal
1391:
1390:
1017:978-3-11-042175-0
865:
864:
857:
794:
793:
773:
739:
707:
618:
617:
451:
450:
210:aspirated version
16:(Redirected from
5568:
5527:
5503:
5480:
5479:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5451:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5295:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5259:
5258:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5230:
5229:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5123:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5029:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4897:
4896:
4849:
4848:
4810:
4795:
4788:
4768:
4744:
4732:
4725:
4711:
4704:
4678:
4665:
4653:
4646:
4637:Labial–retroflex
4634:
4627:
4615:
4608:
4589:
4579:Labial–retroflex
4575:
4561:
4545:
4515:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4451:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4394:
4365:
4333:
4301:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4245:
4236:
4225:
4203:
4194:
4183:
4174:
4163:
4141:
4132:
4121:
4112:
4101:
4087:bottom: uvular)
4064:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4019:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3822:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3704:
3674:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3605:
3598:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3522:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3434:
3427:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3341:
3334:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3263:
3256:
3245:
3238:
3219:
3212:
3194:
3185:
3168:
3161:
3150:
3143:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3098:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3050:
3033:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2420:
2413:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2106:
2105:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1846:Voice onset time
1551:
1550:
1471:Labial–retroflex
1363:
1362:
1285:
1284:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1199:Ladefoged, Peter
1185:
1184:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
979:
973:
972:
949:Faits de Langues
946:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
905:
860:
853:
849:
846:
840:
809:
801:
771:
762:
737:
731:
702:
696:
666:
665:
645:Papua New Guinea
634:
630:
609:
599:
587:
577:
565:
555:
543:
533:
525:to beat, to kill
521:
511:
499:
489:
479:Single consonant
476:
475:
472:
468:
464:
423:
395:
373:
316:
287:
257:
256:
244:Papua New Guinea
230:
215:
200:language of the
152:
148:
116:
112:
61:
57:
21:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5535:
5525:
5524:unrounded
5520:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5409:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5195:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5043:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5007:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4949:
4943:
4904:
4883:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4813:Labial–alveolar
4811:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4618:Labial–alveolar
4616:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4565:Labial–alveolar
4562:
4554:
4537:
4532:
4362:
4330:
4318:Voiced lateral
4298:
4273:
4262:
4253:
4242:
4233:
4222:
4200:
4191:
4180:
4171:
4160:
4138:
4129:
4118:
4109:
4098:
4086:
4084:
3702:
3691:
2197:Retroflex
2113:
2092:
2051:ASCII encodings
2039:
1993:
1946:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1893:
1888:
1850:
1815:
1792:
1737:
1730:
1671:
1636:
1584:
1536:
1520:
1502:
1466:Labial–alveolar
1447:
1424:
1405:Alveolo-palatal
1387:
1361:
1350:Palato-alveolar
1306:
1274:
1268:Co-articulation
1257:
1254:
1219:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1097:
1093:
1055:Evans, Nicholas
1051:
1047:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1002:
998:
986:
980:
976:
944:
934:
930:
921:
919:
906:
902:
897:
880:
868:Bilabial clicks
861:
850:
844:
841:
826:
810:
799:
641:
457:. For example,
186:Central Sudanic
131:
69:
68:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5466:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5145:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5116:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5058:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5022:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4993:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4964:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4715:Labial–palatal
4713:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4350:Nasal lateral
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Bilabial
2164:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1998:Special topics
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:Glottalization
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:Palatalization
1755:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1516:Velopharyngeal
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Labial–palatal
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1461:Labial–coronal
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1335:Denti-alveolar
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1203:Maddieson, Ian
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1168:(3): 393–434,
1147:
1141:, by linguist
1131:
1112:(1): 115–146,
1098:See p.116 of:
1091:
1069:(3): 331–349.
