LGBT rights in New Zealand

707:, with genital surgical interventions favoured on infant girls aged less than 6 months. In October 2016, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child issued observations on practices in New Zealand, including recommendations to ensure "that no one is subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment during infancy or childhood, guaranteeing the rights of children to bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination". A 2016 intersex round table by the Human Rights Commission on genital "normalising" surgeries found that there was a lack of political will to address surgeries, and concerns with service delivery to parents and families, the development of legislative safeguards and a need to test the right to bodily autonomy against the 30: 632:

reassignment surgery. Some overseas courts have determined that transgender people are covered by prohibitions on discrimination based on sex, but there is also international case law suggesting it is not. Even if it is, it is unlikely to apply to transgender people who have not or will not have sex reassignment surgery. Likewise, placing gender identity under the prohibitions on the grounds of sexual orientation is problematic. While there is some inconsistent international case law, it has been noted that gender identification and sexual orientation are too unrelated for this to be suitable.

1200: 1642: 1628: 1281: 855:, which seeks to ban conversion therapy in New Zealand. The bill creates two new criminal offences for either the most serious cases of harm or where there is heightened risk of harm. The proposed legislation makes it an offense to perform conversion therapy on anyone with a five years prison term. On 6 August 2021, the Bill passed its first reading with the support of all political parties except the opposition 323: 278:

set a higher age of consent at 20 or 18 were rejected; ironically, some opponents of decriminalisation of homosexuality joined supporters of full equality in voting against those proposals, as they believed that a higher age of consent for gay sex would have made the Bill more palatable to those on the fences. The bill passed its final reading on 9 July 1986, 49 votes in favour to 44 opposed. It achieved

987: 358: 1610: 1575: 1562: 1525: 1512: 1497: 1484: 1471: 1458: 1445: 1432: 1419: 1406: 1393: 1380: 1367: 1354: 1341: 1594: 1581: 1550: 1538: 1218:, the showpiece of the Hero Festival in Auckland, was held annually between 1992 and 2001. Parades were typically attended by more than one hundred thousand people (and at its height, by as many as two hundred thousand). The Hero Festival continues to this day, usually without a flagship parade. In February 2013, however, Auckland held a pride parade, called the 1229:, a family event held annually in Auckland at Pt Chevalier's Coyle Park. The numbers of attendees has risen steadily over the past few years and includes appearances from the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and many other politicians from centre-left and centre-right parties alike, who show their support for the LGBT community. 502:) outlaws discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and, implicitly, gender identity/expression. Initially, this law temporarily exempted government activities until 1999. In 1998, an amendment bill was introduced making this exemption permanent; this was abandoned following a change of government in 1999. The new 859:, which wanted provisions protecting parents from prosecution. National's youth wing disagreed with their own party, supporting the legislation. The Justice Select Committee hearing submissions on the Bill received over a 100,000 submissions following Lal's online campaign, breaking the record for number of submissions. 814:

recommend a ban, concluding: "we believe more work needs to be done before any decision is taken to ban it. In particular, thought must be given to how to define conversion therapy, who the ban would apply to, and how to ensure that rights relating to freedom of expression and religion were maintained".

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expressed concerns about the impact conversion therapy could have on vulnerable youth, but said the committee would be "keeping in mind that there will be those who perceive that it's a part of their freedom of expression within their religion". In November 2019 the Justice Select Committee failed to

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to allow people to change the sex on their birth certificates by statutory declaration, avoiding having to go through the Family Court or show evidence of medical treatment to change their sex. The Bill passed its third reading on 9 December 2021 and received the Royal Assent on 15 December 2021. It

525:

In New Zealand it has been legal for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons to serve in the military since New Zealand's Human Rights Act 1993 ended most forms of employment discrimination against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. New Zealand military leaders did not oppose the end of military

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on 8 March. It proposed removing the offence of consensual sex between males over the age of sixteen. Over the course of 14 months, the bill attracted organised opposition outside Parliament, including an anti-reform petition (which was rejected by Parliament). Inside Parliament, multiple attempts to

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Some examples of discrimination sometimes still occur. In January 2006, news headlines were made by a sperm bank's policy of refusing donations from gay men. In March 2006, the policy was amended. Reportedly, some heterosexual male sperm donors had vetoed the use of their gametes for lesbian couples

