109:. He became the first potter and sculptor in the medium, winning his first recognition in 1985 for his work. His work depicting human skulls in the barro negro style increased his popularity. Each piece Carlomagno makes is unique, following themes originating from oral histories, indigenous legends, Christianity and death. In Mexico, he has exhibited his work in dozens of expositions and has won three national-level awards. His work has been featured in five books. Martinez's work has been exhibited in the United States, Colombia, Argentina, Lebanon, Germany, Spain, and Japan, with one of his latest exhibits in New York in 2008. In that same year, he created a mural in barro negro at the Baseball Academy in San Bartolo Coyotepec sponsored by the
22:
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protect them from sudden changes in temperature. Drying can take up to three weeks. If the piece is to be polished so that it turns out shiny black when finished, it is polished when the piece is almost dry. The surface of the piece is lightly moistened and then rubbed with a curved quartz stone. This compacts the surface of the clay and creates the metallic sheen and dark color during firing. This is also the stage when decorative accents such as clay flowers or small handles are added. The designs of barro negro objects are unique to this area.
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94:, who promoted it in the United States. This relatively recent popularity stems from the look, rather than durability, so many pieces are produced now for decorative purposes rather than utility. Doña Rosa died in 1980, but the tradition of making the pottery is carried on by her daughter and grandchildren who stage demonstrations for tourists in their local potters' workshop. The workshop is still in the family home, where shelves of shiny black pieces for sale line the inner courtyard.
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He claims that his father was a gifted sculptor, and mezcal owners came to their property requesting novelty bottles for the alcoholic beverage. The monkey as well as other animal shapes were created. However, another family, that of
Marcelo Simon Galan, also claim to have created the container. His surviving granddaughter says that he made the shape at the request of a customer. An example of Galan's work is on display at the Museo de Arte Popular de Oaxaca in San Bartolo Coyotepec.
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134:, with about 600 families in the area dedicated to the craft. In addition to a number of family workshops, including Doña Rosa's, the Mercado de Artesanias is an important attraction which brings visitors from many parts of Mexico and other countries. A group of fourteen people exhibit and sell barro negro objects. Some of these products include vases, animal figures and jars. Demonstrations of pottery making are held there as well. In 2005, the
138:(State Museum of Popular Art) was opened here. It has one of its three halls dedicated to barro negro, with pieces from the Monte Albán era to the present day. In 2009, San Bartolo Coyotepec held its first Feria Artesanal de Barro Negro (Crafts Fair of Barro Negro) with the participation of over 150 artisans.
40:, distinguished by its color, sheen and unique designs. Oaxaca is one of few Mexican states which is characterized by the continuance of its ancestral crafts, which are still used in everyday life. Barro negro is one of several pottery traditions in the state, which also include the glazed green pieces of
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Traditionally, the clay is molded on plates balanced on rocks to that they can be spun by hand. Modern potters' tools are not used. Large pieces, such as cantaros are fashioned from the bottom up adding clay as the piece grows. After it is shaped, the pieces are set to dry in a well-insulated room to
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The color of barro negro is derived from the properties of the clay, and is not colored. The earth used to extract the clay is cleaned to remove impurities, which can take a month of soaking and settling out the clay from the rest of the soil. After this process, each piece takes about twenty days to
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in the shape of a monkey. It is made to hold between 700 ml to 1 liter of the liquid with a cork or corncob stopper. It is either painted in bright colors or left grayish with detailed etchings. Valente Nieto, the sole surviving progeny of Doña Rosa, states that his family created the mezcal monkey.