1052:See p.332 of:
1045:
1023:
1016:
996:
974:
928:
909:Maddieson, Ian
899:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
886:
879:
876:
863:
862:
813:
811:
804:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
786:
779:
774:
763:
757:
756:
753:
751:
745:
740:
732:
726:
725:
722:
720:
713:
708:
697:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
640:
637:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
480:
449:
448:
445:
443:
437:
432:
424:
418:
417:
414:
412:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
386:
384:
379:
374:
368:
367:
364:
362:
354:
349:
344:
340:
339:
336:
334:
327:
322:
317:
311:
310:
307:
305:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
166:Laurent Gbagbo
162:Central Africa
130:
127:
92:stop consonant
62:⟩, see
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5573:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5530:
5529:
5528: rounded
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5478:
5462:
5455:
5442:
5435:
5429:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5371:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5277:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5199:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5105:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4953:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4803:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4759:
4752:
4750:
4743:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4682:Labial–uvular
4677:
4670:
4664:
4652:
4645:
4633:
4626:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Case variants
2008:
2006:
2005:Cursive forms
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Uvularization
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:Labialization
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Coronal–velar
1491:
1489:
1488:Labial–uvular
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1218:0-631-19815-6
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1042:(2): 127–130.
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1000:
992:
985:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
939:
932:
918:
914:
910:
904:
900:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
875:
873:
869:
859:
856:
848:
838:
834:
830:
824:
823:
819:
814:This section
812:
808:
803:
802:
789:
787:
784:
780:
778:
775:
770:
767:
764:
759:
758:
754:
752:
750:
746:
744:
741:
736:
733:
728:
727:
723:
721:
718:
714:
712:
709:
706:
705:labialization
701:
698:
693:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
667:
664:
662:
661:labialization
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
626:
622:
614:
611:
606:
604:
601:
596:
595:
592:
589:
584:
582:
579:
574:
573:
570:
567:
562:
560:
557:
552:
551:
548:
545:
540:
538:
535:
530:
529:
526:
523:
518:
516:
513:
508:
507:
504:
501:
496:
494:
491:
486:
485:
477:
474:
460:
456:
446:
444:
442:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
420:
419:
415:
413:
411:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
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279:
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273:
270:
269:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Rossel Island
237:
236:Yele language
232:
226:
222:
217:
211:
207:
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199:
195:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
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167:
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136:
126:
122:
120:
108:
107:Kâte language
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
53:
49:
47:
43:
33:
19:
5521:
4798:Labial–velar
4748:
4735:Labial–velar
4656:Labial–velar
4593:Labial–velar
4592:
4539:
4085:(top: velar;
3712:
3692:
2119:
1986:
1982:
1798:Tongue shape
1788:Nasalization
1768:Velarization
1738:articulation
1508:Pathological
1483:Labial–velar
1482:
1366:Active place
1345:Postalveolar
1320:Linguolabial
1256:Articulation
1207:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1134:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1006:
999:
990:
977:
952:
948:
935:See p.31 of
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:
903:
866:
851:
845:January 2024
842:
827:Please help
815:
782:
766:prenasalized
748:
716:
683:Orthography
672:Description
642:
619:
612:
602:
590:
580:
568:
558:
546:
536:
524:
514:
502:
492:
452:
440:
427:prenasalized
409:
357:
356:
352:Central Igbo
330:
301:
274:Orthography
263:Description
233:
218:
198:Nilo-Saharan
155:
132:
123:
100:
71:
70:
58:and ⟨
40:
4760:approximant
4695:approximant
3019:Approximant
2088:IPA Braille
2066:Kirshenbaum
1608:Approximant
1325:Interdental
1302:Labiodental
1143:A. François
1032:Hajek, John
170:Ivory Coast
109:, however,
96:approximant
5550:Categories
5511:full chart
5037:Near-close
4831:full chart
4753:(variable)
4523:full chart
4006:affricate
3682:full chart
3311:affricate
2111:Consonants
2083:IPA number
1945:IPA topics
1736:Secondary
1726:Percussive
1694:Ingressive
1667:Continuant
1192:References
993:: 803–806.