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enables eligible married same-sex parents to adopt children as there is a clause to that effect contained therein. However, known-relative adoptions in New Zealand have outnumbered stranger adoptions since the mid-1970s; between 2007 and 2013, there were 18 known-relative and stepchild adoptions for

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There are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that a male individual cannot adopt a female child. The same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples have been able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried

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In September 2022, health advice stating that puberty blockers are safe and fully reversible was scrubbed from the Ministry of Health's webpage following backlash from anti-trans voices. Official correspondence from senior advisors within the MoH stated that the information was "no doubt true" but

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which proposed defining marriage to be inclusive regardless of gender was drawn from the ballot. The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill passed its first reading on 29 August 2012, 80 votes in favour to 40 opposed (with one abstention). Preliminary reports evidenced widespread support

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moved a motion to apologise for convictions the same day, to which Parliament agreed unanimously. The bill was passed by Parliament on 3 April 2018 and received royal assent on 9 April 2018, becoming the Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Act 2018, and

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only for offences of murder and once for treason before abolishment in 1961). In 1861, Britain replaced the death penalty for buggery with life imprisonment. New Zealand enacted similar legislation six years later. In 1893, the law in New Zealand was broadened to outlaw any sexual activity between

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say there is little scientific evidence to support the efficacy of conversion therapy. The available lab studies which measured arousal responses of men who claimed to have changed their sexual orientation through such treatments still showed arousal responses to men, not women. While people may

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saying they intend to continue to identify as a person of the chosen sex and understand the consequences of the application. No medical evidence would be required. Minors aged 16 and 17 would be able to do this with the consent of their guardian, confirmation from a health professional that they

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does not explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender. Whilst it is believed that gender identity is protected under the laws preventing discrimination on the basis of either sex or sexual orientation, it is not known how this applies to those who have not had, or will not have, sex

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is legal in New Zealand. An individual is permitted to change their name and legal gender on official documents, including birth certificates, if they can provide medical evidence that they have "acquired a physical conformation that accords with their gender identity". Originally, this was only

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Many lesbian couples are now raising children in New Zealand. Where these children are conceived through donor (sperm) insemination, both partners are recognised on the children's birth certificates (the birth mother as "mother", the other mother as "other parent"). This is following the Care of

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practice. A petition to ban it was launched in mid-July, and had collected about 10,000 signatures within a week. In mid-August 2018, two petitions to ban conversion therapy were presented to Parliament, with a combined total of about 20,000 signatures. A bill to prohibit conversion therapy was

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to apply international human rights law to gender identity and sexual orientation. The first and most arguably most important is that human rights are available to all humans, regardless of gender identity, and that states should amend legislation "to ensure its consistency with the universal

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Gay rights were a major political issue during the Homosexual Law Reform debates, but have subsequently become much less so. The Civil Union Act 2004 was opposed by nearly half of Parliament, but in tones much more restrained than that of the Homosexual Law Reform era. There has never been a

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This report suggested that transgender people were "one of the most marginalised groups" in New Zealand, leading the Human Rights Commission to publish a comprehensive inquiry entitled "To Be Who I Am" in 2008, which outlined some of the concerns listed below. These concerns are particularly

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retired, leaving transgender people seeking such operations in a state of limbo. Several chose to join the waiting list for publicly funded surgeries, which are limited to only four every two years (three for male to female, and one for female to male), or to go abroad. In October 2018, the

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Lesbian women who have trouble conceiving using private donor insemination may be eligible, as other New Zealand women are, to help through publicly funded fertility treatment. However, there are conditions on this and every woman needing fertility treatment is scored as to her eligibility.

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had preceded Street, and while she was outed at one point, Waring's strong pro-choice identification and vocal feminism overshadowed her lesbianism, which was then considered a private matter. Since she left Parliament in 1984, Waring has more openly acknowledged her sexual orientation.

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The donor is not recognised as a legal parent in New Zealand law. However, parents and donors can make formal agreements as to how things will work but the courts do have flexibility as to whether they recognise these agreements or not, under section 41 of the Care of Children Act 2004.