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at many distilleries. These large jars are not polished and retain the ancient gray matte, which allows them to be resistant to liquid. Another quality the gray matte version has is that it can be struck similar to a bell, and the cantaros are also used as musical instruments. The sound produced is
48:
period. For almost all of this pottery's history, it had been available only in a grayish matte finish. In the 1950s, a potter named Doña Rosa devised a way to put a black metallic-like sheen onto the pottery by polishing it before firing. This look has increased the style's popularity. From the
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Many different kinds of objects are made of barro negro including pots, whistles, flutes, bells, masks, lamps, animal figures with most being of a decorative nature and not for the storage of food and water. One exception to this is the use of
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This style of pottery is made in San
Bartolo Coyotepec and a large number of small communities in the surrounding valley, where the clay that gives it its color is found. This community is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of the
85:
In the 1950s, Doña Rosa Real discovered that she could change the color and shine of the pieces by polishing the clay pieces and firing them at a slightly lower temperature. Just before the formed clay piece is completely dry, it is
90:. After firing, the piece emerges a shiny black instead of a dull gray. This innovation makes the pieces more breakable, but it has made the pottery far more popular with Mexican folk art collectors, including
44:; however, barro negro is one of the best known and most identified with the state. It is also one of the most popular styles of pottery in Mexico. The origins of this pottery style extends as far back as the
73:
Barro negro pottery can trace its origins to 2,500 years ago, with examples of it found at archeological sites, fashioned mostly into jars and other utilitarian items. It remains a traditional craft of the
200:
or above ground kilns, using wood fires that heat the objects to between 700 and 800 °C. When they emerge, the polished pieces are a shiny black and the unpolished ones have a grey matte finish.
101:. He was born in San Bartolo Coyotepec into a pottery-making family. From a young age, he showed talent in fashioning figures in clay. When he was grown, he attended the Fine Arts Workshop of
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of the
Central Valleys area to this day. Originally, barro negro pottery was matte and grayish. In this form, the pottery is very sturdy, allowing it to be hit without breaking.
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252:[Encyclopedia of the Municipalities of Mexico State of Oaxaca Cultural and Tourist Attractions] (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. Archived from
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588:[Crafts Market of San Bartolo Coyotepec] (in Spanish). San Bartolo Coyotepec: Museo estatal de Arte Popular Oaxaca. Archived from
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614:[First Crafts Fair of Barro Negro 2009] (in Spanish). Oaxaca: Instituto Estatal de Acceso a la InformaciĂłn PĂşblica de Oaxaca
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562:[Oaxacan popular art: Forms, textures and colors] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from
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Another famous barro negro object is the "mezcal monkey" (chango mezcalero). This is a vessel created for the alcoholic liquor
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has promoted items made this way with barro negro sculptures which have been exhibited in a number of countries.
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Boy, Alicia (27 August 2000). "El arte y la magia de Dona Rosa" [The arte and magic of Doña Rosa].
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A woman cutting designs into unfired barro negro pottery in San
Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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250:"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de MĂ©xico Estado de Oaxaca Atractivos Culturales y TurĂsticos"
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494:"Mexico's Mezcal Monkey: collectible ceramic folk art from Oaxaca AlfarerĂa Doña Rosa"
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Another important person in the development and promotion of barro negro is
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221:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Artes de Mexico magazine. Archived from
441:"Mexico's Mezcal Monkey: collectible ceramic folk art from Oaxaca"
293:"El proceso de elaboraciĂłn de artesanĂas de barro negro de Oaxaca"
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295:[The process of crafting barro negro crafts of Oaxaca].
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586:"MERCADO DE ARTESANIAS de Barro Negro de San Bartolo Coyotepec"
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Underground pits in which cured barro negro pottery is fired.
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Store in San
Bartolo Coyotepec with Barro Negro pottery
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560:"Arte popular oaxaqueño. Formas, texturas y colores"
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polished with a quartz stone to compress the surface
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411:"En vida Hermano En Vida Carlomagno Pedro Martinez"
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339:(in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. Archived from
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972:Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery
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184:Creation of a pitcher at the Doña Rosa workshop
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539:(in Spanish). Torreon, Coahuila. 2 April 2003
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65:Sculpture of a funeral in barro negro at the
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612:"Primer Feria Artesanal de Barro Negro 2009"
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992:Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque
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32:("black clay") is a style of pottery from
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393:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
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1186:Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
637:[Miners' mescal of Oaxaca].
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16:Style of pottery from Oaxaca, Mexico
1242:Indigenous ceramics of the Americas
1181:Traditional metal working in Mexico
439:Starkman, Alvin (31 January 2010).
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331:Ortiz Vargas, Hilda (24 May 2008).
