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and different subsidiary images and graphic devices. The first of these broadsides, was published for Day of the Dead in 1913 (it bears a date), and is titled "Remate de
Calaveras Alegres y Sandungueras, Las que hoy son empolvadas Garbanceras pararĂĄn en deformes calaveras" ("The Ending of the Cheerful and Sandunga-dancing Calaveras", "those that today are powdered chick pea-vendors will end as deformed Calaveras"). Though Posada had made his print as a criticism of the wealthy elite, the text of the 1913 broadside was a vicious attack on working class women who sold garbanzo beans (instead of foods native to Mexico).
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Kahlo, where the
Linares family made three-dimensional versions of Posada's prints out of papier mùché. Consequently, Posada, Rivera, and Kahlo were woven into foundational urban commemorations in Mexico City. Even without the Mesoamerican attributes Rivera provided to Catrina, she still functions as a national emblem associated specifically with Mexico.
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rattlesnake boa that
Catrina wears links her to the Mesoamerican god Quetzalcoatl (the feathered serpent), and its stone rattle connects it to the Aztec goddess Coatlicue ("She of the Serpent Skirt"). Like snakes and Coatlicue, Rivera's Catrina has fangs and a bloody mouth. The gold belt buckle has an
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2021, humorously transforms a traditional dress into a cake. In an untitled
Catrina Altar installed at Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles in 2022, Maldonado transforms Catrina into a sculptural "death saint" that mourns victims of school shootings: Columbine (1999), Virginia Tech (2007), Sandy
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assemblage. In recent years, highly publicized contests have taken place for the biggest, the most, and the best
Catrinas, especially in Mexico and the U.S. Catrina impersonators abound. There are even Catrina fashion shows, and lavish, Catrina-themed balls and benefits for non-profit organizations.
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The second publication of Posada's image was in a broadside titled "Han Salido por Fin, Las
Calaveras" ("They have finally left"), issued sometime after Antonio Vanegas Arroyo's death in 1917. The third broadside with the Catrina image was called "Calaveras de la Cucaracha, Una Fiesta en Ultratumba"
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The
Antonio Vanegas Arroyo and his family published many of Posada's most important works. Curator Ruben C. Cordova has identified four broadsides published by the Vanegas Arroyo family that feature Posada's Catrina image. All of these broadsides have different texts (none of them written by Posada)
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glyph, which symbolizes movement (and the earthquakes the Aztecs thought would end their era). Eyes are visible behind the skull mask, which arguably makes Rivera's
Catrina a life and death figure. Cordova argues that Rivera made Catrina into a nationalist emblem that referenced indigenous cultures
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stands behind and between them. Rivera keeps the big bourgeois hat that Posada gave to
Catrina. But instead of outfitting her with a matching bourgeois gown, he puts her in a simple Tehuana skirt, similar to those Kahlo wore, which were associated with indigenous women from Tehuantepec. The feather
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The French-born
Mexican artist Jean Charlot played a key role in the rediscovery of Posada, who was little known after his death. The image we know as Catrina appeared in a book for the first time 1930, at which time the title Calavera Catrina was attached to it. In 1944, the Catrina image appeared
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Catrina appears on all manner of commercial and festive products relating to Day of the Dead. Her image inspires numerous artists to recreate her every year, out of nearly every imaginable material. Additionally, her image is often assembled out of diverse materials (even people), as a collage or
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Catrina became central to Mexican identity in part because Posada was made into the "primary artistic ancestor figure" for the generation of the Mexican Muralists. Additionally, for many years, influential Day of the Dead festivities in Mexico City were held at museums that centered on Rivera and
133:("Dream of a Sunday afternoon in the Central Alameda"), which stretches 15 yards, depicts 400 years of Mexican history from the Spanish Conquest to the Revolution. Rivera included many historical figures in the fresco, which was originally painted for the Hotel del Prado in the historic center of
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on the cover of an exhibition catalogue for the Art Institute of Chicago. At this time, Art Institute catalogues (with Catrina on the cover) and individual prints of Catrina were widely distributed in Mexico and the U.S., providing Catrina with high visibility.
282:(skull) make-up. The male counterpart to the Catrina, wears the same skull makeup and black clothes, often a formal suit with a top hat or a mariachi costume. A cane might also be part of the costume. Catrinas can be dressed in black, white, or bright colors.
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The Calavera is a well-established tradition in Mexico. Satiric works such as Posada's Catrina were created during (or in the immediate aftermath) of the polarizing reign of dictator
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from 2018 (oil and gold leaf on panel) combines influences from traditional New Mexican religious statues and cubism with papel picado (cut paper) patterns. Maldonado's
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Some artists have made a variety of Catrina figures over the years, such as the Albuquerque-based artist Brandon Maldonado (b. 1980). His Catrinas include
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Rivera placed Posada (dressed in a black suit) and Catrina in the center of his fresco. Rivera depicted himself as a boy who holds Catrina's hand.