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In Australia and New Zealand, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people continue to enjoy many legal rights denied to their comrades across the vast majority of the Pacific. New Zealand is the first and only country in Oceania to legalise same-sex marriage, and is the 13th in the

455:, arguing that New Zealand's Adoption Act 1955 did not meet the complexities of contemporary New Zealand society. She argued following the enactment of civil unions in particular that eligible lesbian and gay prospective parents should be enabled to legally adopt. 602:

Sex reassignment surgeries take place largely in private hospitals or overseas. In the 1990s, New Zealand was dubbed a "world leader" for such operations, with comparatively low cost and relaxed public attitudes. In 2014, however, the country's only specialist

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There is a growing body of evidence that conversion therapy not only does not work, but also can be extremely harmful, resulting in depression, social isolation from family and friends, low self-esteem, internalized homophobia, and even attempted

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introduced a bill, entitled the Crimes Amendment Bill, in July 1974, which was the first bill to propose decriminalising homosexual acts between consenting adults. It was unsuccessful and was criticised by gay rights organisations for setting the

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defers any man who has had oral or anal intercourse with another man, with or without protection, in the past three months from donating blood. (Before 14 December 2020, the deferral period was 12 months). The restriction is on the basis that

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in 1994. However, unlike Australia and much of the United States, New Zealand refused to pre-emptively ban same-sex marriage in case a future parliament decided to approve it with an amended marriage act. In December 2005, an abortive

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Government instead passed another amendment to apply the Act to government activities, and also to create a new ability for the courts to "declare" legislation inconsistent with the Act. Article 27(2) of the Act reads as follows:

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On 10 August 2018, the Government Administration Select Committee discussed the Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill, which was introduced on 10 August 2017 and would amend New Zealand laws relating to

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Children Act 2004, which repealed and replaced the Status of Children Act 1969. Fostering and guardianship are also recognised under New Zealand law and regulation, and reproductive technology has been accessible since 1994.

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On 28 June 2017, the Government introduced a bill which would allow men convicted for homosexual offences to apply to wipe out their convictions from the records. On 6 July, the bill had its first reading. Justice Minister

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Nothing in section 22 shall prevent different treatment based on sex, religious or ethical belief, disability, age, political opinion, or sexual orientation where the position is one of domestic employment in a private

210:

provided legal assistance to the society. It drafted a petition calling for the decriminalisation of homosexual acts. Signed by 75 prominent citizens, a petition was presented to (and rejected by) Parliament in 1968.

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on intersex infants and girls. Material presented by the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group to the Australian Senate in 2013 showed New Zealand to be a regional outlier in surgeries in cases of

4214: 3376: 2828: 3847: 2887: 558:) argument which they held had mitigated the seriousness of homophobic homicides through reducing probable, intentional murder convictions to the lesser charge and penalty of manslaughter (see " 4388: 573:

by her ex-boyfriend, rather than the LGBT community. The repeal bill received wide parliamentary and public support, and passed its third reading on 26 November 2009, 116 votes to 5 with only

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sex descriptor. These were originally introduced for people transitioning gender. Birth certificates are available at birth showing "indeterminate" sex if it is not possible to assign a sex.

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at 21, as opposed to the age of 16 for heterosexual acts. Gay rights organisations refused to support bills which did not present an equal age of consent. A similar bill, introduced by MP

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Government announced its intention to increase the number of publicly funded operations. At that time, there were 111 people on the waiting list, meaning some had to wait up to 50 years.

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understand the consequences of the application and that the change is in their interests. The committee also recommended including gender options such as intersex and X (unspecified).

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New Zealand is frequently referred to as one of the most LGBT-friendly countries in the world. New Zealand has a visible and open LGBT scene, though small by international standards.

427:, the bill passed its second and third readings by 77–44, and became law on 19 April 2013. However, same-sex marriages were not conducted until August, when the law went into effect. 349:

with "marriage" replaced by "civil union". The following year, the Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005 was passed to remove discriminatory provisions from most legislation.

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New Zealand lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world. The protection of LGBT rights is advanced, relative to other countries

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and New Zealand consensus "Darlington Statement" by intersex community organisations and others. The statement calls for legal reform, including the criminalization of deferrable

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advocated for a ban on conversion therapy in New Zealand. In 2019, Lal founded the Conversion Therapy Action Group to work towards ending conversion therapy. Lal worked with the

2649:"Observation (CEACR) - adopted 1999, published 88th ILC session (2000): Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) - New Zealand (Ratification: 1983)" 565:

In 2009, the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Act 2009 was enacted to repeal sections 169 and 170. The bill was introduced to Parliament in August 2009 by Justice Minister

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to do so. Until a marriage bill was passed in April 2013, same-sex marriage and adoption were the final barrier before full LGBT formal and substantive equality in New Zealand.