922:2022-08-07
625:Vietnamese
621:Allophonic
461:contrasts
404:Vietnamese
252:Vietnamese
206:Nuosu (Yi)
190:New Guinea
141:, and the
88:labialized
5361:Near-open
5095:Close-mid
4779:Implosive
4772:Velarized
4691:Fricative
4443:Voiceless
4383:Implosive
3932:Fricative
3865:Affricate
3699:voiceless
2751:fricative
2749:Sibilant
2507:affricate
2154:Laryngeal
2044:Encodings
1856:Phonation
1834:Aspirated
1829:Voiceless
1704:Implosive
1689:Egressive
1681:Airstream
1662:Occlusive
1613:Semivowel
1573:Fricative
1568:Affricate
1555:Obstruent
1430:Laryngeal
1383:Subapical
1355:Retroflex
1162:Phonology
1085:1475-3502
969:171459404
955:: 25–60.
917:wals.info
816:does not
680:Language
613:to divide
603:to arrive
547:a stomach
416:'sector'
271:Language
229:/ɠ͡ɓ,ƙ͜ƥ/
143:implosive
105:. In the
5522:Legend:
5516:template
5495:IPA help
5267:Open-mid
4836:template
4826:IPA help
4802:Ejective
4774:alveolar
4528:template
4507:IPA help
3798:Ejective
3687:template
3666:IPA help
3104:Tap/flap
2504:Sibilant
2187:Alveolar
1751:Rounding
1719:Ejective
1714:Pulmonic
1699:Ejective
1625:Tap/flap
1590:Sonorant
1578:Sibilant
1532:Bidental
1340:Alveolar
1297:Bilabial
1205:(1996).
1182:62628417
1126:55878308
940:(2016).
878:See also
790:'woman'
755:'house'
724:'woman'
689:Meaning
675:Example
591:to kneel
569:to grind
559:to break
493:to pound
280:Meaning
266:Example
221:ejective
178:Ubangian
103:digraphs
94:and the
82:and the
56:/ /
52:Help:IPA
5526:•
4926:Central
4758:Lateral
4599:Plosive
4387:Voiced
4285:lateral
4283:Tenuis
4274:
4004:Lateral
3309:Lateral
2359:Plosive
2222:Glottal
2202:Palatal
2144:Coronal
2061:X-SAMPA
1869:Breathy
1655:Lateral
1620:Vibrant
1563:Plosive
1443:Glottal
1410:Palatal
1378:Laminal
1312:Coronal
837:removed
822:sources
761:ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡bʷ
649:Vanuatu
647:and in
366:'call'
78:at the
44:in the
5504:
4902:Vowels
4751:-sound
4516:
4153:Voiced
4091:Tenuis
3695:voiced
3675:
2666:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2212:Uvular
2182:Dental
2161:Manner
2149:Dorsal
2139:Labial
1879:Creaky
1839:Tenuis
1806:Sulcal
1650:Rhotic
1645:Liquid
1546:Manner
1420:Uvular
1397:Dorsal
1373:Apical
1330:Dental
1289:Labial
1215:
1180:
1124:
1083:
1014:
967:
743:Mwesen
581:to die
542:ak͡pki
537:a room
