Liquefied natural gas

2608:, at sites with marine access allowing regular large bulk shipments direct to market. This requires a secure gas supply of sufficient capacity. Ideally, facilities are located close to the gas source, to minimize the cost of intermediate transport infrastructure and gas shrinkage (fuel loss in transport). The high cost of building large LNG facilities makes the progressive development of gas sources to maximize facility utilization essential, and the life extension of existing, financially depreciated LNG facilities cost effective. Particularly when combined with lower sale prices due to large installed capacity and rising construction costs, this makes the economic screening/ justification to develop new, and especially greenfield, LNG facilities challenging, even if these could be more environmentally friendly than existing facilities with all stakeholder concerns satisfied. Due to high financial risk, it is usual to contractually secure gas supply/ concessions and gas sales for extended periods before proceeding to an investment decision. 2718:(CNG) engine, the mixing of the fuel and the air is more effective since gases typically mix well in a short period of time, but at typical CNG pressures the fuel itself is less energy-dense than gasoline or diesel, so the result is a less energy-dense air–fuel mixture. For an engine of a given cylinder displacement, a normally-aspirated CNG-powered engine is typically less powerful than a gasoline or diesel engine of similar displacement. For that reason turbochargers are popular in European CNG cars. Despite that limitation, the 12-litre Cummins Westport ISX12G engine is an example of a CNG-capable engine designed to pull tractor–trailer loads up to 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) showing CNG can be used in many on-road truck applications. The original ISX G engine incorporated a turbocharger to enhance the air–fuel energy density. 2743: 2552: 3099:(BOE) basis. If the LNG price exceeds the price of crude oil in BOE terms, then the situation is called broken oil parity. A coefficient of 0.1724 results in full oil parity. In most cases the price of LNG is less than the price of crude oil in BOE terms. In 2009, in several spot cargo deals especially in East Asia, oil parity approached the full oil parity or even exceeded oil parity. In January 2016, the spot LNG price of $ 5.461 per million British thermal units ($ 18.63/MWh) has broken oil parity when the Brent crude price (≤32 US$ /bbl) has fallen steeply. By the end of June 2016, LNG price has fallen by nearly 50% below its oil parity price, making it more economical than more-polluting diesel/gas oil in the transport sector. 2722:

pressure with the use of little or no mechanical energy. A properly designed high-power engine can leverage this extremely-high-pressure, energy-dense gaseous fuel source to create a higher-energy-density air–fuel mixture than can be efficiently created with a CNG-powered engine. The result when compared to CNG engines is more overall efficiency in high-power engine applications when high-pressure direct-injection technology is used. The Westport HDMI2 fuel system is an example of a high-pressure direct-injection system that does not require a turbocharger if paired with an appropriate LNG heat exchanger. The Volvo Trucks 13-litre LNG engine is another example of an LNG engine leveraging advanced high-pressure technology.

2844: 367:-type design which included a cold inner tank within an outer tank; the tanks being separated by insulation. In 1937 Lee Twomey received patents for a process for large-scale liquefaction of natural gas. The intention was to store natural gas as a liquid so it could be used for shaving peak energy loads during cold snaps. Because of large volumes it is not practical to store natural gas, as a gas, near atmospheric pressure. However, when liquefied, it can be stored in a volume 1/600th as large. This is a practical way to store it but the gas must be kept at −260 °F (−162 °C). 2643: 4124: 396: 4194: 63: 2368:

for construction contractors have put upward pressure on prices in the last few years. The standard price for a 125,000 cubic meter LNG vessel built in European and Japanese shipyards used to be US$ 250 million. When Korean and Chinese shipyards entered the race, increased competition reduced profit margins and improved efficiency—reducing costs by 60 percent. Costs in US dollars also declined due to the devaluation of the currencies of the world's largest shipbuilders: the Japanese yen and Korean won.

55: 2312: 497:, entered service. Soon after that a large natural gas field was discovered in Algeria. International trade in LNG quickly followed as LNG was shipped to France and Great Britain from the Algerian fields. One more important attribute of LNG had now been exploited. Once natural gas was liquefied it could not only be stored more easily, but it could be transported. Thus energy could now be shipped over the oceans via LNG the same way it was shipped in the form of oil. 2856:

LNG trade volumes increased from 142 MT in 2005 to 159 MT in 2006, 165 MT in 2007, 171 MT in 2008, 220 MT in 2010, 237 MT in 2013, 264 MT in 2016 and 290 MT in 2017. Global LNG production was 246 MT in 2014, most of which was used in trade between countries. During the next several years there would be significant increase in volume of LNG Trade. For example, about 59 MTPA of new LNG supply from six new plants came to market just in 2009, including:

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containing LNG at −260 °F. Each sphere held the equivalent of about 50 million cubic feet of natural gas. A fourth tank, a cylinder, was added in 1942. It had an equivalent capacity of 100 million cubic feet of gas. The plant operated successfully for three years. The stored gas was regasified and put into the mains when cold snaps hit and extra capacity was needed. This precluded the denial of gas to some customers during a cold snap.

4629:. Explosion at Sonatrach LNG liquefaction facility. 27 killed, 56 injured, three LNG trains destroyed, a marine berth damaged. 2004 production was reduced by 76 percent. Total loss was US$ 900 million. A steam boiler that was part of an LNG liquefaction train exploded, triggering a massive hydrocarbon gas explosion. The explosion occurred where propane and ethane refrigeration storage were located. Site distribution of the units caused a 2304: 4700: 4293: 2428: 2825:

14 billion cu ft/d (280 and 400 million m/d) or by heating value 3.75 to 5.25 quad (1,100 to 1,540 TWh). E&Y projects global LNG demand could hit 400 mtpa (19.7 quads) by 2020. If that occurs, the LNG market will be roughly 10% the size of the global crude oil market, and that does not count the vast majority of natural gas which is delivered via pipeline directly from the well to the consumer.

4451: 4182: 4483: 2840:. At the same time, Pacific Basin supplies dominated world LNG trade. The worldwide interest in using natural gas-fired combined cycle generating units for electric power generation, coupled with the inability of North American and North Sea natural gas supplies to meet the growing demand, substantially broadened the regional markets for LNG. It also brought new Atlantic Basin and Middle East suppliers into the trade. 256: 388: 9527: 525: 2401:'s application to export up to 770 million cubic feet per day of LNG to countries that do not have a free trade agreement with the U.S. In May 2014, the FERC concluded its environmental assessment of the Cove Point LNG project, which found that the proposed natural gas export project could be built and operated safely. Another LNG terminal is currently proposed for 244:

previously thought impossible. Given that storage of other fuels is relatively easily secured using simple tanks, a supply for several months could be kept in storage. With the advent of large-scale cryogenic storage, it became possible to create long term gas storage reserves. These reserves of liquefied gas could be deployed at a moment's notice through

3111:, where the price formula is different above and below a certain oil price, to dampen the impact of high oil prices on the buyer, and low oil prices on the seller. When the spot LNG price is cheaper than long term oil price indexed contracts, the most profitable LNG end use is to power mobile engines for replacing costly gasoline and diesel consumption. 2540:

cargo and arbitrage were also allowed. By the turn of the 21st century, the market was again in favor of sellers. However, sellers have become more sophisticated and are now proposing sharing of arbitrage opportunities and moving away from S-curve pricing. There has been much discussion regarding the creation of an "OGEC" as a natural gas equivalent of

4216:, Europe and North America. Natural gas is less dense, even at higher pressures. Natural gas will travel much faster than oil through a high-pressure pipeline, but can transmit only about a fifth of the amount of energy per day due to the lower density. Natural gas is usually liquefied to LNG at the end of the pipeline, before shipping. 375:, with a variation of the Linde process, called the Claude process, being sometimes used. In this process, the gas is cooled regeneratively by continually passing and expanding it through an orifice until it is cooled to temperatures at which it liquefies. This process was developed by James Joule and William Thomson and is known as the 4151:). Sometimes more expensive underground tanks are used for storage. Smaller quantities (say 700 cubic metres (180,000 US gal) and less) may be stored in horizontal or vertical, vacuum-jacketed, pressure vessels. These tanks may be at pressures anywhere from less than 50 to over 1,700 kPa (7.3–246.6 psi). 4247:, which involved the transfer of LNG from a conventional LNG carrier to an LNG regasification vessel (LNGRV). Before this commercial exercise, LNG had only ever been transferred between ships on a handful of occasions as a necessity following an incident. The Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators ( 240:, especially since unlike oil, no viable method for natural gas storage or transport existed other than compressed gas pipelines to end users of the same gas. This meant that natural gas markets were historically entirely local, and any production had to be consumed within the local or regional network. 2911:, with Asian buyers willing to pay higher prices than European importers. This reversed in 2022, when most of US LNG went to Europe. US LNG export contracts are mainly made for 15–20 years. Exports from the U.S. are likely to reach 13.3 Bcf/d in 2024 due to projects coming online on the Gulf of Mexico. 4219:

Short LNG pipelines for use in moving product from LNG vessels to onshore storage are available. Longer pipelines, which allow vessels to offload LNG at a greater distance from port facilities, are under development. This requires pipe-in-pipe technology due to requirements for keeping the LNG cold.

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Small-scale liquefaction plants are suitable for peakshaving on natural gas pipelines, transportation fuel, or for deliveries of natural gas to remote areas not connected to pipelines. They typically have a compact size, are fed from a natural gas pipeline, and are located close to the location where

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Based on the LNG SPAs, LNG is destined for pre-agreed destinations, and diversion of that LNG is not allowed. However, if Seller and Buyer make a mutual agreement, then the diversion of the cargo is permitted — subject to sharing the additional profit created by such a diversion, by paying a penalty

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in March 2011 Japan became a major importer accounting for one third of the total. European LNG imports fell by 30 percent in 2012, and fell further by 24 percent in 2013, as South American and Asian importers paid more. European LNG imports increased to new heights in 2019, remained high in 2020 and

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Compared with the crude oil market, in 2013 the natural gas market was about 72 percent of the crude oil market (measured on a heat equivalent basis), of which LNG forms a small but rapidly growing part. Much of this growth is driven by the need for clean fuel and some substitution effect due to the

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In the commercial development of an LNG value chain, LNG suppliers first confirm sales to the downstream buyers and then sign long-term contracts (typically 20–25 years) with strict terms and structures for gas pricing. Only when the customers are confirmed and the development of a greenfield project

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temperatures. Intercontinental LNG transport travels by special tanker ships. LNG transport tanks comprise an internal steel or aluminum compartment and an external carbon or steel compartment with a vacuum system in between to reduce the amount of heat transfer. Once on site, the LNG must be stored

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on October 20, 1944, when the cylindrical tank ruptured, spilling thousands of gallons of LNG over the plant and nearby neighborhood. The gas evaporated and caught fire, which caused 130 fatalities. The fire delayed further implementation of LNG facilities for several years. However, over the next 15

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The first large-scale liquefaction of natural gas in the U.S. was in 1918 when the U.S. government liquefied natural gas as a way to extract helium, which is a small component of some natural gas. This helium was intended for use in British dirigibles for World War I. The liquid natural gas (LNG) was

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expressed in MJ/litre. The density of LNG is roughly 0.41 kg/litre to 0.5 kg/litre, depending on temperature, pressure, and composition, compared to water at 1.0 kg/litre. Using the median value of 0.45 kg/litre, the typical energy density values are 22.5 MJ/litre (based on higher

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of explosions. It remains unclear if LNG or LNG vapour, or other hydrocarbon gases forming part of the liquefaction process initiated the explosions. One report, of the US Government Team Site Inspection of the Sonatrach Skikda LNG Plant in Skikda, Algeria, March 12–16, 2004, has cited it was a leak

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of LNG. Tolling fees in the Cheniere contracts vary: US$ 2.25 per million British thermal units ($ 7.7/MWh) with BG Group signed in 2011; $ 2.49 per million British thermal units ($ 8.5/MWh) with Spain's GNF signed in 2012; and $ 3.00 per million British thermal units ($ 10.2/MWh) with South Korea's

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By the end of 2017, there were 19 LNG exporting countries and 40 LNG importing countries. The three biggest LNG exporters in 2017 were Qatar (77.5 MT), Australia (55.6 MT) and Malaysia (26.9 MT). The three biggest LNG importers in 2017 were Japan (83.5 MT), China (39 MT) and South Korea (37.8 MT).

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Until 2003, LNG prices have closely followed oil prices. Since then, LNG prices in Europe and Japan have been lower than oil prices, although the link between LNG and oil is still strong. In contrast, prices in the US and the UK have recently skyrocketed, then fallen as a result of changes in supply

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The largest LNG train in operation is in Qatar, with a total production capacity of 7.8 million tonnes per annum (MTPA). LNG is loaded onto ships and delivered to a regasification terminal, where the LNG is allowed to expand and reconvert into gas. Regasification terminals are usually connected

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had moved to oppose them. They claimed that, while natural gas power plants emit approximately half the carbon dioxide of an equivalent coal power plant, the natural gas combustion required to produce and transport LNG to the plants adds 20 to 40 percent more carbon dioxide than burning natural gas

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APCI technology is the most-used liquefaction process in LNG plants: out of 100 liquefaction trains onstream or under-construction, 86 trains with a total capacity of 243 MTPA have been designed based on the APCI process. Phillips' Cascade process is the second most-used, used in 10 trains with a

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import large volumes of LNG due to their shortage of energy. In 2005, Japan imported 58.6 million tons of LNG, representing some 30 percent of the LNG trade around the world that year. Also in 2005, South Korea imported 22.1 million tons, and in 2004 Taiwan imported 6.8 million tons.