3116: 3051: 3355:"Jaimie Veale - Academia.edu, "The prevalence of transsexualism among New Zealand passport holders, passports with an X sex descriptor are now available in New Zealand", 2008" 673: 770:

There is no reliable evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and medical institutions warn that conversion therapy practices are ineffective and potentially harmful.

3762:, p. 91: "As noted previously, early research indicates that aversive techniques have been found to have very limited benefits as well as potentially harmful effects." 2444: 3930: 2107: 4291: 3268: 3952: 3014:

Heike Polster, "Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination" New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p182-183.

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Heike Polster, "Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination" New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p180-181

444:. The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child. 4323: 1849: 5519: 3041:

Rainbow Youth, Rainbow Communities and the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan: Briefing Paper for Associate Minister of Health Todd McClay August 2013 p. 3

879: 550:, which includes sexual orientation and gender identity/expression. More recently, New Zealand's LGBT community was concerned about the continued existence of the 2475: 3411: 979:

to his long-time partner of thirty-three years, Peter Kaiser, on 10 February 2007, in the first civil union for a cabinet minister or member of parliament since

301:, since the Act applies retrospectively to current and abolished offences equally. However, individuals with an otherwise clean criminal record could apply to a 138:

Throughout the late 20th century, the rights of the LGBT community received more awareness and male same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in 1986, with an

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In early February 2022, the National Party abandoned its bloc voting position on the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Bill. The party's new leader

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important considering that discrimination and exclusion towards transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming persons has been shown to increase the risk of

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since 2004, New Zealand legalised both same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples in 2013. Discrimination regarding sexual orientation, and

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The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007 p.10

471: 5052: 3833: 2579:

Summaries of the regulation of assisted reproduction in New Zealand and the legal, ethical and cultural issues often involved in assisted reproduction.

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were repealed in 2007, when sections that mention buggery were repealed. The Cook Islands repealed provisions criminalising male homosexuality in 2023.

623:

people in New Zealand face discrimination in several aspects of their lives, however, the law is unclear on the legal status of discrimination based on

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The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007

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will make it easier for transgender and non-binary individuals to update gender details on birth certificates. This law comes into effect in 2023.

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Ford, Jeffry G. (2001), "Healing homosexuals: A psychologist's journey through the ex-gay movement and the pseudo-science of reparative therapy",

826:

claim to have changed their orientation through such interventions often due to pressure or shame, their underlying orientation remains the same.

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Individuals convicted and imprisoned for homosexual offences prior to August 1986 were not automatically eligible to hide the offences under the

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has multiple gay bars, restaurants, clubs, festivals and other venues. Outside Auckland, there are also visible, albeit smaller, LGBT scenes in

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on children, an end to legal classification of sex, protections from discrimination and harmful practices and improved access to peer support.

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couples, whether opposite or same sex, the same property rights as existed since 1976 for married couples on the break-up of a relationship.

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and expression has been banned since 1993. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people have been allowed to serve openly in the military since 1993.

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Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 1.1.

5359: 4986: 1298: 3601: 2361: 5324: 3894: 2958: 2229: 1040:

MP elected to Parliament on his party's MMP party list in the 2005 election. Finlayson was an MP between 2005 and 2019, and a former

3442:; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), 1251:

Although anti-discrimination laws and laws regarding civil union and same-sex marriage apply in New Zealand, these do not apply in

1023:

and Minister for Housing between 2007 and 2008. She was also the President of the Labour Party between 1993 and 1995. However, the

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allowed caucus members to vote on their conscience. The Bill passed its third and final reading on 15 February 2022, becoming law.

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were elected, 2 each from Labour and the Greens and 1 from ACT. This is down from a record 12 (10%) elected in the 2020 election.

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are eligible for public funding to assisted reproduction, which means that most male same-sex couples must get private treatment.

5180: 2175: 1045: 298: 2055:"Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 15 June 2016), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation" 5103:

The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth’12)

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to have the conviction disregarded. However, this process only concealed these convictions – it did not erase them altogether.