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an oil painting from 2010 with Catrina riding in a traditional coach driven by a CatrĂn, and a satiric ink drawing called
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are currently fashioned out of two- and three-dimensional materials. These include drawings, prints, paintings, and
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587:"José Guadalupe Posada and Diego Rivera Fashion Catrina: From Sellout To National Icon (and Back Again?)"
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La Catrina, carved by artist José Luis Martinez Pasillas in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes
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by José Guadalupe Posada in the Digital Collections of the Ibero-American Institute
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Evans, Kiki; Subero, Olivia; Iacobucci, Jordan (13 March 2024).
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Diego Rivera's Dream of a Sunday Afternoon: Catrina Transformed
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Modern representations of Catrina at the Museo de la Ciudad,
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celebrations in Mexico and elsewhere. They typically feature
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612:"Jose Guadalupe Posada, Calavera Catrina (Dapper Skeleton)"
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859:"5 Things to Know Before Doing Dia de Los Muertos Makeup"
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Delsol, Christine; SFGate, Special to (25 October 2011).
833:"5 Best Mexican-Themed Casino Games You Can Play Online"
264:(2017), animated series, video games, and music videos.
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is often paired with a male dandy skeleton, known as a
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Large image of Catrina on the road from the airport to
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1910â1913 etching by Mexican cartoon illustrator Posada
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Cake Lady. (20 years of Muertos anniversary piece),
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130:Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central
226:Hook (2012), Parkland (2018), and Uvalde (2022).
205:2003, an op art-influenced ink on paper drawing,
114:Posada's Rediscovery and the Emergence of Catrina
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781:"Catrina Mania IV: Brandon Maldonado's Catrinas"
807:"15 Animated Movies To Watch If You Loved Coco"
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655:"La Catrina: Mexico's grande dame of death"
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36:("The Dapper Skull") had its origin as a
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50:(1852â1913). The image is usually dated
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779:Cordova, Ruben C. (October 30, 2022).
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625:Sandoval, Mathew (2023-10-24).
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912:"El DĂa de los Muertos"
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395:A Catrina inspired by
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886:"Catrinas y catrines"
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127:Diego Rivera's mural
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1462:The Triumph of Death
1364:Death and the Maiden
1036:Death and the Maiden
996:and mortality in art
614:. ArtofthePrint.com.
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215:La Calavera Catrina,
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1448:The Shadow of Death
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1371:Death and the Miser
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916:National Geographic
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26:La Calavera Catrina
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1172:Architecture
1111:Funerary art
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1053:Memento mori
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1554:Mexican art
1406:Roman Widow
1244:Book of Job
790:October 30,
478:by artisan
369:MarĂa FĂ©lix
248:barro negro
244:paper-mùché
146:Frida Kahlo
135:Mexico City
66:upper class
55: 1910
1534:1913 works
1523:Categories
1256:Left Ginza
1223:Literature
1101:Death mask
1022:Consolatio
1015:Carpe diem
870:2018-10-07
636:2023-11-10
557:References
494:La Catrina
76:La Catrina
70:Porfiriato
1313:Totentanz
785:Glasstire
759:Glasstire
709:March 11,
704:Glasstire
683:March 11,
678:Glasstire
596:March 11,
591:Glasstire
381:San Ăngel
324:A Catrina
213:of 2012.
1496:Erlkönig
1337:Guercino
1324:Painting
1306:Erlkönig
1126:Memorial
1074:Ubi sunt
842:28 March
816:28 March
735:June 23,
506:See also
443:, Mexico
279:calavera
240:Catrinas
230:Folk art
1342:Poussin
1165:Artwork
1151:Tragedy
1141:Requiem
1085:Vanitas
1047:Macabre
922:Dec 18,
896:Dec 18,
375:on the
373:ofrenda
354:Gallery
268:Costume
252:Catrina
186:Culture
84:Spanish
41:etching
1473:Poetry
1392:Plague
1156:Wreath
1121:Lament
1002:Themes
864:Allure
659:SFGate
397:Selena
256:CatrĂn
235:Purist
1276:Music
1131:Mummy
1106:Elegy
1094:Forms
994:Death
152:ollin
1204:Film
1146:Tomb
924:2022
898:2022
844:2024
818:2024
792:2022
766:2023
737:2023
711:2023
685:2023
598:2013
459:for
261:Coco
38:zinc
811:CBR
496:in
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