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LNG offers a unique advantage over CNG for more demanding high-power applications by eliminating the need for a turbocharger. Because LNG boils at approximately −160 °C (−256 °F), by using a simple heat exchanger a small amount of LNG can be converted to its gaseous form at extremely high

2710:

Natural gas does not auto-ignite at pressures and temperatures relevant to conventional gasoline and diesel engine design, so it allows more flexibility in design. Methane, the main component of natural gas, has an autoignition temperature of 580 °C (1,076 °F), whereas gasoline and diesel

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However, if a smaller engine uses an air–fuel mixture with higher energy density (such as via a turbocharger), then it can produce more power than a larger one burning a less energy-dense air–fuel mixture. For high-power, high-torque engines, a fuel that creates a more energy-dense air–fuel mixture

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LNG can be used to fuel internal combustion engines. LNG is in the early stages of becoming a mainstream fuel for transportation needs. It is being evaluated and tested for over-the-road trucking, off-road, marine, and train applications. There are known problems with the fuel tanks and delivery of

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In the mid-1990s, LNG was a buyer's market. At the request of buyers, the SPAs began to adopt some flexibilities on volume and price. The buyers had more upward and downward flexibilities in TOP, and short-term SPAs less than 16 years came into effect. At the same time, alternative destinations for

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In the early 2000s, prices for constructing LNG plants, receiving terminals and vessels fell as new technologies emerged and more players invested in liquefaction and regasification. This tended to make LNG more competitive as a means of energy distribution, but increasing material costs and demand

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The gas stream is typically separated into the liquefied petroleum fractions (butane and propane), which can be stored in liquid form at relatively low pressure, and the lighter ethane and methane fractions. These lighter fractions of methane and ethane are then liquefied to make up the bulk of LNG

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Usually there exists a clause allowing parties to trigger the price revision or price reopening in LNG SPAs. In some contracts there are two options for triggering a price revision. regular and special. Regular ones are the dates that will be agreed and defined in the LNG SPAs for the purpose of

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In the United States the beginnings of a public LNG fueling capability are being put in place. An alternative fuelling centre tracking site shows 84 public truck LNG fuel centres as of Dec 2016. It is possible for large trucks to make cross country trips such as Los Angeles to Boston and refuel at

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since the engine is identical. There may be applications where LNG trucks, buses, trains and boats could be cost-effective in order to regularly distribute LNG energy together with general freight and/or passengers to smaller, isolated communities without a local gas source or access to pipelines.

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The primary use of LNG is to simplify transport of natural gas from the source to a destination. On the large scale, this is done when the source and the destination are across an ocean from each other. It can also be used when adequate pipeline capacity is not available. For large-scale transport

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import facility, releasing natural gas vapors (not LNG), which entered an electrical conduit. A worker switched off a circuit breaker, which ignited the gas vapors. The resulting explosion killed a worker, severely injured another and caused heavy damage to the building. A safety analysis was not

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Transportation and supply is an important aspect of the gas business, since natural gas reserves are normally quite distant from consumer markets. Natural gas has far more volume than oil to transport, and most gas is transported by pipelines. There is a natural gas pipeline network in the former

3029:

The small-scale LNG plant also allows localized peakshaving to occur—balancing the availability of natural gas during high and low periods of demand. It also makes it possible for communities without access to natural gas pipelines to install local distribution systems and have them supplied with

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In 2004, LNG accounted for 7 percent of the world's natural gas demand. The global trade in LNG, which has increased at a rate of 7.4 percent per year over the decade from 1995 to 2005, is expected to continue to grow substantially. LNG trade is expected to increase at 6.7 percent per year from

2371:

Since 2004, the large number of orders increased demand for shipyard slots, raising their price and increasing ship costs. The per-ton construction cost of an LNG liquefaction plant fell steadily from the 1970s through the 1990s. The cost reduced by approximately 35 percent. However, recently the

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used may vary based on the technology, the basic process involves circulating the gas through aluminum tube coils and exposure to a compressed refrigerant. As the refrigerant is vaporized, the heat transfer causes the gas in the coils to cool. The LNG is then stored in a specialized double-walled

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There are two processes for liquefying natural gas in large quantities. The first is the cascade process, in which the natural gas is cooled by another gas which in turn has been cooled by still another gas, hence named the "cascade" process. There are usually two cascade cycles before the liquid

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Developments of production processes, cryogenic storage, and transportation effectively created the tools required to commercialize natural gas into a global market which now competes with other fuels. Furthermore, the development of LNG storage also introduced a reliability in networks which was

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On a per kilometre transported basis, emissions from LNG are lower than piped natural gas, which is a particular issue in Europe, where significant amounts of gas are piped several thousand kilometres from Russia. However, emissions from natural gas transported as LNG can be higher than those of

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The most important gas quality concerns involve the sulphur and mercury content and the calorific value. Due to the sensitivity of liquefaction facilities to sulfur and mercury elements, the gas being sent to the liquefaction process shall be accurately refined and tested in order to assure the

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production in the United States and a large price differential between natural gas prices in the U.S. and those in Europe and Asia. Cheniere Energy became the first company in the United States to receive permission and export LNG in 2016. After a US-EU agreement in 2018, exports from USA to EU

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Research from Global Energy Monitor in 2019 warned that up to US$ 1.3 trillion in new LNG export and import infrastructure currently under development is at significant risk of becoming stranded, as global gas risks becoming oversupplied, particularly if the United States and Canada play a

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The LNG industry in the U.S. restarted in 1965 with the building of a number of new plants, which continued through the 1970s. These plants were not only used for peak-shaving, as in Cleveland, but also for base-load supplies for places that never had natural gas before this. A number of import

2729:

High-power engines in the oil drilling, mining, locomotive, and marine fields have been or are being developed. Paul Blomerus has written a paper concluding as much as 40 million tonnes per annum of LNG (approximately 26.1 billion gallons/year or 71 million gallons/day) could be

2375:

Due to natural gas shortage concerns in the northeastern U.S. and surplus natural gas in the rest of the country, many new LNG import and export terminals are being contemplated in the United States. Concerns about the safety of such facilities create controversy in some regions where they are

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Company built a full-scale commercial LNG plant in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1940 just after a successful pilot plant built by its sister company, Hope Natural Gas Company of West Virginia. This was the first such plant in the world. Originally it had three spheres, approximately 63 feet in diameter

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The LNG industry developed slowly during the second half of the last century because most LNG plants are located in remote areas not served by pipelines, and because of the high costs of treating and transporting LNG. Constructing an LNG plant costs at least $ 1.5 billion per 1 MTPA

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There are some methods to modify the heating value of produced LNG to the desired level. For the purpose of increasing the heating value, injecting propane and butane is a solution. For the purpose of decreasing heating value, nitrogen injecting and extracting butane and propane are proven

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LNG can also be used to meet peak demand when the normal pipeline infrastructure can meet most demand needs, but not the peak demand needs. These plants are typically called LNG Peak Shaving Plants as the purpose is to shave off part of the peak demand from what is required out of the supply

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Receiving terminals exist in about 40 countries, including Belgium, Chile, China, the Dominican Republic, France, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Poland, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, the US, among others. Plans exist for Bahrain, Germany, Ghana, Morocco, Philippines, Vietnam and others to also

2753:

Feeder and short-sea shipping company Unifeeder has been operating the world's first LNG powered container vessel, the Wes Amelie, since late 2017, transiting between the port of Rotterdam and the Baltics on a weekly schedule. Container shipping company Maersk Group has decided to introduce

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Natural gas was considered during the 20th century to be economically unimportant wherever gas-producing oil or gas fields were distant from gas pipelines or located in offshore locations where pipelines were not viable. In the past this usually meant that natural gas produced was typically

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While as of December 2014 LNG fuel and NGV's were not taken to very quickly within Europe and it was questionable whether LNG will ever become the fuel of choice among fleet operators, recent trends from 2018 onwards show different prospect. During the year 2015, the Netherlands introduced

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LNG purchasing agreements used to be for a long term with relatively little flexibility both in price and volume. If the annual contract quantity is confirmed, the buyer is obliged to take and pay for the product, or pay for it even if not taken, in what is referred to as the obligation of

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LNG quality is one of the most important issues in the LNG business. Any gas which does not conform to the agreed specifications in the sale and purchase agreement is regarded as "off-specification" (off-spec) or "off-quality" gas or LNG. Quality regulations serve three purposes:

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The formula has been widely used in Asian LNG SPAs, where base price represents various non-oil factors, but usually a constant determined by negotiation at a level which can prevent LNG prices from falling below a certain level. It thus varies regardless of oil price fluctuation.

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Base load (large-scale, >1 MTPA) LNG projects require natural gas reserves, buyers and financing. Using proven technology and a proven contractor is extremely important for both investors and buyers. Gas reserves required: 1 tcf of gas required per Mtpa of LNG over 20 years.

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outer wall and a high-nickel steel inner tank, with extremely efficient insulation between the walls. Large tanks are low aspect ratio (height to width) and cylindrical in design with a domed steel or concrete roof. Storage pressure in these tanks is very low, less than 10

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Westport recommends CNG for engines 7 litres or smaller and LNG with direct-injection for engines between 20 and 150 litres. For engines between 7 and 20 litres either option is recommended. See slide 13 from their NGV Bruxelles – Industry Innovation Session presentation.

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deemed economically feasible, could the sponsors of an LNG project invest in their development and operation. Thus, the LNG liquefaction business has been limited to players with strong financial and political resources. Major international oil companies (IOCs) such as

2824:

In 1970, global LNG trade was of 3 billion cubic metres (bcm) (0.11 quads). In 2011, it was 331 bcm (11.92 quads). The U.S. started exporting LNG in February 2016. The Black & Veatch Oct 2014 forecast is that by 2020, the U.S. alone will export between 10 and

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The global trade in LNG is growing rapidly from negligible in 1970 to what is expected to be a globally substantial amount by 2020. As a reference, the 2014 global production of crude oil was 14.6 million cubic metres (92 million barrels) per day or 54,600

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began setting up 20 LNG stations on highways along the Indian west coast that connect Delhi with Thiruvananthapuram covering a total distance of 4,500 km via Mumbai and Bengaluru. In 2020, India planned to install 24 LNG fuelling stations along the 6,000 km

2776:, has mandated that marine vessels shall not consume fuel (bunker fuel, diesel, etc.) with a sulphur content greater than 0.5% from the year 2020 within international waters and the coastal areas of countries adopting the same regulation. Replacement of high sulphur 4096:

The majority of these trains use either APCI AP-C3MR or Cascade technology for the liquefaction process. The other processes, used in a small minority of some liquefaction plants, include Shell's DMR (double-mixed refrigerant) technology and the Linde technology.

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started looking into temperature effects on gas. Various gas experiments continued for the next 200 years. During that time there were efforts to liquefy gases. Many new facts about the nature of gases were discovered. For example, early in the nineteenth century

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LNG tanks, which had supposedly been completely drained ten months earlier. However, ignition occurred, causing a plume of combusting gas to rise within the tank. Two workers near the top felt the heat and rushed to the safety of scaffolding outside, while

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The most important infrastructure needed for LNG production and transportation is an LNG plant consisting of one or more LNG trains, each of which is an independent unit for gas liquefaction and purification. A typical train consists of a compression area,

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solutions. Blending with gas or LNG can be a solution; however all of these solutions while theoretically viable can be costly and logistically difficult to manage in large scale. Lean LNG price in terms of energy value is lower than the rich LNG price.

5892: 2520:. The trade of LNG is completed by signing an SPA (sale and purchase agreement) between a supplier and receiving terminal, and by signing a GSA (gas sale agreement) between a receiving terminal and end-users. Most of the contract terms used to be 4154:

LNG must be kept cold to remain a liquid, independent of pressure. Despite efficient insulation, there will inevitably be some heat leakage into the LNG, resulting in vaporisation of the LNG. This boil-off gas acts to keep the LNG cold (see

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These three major buyers purchase approximately two-thirds of the world's LNG demand. In addition, Spain imported some 8.2 MTPA in 2006, making it the third largest importer. France also imported similar quantities as Spain. Following the

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and gas in the U.S. has resulted in lower gas prices in the U.S. This has led to discussions in Asia' oil linked gas markets to import gas based on Henry Hub index. Recent high level conference in Vancouver, the Pacific Energy Summit 2013

3017:(GFC) caused a general decline in raw material and equipment prices, which somewhat lessened the construction cost of LNG plants. However, by 2012 this was more than offset by increasing demand for materials and labor for the LNG market. 5670: 4530:

substance. To ensure safe and reliable operation, particular measures are taken in the design, construction and operation of LNG facilities. In maritime transport, the regulations for the use of LNG as a marine fuel are set out in the

577:. When ready for distribution, the LNG enters a regasification facility where it is pumped into a vaporizer and heated back into gaseous form. The gas then enters the gas pipeline distribution system and is delivered to the end-user. 4557:

Gas venting from vehicles powered by LNG may create a flammability hazard if parked indoors for longer than a week. Additionally, due to its low temperature, refueling an LNG-powered vehicle requires training to avoid the risk of

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LNG-powered trucks in transport sector. Additionally, the Australian government is planning to develop an LNG highway to utilise the locally produced LNG and replace the imported diesel fuel used by interstate haulage vehicles.