503:to dig
469:, and
422:ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b
343:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
309:'God'
182:Chadic
137:, the
60:
5506:audio
4938:Close
4921:Front
4852:Other
4786:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4552:Nasal
4518:audio
4215:Nasal
4082:Click
3677:audio
3204:Trill
2673:d̠ɹ̠˔
2229:Nasal
2207:Velar
2133:Place
2056:SAMPA
1931:chart
1884:Stiff
1874:Slack
1864:Modal
1821:Voice
1811:Domed
1709:Click
1630:Trill
1603:Vowel
1598:Nasal
1525:Other
1415:Velar
1280:Place
1178:S2CID
1122:S2CID
1059:"Nen"
987:(PDF)
965:S2CID
945:(PDF)
895:Notes
785:evēn
777:Volow
711:Dorig
703:with
657:Volow
564:ɡ͡bɡa
515:a dog
471:/ɡ͡b/
459:Eggon
388:'in'
304:àyɔ̀
296:Logba
139:nasal
135:stops
115:/ɡ͡b/
111:/k͡p/
80:velum
48:(IPA)
5403:Open
4931:Back
4808:t͡pʼ
4042:q𝼄ʼ
4035:k𝼄ʼ
4028:c𝼆ʼ
3894:t̠ʃʼ
3880:t̪θʼ
3873:p̪fʼ
3803:Stop
3254:ɽ̊r̥
2920:ɹ̠̊˔
2652:tɹ̝̊
2073:TIPA
1987:JIPA
1213:ISBN
1081:ISSN
1012:ISBN
820:any
818:cite
781:n-le
730:ŋ͡mʷ
695:k͡pʷ
686:IPA
669:IPA
631:and
598:ɡ͡bu
576:k͡pu
467:/ɡb/
463:/bɡ/
382:Lese
277:IPA
260:IPA
234:The
196:, a
194:Lese
184:and
160:and
158:West
84:lips
74:are
5189:Mid
4793:ɠ͡ɓ
4676:q͡p
4663:q͡ʡ
4651:ɡ͡b
4644:k͡p
4632:ɖ͡b
4625:ʈ͡p
4613:d͡b
4606:t͡p
4587:ŋ͡m
4573:ɳ͡m
4559:n͡m
4254:ɴ𝼊
4252:ŋ𝼊
4192:ɢ𝼊
4190:ɡ𝼊
4130:q𝼊
4128:k𝼊
4017:tɬʼ
3922:qχʼ
3915:kxʼ
3908:tɕʼ
3901:tʂʼ
3887:tsʼ
3614:𝼈̥
3385:ɡʟ̝
3378:k𝼄
3371:ɟʎ̝
3364:c𝼆
3357:d𝼅
2934:ɻ̊˔
2927:ɹ̠˔
2659:dɹ̝
2645:d̪ð
2638:t̪θ
2627:b̪v
2620:p̪f
2550:d̠ʒ
2543:t̠ʃ
1955:IPA
1170:doi
1114:doi
1071:doi
957:doi
831:by
633:/ŋ/
629:/k/
608:ɡba
586:kpu
554:ɡom
532:aku
520:bɡa
510:abu
498:kba
488:pom
435:Nen
394:ŋ͡m
372:ɠ͡ɓ
329:Ewe
325:Ewe
315:ɡ͡b
286:k͡p
238:of
151:ɡ͡b
147:k͡p
121:ɋ.
117:as
5552::
5256:o̞
5240:ɤ̞
5214:ø̞
5198:e̞
4749:Sj
4702:ɥ̊
4490:ʛ̥
4483:ɠ̊
4476:ʄ̊
4469:ᶑ̊
4460:ɗ̥
4449:ɓ̥
4363:ɴǁ
4361:ŋǁ
4331:ɢǁ
4329:ɡǁ
4299:qǁ
4297:kǁ
4263:ɴǂ
4261:ŋǂ
4243:ɴǃ
4241:ŋǃ
4234:ɴǀ
4232:ŋǀ
4223:ɴʘ
4221:ŋʘ
4201:ɢǂ
4199:ɡǂ
4181:ɢǃ
4179:ɡǃ
4172:ɢǀ
4170:ɡǀ
4161:ɢʘ
4159:ɡʘ
4139:qǂ
4137:kǂ
4119:qǃ
4117:kǃ
4110:qǀ
4108:kǀ
4099:qʘ
4097:kʘ
4062:ɬʼ
3994:χʼ
3987:xʼ
3980:ɕʼ
3973:ʂʼ
3966:ʃʼ
3959:sʼ
3952:θʼ
3945:fʼ
3938:ɸʼ
3857:ʡʼ
3850:qʼ
3843:kʼ
3836:cʼ
3829:ʈʼ
3820:tʼ
3809:pʼ
3790:EG
3762:RF
3755:PA
3734:LD
3727:BL
3701:.