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from Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014).

3277: 3070:"Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill - Final report of the Governance and Administration Committee" 3069: 2621: 5001: 4923: 3206: 2829:"Sentencing Act 2002 No 9 (as at 23 October 2013), Public Act 9 Aggravating and mitigating factors – New Zealand Legislation" 956: 790: 612: 3657: 2860: 2312: 5652: 2497: 2157: 774: 285:

Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and (implicitly) gender identity was outlawed several years later by the

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in 1979, failed in its parliamentary reading in 1980, due to lack of support for the same reasons over the age disparity.

5364: 5223: 4357:"National Party will allow conscience vote on conversion therapy ban, after block voting against it under Judith Collins" 3415: 2984:

Human Rights Commission: "Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004. P.92

2211: 1795:"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" 1114: 1076: 838: 786: 722: 708: 636: 441: 128: 80: 4971: 1794: 4964:

Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation

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introduced to Parliament in October 2018. It foresees 6–12 months imprisonment and a fine of between 5,000 and 10,000

5474: 5400: 5092: 5070:

Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People Within New Zealand: Good Practice Guide for Health Professionals

5044: 3872: 3173: 2130: 2010: 1690: 1320: 1146: 1135: 1128: 1060: 1020: 1016: 998: 968: 964: 960: 949: 925: 917: 905: 845: 586: 191: 3980:"Petition of Max Tweedie for Young Labour and the Young Greens: Ban Gay Conversion Therapy - New Zealand Parliament" 2598: 1977: 400:) and amongst the general public, with polls conducted in May 2012 indicating 63% support. In December 2012, former 5462: 5374: 5319: 1680: 955:

A number of openly gay or lesbian politicians have served in New Zealand's Parliament. The first to be elected was

916:

political party, founded to bring "Christian morality" into politics, received only 0.62% of the party vote in the

370: 132: 102: 64: 42: 4860: 4590: 3251:

Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand

5334: 5314: 5286: 5243: 3731: 3192: 2759: 1670: 1246: 909: 401: 5049: 3194:

Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

2385: 2176:"Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Bill - New Zealand Parliament" 932:

was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment after multiple cases of sexual assault against three female children.

5529: 5457: 5452: 5253: 4236: 1832: 1685: 1302: 1049: 921: 730: 704: 700: 690: 381: 302: 270: 4657: 3547: 3084: 2713: 282:(becoming the Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986) on 11 July 1986, and it came into effect on 8 August that year. 5354: 5309: 4816: 4523: 2334: 904:

specifically LGBT political party in New Zealand. There has been a succession of unsuccessful fundamentalist

207: 4632:"National MP Paul Foster-Bell says Brian Tamaki earthquake 'outburst' inspired him to speak about being gay" 2054: 2029: 1903: 1131:, she became the world's first transgender MP. She retired from parliamentary politics on 14 February 2007. 817:

Recent reports have shown that conversion therapy is "widespread" in New Zealand, including the practise of

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on the grounds that she was a homosexual. Publicity around the incident was a catalyst in the formation of

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Ex-Gay Research: Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science, Religion, Politics, and Culture

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Estrada, Armando. Attitudes of Military Personnel Toward Homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(4), 83

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The Gay Happiness Index. The very first worldwide country ranking, based on the input of 115,000 gay men

3377:"General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates" 2290: 681:

that the statement was removed regardless in order to create fewer queries from anti-trans campaigners.

182:

was first criminalised when New Zealand adopted England's law with the English Law Act 1858 and adopted

5524: 5435: 4672:"New Zealand just elected the queerest parliament in the world with one in 10 MPs identifying as LGBT+" 1505: 1037: 1024: 856: 342: 143: 98: 3142:"Parliament unanimously passes sex self-identification law, simplifying changes to birth certificates" 1584:(Only altruistic surrogacy is legal, commercial surrogacy is banned regardless of sexual orientation) 595:

available to individuals who had undergone genital-reconstruction surgery. However, in June 2008, the

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or socially conservative political parties less sympathetic to LGBT rights since the introduction of

884: 875: 696: 5203: 4740: 4609: 3423: 2786: 1138:, 10% of the elected MPs openly identified as LGBT+, giving New Zealand the highest proportion of ' 1098: 1006: 994: 892: 591: 570: 566: 503: 262: 93: 1874: 809:

In 2019 the Justice Select Committee reviewed petitions to ban conversion therapy. Prime Minister

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using psychological, physical, or spiritual interventions, is illegal in New Zealand, since 2022.