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In the 1980s, the cost of building an LNG liquefaction plant cost $ 350/tpa (tonne per annum). In the 2000s, it was $ 200/tpa. In 2012, the costs can go as high as $ 1,000/tpa, partly due to the increase in the price of steel.

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As of the end of first quarter of 2015, Prometheus Energy Group Inc claimed to have delivered over 100 million gallons of LNG to the industrial market within the previous four years and is continuing to add new customers.

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stream of gas. Failure to remove much or all of such acidic molecules, mercury, and other impurities could result in damage to the equipment. Corrosion of steel pipes and amalgamization of mercury to aluminum within cryogenic

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As recently as 2003, it was common to assume that this was a "learning curve" effect and would continue into the future. But this perception of steadily falling costs for LNG has been dashed in the last several years.

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cost of building liquefaction and regasification terminals doubled due to increased cost of materials and a shortage of skilled labor, professional engineers, designers, managers and other white-collar professionals.

6080: 6445: 4532: 4235:(STS) transfers were undertaken in February 2007 at the Flotta facility in Scapa Flow with 132,000 m of LNG being passed between the vessels Excalibur and Excelsior. Transfers have also been carried out by 9125: 2384:

and Shell, wishes to build an LNG import terminal in the sound on the New York side. Local politicians including the Suffolk County Executive raised questions about the terminal. In 2005, New York Senators

4587:, which meant the tank was brittle when exposed to the cryogenic nature of LNG. The tank ruptured, spilling LNG into the city sewer system. The LNG vaporized and turned into gas, which exploded and burned. 7530: 6401: 2982:

The construction cost of greenfield LNG projects started to skyrocket from 2004 afterward and has increased from about $ 400 per ton per year of capacity to $ 1,000 per ton per year of capacity in 2008.

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total capacity of 36.16 MTPA. The Shell DMR process has been used in three trains with total capacity of 13.9 MTPA; and, finally, the Linde/Statoil process is used in the Snohvit 4.2 MTPA single train.

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In 2006, Qatar became the world's biggest exporter of LNG. As of 2012, Qatar is the source of 25 percent of the world's LNG exports. As of 2017, Qatar was estimated to supply 26.7% of the world's LNG.

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With conventional gasoline and diesel engines the energy density of the air–fuel mixture is limited because the liquid fuels do not mix well in the cylinder. Further, gasoline and diesel fuel have

7584: 6866: 4542:

is 5 percent to 15 percent), and then be ignited. In the case of a leak, LNG vaporizes rapidly, turning into a gas (methane plus trace gases), and mixing with air. If this mixture is within the

2568:

and storage. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the market shifted for buyers, but since 2003 and 2004, it has been a strong seller's market, with net-back as the best estimation for prices..

6963: 5866: 3026:

the LNG will be used. This proximity decreases transportation and LNG product costs for consumers. It also avoids the additional greenhouse gas emissions generated during long transportation.

2405:, Georgia, US. Plans for three LNG export terminals in the U.S. Gulf Coast region have also received conditional Federal approval. In Canada, an LNG export terminal is under construction near 9255: 7668: 7642: 7420: 2780:

with sulphur-free LNG is required on a major scale in the marine transport sector, as low sulphur liquid fuels are costlier than LNG. Japan's is planning to use LNG as bunker fuel by 2020.

332:

showed there was a temperature above which a gas could not be liquefied. There was a major push in the mid to late nineteenth century to liquefy all gases. A number of scientists including

508:

By 2023, the U.S. had become the biggest exporter in the world, and projects already under construction or permitted would double its export capacities by 2027. The largest exporters were

4960: 4353:

The insulation, as efficient as it is, will not keep LNG cold enough by itself. Inevitably, heat leakage will warm and vapourise the LNG. Industry practice is to store LNG as a boiling

8486: 7163: 5480: 4583:. The tank did not have a dike retaining wall, and it was made during World War II, when metal rationing was very strict. The steel of the tank was made with an extremely low amount of 4276:

Liquefied natural gas is used to transport natural gas over long distances, often by sea. In most cases, LNG terminals are purpose-built ports used exclusively to export or import LNG.

203:. These gases have wide-ranging boiling points and also different heating values, allowing different routes to commercialization and also different uses. The "acidic" elements such as 8535: 5432: 4365:

cools the remaining liquid. Because the insulation is very efficient, only a relatively small amount of boil-off is necessary to maintain temperature. This phenomenon is also called

7389: 7197: 6471: 5454: 4993: 2524:, holding the seller responsible for the transport of the gas. With low shipbuilding costs, and the buyers preferring to ensure reliable and stable supply, however, contracts with 109:) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at 2654:

public refuelling stations every 500 miles. The 2013 National Trucker's Directory lists approximately 7,000 truckstops, thus approximately 1% of US truckstops have LNG available.

3010:

Excluding high cost projects the increase of 120% over the period 2002-2012 is more in line with escalation in the upstream oil & gas industry as reported by the UCCI index

7477: 7452: 156:

into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi) (

8568: 2707:

is prevented but at the same time as much fuel as possible can be injected, become well mixed, and still have time to complete the combustion process during the power stroke.

855: 7132: 6127: 2750:

LNG bunkering has been established in some ports via truck-to-ship fueling. This type of LNG fueling is straightforward to implement, assuming a supply of LNG is available.

829: 4434:

However, on the West Coast of the United States, where up to three new LNG importation terminals were proposed before the U.S. fracking boom, environmental groups, such as

501:

facilities were built on the East Coast in anticipation of the need to import energy via LNG. However, a recent boom in U.S. natural gas production (2010–2014), enabled by

6102: 969: 6898: 493:, converted to carry LNG, made a delivery of LNG from the U.S. Gulf Coast to energy-starved Great Britain. In June 1964, the world's first purpose-built LNG carrier, the 485:

years new research on low-temperature alloys, and better insulation materials, set the stage for a revival of the industry. It restarted in 1959 when a U.S. World War II

6076: 2528:

terms increased. Under such terms the buyer, who often owns a vessel or signs a long-term charter agreement with independent carriers, is responsible for the transport.

272:

depends on the source of gas that is used and the process that is used to liquefy the gas. The range of heating value can span ±10 to 15 percent. A typical value of the

6441: 4205:

protecting the cargo systems from damage or leaks. There are several special leak test methods available to test the integrity of an LNG vessel's membrane cargo tanks.

4618:

required at the time, and none was performed during the planning, design or construction of the facility. National fire codes were changed as a result of the accident.

4002:

In the case of off-spec gas or LNG the buyer can refuse to accept the gas or LNG and the seller has to pay liquidated damages for the respective off-spec gas volumes.

5337: 4899:

Fuels of the Future for Cars and Trucks, Dr. James J. Eberhardt, U.S. Department of Energy, 2002 Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction (DEER) Workshop, August 25–29, 2002

6369: 2907:

to supply liquefied natural gas. China's imports of U.S. natural gas will more than double. U.S. exports of liquefied natural gas to China and other Asian countries

2238: 556:. Feedstock gas then enters the liquefaction unit where it is cooled to between -145 °C and -163 °C. Although the type or number of heating cycles and/or 8648: 6033: 9121: 8908: 4443:

alone. A 2015 peer-reviewed study evaluated the full end-to-end life cycle of LNG produced in the U.S. and consumed in Europe or Asia. It concluded that global CO

8864: 7537: 6347: 6405: 8824: 8460: 6583: 2703:

and pressures relevant to engine design. An important part of engine design is the interactions of cylinders, compression ratios, and fuel injectors such that

4093:

As of January 2016, global nominal LNG liquefaction capacity was 301.5 MTPA (million tonnes per annum), with a further 142 MTPA under construction.

6942: 4964: 2991: 8846: 6007: 8934: 6311: 885: 7244:"Three countries provided almost 70% of liquefied natural gas received in Europe in 2021 - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 6289: 5948: 4935:"Report on the Investigation of the Fire at the Liquefaction Storage, and Regasification Plant of the East Ohio Gas Co., Cleveland Ohio, October 20, 1944" 7558: 6055: 5789: 7580: 7146: 6531: 4538:

In its liquid state, LNG is not explosive and can not ignite. For LNG to burn, it must first vaporize, then mix with air in the proper proportions (the

6873: 7413: 6696: 6153: 5687: 5572: 5458: 8709:

Pellegrini, Laura Annamaria; De Guido, Giorgia; Langé, Stefano (August 2018). "Biogas to liquefied biomethane via cryogenic upgrading technologies".

6970: 5870: 4878: 2276: 9245: 4852: 2364:

capacity, a receiving terminal costs $ 1 billion per 1 bcf/day throughput capacity and LNG vessels cost $ 200 million–$ 300 million.

653:

to a storage and pipeline distribution network to distribute natural gas to local distribution companies (LDCs) or independent power plants (IPPs).

7632: 163:

The gas extracted from underground hydrocarbon deposits contains a varying mix of hydrocarbon components, which usually includes mostly methane (CH

110: 9269: 8430: 7664: 7064: 8776: 4665:

to international shipping. The Strait of Hormuz is a strategic route through which a third of the world's LNG passes from Middle East producers.

505:("fracking"), has many of these import facilities being considered as export facilities. The first U.S. LNG export was completed in early 2016. 8384: 8356: 4938: 4012:

However, the main concern is the heating value of gas. Usually natural gas markets can be divided in three markets in terms of heating value:

1714: 1692: 8482: 6670: 5472: 516:, and Venture Global LNG Inc. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that the U.S. had exported 4.3 trillion cubic feet in 2023. 8542: 7606: 5428: 5363: 9207: 6938:

The Outlook for Global Trade in Liquefied Natural Gas Projections to the Year 2020, Prepared For: California Energy Commission, August 2007

5711: 5151: 4251:) is the responsible body for LNG operators around the world and seeks to disseminate knowledge regarding the safe transport of LNG at sea. 3986:

3 – to allow interchangeability of the gases distributed, via limits on the variation range for parameters affecting combustion: content of

3082:

prices. Cheniere Energy's LNG export contract pricing consists of a fixed fee (liquefaction tolling fee) plus 115% of Henry Hub per million

5594: 3134: 7396: 7186: 6615: 6561: 5741: 5291: 5119: 4115:) at sea before carriers ship it directly to markets. The first FLNG facility is now in development by Shell, due for completion in 2018. 4016:

Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan), where gas distributed is rich, with a gross calorific value (GCV) higher than 43 MJ/m(n), i.e. 1,090 Btu/scf,

283:

For the purpose of comparison of different fuels, the heating value may be expressed in terms of energy per volume, which is known as the

6467: 5506: 4989: 4009:

minimum possible concentration of these two elements before entering the liquefaction plant, hence there is not much concern about them.

913: 9147: 8404: 8340: 3006:

Very complex nature of projects built in remote locations and where construction costs are regarded as some of the highest in the world.

601:

under the low temperatures needed for storage or be destructive to the liquefaction facility. LNG typically contains more than 90%

7513: 5823: 4431:

natural gas produced regionally and piped to the point of combustion, as emissions associated with transport are lower for the latter.

8608: 8582: 7445: 8560: 7222: 6772: 5044: 6175: 5233: 2786:, one of the largest mining companies in the world, is aiming to commission minerals transport ships powered with LNG by late 2021. 8513: 7251: 7124: 6744: 6123: 7481: 5109:

World Bank Group. Comparison of Mini-Micro LNG and CNG for Commercialization of Small Volumes of Associated Gas: World Bank; 2015.

4688:

increased risks in the strait. The LNG tankers were forced to sail around Africa via the Cape of Good Hope to avoid the war zone.

6999: 6263: 5767: 5389: 1065: 1019: 295:(CNG), which makes it economical to transport natural gas by ship in the form of LNG. The energy density of LNG is comparable to 6905: 5070: 4314: 2742: 2445: 7025: 4255: 3125:

In continental Europe, the price formula indexation does not follow the same format, and it varies from contract to contract.

5644: 4918: 2963:

fee. In the European Union and some other jurisdictions, it is not permitted to apply the profit-sharing clause in LNG SPAs.

2625:

gas to the engine, but despite these concerns the move to LNG as a transportation fuel has begun. LNG competes directly with

5411: 6841: 6205: 5341: 4658: 3981:

2 – to guard against the formation of liquids or hydrates in the networks, through maximum water and hydrocarbon dewpoints;

2617:

uses, the LNG is typically regassified at the receiving end and pushed into the local natural gas pipeline infrastructure.

6376: 5183: 2954:

In 2017, global LNG imports reached 289.8 million tonnes of LNG. In 2017, 72.9% of global LNG demand was located in Asia.

2769:

In 2014, Shell ordered a dedicated LNG bunker vessel. It is planned to go into service in Rotterdam in the summer of 2017

2397:

were also met with high levels of resistance and questions. On September 13, 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy approved

8640: 7326: 6029: 5197: 4598: 2971:

For an extended period of time, design improvements in liquefaction plants and tankers had the effect of reducing costs.

2773: 532:

The process begins with the pre-treatment of a feedstock of natural gas entering the system to remove impurities such as

5922: 5016: 2548:, countries with the largest and the third largest natural gas reserves in the world, have finally supported such move. 2307:

Global LNG import trends, by volume (in red), and as a percentage of global natural gas imports (in black) (US EIA data)

9305: 8904: 6234: 4650: 2947: 2650:

China has been a leader in the use of LNG vehicles with over 100,000 LNG-powered vehicles on the road as of Sept 2014.

6343: 4022:

Continental Europe, where the acceptable GCV range is quite wide: approx. 39 to 46 MJ/m(n), i.e. 990 to 1,160 Btu/scf.