3639:ʟ̆
3630:ʎ̆
3621:𝼈
3596:ɺ̥
3560:ʟ̠
3478:ʟ̝
3471:𝼄
3464:ʎ̝
3457:𝼆
3450:𝼅
3350:tꞎ
3339:dɮ
3332:tɬ
3276:ʀ̥
3261:ɽr
3236:r̥
3210:ʙ̥
3192:ʡ̆
3183:ɢ̆
3159:ɽ̊
3141:ɾ̥
3130:ɾ̼
3112:ⱱ̟
3096:ʔ̞
2941:ɻ˔
2913:ð̠
2906:θ̠
2885:ð̼
2878:θ̼
2740:ʔh
2733:ʡʢ
2726:ʡʜ
2719:ɢʁ
2712:qχ
2705:ɡɣ
2698:kx
2691:ɟʝ
2684:cç
2613:bβ
2606:pɸ
2578:dʑ
2571:tɕ
2564:dʐ
2557:tʂ
2536:dz
2529:ts
2400:d̼
2393:t̼
2386:b̪
2379:p̪
2336:ɴ̥
2322:ŋ̊
2308:ɲ̊
2294:ɳ̊
2276:n̥
2265:n̼
2249:ɱ̊
2235:m̥
2163:↓
2135:→
1270:–
1266:–
1201:;
1176:,
1166:27
1164:,
1160:,
1120:,
1108:,
1104:,
1079:.
1067:46
1065:.
1061:.
1040:29
1038:.
989:.
963:.
953:47
951:.
947:.
915:.
911:.
783:q̄
749:m̄
719:a
663:.
635:.
465:,
441:nḡ
439:dé
410:ng
408:cu
360:ọ́
358:kp
333:e
331:gb
302:kp
300:ò-
242:,
216:.
212::
180:,
98:.
5477:ɒ
5461:ɑ
5441:ä
5428:ɶ
5412:a
5390:ɐ
5370:æ
5350:ɔ
5334:ʌ
5321:ɞ
5305:ɜ
5292:œ
5276:ɛ
5227:ə
5178:o
5162:ɤ
5149:ɵ
5133:ɘ
5120:ø
5104:e
5084:ʊ
5062:ʏ
5046:ɪ
5026:u
5010:ɯ
4997:ʉ
4981:ɨ
4968:y
4952:i
4766:ɫ
4742:ɧ
4730:w
4723:ʍ
4709:ɥ
4693:/
4433:ʛ
4426:ɠ
4419:ʄ
4412:ᶑ
4403:ɗ
4392:ɓ
4270:ʞ
3783:U
3776:V
3769:P
3748:A
3741:D
3603:ɺ
3551:ʟ
3542:ʎ
3533:ɭ
3520:l
3443:ꞎ
3432:ɮ
3425:ɬ
3297:ʢ
3290:ʜ
3283:ʀ
3243:r
3217:ʙ
3166:ɽ
3148:ɾ
3121:ⱱ
3079:ɰ
3070:j
3061:ɻ
3048:ɹ
3031:ʋ
3011:ɦ
3004:h
2997:ʕ
2990:ħ
2983:ʁ
2976:χ
2969:ɣ
2962:x
2955:ʝ
2948:ç
2899:ð
2892:θ
2871:v
2864:f
2857:β
2850:ɸ
2822:ʑ
2815:ɕ
2808:ʐ
2801:ʂ
2794:ʒ
2787:ʃ
2780:z
2773:s
2494:ʔ
2485:ʡ
2478:ɢ
2471:q
2464:ɡ
2457:k
2450:ɟ
2443:c
2436:ɖ
2429:ʈ
2418:d
2411:t
2372:b
2365:p
2343:ɴ
2329:ŋ
2315:ɲ
2301:ɳ
2283:n
2256:ɱ
2242:m
1989:)
1985:(
1933:)
1929:(
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
1221:.
1172::
1145:.
1129:.
1116::
1110:9
1089:.
1087:.
1073::
1020:.
971:.
959::
925:.
858:)
852:(
847:)
843:(
839:.
825:.
747:ē
717:q
715:r
119:Ɋ
66:.
34:.
20:)
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