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533:["True Lies" in pottery].
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1176:Traditional copper work in Mexico
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758:Textiles and other fiber crafts
734:Green glazed pottery of Atzompa
688:Mexican handcrafts and folk art
333:"San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca"
1007:National Museum of Mexican Art
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1136:Mexican handcrafted fireworks
1012:National Pyrotechnic Festival
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196:The pieces are then fired in
142:Objects made with barro negro
1043:Handcrafts by federal entity
1017:Palm Sunday Handcraft Market
987:Museo Nacional de la Máscara
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962:Mexico City Alebrije Parade
909:Tenancingo, State of Mexico
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1196:Votive paintings of Mexico
977:Museo de Trajes Regionales
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1141:Mexican ironwood carvings
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635:"Mezcal minero de Oaxaca"
99:Carlomagno Pedro Martinez
51:Carlomagno Pedro MartĂnez
1034:List of Mexican artisans
957:Feria Maestros del Arte
729:Blanco family (Oaxaca)
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1151:Mexican mask-folk art
967:Museo de Arte Popular
882:Santa Clara del Cobre
867:San Bartolo Coyotepec
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117:San Bartolo Coyotepec
67:Museo de Arte Popular
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1156:Mexican pointy boots
872:San MartĂn Tilcajete
417:(in Spanish). Oaxaca
303:on 27 September 2011
1247:History of ceramics
1146:Mexican lacquerware
1131:Mexican featherwork
1121:Alfeñique in Mexico
914:Teotitlán del Valle
899:Santo Tomás Jalieza
894:Santa MarĂa Atzompa
841:Miss Lupita project
724:Barro negro pottery
707:Ceramics of Jalisco
592:on 23 February 2010
536:El Siglo de TorreĂłn
529:Mentiras verdaderas
483:- Total pages: 1056
343:on 15 February 2009
42:Santa MarĂa Atzompa
30:Barro negro pottery
1201:MarĂa Teresa Pomar
862:Ocotlán de Morelos
810:Textiles of Oaxaca
805:Textiles of Mexico
800:Tenango embroidery
770:Basketry of Mexico
739:Mata Ortiz pottery
712:Pottery of Metepec
217:MarĂn, Guillermo.
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92:Nelson Rockefeller
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938:Organizations and
695:Clay and ceramics
471:(2008 ed.).
111:Alfredo Harp HelĂş
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780:Mexican rag doll
744:Talavera pottery
702:Mexican ceramics
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749:Tree of Life
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643:. Retrieved
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616:. Retrieved
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590:the original
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564:the original
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498:the original
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443:. MexConnect
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415:El Imparcial
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301:the original
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113:Foundation.
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1227:Mexican art
1206:Marta Turok
1126:Huichol art
1075:Mexico City
924:Tlaquepaque
919:Tlalpujahua
877:San Pablito
107:Oaxaca city
46:Monte Albán
1221:Categories
1055:Guanajuato
831:CartonerĂa
639:La Jornada
204:References
189:complete.
1080:Michoacán
940:festivals
461:Pg 744 –
1116:Alebrije
1100:Tlaxcala
1060:Guerrero
1026:Artisans
543:10 March
504:10 March
447:10 March
149:cantaros
76:Zapotecs
1161:Piteado
1070:Jalisco
1065:Hidalgo
1050:Chiapas
904:Temoaya
645:8 March
618:8 March
596:8 March
570:8 March
421:8 March
391:Reforma
347:8 March
307:8 March
260:8 March
229:8 March
176:Process
80:Mixtecs
57:History
1237:Oaxaca
1191:Vochol
1090:Puebla
1085:Oaxaca
846:Piñata
795:Rebozo
785:Petate
775:Huipil
475:
467:Mexico
161:mezcal
153:mezcal
38:Mexico
34:Oaxaca
826:Amate
819:Paper
1032:see
647:2010
620:2010
598:2010
572:2010
545:2010
506:2010
473:ISBN
449:2010
423:2010
349:2010
309:2010
262:2010
231:2010
78:and
105:in
1223::
514:^
431:^
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399:^
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239:^
36:,
680:e
673:t
666:v
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