661:

Information for the following table is derived in part from publication by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

9079: 9032: 8662: 8452: 7145:

Jacob Dick. (21 July 2023). "Emerging LNG Projects Forecast to Push U.S. Natural Gas Exports to 13.3 Bcf/d in 2024".

4580: 4572: 4340: 2467: 946: 697: 481: 341: 8820: 8683: 6815: 4606:

as the concrete cap on the tank rose 20–30 feet in the air and then came crashing back down, crushing them to death.

4322: 3114:

In most of the East Asian LNG contracts, price formula is indexed to a basket of crude imported to Japan called the

9180: 9105:"Chairman of the NTSB writes to the Vice President of Columbia LNG Corporation about the fatal LNG plant explosion" 4603: 4590: 4107:(FLNG) facilities float above an offshore gas field, and produce, liquefy, store and transfer LNG (and potentially 2551: 319:

Experiments on the properties of gases started early in the 17th century. By the middle of the seventeenth century

6939: 2688:. Thus a 2.0 L engine would typically be more powerful than an 1.8 L engine, but that assumes a similar 6003: 4644: 8930: 8794: 7367: 6723: 6318: 2584:

convened policy makers and experts from Asia and the U.S. to discuss LNG trade relations between these regions.

9665: 6285: 5944: 5797: 4318: 4271: 4104: 4019:

the UK and the US, where distributed gas is lean, with a GCV usually lower than 42 MJ/m(n), i.e. 1,065 Btu/scf,

2449: 7554: 9680: 9351: 6527: 4677: 4579:, Ohio, U.S. The East Ohio Natural Gas Co. experienced a failure of an LNG tank. 128 people perished in the 2661:

In the year 2015, India also began transporting LNG using LNG-powered road tankers in Kerala state. In 2017,

121: 71: 5152:"The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Status and Outlook, Appendix F, Energy Information Administration" 4035:

There are several liquefaction processes available for large, baseload LNG plants (in order of prevalence):

4005:

The quality of gas or LNG is measured at delivery point by using an instrument such as a gas chromatograph.

2894:

Investments in U.S. export facilities were increasing by 2013, these investments were spurred by increasing

9226: 6149: 5694: 7318: 7047: 4874: 9332: 7341: 4848: 4080: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4040: 2843: 8821:"Carnegie Mellon Team Finds Exporting Natural Gas Will Not Increase, But Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 4565:

LNG tankers have sailed over 100 million miles without a shipboard death or even a major accident.

3045:

Oil, oil products and other energy carriers indexed contracts, used primarily in Continental Europe; and

323:

had derived the inverse relationship between the pressure and the volume of gases. About the same time,

8426: 6645: 4729: 2797: 2685: 2124: 2100: 2076: 2052: 2028: 2004: 1980: 1956: 1932: 1908: 1884: 1860: 1836: 1812: 806: 726: 348:

liquefied methane, the primary constituent of natural gas. By 1900 all gases had been liquefied except

8780: 4361:

for the pressure at which it is stored (atmospheric pressure). As the vapour boils off, heat for the

3141:

and in some cases, consumer and producer price indexes are the indexation elements of price formulas.

2393:

also announced their opposition to the project. Several import terminal proposals along the coast of

9685: 8360: 5308: 4439: 4403:

power stations. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30 percent less

2908: 411: 359:

The key patents having to do with natural gas liquefaction date from 1915 and the mid-1930s. In 1915

8991: 8381: 5215: 4934: 9431: 9104: 8970: 5845: 5550: 4303: 3968:

1 – to ensure that the gas distributed is non-corrosive and non-toxic, below the upper limits for H

3096: 2700: 881: 778: 376: 7610: 7100: 7082: 5371: 4793:"Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines" 2789:

In January 2021, 175 sea-going LNG-powered ships were in service, with another 200 ships ordered.

2746:

The LNG-powered Crude Oil Tanker Njord DF, moored at the BP Oil Refinery, Jetty, Western Australia

2711:

autoignite at approximately 250 °C (482 °F) and 210 °C (410 °F) respectively.

9478: 9011: 5715: 5158: 4739: 4614: 4307: 4108: 3014: 2772:

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), adopted by the

2673:

Japan, the world's largest importer of LNG, is set to begin use of LNG as a road transport fuel.

2438: 2398: 2245: 456: 372: 38: 5737: 9566: 9461: 9456: 9441: 9298: 9071: 9057: 6623: 6553: 6494: 5282: 5126: 4630: 4497: 4112: 3119: 2715: 2626: 2502: 626: 447: 292: 46: 42: 9024: 9006: 5502: 4395:

could be considered the least environmentally harmful fossil fuel because it has the lowest CO

4223:

LNG is transported using tanker trucks, railway tanker cars, and purpose built ships known as

9466: 9154: 9067: 9063: 8978: 8883:"International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code)" 8400: 4267: 4232: 4148: 3078:

Some LNG buyers have already signed contracts for future US-based cargos at prices linked to

2766:, launched two LNG-powered ConRo ships, the Coquí and Taino, in 2018 and 2019, respectively. 2763: 2402: 2376:

proposed. One such location is in the Long Island Sound between Connecticut and Long Island.

664: 137: 8882: 8337: 7504: 6370:"LNG as a Fuel for Demanding High Horsepower Engine Applications: Technology and Approaches" 5819: 5598: 2581: 9675: 8615: 8586: 4804: 4236: 4139: 3115: 3083: 2667: 2533: 562: 502: 438: 360: 337: 273: 219:), together with oil, mud, water, and mercury, are removed from the gas to deliver a clean 31: 7219: 6768: 6402:"Prometheus agreement with WPX Energy to supply LNG and equipment for drilling operations" 2994:

contractors as result of extraordinary high level of ongoing petroleum projects worldwide.

429: 8: 9571: 6179: 5551:"Peter Roberts, Gas and LNG Sales and Transportation Agreements: Principles and Practice" 5237: 4765: 4759: 4447:

production would be reduced due to the resulting reduction in other fossil fuels burned.

4435: 4279:

The United Kingdom has LNG import facilities for up to 50 billion cubic meters per year.

2681: 2630: 2494: 2142: 962: 713: 329: 277: 129: 17: 8754: 8509: 7243: 4913:(First ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 4808: 9581: 9541: 8736: 5763: 5021: 4825: 4792: 4749: 4543: 4539: 4458:

Some scientists and local residents have raised concerns about the potential effect of

2689: 2605: 2576: 2521: 2264: 692: 363:

patented a method for storing liquid gases at very low temperatures. It consisted of a

324: 220: 8847:"Ryby znikają z zatoki. Powodem niedobór tlenu? Tak twierdzą rybacy i część naukowców" 6995: 6259: 5385: 4123: 2951:

2021, and increased even more in 2022. Main contributors were Qatar, USA, and Russia.

2642: 9670: 9363: 9346: 9291: 9188: 9085: 9075: 9038: 9028: 9020: 8740: 5640: 5573:"Climate friend or carbon bomb? Global gas market faces $ 1.3trn stranded asset risk" 4914: 4830: 4551: 4202: 3138: 3108: 2486: 2381: 2377: 2201: 1783: 549: 132:. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and 8208: 8180: 5065: 3107:

Most of the LNG trade is governed by long-term contracts. Many formulae include an

2986:

The main reasons for skyrocketed costs in LNG industry can be described as follows:

276:

of LNG is approximately 50 MJ/kg or 21,500 BTU/lb. A typical value of the

8726: 8718: 7021: 5983: 4820: 4812: 4662: 4373: 4362: 4193: 4135: 2832:

Until the mid-1990s, LNG demand was heavily concentrated in Northeast Asia: Japan,

2759: 2730:

required just to meet the global needs of such high-power engines by 2025 to 2030.

2290: 586: 533: 395: 204: 6312:"An innovative vision for LNG Fuel System for MD Diesel Dual Fuel Engine(DDF+LNG)" 5970:

Smajla, Ivan; Karasalihović Sedlar, Daria; Drljača, Branko; Jukić, Lucija (2019).

2758:

to power its new generation 'Antigoon' class dredger with dual fuel (DF) engines.

621:, and nitrogen. The purification process can be designed to give almost 100% 9436: 8722: 8388: 8344: 8320: 8166: 7970: 7928: 7226: 6946: 4816: 4681: 4610: 4597:, New York, U.S. During a cleaning operation, 42 workers were inside one of the 4176: 3991: 2390: 2250: 934: 906: 509: 345: 333: 62: 9122:"The Skikda LNG accident: losses, lessons learned and safety climate assessment" 7788: 7760: 6837: 6201: 9398: 9250: 8194: 8138: 7984: 7718: 7637: 4734: 4724: 4527: 4404: 4400: 4244: 3804: 3770: 3130: 2696:

is preferred, because a smaller and simpler engine can produce the same power.

2589: 2525: 941: 822: 590: 364: 284: 245: 225: 212: 157: 9526: 9148:"Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import Terminals: Siting, Safety, and Regulation" 8082: 8054: 8012: 7942: 7914: 7816: 4427:-emissions issue. If liquefied (as LBM), it serves the same functions as LNG. 9659: 9597: 9192: 8292: 8278: 8236: 8124: 8068: 7886: 7858: 7844: 7774: 7746: 7704: 5918: 4705: 4673: 4661:

against their nuclear program. In response, Iran threatened to close off the

4594: 4366: 4358: 4144: 3498: 2814: 2755: 2498: 2386: 1289: 1077: 1031: 874: 770: 721: 574: 473: 349: 269: 54: 8306: 8264: 8152: 8110: 8026: 7998: 7900: 7872: 7830: 7802: 7732: 6228:"Development of the High-Pressure Direct-Injection ISX G Natural Gas Engine" 6227: 2604:

LNG is most cost efficiently produced in relatively large facilities due to

9622: 9607: 9393: 9378: 9373: 9059:

Time Bomb: LNG: The truth about our newest and most dangerous energy source

8250: 8222: 8096: 8040: 5284:

Evolving Roles of LNG and Asian Economies in the Global Natural Gas Markets

4834: 4213: 2931: 2704: 2662: 2556: 2212: 1673: 1527: 1522: 1504: 557: 513: 486: 420: 320: 249: 153: 8947: 7690: 3095:

Oil parity is the LNG price that would be equal to that of crude oil on a

9644: 9639: 9546: 9423: 9388: 8798: 8755:"Climate change: Hidden emissions in liquid gas imports threaten targets" 8731: 8687: 7956: 7581:"Henry Prices Too High to Support New Long-Term LNG Contracts, BofA Says" 6807: 5621: 4719: 4714: 4454:

Green-bordered white diamond symbol used on LNG-powered vehicles in China

4392: 4381: 4377: 4224: 4172: 4160: 4087: 3995: 3940: 3753: 3515: 3464: 3126: 2938: 2863: 2848: 2833: 2818: 2777: 2517: 2406: 2311: 1788: 1737: 1668: 1494: 553: 465: 304: 149: 86: 67: 7506:

Europe's Evolving Gas Market: Future Direction and Implications for Asia

4568:

Several on-site accidents involving or related to LNG are listed below:

4399:

emissions per unit of energy and is suitable for use in high efficiency

2997:

High raw material prices as result of surge in demand for raw materials.

585:

The natural gas fed into the LNG plant will be treated to remove water,

568:

Most domestic LNG is transported by land via truck/trailer designed for

291:

The volumetric energy density of LNG is approximately 2.4 times that of

9627: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9551: 7555:"Analyzing Cheniere Energy's Commodity Price Exposure - Market Realist" 5988: 5971: 4744: 4467: 4416: 4354: 4228: 3294: 3260: 3042:

Oil indexed contract, used primarily in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China;

2482: 2452: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2170: 1486: 1043: 997: 742: 9270:"Qatar warns LNG shipments affected by ongoing Houthi Red Sea attacks" 5969: 2165: 9634: 9556: 9408: 7065:"Sinopec signs China's largest long-term LNG contract with U.S. firm" 6103:"GAIL ferries LNG in trucks over 1,700 km to fuel gas demand in east" 5370:. US Energy Information administration. December 2003. Archived from 4754: 4576: 4559: 4408: 3987: 3787: 3719: 3532: 3209: 3079: 2919:

In 1964, the UK and France made the first LNG trade, buying gas from

2895: 2869: 2801: 2560: 2506: 2315:

Trends in the top five LNG-importing nations as of 2009 (US EIA data)

2224: 1760: 1565: 1546: 1490: 1462: 1442: 1435: 1415: 1408: 1388: 1381: 1361: 1354: 1334: 1327: 1307: 1257: 1228: 1199: 1170: 1141: 1111: 1049: 1003: 990: 979: 974: 951: 923: 895: 863: 837: 811: 788: 749: 731: 702: 569: 248:

processes, and today are the main means for networks to handle local

237: 9227:"2 oil tankers were damaged in possible attacks in the Gulf of Oman" 5503:"Third Gulf Coast LNG Export Terminal Wins Conditional Nod from DOE" 4292: 3038:

There are three major pricing systems in the current LNG contracts:

2427: 2303: 9576: 9561: 9512: 9413: 9383: 9368: 9341: 9314: 7295:

GIIGNL - The International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers

7270:

GIIGNL - The International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers

6442:"Qatar, Maersk and Shell join forces to develop LNG as marine fuel" 6077:"India trucking into gas age as govt clears norms for LNG stations" 5429:"DOE approves Dominion Cove Point LNG exports to non-FTA countries" 4770: 4634:

of hydrocarbons from the refrigerant (liquefaction) process system.