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ruled that full sex reassignment surgeries are not always necessary to meet this legal threshold.

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society. There were no legal or social punishments for engaging in same-sex sexual activity. Male

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Solicitor General's opinion on the application of the Human Rights Act 1993 to transgender people

1291: 1219: 1204: 239: 163: 74: 4962: 407:

starred in an online video campaign supporting same-sex marriage, alongside New Zealand singers

5369: 5268: 5189: 5166: 4836: 4821: 4793: 4528: 4176: 3926: 3867: 3311: 3120: 2556: 1675: 1660: 1238: 1124: 527: 437: 310: 274: 121: 5154:

Streaming audio and transcribed interviews on historic and current LGBTI issues in New Zealand

5007: 2814: 5344: 5263: 4120:"Youth MP continues call for ban on conversion therapy, says it's 'state-sanctioned torture'" 2000: 1188: 1064: 782: 665: 644: 628: 491: 385: 286: 5037:

Adoption: Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38

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Same-sex marriage in New Zealand was refused judicial approval by the Court of Appeal after

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To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People

4719: 4172:"Gay conversion therapy to become criminal offence, Justice Minister Kris Faafoi announces" 338: 215: 179: 4987:"Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination" 1767: 29: 8: 5590: 5417: 5339: 5291: 5213: 3834:"Petition to ban gay conversion therapy 'once and for all' draws thousands of signatures" 3052:"Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill - New Zealand Parliament" 1715: 1665: 1655: 1388:

Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)

1242: 1162: 972: 941: 913: 551: 4292:"'Shame': Conversion Therapy bill passes first reading but is opposed by National Party" 3658:"Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law" 3190: 895:

enough (up to 1 in 1000 failure rate) to guarantee a 100 percent HIV-free blood supply.

4950: 3333: 3198: 3085:"MPs recommend that gender changes to birth certificates be made easier for applicants" 2921: 2100:"Cross-Examination: The Persecution Game – Historic Convictions for Homosexual Conduct" 1647: 933: 803: 781:

announced that a conversion therapy ban could be considered as part of a reform to the

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changes. The committee recommended allowing adults to change legal sex by submitting a

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couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can jointly adopt children following a

4449:"Report to the New Zealand Blood Service - Behavioural Donor Deferral Criteria Review" 2849:

New Zealand Law Commission: The Partial Defence of Provocation: Wellington: NZLC: 2007

1925: 1080: 952:, which has yet to gain parliamentary representation, appeals to voters in this area. 841:

to deliver a petition of over more than 150,000 signatures to ban conversion therapy.

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Tim Barnett was the first New Zealand MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in 1996.

863: 822: 559: 543: 452: 346: 109: 4699:"A National/Act/NZ First government would mean a whole lot of men in charge (again)" 4497: 1948: 495: 4942: 4473: 4083: 3427: 1800:. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. p. 183 1742: 1719: 1106: 1102: 945: 821:, therapy, drugs or other means. In a prominent 2016 review, six experts including 404: 4324:"Record-breaking number of submissions on law proposing to ban conversion therapy" 3953:"Jacinda Ardern acknowledges gay conversion therapy is religious freedom for some" 1068: 1063:

and Minister for Sport and Recreation since 2017 and Minister Responsible for the

5056: 4426: 4361: 4328: 4296: 3680: 3510:"Intersex activists in Australia and New Zealand publish statement of priorities" 3430:; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; 3146: 2965: 2390: 2364: 2135: 1056: 1033: 653: 624: 574: 555: 424: 206:(1962–88) was the first New Zealand organisation for homosexual men. The British 147: 54: 5143: 5084:

Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People

2077: 1199: 175: 5605: 5509: 4205:"'No place in modern New Zealand': government signals conversion practices ban" 4063: 3099:"Birth certificate gender changes 'will protect trans people from being outed'" 2445:"Marriage equality, five years on: we ask opposing MPs if they'd still vote no" 1850:"Early Māori view on sexual fluidity far more liberal than previously believed" 1120: 1028: 1002: 810: 251: 223: 203: 190:" a crime with a maximum sentence of death. (In practice, New Zealand used the 139: 5111:

Heike Polster, "Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination"

3571:"These Groups Want Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Infants To Be Made A Crime" 3266: 1191:. Several organisations and publications in New Zealand cater to LGBT people. 534:

are amongst many government agencies to have adopted "gay-friendly" policies.