4231:

temperatures to increase the tanker capacity. The first commercial

4181: 4159:" below). The boil-off gas is typically compressed and exported as 4071: 3651: 3617: 3566: 3481: 3447: 3328: 2878: 2510: 2271: 2219: 1950: 1926: 1902: 1878: 1854: 1830: 1806: 1742: 1719: 1697: 1661: 1637: 1613: 1551: 918: 890: 848: 783: 598: 356:

not stored, but regasified and immediately put into the gas mains.

308: 152:, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then 141: 133: 125: 117: 7665:"The US Drives Forward To Become A Player On The World LNG Market" 7125:"Biden-EU energy pact: LNG shipping game changer or wartime hype?" 3998:, Soot Index, Incomplete Combustion Factor, Yellow Tip Index, etc. 2670:

highways connecting the four metros due to LNG prices decreasing.

9496: 9486: 9016: 8583:"Orkney Islands Council Marine services - ship to ship transfers" 7187:"3 Foreign Companies Invest in U.S. Project to Export Liquid Gas" 4699: 4626: 4471: 4450: 4240: 3906: 3889: 3838: 3702: 3634: 3413: 3379: 3362: 3277: 3243: 3192: 2920: 2904: 2184: 1647: 1623: 1599: 1593: 1448: 1421: 1394: 1367: 1340: 1313: 1246: 1217: 1188: 1159: 1130: 1100: 642: 638: 622: 610: 602: 594: 300: 296: 255: 176: 90: 9208:"Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions" 9089: 8865:"Croatia's parliament gives go ahead for EU-backed LNG terminal" 8681:

For 2005 as the official energy statistics of the US Government.

7101:"Asian buyers outbid Europe for spot supplies of US natural gas" 3118:(JCC). In Indonesian LNG contracts, price formula is linked to 2637: 288:

heating value) or 20.3 MJ/litre (based on lower heating value).

160:), which is about 1.25 times atmospheric pressure at sea level. 9491: 9403: 9358: 9042: 8666: 7633:"Singapore LNG Spot Index Falls to Lowest Since 2014 Amid Glut" 6486: 5529:"East Coast LNG project gains momentum, strikes deal with E.ON" 4622: 4584: 4459: 4248: 4128: 3923: 3872: 3736: 3685: 3583: 3549: 3430: 3396: 3345: 3311: 3226: 2942: 2934:(primarily in the heating and electricity generation sectors). 2884: 2837: 2196: 2191: 2147: 2118: 2094: 2070: 2046: 2022: 1998: 1974: 1765: 1241: 1235: 1212: 1206: 1183: 1177: 1081: 1035: 646: 618: 614: 606: 387: 188: 145: 98: 7083:"Sinopec signs huge LNG deals with US producer Venture Global" 6554:"Shell expects LNG bunker barge to be operational this summer" 4672:

halted tankers of liquefied natural gas through the strait of

3153: 140:

process involves removal of certain components, such as dust,

8561:"USDOT Issues Rule Authorizing Bulk Transport of LNG by Rail" 6867:"Global LNG Will new demand and new supply mean new pricing?" 5364:"The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Status and Outlook" 4685: 4669: 4463: 3855: 3821: 3668: 3600: 3133:

price (HFO), light fuel oil price (LFO), gas oil price (GO),

2545: 2394: 1472: 1148: 1119: 1089: 1069: 1023: 766: 630: 524: 382: 263: 9246:"Qatar Pauses Gas Shipments Via Red Sea After US Airstrikes" 8336:

LNG Quality and Market Flexibility Challenges and Solutions

6958: 6956: 6954: 5658: 5656: 1687:

NNPC (49%), Shell (25.6%), TotalEnergies (15%), Eni (10.4%)

9446: 9283: 9110:. Letter to Max Levy. National Transportation Safety Board. 8382:

Evaluation of LNG Technologies, University of Oklahoma 2008

7531:"EY Competing for LNG demand pricing structure debate 2014" 6838:"U.S. Shale Gas Revolution Expand LNG Export Opportunities" 6428:"Largest feeder and shortsea network in Europe I Unifeeder" 6427: 4654: 4547: 4523: 4412: 4201:

LNG is transported in specially designed ships with double

3175: 2754:

LNG-powered container ships. The DEME Group has contracted

2541: 1575: 1267: 1154: 1125: 1095: 6697:"LNG becoming increasingly popular in the shipping sector" 6176:"Turbocharging Boosting Demand for CNG Vehicles in Europe" 5846:"Development of LNG Fueling Stations in China vs. in U.S." 5312: 3000:

Lack of skilled and experienced workforce in LNG industry.

629:(RPT), which occurs when cold LNG comes into contact with 6951: 5653: 4990:"Cheniere loading first LNG export at Louisiana terminal" 3948: 3931: 3914: 3897: 3880: 3863: 3846: 3829: 3812: 3795: 3778: 3761: 3744: 3727: 3710: 3693: 3676: 3659: 3642: 3625: 3608: 3591: 3574: 3557: 3540: 3523: 3506: 3489: 3472: 3455: 3438: 3421: 3404: 3387: 3370: 3353: 3336: 3319: 3302: 3285: 3268: 3251: 3234: 3217: 3200: 3183: 2783: 2516:

LNG is shipped around the world in specially constructed

1054: 1008: 4138:

are typically of the full containment type, which has a

8966: 8708: 6493:

O'Malley, John C.; Trauthwein, Greg (1 December 2018).

5790:"Next energy revolution will be on roads and railroads" 2903:

signed a twenty-year contract with China's state-owned

2490: 1073: 1027: 379:. Lee Twomey used the cascade process for his patents. 8777:"Pacific Environment : California Energy Program" 6616:"Japan's first LNG bunkering vessel to launch in 2020" 6492: 5378: 5045:"US was top LNG exporter in 2023 as hit record levels" 5017:"How the U.S. Became the World's Biggest Gas Supplier" 2737: 7290: 7265: 7022:"LNG Global Trade movements 2014 – Interactive chart" 6056:"HLL Lifecare switches to LNG for fuel at city plant" 5455:"Dominion welcomes FERC assessment of Cove Point LNG" 4438:, Ratepayers for Affordable Clean Energy (RACE), and 199:). Other gases also occur in natural gas, notably CO 5637:

LNG Markets in Transition: The Great Reconfiguration

5473:"Three-point system compares US LNG export projects" 5066:"U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Country" 4695: 3048:

Market indexed contracts, used in the US and the UK.

344:(Lord Kelvin) did experiments in this area. In 1886 27:

Form of natural gas for easier storage and transport

9055: 7313: 7311: 5945:"LNG fuel unlikely to be fuel of choice for Europe" 4649:On 8 May 2018, the United States withdrew from the 4208:The tankers cost around US$ 200 million each. 9181:"Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned" 8905:"LNG: Benefits and Risks of Liquefied Natural Gas" 6769:"Short-term Energy and Summer Fuels Outlook, UEIA" 6344:"Meyer Werft to build cruise ships powered by LNG" 5234:"About Chevron Australia | Chevron Australia" 4911:Liquid Natural Gas in the United States: A History 3020: 2676: 565:ready to be transported to its final destination. 8536:"The On-Road LNG Transportation Market in the US" 7342:"Global crisis threatens future LNG supply shock" 7233:, 20 September 2013. Accessed: 22 September 2013. 6286:"Volvo Trucks North America to Launch LNG Engine" 6150:"Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures" 6030:"'Missed opportunity' for Australian LNG highway" 4984: 4982: 9657: 8950:, NBC News U.S. Thirst for Natural Gas Grows, AP 7308: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 5015:Plumer, Nad; Popovich, Nadja (3 February 2024). 4790: 4546:, there is risk of ignition, which would create 4163:, or it is reliquefied and returned to storage. 4056:AP-SMR (Single Mixed Refrigerant) – designed by 3052:The formula for an indexed price is as follows: 111:standard conditions for temperature and pressure 9056:van der Linde, Peter; Hintze, Naomi A. (1978). 8483:"LNG Carrier Leak Test Completed Outside Korea" 8453:"Shell's floating technology given green light" 8357:"Global LNG-Prices extend slump on thin demand" 6745:"LNG Market Trends and Their Implications, IEA" 5764:"High horse power off-road LNG vehicles in USA" 5664:"Rules of Thumb for Screening LNG Developments" 5457:. lngindustry.com. 28 July 2014. Archived from 280:of LNG is 45 MJ/kg or 19,350 BTU/lb. 9205: 8967:"Safe History of International LNG Operations" 8684:"EIA - International Energy Data and Analysis" 7446:"Chapter 7 of World LNG Report - 2015 Edition" 7414:"Chapter 7 of World LNG Report - 2014 Edition" 6468:"Wärtsilä receives dual fuel dredger contract" 5120:"Understand LNG Rapid Phase Transitions (RPT)" 5014: 4979: 4797:International Journal of Environmental Studies 4189:, with an LNG capacity of 135,000 cubic metres 4079:AP-DMR (Dual Mixed Refrigerant) – designed by 9299: 6923: 6861: 6859: 6787: 6584:"Implications of Residual Fuel Oil Phase Out" 6202:"Cummins Westport ISX12 G natural gas engine" 5639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 380–381. 2646:LNG side tank on an LNG-converted Scania R410 2638:Use of LNG to fuel large over-the-road trucks 7184: 6646:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions" 5893:"Alternative Fueling Station Locator in USA" 5276: 5274: 5272: 4076:PRICO (SMR) – designed by Black & Veatch 9243: 8665:reports the following emissions in million 7118: 7116: 7114: 6671:"BHP weighing LNG power for iron ore ships" 5972:"Fuel Switch to LNG in Heavy Truck Traffic" 5595:"2013 Pacific Energy Summit Working Papers" 4321:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3154:Typical natural gas prices around the world 2899:increased. In November 2021, U.S. producer 371:natural gas cycle. The other method is the 9306: 9292: 8401:"IGU Releases 2016 World LNG Report - IGU" 8332: 8330: 6856: 6124:"Japan to introduce LNG-fuelled transport" 5423: 5421: 5332: 5330: 4063:AP-N (Nitrogen Refrigerant) – designed by 4030: 2847:Russian and Western politicians visit the 2684:is an important factor in the power of an 2559:visits the Cameron LNG Export Terminal in 383:Commercial operations in the United States 264:Specific energy content and energy density 30:"LNG" redirects here. For other uses, see 9021:Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 8730: 7607:"Negotiation Standards for LNG Contracts" 6722:Vantuono, William C. (10 November 2017). 5987: 5280: 5269: 4824: 4791:Ulvestad, Marte; Overland, Indra (2012). 4387: 4341:Learn how and when to remove this message 4254:Besides LNG vessels, LNG is also used in 2468:Learn how and when to remove this message 2298: 9244:Stapczynski, Stephen (15 January 2024). 8960: 8958: 8956: 8641:"Europe Is Running Out Of Space For LNG" 8558: 7178: 7111: 6721: 5042: 4449: 4411:and about 45 per cent less than burning 4357:. That is, the liquid is stored at its 4192: 4180: 4122: 4070:MFC (mixed fluid cascade) – designed by 2842: 2804:locomotives adapted to run on LNG fuel. 2741: 2641: 2595: 2550: 2310: 2302: 523: 394: 386: 254: 61: 53: 9178: 8485:. Oil and Gas Online. 20 January 2009. 8327: 7496: 7438: 7390:"Chapter 8 - IGU World LNG Report 2015" 6495:"Crowley Takes First LNG-Powered ConRo" 5919:"The 2013 National Trucker's Directory" 5634: 5619: 5418: 5327: 4908: 4517: 656: 14: 9658: 9004: 8651:from the original on 19 February 2022. 8507: 7502: 7122: 6733:– via files.chartindustries.com. 6502:Maritime Reporter and Engineering News 5071:U.S. Energy Information Administration 5008: 9287: 9258:from the original on 15 January 2024. 9206:Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (5 July 2018). 8964: 8953: 8885:. International Maritime Organization 8827:from the original on 26 February 2015 5620:Demoury, Vincent (10 December 2018). 5483:from the original on 12 February 2015 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 4996:from the original on 2 September 2016 2966: 2792: 2412: 9224: 9102: 8875: 8516:from the original on 11 October 2012 8508:Rankin, Richard (14 November 2005). 8407:from the original on 8 December 2016 7645:from the original on 22 January 2016 7587:from the original on 3 December 2016 7561:from the original on 3 December 2016 7426:from the original on 4 February 2015 6996:"Global LNG Industry Review in 2014" 6292:from the original on 8 December 2015 5951:from the original on 8 December 2014 5386:"Global LNG Industry Review in 2014" 5198:"Northern Australia and Timor-Leste" 4638: 4476: 4319:adding citations to reliable sources 4286: 4046:Cascade – designed by ConocoPhillips 2926:In 2014, 19 countries exported LNG. 2450:adding citations to reliable sources 2421: 605:. It also contains small amounts of 8973:from the original on 23 March 2009. 8209:"Czech Republic Natural Gas Prices" 8181:"United Kingdom Natural Gas Prices" 7327:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 7028:from the original on 17 August 2015 6474:from the original on 13 August 2015 6083:from the original on 27 August 2017 5738:"Over the Road LNG vehicles in USA" 5043:Williams, Curtis (3 January 2024). 5036: 3087:Kogas and Centrica signed in 2013. 2738:Use of LNG in maritime applications 573:in vacuum insulated or flat bottom 24: 9128:from the original on 19 April 2013 8937:from the original on 9 April 2017. 8911:from the original on 8 August 2013 8571:from the original on 19 June 2020. 8489:from the original on 23 April 2009 7519:from the original on 16 July 2012. 7291:"LNG Markets & Trade - GIIGNL" 7254:from the original on 7 March 2022. 7002:from the original on 14 April 2015 6844:from the original on 20 April 2015 6564:from the original on 10 April 2017 6534:from the original on 10 April 2017 6266:from the original on 19 April 2015 5899:from the original on 5 August 2014 5770:from the original on 15 April 2015 5744:from the original on 17 April 2015 5539:from the original on 30 June 2016. 5435:from the original on 18 March 2015 5392:from the original on 14 April 2015 5297:from the original on 16 July 2012. 5086: 4651:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 4470:. Similar concerns were raised in 4423:-neutral and avoids most of the CO 4156: 2957: 2948:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2923:, witnessing a new era of energy. 627:a rapid phase transition explosion 25: 9697: 8663:Energy Information Administration 8559:Corselli, Andrew (19 June 2020). 8433:from the original on 20 July 2012 7458:from the original on 21 June 2015 7200:from the original on 11 June 2013 7135:from the original on 5 June 2022. 6818:from the original on 14 June 2014 6775:from the original on 3 April 2015 6596:from the original on 4 April 2017 6448:from the original on 5 March 2016 6350:from the original on 22 June 2015 6240:from the original on 4 March 2016 6208:from the original on 3 April 2015 6130:from the original on 26 June 2015 6036:from the original on 22 June 2015 6010:from the original on 22 June 2015 5622:"LNG Markets & Trade, GIIGNL" 5412:"Long Island Business News, 2005" 4941:from the original on 9 April 2015 4855:from the original on 9 April 2015 4376:is usually compressed and fed to 4166: 3958: 3073: 2860:Northwest Shelf Train 5: 4.4 MTPA 2819:quadrillion British thermal units 519: 399:Natural gas capacity and exports 9525: 9262: 9237: 9218: 9199: 9172: 9140: 9114: 9096: 9049: 8998: 8941: 8923: 8897: 8857: 8839: 8813: 8787: 8769: 8747: 8702: 8655: 8633: 8601: 8575: 8552: 8528: 8501: 8475: 8463:from the original on 23 May 2011 8445: 8419: 8393: 8375: 8349: 8321:"Netherlands Natural Gas Prices" 8313: 8299: 8285: 8271: 8257: 8243: 8229: 8215: 8201: 8187: 8173: 8167:"Switzerland Natural Gas Prices" 8159: 8145: 8131: 8117: 8103: 8089: 8075: 8061: 8047: 8033: 8019: 8005: 7991: 7977: 7971:"New Zealand Natural Gas Prices" 7963: 7949: 7935: 7929:"South Korea Natural Gas Prices" 7921: 7907: 7893: 7879: 7865: 7851: 7837: 7823: 7809: 7795: 7781: 7767: 7753: 7739: 7725: 7711: 7697: 7683: 7671:from the original on 1 July 2016 7657: 7625: 7599: 7573: 7547: 7523: 7470: 7406: 7382: 7360: 7334: 7160:"Statistical Review infographic" 7147:Natural Gas Intelligence website 5826:from the original on 22 May 2015 5796:. 12 August 2014. Archived from 5184:"Queensland and New South Wales" 4698: 4613:, US. A pump seal failed at the 4481: 4291: 4282: 2426: 7789:"Azerbaijan Natural Gas Prices" 7761:"Bangladesh Natural Gas Prices" 7283: 7258: 7236: 7212: 7152: 7139: 7093: 7075: 7057: 7040: 7014: 6988: 6891: 6830: 6761: 6737: 6715: 6689: 6663: 6638: 6608: 6576: 6546: 6520: 6460: 6434: 6420: 6394: 6362: 6336: 6304: 6278: 6252: 6220: 6194: 6168: 6156:from the original on 4 May 2015 6142: 6116: 6095: 6069: 6048: 6022: 5996: 5963: 5937: 5925:from the original on 2 May 2015 5911: 5885: 5859: 5838: 5812: 5782: 5756: 5730: 5704: 5680: 5628: 5613: 5587: 5565: 5543: 5521: 5509:from the original on 4 May 2015 5495: 5465: 5447: 5404: 5356: 5301: 5252: 5226: 5208: 5190: 5176: 5144: 5112: 5058: 4881:from the original on 4 May 2015 4645:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 3144: 3059:BP: constant part or base price 3021:Small-scale liquefaction plants 2677:High-power, high-torque engines 2437:needs additional citations for 2417: 1180:GL1K Phase 1 & 2 Trains 1–6 597:and other components that will 352:, which was liquefied in 1908. 303:but is only 60 percent that of 8195:"Singapore Natural Gas Prices" 8139:"Hong Kong Natural Gas Prices" 7985:"Australia Natural Gas Prices" 7719:"Argentina Natural Gas Prices" 7220:Analyst: LNG-terminals pressed 7123:Miller, Greg (25 March 2022). 6528:"Shell Orders LNG Bunker Ship" 6260:"WESTPORT HPDI 2.0 LNG engine" 4953: 4927: 4902: 4893: 4867: 4841: 4784: 4272:Liquefied natural gas terminal 4105:Floating liquefied natural gas 3033: 228:could cause expensive damage. 13: 1: 9352:Underground coal gasification 9103:King, James B. (7 May 1980). 9012:The World Book Year Book 1974 8795:"lngwatch.com/race/truth.htm" 8510:"LNG Pipe-in-Pipe Technology" 8083:"Portugal Natural Gas Prices" 8055:"Bulgaria Natural Gas Prices" 8013:"Barbados Natural Gas Prices" 7943:"Slovakia Natural Gas Prices" 7915:"Colombia Natural Gas Prices" 7817:"Malaysia Natural Gas Prices" 6622:. 6 July 2018. Archived from 5635:Corbeau, Anne-Sophie (2016). 4875:"Liquefied Natural Gas – LNG" 4849:"Fuel Gases – Heating Values" 4777: 4372:Boil-off gas from land based 4197:Interior of an LNG cargo tank 3090: 1114:. Shutdown since April 2010. 625:. One of the risks of LNG is 580: 9313: 9179:Landler, Mark (8 May 2018). 8723:10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.007 8427:"Shell's floating LNG plant" 8293:"Denmark Natural Gas Prices" 8279:"Austria Natural Gas Prices" 8237:"Germany Natural Gas Prices" 8125:"Belgium Natural Gas Prices" 8069:"Ireland Natural Gas Prices" 7887:"Ukraine Natural Gas Prices" 7859:"Tunisia Natural Gas Prices" 7845:"Hungary Natural Gas Prices" 7775:"Bahrain Natural Gas Prices" 7747:"Belarus Natural Gas Prices" 7705:"Algeria Natural Gas Prices" 7185:Stanley Reed (17 May 2013). 4817:10.1080/00207233.2012.677581 4261: 4227:. LNG is sometimes taken to 4081:Air Products & Chemicals 4065:Air Products & Chemicals 4058:Air Products & Chemicals 4051:Air Products & Chemicals 4041:Air Products & Chemicals 2851:project on 18 February 2009. 856:APLNG: Australia Pacific LNG 7: 9225:Ward, Alex (13 June 2019). 9005:Stille, Darlene R. (1974). 8307:"Sweden Natural Gas Prices" 8265:"Brazil Natural Gas Prices" 8153:"Greece Natural Gas Prices" 8111:"France Natural Gas Prices" 8027:"Poland Natural Gas Prices" 7999:"Mexico Natural Gas Prices" 7901:"Canada Natural Gas Prices" 7873:"Serbia Natural Gas Prices" 7831:"Taiwan Natural Gas Prices" 7803:"Turkey Natural Gas Prices" 7733:"Russia Natural Gas Prices" 7319:"LNG plant cost escalation" 6964:"GIIGNL Annual Report 2018" 5281:Hashimoto, Hiroshi (2011). 4691: 4492:may have misleading content 4384:use boil-off gas for fuel. 2941:, Spain, France, Italy and 830:QLNG: Queensland Curtis LNG 10: 9702: 8609:"SIGTTO Website - Profile" 8251:"Italy Natural Gas Prices" 8223:"Spain Natural Gas Prices" 8097:"Chile Natural Gas Prices" 8041:"Japan Natural Gas Prices" 5820:"LNG Tank System Analysis" 5260:"McKinsey Featured Report" 4961:"50 years of LNG carriers" 4730:Gasoline gallon equivalent 4642: 4464:LNG storage infrastructure 4265: 4170: 4118: 3102: 2914: 2798:Florida East Coast Railway 2686:internal combustion engine 2582:Pacific Energy Summit 2013 970:FLNG: Prelude floating LNG 391:U.S. LNG exports 1997–2022 314: 68:liquefied natural gas ship 36: 29: 9590: 9534: 9523: 9505: 9477: 9422: 9328: 9321: 7691:"Iran Natural Gas Prices" 7512:. Pacific Energy Summit. 7266:"LNG Markets & Trade" 6004:"Shell: LNG in transport" 5309:"Risavika LNG Production" 5290:. Pacific Energy Summit. 4604:the other 40 workers died 4380:pipeline networks. Some 3003:Devaluation of US dollar. 2701:autoignition temperatures 2588:construct new receiving ( 404: LNG export capacity 7957:"Usa Natural Gas Prices" 5535:. Toronto. 3 June 2013. 4419:is considered roughly CO 4243:gas tanker owner in the 4177:Aviation_fuel § LNG 3097:barrel of oil equivalent 2807: 882:North West Shelf Venture 72:Świnoujście LNG terminal 37:Not to be confused with 8965:CH-IV (December 2006). 7149:Retrieved 22 July 2023. 5712:"American Press - Home" 4740:Liquefied petroleum gas 4086:Liquefin – designed by 4031:Liquefaction technology 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3015:global financial crisis 2611: 2246:Dominion Cove Point LNG 2239:Risavika LNG Production 1167:8.4 (1.4 × 6) 1138:7.8 (1.3 × 6) 1108:0.9 (0.3 × 3) 1092:(CAMEL) GL4Z Trains 1–3 1016:3.4 (1.7 × 2) 779:Northwest Shelf Venture 763:8.4 (2 × 4.2) 307:and 70 percent that of 167:), along with ethane (C 97:, with some mixture of 39:liquefied petroleum gas 9567:Natural-gas processing 8986:Cite journal requires 7503:Hughes, Peter (2011). 5216:"Shell's QGC business" 4909:Hrastar, John (2014). 4466:on marine life in the 4455: 4388:Environmental concerns 4198: 4190: 4131: 4039:AP-C3MR – designed by 3120:Indonesian Crude Price 2852: 2747: 2716:compressed natural gas 2647: 2627:compressed natural gas 2564: 2503:national oil companies 2316: 2308: 2299:World total production 529: 482:Cleveland plant failed 469: 392: 293:compressed natural gas 260: 75: 59: 49:(natural gas liquids). 