5646: 5631: 5610: 5138: 4568: 4097: 4088: 4071: 3542: 3514: 3439: 1123:

became the first transgender mayor in the world when she became the Mayor of

1094: 1012: 929: 798: 748: 448: 420: 219: 5126:

Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights

2583:(Report). Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology. p. 3. 2525: 1722:

with New Zealand. New Zealand law does not apply to these states. See also:

4209: 4105: 3676: 1633: 1260: 1180: 764: 615:

noted in its 2004 report on the status of human rights in New Zealand that

416: 345:

for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The Act is very similar to the

279: 255: 231: 196: 151: 142:

of 16, equal to heterosexual intercourse. After recognising gender-neutral

5569: 4946: 3334:"New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity" 948:

all succeeded it, but none lasted long. Currently, the officially secular

396:

for same-sex marriage both within Parliament (notably from Prime Minister

170: 5626: 5559: 5158: 4067: 3435: 3431: 2449: 1768:"LGBT Rights in New Zealand: What Travellers Should Know Before Going NZ" 1226: 1215: 1110: 1072: 976: 848: 834: 616: 479: 392: 362: 183: 34: 5148: 4389:"National Party to allow conscience vote on conversion therapy ban bill" 2695: 2474:. Hansard Office, New Zealand Parliament. 29 August 2012. Archived from 1574: 959:, who became the first openly gay MP when he came out shortly after the 777:

called conversion therapy "abhorrent". In August 2018, Justice Minister

154:

have found that a majority of New Zealanders support same-sex marriage.

5385: 4886:"New rules makes it easier for sex workers and gay men to donate blood" 4264:"Conversion therapy ban legislation passes first reading at Parliament" 4005:"Gay conversion therapy: Kiwi Paul Stevens shares harrowing experience" 1825:

Pleasures of the Flesh: Sex and Drugs in Colonial New Zealand 1840–1915

1305: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1264: 1172: 1139: 1109:, who served in Parliament from 2013 to 2017, came out as gay in 2016. 937: 756: 620: 569:, although its introduction was largely stemmed from the trial for the 547: 266: 246: 227: 125: 5121:

Hansard, First Reading on Statutes Amendment Bill (No 4) 16 April 2014

4762: 4422:"Blood donation rule change will allow more gay, bisexual men to give" 4145:"Conversion therapy ban petition: Takatāpui 'inherent to our culture'" 3191:

Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016).

1214:

events are legal in New Zealand and were first held in the 1970s. The

5564: 2980: 2978: 2865: 1401:

Hate crime laws covering both sexual orientation and gender identity

1211: 1084: 1059:, former Deputy Leader of the Labour Party between 2011 and 2013 and 661: 412: 408: 5149:

A history of homosexual law reform in New Zealand (NZHistory.net.nz)

4569:"Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender New Zealand History. Part 4" 4550: 2194:"Parliament apologies for 'profoundly wrong' convictions of gay men" 2158:"NZ Moves To Expunge Historical Convictions For Homosexual Offences" 1580: 1280: 4789:"Auckland Gay Pride Parade 2013 - Photos - The Aucklander Pictures" 3778: 3575: 3270:

Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of New Zealand

3267:

United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (7 October 2016).

1176: 1168: 1083:, and Green Party MP and Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Justice 888: 818: 760: 440:

ruling in December 2015. The court ruled that the ban breached the

397: 365:

authored the bill which legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand.

235: 3895:"'They're not broken' – MP proposes law to ban conversion therapy" 3354: 2975: 2472:"Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill - First Reading" 2338: 2212:"New Zealand Parliament Apologises For Historical Gay Convictions" 797:

and every medical organisation in New Zealand support banning the

5514: 5108:

Births, Deaths, Marriages and Relationships Registration Act 1995

3957: 3223:"Open birth sex assignments do not reduce surgical interventions" 2922:"6. – Gender diversity – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 2726: 1256: 1184: 714:

Since November 2011, New Zealand passports are available with an

604: 187: 3774:"More than 20,000 people call for ban on gay conversion therapy" 3117:"Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill" 2943:

New Zealand reduces 30-year wait for gender reassignment surgery

1375:

Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services

199:. Sex between women has never been criminalised in New Zealand. 3899: 3838: 3802:"Conversion therapy ban could be considered - Justice Minister" 3412:

Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia

2959:

New Zealand to tackle 50-year wait for gender-affirming surgery

2626: 1718:. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states that are 983:

were introduced after legislation was passed in December 2004.