47:natural-gas condensate 43:compressed natural gas 9666:Liquefied natural gas 9329:Manufactured fuel gas 9064:Garden City, New York 5477:Oil & Gas Journal 5431:. 11 September 2013. 5368:Report #:DOE/EIA-0637 4453: 4268:List of LNG terminals 4233:ship-to-ship transfer 4196: 4184: 4126: 3084:British thermal units 2846: 2764:Jacksonville, Florida 2745: 2645: 2596:LNG Project Screening 2575:The current surge in 2554: 2314: 2306: 665:List of LNG terminals 527: 398: 390: 259:A typical LNG process 258: 79:Liquefied natural gas 65: 57: 9681:Petroleum production 8647:. 18 February 2022. 7543:on 6 September 2015. 7250:. 22 February 2022. 7107:. 21 September 2021. 6911:on 24 September 2012 6408:on 26 September 2015 5873:on 14 September 2014 5867:"Bloomberg Business" 4518:Safety and accidents 4315:improve this section 4237:Exmar Shipmanagement 4140:prestressed concrete 4127:LNG storage tank at 3972:S, total sulphur, CO 3116:Japan Crude Cocktail 2990:Low availability of 2668:Golden Quadrilateral 2631:natural gas vehicles 2534:take-or-pay contract 2513:are active players. 2446:improve this article 710:15 (3 × 5) 657:LNG plant production 641:condenser area, and 563:atmospheric pressure 503:hydraulic fracturing 377:Joule–Thomson effect 274:higher heating value 32:LNG (disambiguation) 9572:Natural gas storage 8669:of carbon dioxide: 7641:. 19 January 2016. 7613:on 26 December 2014 7048:"EU-U.S. LNG TRADE" 6976:on 15 December 2018 6560:. 1 February 2017. 6558:www.bunkerindex.com 6530:. 4 December 2014. 5479:. 3 December 2012. 4809:2012IJEnS..69..407U 4766:Natural gas storage 4760:Natural gas liquids 4498:clarify the content 4436:Pacific Environment 4049:AP-X – designed by 2682:Engine displacement 2399:Dominion Cove Point 2143:Qalhat LNG Terminal 1784:Tangguh LNG Project 1532:Trinidad and Tobago 1509:Trinidad and Tobago 1238:GL3Z Skikda Train 2 1209:GL3Z Skikda Train 1 963:Chevron Corporation 552:and higher-chained 330:Cagniard de la Tour 278:lower heating value 148:, water, and heavy 9582:Pipeline transport 9542:Compressor station 9276:. 24 January 2024. 9185:The New York Times 8801:on 26 October 2005 8672:Natural gas: 5,840 8387:2015-12-29 at the 8363:on 3 February 2016 8343:2009-02-26 at the 7583:. 26 August 2015. 7348:. 12 December 2008 7225:2013-09-23 at the 7194:The New York Times 7089:. 20 October 2021. 7071:. 4 November 2021. 6945:2009-02-26 at the 6879:on 3 February 2015 6731:www.railwayage.com 6703:. 12 November 2020 5989:10.3390/en12030515 5718:on 1 December 2015 5688:"Buyers be where?" 5676:on 8 October 2016. 5533:The Globe and Mail 5374:on 3 January 2009. 5022:The New York Times 4967:on 17 October 2014 4750:LNG regasification 4621:January 19, 2004, 4581:explosion and fire 4456: 4367:auto-refrigeration 4199: 4191: 4132: 3161:Country/Territory 2967:Cost of LNG plants 2901:Venture Global LNG 2853: 2793:Use of LNG on rail 2748: 2648: 2606:economies of scale 2577:unconventional oil 2565: 2413:Commercial aspects 2317: 2309: 2265:Dominion Resources 886:Karratha Gas Plant 561:insulated tank at 530: 470: 393: 325:Guillaume Amontons 261: 76: 60: 9653: 9652: 9521: 9520: 9364:Blast furnace gas 9347:Coal gasification 9160:on 10 August 2013 8851:Dziennik Bałtycki 8757:. 3 November 2022 8675:Petroleum: 10,995 8621:on 8 October 2016 8548:on 29 April 2014. 7190:(blog "Dealbook") 6808:"A liquid market" 6701:Port of Rotterdam 6677:. 4 November 2019 6470:. 6 August 2015. 5646:978-0-198783-26-8 5553:. 31 January 2024 5315:on 3 January 2015 5132:on 28 August 2013 4920:978-0-7864-7859-0 4678:US-led airstrikes 4668:In January 2024, 4639:Security concerns 4609:October 6, 1979, 4591:February 10, 1973 4552:thermal radiation 4522:Natural gas is a 4515: 4514: 4374:LNG storage tanks 4351: 4350: 4343: 4136:LNG storage tanks 3956: 3955: 3139:electricity price 2875:Tangguh: 7.6 MTPA 2487:Royal Dutch Shell 2478: 2477: 2470: 2382:TransCanada Corp. 2378:Broadwater Energy 2361: 2360: 2296: 2295: 2202:Equatorial Guinea 1469:Donggi Senoro LNG 232:that is shipped. 205:hydrogen sulphide 16:(Redirected from 9693: 9686:Industrial gases 9529: 9326: 9325: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9285: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9159: 9153:. Archived from 9152: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8962: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8797:. Archived from 8791: 8785: 8784: 8779:. Archived from 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8711:Renewable Energy 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8686:. Archived from 8659: 8653: 8652: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8614:. Archived from 8613: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8585:. Archived from 8579: 8573: 8572: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8541:. Archived from 8540: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8397: 8391: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8359:. Archived from 8353: 8347: 8334: 8325: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7609:. Archived from 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7557:. 7 March 2016. 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7536:. Archived from 7535: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7511: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7480:. Archived from 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7402:on 4 March 2016. 7401: 7395:. Archived from 7394: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7370:. 30 August 2021 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7330:. February 2014. 7323: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7240: 7234: 7218:Jørgen Rudbeck." 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7191: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7166:on 23 April 2015 7162:. Archived from 7156: 7150: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7120: 7109: 7108: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7024:. 29 July 2015. 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6969:. Archived from 6968: 6960: 6949: 6936: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6904:. Archived from 6903: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6872:. Archived from 6871: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6804: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6404:. Archived from 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6381: 6375:. Archived from 6374: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6346:. 16 June 2015. 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6323: 6317:. Archived from 6316: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6182:on 10 April 2015 6178:. Archived from 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6126:. 19 June 2015. 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5869:. Archived from 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5714:. Archived from 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5693:. Archived from 5692: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5669:. Archived from 5668: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5597:. Archived from 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5461:on 28 July 2014. 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5344:on 10 April 2015 5340:. Archived from 5334: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5311:. Archived from 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5278: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5240:on 31 March 2018 5236:. Archived from 5230: 5224: 5223: 5220:www.shell.com.au 5212: 5206: 5205: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5157:. Archived from 5156: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5125:. Archived from 5124: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4963:. Archived from 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4788: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4663:Strait of Hormuz 4573:October 20, 1944 4510: 4507: 4501: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4295: 4287: 4185:Model of tanker 3950: 3933: 3916: 3899: 3882: 3865: 3848: 3831: 3814: 3797: 3780: 3763: 3746: 3729: 3712: 3695: 3678: 3661: 3644: 3627: 3610: 3593: 3576: 3559: 3542: 3525: 3508: 3491: 3474: 3457: 3440: 3423: 3406: 3389: 3372: 3355: 3338: 3321: 3304: 3287: 3270: 3253: 3236: 3219: 3202: 3185: 3158: 3157: 2887:Qatar: 15.6 MTPA 2760:Crowley Maritime 2690:air–fuel mixture 2518:seagoing vessels 2473: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2430: 2422: 2325:Capacity (MTPA) 2319: 2318: 2291:Hunt Oil Company 803:DLNG: Darwin LNG 684:Capacity (MTPA) 669: 668: 587:hydrogen sulfide 495:Methane Princess 463: 454: 445: 436: 427: 418: 409: 403: 21: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9586: 9530: 9517: 9501: 9473: 9418: 9330: 9317: 9312: 9282: 9281: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9242: 9238: 9223: 9219: 9204: 9200: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9082: 9054: 9050: 9035: 9003: 8999: 8987: 8985: 8976: 8975: 8963: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8871:. 14 June 2018. 8863: 8862: 8858: 8853:. 25 July 2015. 8845: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8783:on 8 June 2007. 8775: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8707: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8682: 8660: 8656: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8589:on 1 March 2012 8581: 8580: 8576: 8557: 8553: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8459:. 20 May 2011. 8457:Financial Times 8451: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8389:Wayback Machine 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8345:Wayback Machine 8335: 8328: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8006: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7227:Wayback Machine 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7140: 7121: 7112: 7105:Financial Times 7099: 7098: 7094: 7087:Financial Times 7081: 7080: 7076: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6952: 6947:Wayback Machine 6937: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6806: 6805: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6382:on 4 April 2015 6379: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6324:on 2 April 2015 6321: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6288:. 20 May 2012. 6284: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6032:. 14 May 2015. 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5800:on 23 July 2015 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5700:on 2 June 2016. 5697: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5633: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5601:on 1 April 2017 5593: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5074:. 30 April 2024 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4647: 4641: 4611:Lusby, Maryland 4544:flammable range 4540:flammable range 4520: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4495: 4486: 4482: 4462:'s underground 4446: 4426: 4422: 4398: 4390: 4347: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4312: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4266:Main articles: 4264: 4179: 4171:Main articles: 4169: 4121: 4033: 3992:calorific value 3976:and Hg content; 3975: 3971: 3961: 3156: 3147: 3105: 3093: 3076: 3036: 3023: 2969: 2960: 2958:Cargo diversion 2917: 2810: 2795: 2740: 2679: 2640: 2614: 2598: 2505:(NOCs) such as 2474: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2443: 2431: 2420: 2415: 2409:, Nova Scotia. 2391:Hillary Clinton 2380:, an effort of 2301: 2277:Melchorita Port 2251:Lusby, Maryland 1151:GL2Z Trains 1–6 1122:GL1Z Trains 1–6 935:Woodside Energy 907:Woodside Energy 903:16.3 (5 trains) 662: 659: 617:, some heavier 583: 547: 543: 537: 522: 510:Cheniere Energy 491:Methane Pioneer 468: 461: 459: 452: 450: 443: 441: 434: 432: 425: 423: 416: 414: 407: 405: 401: 385: 346:Karol Olszewski 342:William Thomson 334:Michael Faraday 317: 266: 226:heat exchangers 218: 210: 202: 198: 194: 186: 182: 174: 170: 166: 108: 104: 96: 89:(predominantly 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9699: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9535:Infrastructure 9532: 9531: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9399:Regasification 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9338: 9336: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9311: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9280: 9279: 9261: 9236: 9217: 9198: 9171: 9139: 9113: 9095: 9080: 9048: 9033: 8997: 8988:|journal= 8952: 8940: 8931:"lng transfer" 8922: 8896: 8874: 8856: 8838: 8812: 8786: 8768: 8746: 8701: 8690:on 23 May 2011 8680: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8654: 8632: 8600: 8574: 8551: 8527: 8500: 8474: 8444: 8418: 8392: 8374: 8348: 8326: 8312: 8298: 8284: 8270: 8256: 8242: 8228: 8214: 8200: 8186: 8172: 8158: 8144: 8130: 8116: 8102: 8088: 8074: 8060: 8046: 8032: 8018: 8004: 7990: 7976: 7962: 7948: 7934: 7920: 7906: 7892: 7878: 7864: 7850: 7836: 7822: 7808: 7794: 7780: 7766: 7752: 7738: 7724: 7710: 7696: 7682: 7656: 7638:Bloomberg News 7624: 7598: 7572: 7546: 7522: 7495: 7484:on 11 May 2015 7469: 7437: 7405: 7381: 7359: 7333: 7307: 7282: 7257: 7235: 7231:"ShippingWatch 7229:" (in Danish) 7211: 7177: 7151: 7138: 7110: 7092: 7074: 7056: 7039: 7013: 6987: 6950: 6922: 6899:"Shell Global" 6890: 6855: 6829: 6786: 6760: 6736: 6724:"FEC goes LNG" 6714: 6688: 6662: 6637: 6626:on 7 July 2018 6607: 6575: 6545: 6519: 6485: 6459: 6433: 6419: 6393: 6361: 6335: 6303: 6277: 6251: 6219: 6193: 6167: 6141: 6115: 6094: 6068: 6047: 6021: 5995: 5962: 5936: 5910: 5884: 5858: 5837: 5811: 5781: 5755: 5729: 5703: 5679: 5652: 5645: 5627: 5612: 5586: 5564: 5542: 5520: 5494: 5464: 5446: 5417: 5403: 5377: 5355: 5326: 5300: 5268: 5251: 5225: 5207: 5189: 5175: 5164:on 24 May 2011 5143: 5111: 5085: 5057: 5035: 5007: 4978: 4952: 4926: 4919: 4901: 4892: 4866: 4840: 4803:(3): 407–426. 4782: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Industrial gas 4732: 4727: 4725:Gas to liquids 4722: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4693: 4690: 4659:Iran sanctions 4657:, reinstating 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4619: 4615:Cove Point LNG 4607: 4588: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4489: 4487: 4480: 4444: 4424: 4420: 4405:carbon dioxide 4401:combined cycle 4396: 4389: 4386: 4349: 4348: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4263: 4260: 4245:Gulf of Mexico 4168: 4167:Transportation 4165: 4120: 4117: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4000: 3999: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3959:Quality of LNG 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3805:Czech Republic 3801: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3771:United Kingdom 3767: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167:Date of price 3165: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3150:price review. 3146: 3143: 3131:heavy fuel oil 3104: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3075: 3074:Henry Hub Plus 3072: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3055:CP = BP + β X 3050: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3035: 3032: 3022: 3019: 3013:The 2007–2008 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2916: 2913: 2909:surged in 2021 2889: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2829:2005 to 2020. 2815:terawatt-hours 2809: 2806: 2794: 2791: 2739: 2736: 2678: 2675: 2639: 2636: 2629:as a fuel for 2613: 2610: 2597: 2594: 2590:regasification 2522:DES or ex ship 2476: 2475: 2434: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1644:Bintulu MLNG 3 1641: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1620:Bintulu MLNG 2 1617: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1001: 994: 993: 988: 985: 982: 977: 972: 966: 965: 960: 959:8.9 (2 trains) 957: 954: 949: 944: 942:Wheatstone LNG 938: 937: 932: 929: 926: 921: 916: 910: 909: 904: 901: 898: 893: 888: 878: 877: 872: 871:9.0 (2 trains) 869: 866: 861: 858: 852: 851: 846: 845:8.5 (2 trains) 843: 840: 835: 832: 826: 825: 823:Santos Limited 820: 817: 814: 809: 804: 800: 799: 797: 794: 791: 786: 781: 775: 774: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 746: 745: 740: 737: 734: 729: 724: 718: 717: 711: 708: 705: 700: 695: 689: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 658: 655: 591:carbon dioxide 582: 579: 545: 541: 535: 528:LNG life cycle 521: 520:LNG life cycle 518: 460: 451: 448:Corpus Christi 442: 433: 424: 415: 412:Calcasieu Pass 406: 400: 384: 381: 365:Thermos bottle 316: 313: 285:energy density 265: 262: 252:requirements. 246:regasification 216: 213:carbon dioxide 208: 200: 196: 192: 184: 180: 172: 168: 164: 158:gauge pressure 106: 102: 94: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9698: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9598:Bunsen burner 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9156: 9149: 9143: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9081:0-385-12979-3 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9034:0-7166-0474-4 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8949: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8884: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8756: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8732:11311/1052958 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8617: 8610: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8378: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8308: 8302: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8274: 8266: 8260: 8252: 8246: 8238: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8210: 8204: 8196: 8190: 8182: 8176: 8168: 8162: 8154: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8112: 8106: 8098: 8092: 8084: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8014: 8008: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7980: 7972: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7916: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7846: 7840: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7812: 7804: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7762: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7734: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7515: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7422: 7415: 7409: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7049: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6972: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940:Energy.ca.gov 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6812:The Economist 6809: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6592: 6585: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6057: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5575:. 3 July 2019 5574: 5568: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5046: 5039: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4783: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4706:Energy portal 4701: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674:Bab-el-Mandeb 4671: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4632: 4631:domino effect 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4595:Staten Island 4592: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4490:This article 4488: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4407:than burning 4406: 4402: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359:boiling point 4356: 4345: 4342: 4334: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4300:This section 4298: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4283:Refrigeration 4280: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4256:some aircraft 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4157:Refrigeration 4152: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4083:, Inc. (APCI) 4082: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4067:, Inc. (APCI) 4066: 4062: 4060:, Inc. (APCI) 4059: 4055: 4053:, Inc. (APCI) 4052: 4048: 4045: 4043:, Inc. (APCI) 4042: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3499:United States 3497: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3159: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3065:X: indexation 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2592:) terminals. 2591: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2572:larger role. 2569: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2544:. Russia and 2543: 2537: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499:TotalEnergies 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2469: 2461: 2458:December 2022 2451: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2435:This section 2433: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:Chuck Schumer 2383: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2255:United States 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541:Atlantic LNG 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517:Atlantic LNG 1516: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:TotalEnergies 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:TotalEnergies 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 992: 989: 987:3.6 (1 train) 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947:Barrow Island 945: 943: 940: 939: 936: 933: 931:4.3 (1 train) 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875:Origin Energy 873: 870: 867: 865: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834:Curtis Island 833: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 802: 801: 798: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 771:TotalEnergies 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 727:Curtis Island 725: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 698:Barrow Island 696: 694: 691: 690: 686: 683: 681:Startup Date 680: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 654: 650: 648: 644: 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 578: 576: 575:storage tanks 571: 566: 564: 559: 555: 551: 539: 526: 517: 515: 511: 506: 504: 498: 496: 492: 488: 483: 478: 475: 474:East Ohio Gas 467: 458: 449: 440: 431: 422: 413: 397: 389: 380: 378: 374: 373:Linde process 368: 366: 362: 361:Godfrey Cabot 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 270:heating value 257: 253: 251: 247: 241: 239: 233: 229: 227: 222: 214: 206: 190: 178: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:non-corrosive 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 100: 92: 88: 84: 80: 73: 69: 64: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9623:Gas lighting 9608:Gas cylinder 9451: 9394:Producer gas 9379:Landfill gas 9374:Gasification 9273: 9264: 9249: 9239: 9230: 9220: 9212:The Guardian 9211: 9201: 9184: 9174: 9162:. Retrieved 9155:the original 9142: 9130:. Retrieved 9116: 9098: 9058: 9051: 9010: 9000: 8979:cite journal 8943: 8925: 8913:. Retrieved 8899: 8887:. Retrieved 8877: 8868: 8859: 8850: 8841: 8829:. Retrieved 8815: 8803:. Retrieved 8799:the original 8789: 8781:the original 8771: 8759:. Retrieved 8749: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8692:. Retrieved 8688:the original 8678:Coal: 11,357 8657: 8645:OilPrice.com 8644: 8635: 8623:. Retrieved 8616:the original 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8587:the original 8577: 8564: 8554: 8543:the original 8530: 8518:. Retrieved 8503: 8491:. Retrieved 8477: 8465:. Retrieved 8456: 8447: 8435:. Retrieved 8421: 8409:. Retrieved 8395: 8377: 8365:. Retrieved 8361:the original 8351: 8315: 8301: 8287: 8273: 8259: 8245: 8231: 8217: 8203: 8189: 8175: 8161: 8147: 8133: 8119: 8105: 8091: 8077: 8063: 8049: 8035: 8021: 8007: 7993: 7979: 7965: 7951: 7937: 7923: 7909: 7895: 7881: 7867: 7853: 7839: 7825: 7811: 7797: 7783: 7769: 7755: 7741: 7727: 7713: 7699: 7685: 7673:. Retrieved 7659: 7647:. 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Retrieved 4843: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4667: 4648: 4567: 4564: 4556: 4537: 4521: 4503: 4496:Please help 4491: 4457: 4433: 4429: 4391: 4382:LNG carriers 4371: 4363:phase change 4352: 4337: 4328: 4313:Please help 4301: 4278: 4275: 4253: 4225:LNG carriers 4222: 4218: 4214:Soviet Union 4210: 4207: 4200: 4186: 4153: 4133: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4034: 4025: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3962: 3148: 3145:Price review 3124: 3113: 3106: 3094: 3077: 3068: 3054: 3051: 3037: 3030:stored LNG. 3028: 3024: 3012: 3009: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2961: 2953: 2936: 2932:price of oil 2928: 2925: 2918: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2854: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821:) per year. 2811: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2771: 2768: 2752: 2749: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2705:pre-ignition 2698: 2694: 2680: 2672: 2663:Petronet LNG 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2603: 2599: 2586: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2538: 2530: 2515: 2479: 2464: 2455: 2444:Please help 2439:verification 2436: 2418:Global Trade 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2213:Marathon Oil 1715:Withnell Bay 1693:Withnell Bay 1674:Bonny Island 1572:Egyptian LNG 1528:Point Fortin 1523:Atlantic LNG 1505:Point Fortin 1501:Atlantic LNG 1000:I Trains 1–2 754:Browse Basin 687:Corporation 660: 651: 635: 584: 567: 558:refrigerants 554:hydrocarbons 531: 514:Freeport LNG 507: 499: 494: 490: 487:Liberty ship 479: 471: 369: 358: 354: 321:Robert Boyle 318: 290: 282: 267: 250:peak shaving 242: 234: 230: 162: 150:hydrocarbons 138:liquefaction 115: 82: 78: 77: 51: 9676:Natural gas 9645:Pilot light 9640:Gas turbine 9547:Gas carrier 9424:Natural gas 9389:Pintsch gas 9274:MarketWatch 9164:25 February 9132:25 February 9070:. pp. 9007:"Disasters" 8915:25 February 8761:16 February 8565:Railway Age 8493:11 February 7300:10 December 7275:10 December 7248:www.eia.gov 7053:. EU. 2020. 6980:14 December 6650:www.imo.org 6452:24 February 5244:4 September 4720:CNG carrier 4715:Gas carrier 4684:targets in 4528:combustible 4440:Rising Tide 4393:Natural gas 4378:natural gas 4173:LNG carrier 4161:natural gas 4145:kilopascals 4088:Air Liquide 3996:Wobbe index 3988:inert gases 3941:Netherlands 3754:Switzerland 3516:New Zealand 3465:South Korea 3129:price (B), 3127:Brent crude 3062:β: gradient 3034:LNG pricing 2939:South Korea 2881:: 15.6 MTPA 2864:Sakhalin-II 2849:Sakhalin-II 2834:South Korea 2778:bunker fuel 2563:, May 2019. 2407:Guysborough 2403:Elba Island 1789:Papua Barat 1738:Sakhalin II 1669:Nigeria LNG 1196:6.0 (total) 743:Santos GLNG 672:Plant Name 466:Sabine Pass 421:Elba Island 338:James Joule 87:natural gas 58:LNG carrier 45:, nor with 41:, nor with 9660:Categories 9628:Gas mantle 9618:Gas heater 9613:Gas engine 9603:Gas burner 9552:Gas holder 9023:. p. 8805:2 December 8694:5 February 8411:2 December 8367:27 January 7649:21 January 7591:2 December 7565:2 December 7488:2 December 6915:2 December 6681:5 November 6108:21 January 5982:(3): 515. 5849:Retrieved 5722:2 December 5605:2 December 5557:31 January 5338:"LNGPedia" 4778:References 4745:LNG Canada 4643:See also: 4468:Baltic Sea 4417:Biomethane 4331:April 2008 4187:LNG Rivers 4147:(1.5 4113:condensate 3949:9 Mar 2023 3932:9 Mar 2023 3915:9 Mar 2023 3898:9 Mar 2023 3881:9 Mar 2023 3864:9 Mar 2023 3847:9 Mar 2023 3830:9 Mar 2023 3813:9 Mar 2023 3796:9 Mar 2023 3779:9 Mar 2023 3762:9 Mar 2023 3745:9 Mar 2023 3728:9 Mar 2023 3711:9 Mar 2023 3694:9 Mar 2023 3677:9 Mar 2023 3660:9 Mar 2023 3643:9 Mar 2023 3626:9 Mar 2023 3609:9 Mar 2023 3592:9 Mar 2023 3575:9 Mar 2023 3558:9 Mar 2023 3541:9 Mar 2023 3524:9 Mar 2023 3507:9 Mar 2023 3490:9 Mar 2023 3473:9 Mar 2023 3456:9 Mar 2023 3439:9 Mar 2023 3422:9 Mar 2023 3405:9 Mar 2023 3388:9 Mar 2023 3371:9 Mar 2023 3354:9 Mar 2023 3337:9 Mar 2023 3320:9 Mar 2023 3303:9 Mar 2023 3295:Azerbaijan 3286:9 Mar 2023 3269:9 Mar 2023 3261:Bangladesh 3252:9 Mar 2023 3235:9 Mar 2023 3218:9 Mar 2023 3201:9 Mar 2023 3184:9 Mar 2023 3135:coal price 3091:Oil parity 2872:: 6.7 MTPA 2866:: 9.6 MTPA 2621:pipeline. 2555:President 2483:ExxonMobil 2171:Hammerfest 2125:Ras Laffan 2101:Ras Laffan 2077:Ras Laffan 2053:Ras Laffan 2029:Ras Laffan 2005:Ras Laffan 1981:Ras Laffan 1957:Ras Laffan 1933:Ras Laffan 1909:Ras Laffan 1885:Ras Laffan 1861:Ras Laffan 1837:Ras Laffan 1813:Ras Laffan 1487:Mitsubishi 1264:Angola LNG 1046:II Train 3 1044:Das Island 998:Das Island 807:Darwin, NT 693:Gorgon LNG 581:Production 457:Cove Point 142:acid gases 9635:Gas stove 9557:Gas meter 9409:Water gas 9251:Bloomberg 9193:0362-4331 9068:Doubleday 8741:116174337 8717:: 75–83. 7368:"Khí LNG" 7032:17 August 6512:2 January 6087:27 August 5319:3 January 4755:LNG spill 4577:Cleveland 4560:frostbite 4554:hazards. 4506:June 2021 4409:petroleum 4302:does not 4262:Terminals 4229:cryogenic 3788:Singapore 3720:Hong Kong 3533:Australia 3210:Argentina 3164:US$ /kWh 3080:Henry Hub 2896:shale gas 2870:Yemen LNG 2802:GE ES44C4 2692:is used. 2561:Louisiana 2507:Pertamina 2225:Stavanger 1793:Indonesia 1761:Yemen LNG 1724:Australia 1702:Australia 1566:SEGAS LNG 1547:SEGAS LNG 1491:Pertamina 1477:Indonesia 1463:Pertamina 1453:Indonesia 1443:Badak NGL 1436:Pertamina 1426:Indonesia 1416:Badak NGL 1409:Pertamina 1399:Indonesia 1389:Badak NGL 1382:Pertamina 1372:Indonesia 1362:Badak NGL 1355:Pertamina 1345:Indonesia 1335:Badak NGL 1328:Pertamina 1318:Indonesia 1308:Badak NGL 1258:Sonatrach 1229:Sonatrach 1200:Sonatrach 1193:1972/1981 1171:Sonatrach 1142:Sonatrach 1112:Sonatrach 1050:Abu Dhabi 1004:Abu Dhabi 980:Australia 975:Timor Sea 956:2017/2018 952:Australia 924:Australia 914:Pluto LNG 896:Australia 864:Australia 838:Australia 812:Australia 789:Australia 757:Australia 732:Australia 703:Australia 675:Location 663:See also 570:cryogenic 221:sweetened 154:condensed 126:non-toxic 122:colorless 74:in Poland 9671:Fuel gas 9577:Odorizer 9562:Gasworks 9513:Hydrogen 9414:Wood gas 9384:Mond gas 9369:Blau gas 9342:Coal gas 9315:Fuel gas 9256:Archived 9126:Archived 9090:77-76271 8971:Archived 8935:Archived 8909:Archived 8825:Archived 8649:Archived 8569:Archived 8514:Archived 8487:Archived 8467:17 April 8461:Archived 8437:17 April 8431:Archived 8405:Archived 8385:Archived 8341:Archived 7669:Archived 7643:Archived 7617:17 April 7585:Archived 7559:Archived 7514:Archived 7462:17 April 7453:Archived 7430:17 April 7421:Archived 7252:Archived 7223:Archived 7198:Archived 7170:17 April 7133:Archived 7026:Archived 7006:17 April 7000:Archived 6943:Archived 6883:17 April 6848:17 April 6842:Archived 6816:Archived 6779:17 April 6773:Archived 6600:17 March 6591:Archived 6568:10 April 6562:Archived 6538:10 April 6532:Archived 6508:(12): 40 6478:7 August 6472:Archived 6446:Archived 6412:17 April 6386:17 April 6348:Archived 6328:17 April 6296:17 April 6290:Archived 6270:17 April 6264:Archived 6244:17 April 6235:Archived 6212:17 April 6206:Archived 6186:17 April 6160:17 April 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