322: 986: 674:

Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill

357: 3482:"Intersex people have called for action. It's time to listen" 2002:

Worlds in Collision: The Gay Debate in New Zealand, 1960–1986

1150: 1093:

joined Grant Robertson as a gay Labour MP from 2006 to 2013.

891:

than the general population, and the HIV testing used is not

131:, with the country being the first in the region to legalise 3730:. National LGBTQ Task Force Policy Institute. Archived from 3719:"Youth in the Crosshairs: the Third Wave of Ex-gay Activism" 3602:"Politicians react as bill to ban conversion therapy passes" 2362:"PM John Key hints at continued support for gay marriage..." 2078:"Gender diversity – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 1609: 1593: 1561: 1533:

Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures

1524: 1511: 1496: 1483: 1470: 1457: 1444: 1431: 1418: 1405: 1392: 1379: 1366: 1353: 1340: 1263:

due to their separate legislatures. In Niue and Tokelau the

997:

was the first MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in the

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in New Zealand are 44 times more likely to be infected with

672:

In November 2017, the New Zealand Parliament introduced the

4058: 4031:"Nothing To Be Proud Of: Conversion Therapy in New Zealand" 3904: 3843: 2622:"'Outdated' laws for same-sex male couples who want a baby" 1252: 326:

Same-sex civil union ceremony in Wellington, December 2006.

195:

men. Penalties included life imprisonment, hard labour and

4551:"Inclusiveness and dignity for all Rainbow New Zealanders" 3538:"Intersex advocates pull no punches in historic statement" 3374: 3247: 2337:. New Zealand Parliamentary Votes Database. Archived from 1545:

Sexual orientation/gender identity for asylum recognition

1015:

was New Zealand's first openly lesbian MP, elected in the

5153: 3307:"X marks the spot on passport for transgender travellers" 2785:. National Equality Opportunities Network. Archived from 2729:"President Obama and the Future of Don't Ask, Don't Tell" 1877:. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 11 March 2010 1774:. 3 December 2018. The Legal Situation In Gay New Zealand 1549: 1537: 3199:

Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions

1232: 1105:

served in Parliament between 2013 and 2014. National MP

928:

in 1996 but closed down in 2005 after its former leader

317: 83:

covers sexual orientation and gender identity/expression

5082:

World Professional Association for Transgender Health:

2597:. Department of Child, Youth and Family. Archived from 912:

in 1993 made proportional representation possible. The

542:

Section 9(1)(h) of the Sentencing Act 2002 makes it an

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Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy

2464: 330:

The Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001 gives

5448:

Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022

4603: 4522:

McNaughton, Maggie; Perry, Keith (10 February 2007).

4996:, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, Inc, 1827:. Wellington: A.H, & A.W. Reed Ltd. p. 47. 1623: 472:

Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013

5113:

New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law

5099:

Youth’12: Fact Sheet about Transgender Young People

3174:"Health advice scrubbed due to anti-trans pressure" 2852: 2727:RADM Al Steinman USPHS/USCG (Ret) (December 2008). 4660:. 26 February 2014 – via www.nzherald.co.nz. 2861:"Parliament scraps partial defence of provocation" 2696:"'Gay gene' donation row in New Zealand - BioNews" 2230:"Parliament apologises for homosexual convictions" 1928:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 August 2014 577:opposed, and became effective on 8 December 2009. 546:in sentencing if a criminal offence constituted a 69:Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people allowed to serve 4817:"Prime Minister Bill English's first Big Gay Out" 3626: 3406: 3404: 2716:. 27 January 2006 – via www.nzherald.co.nz. 853:Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Bill 580: 59:Transgender people allowed to change legal gender 5644: 5032:: (13th Edition): Wellington: Lexis/Nexis: 2007. 3716: 3465:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2335:"Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill" 2032:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014 1980:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014 1906:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014 269:consulted with gay rights groups to develop the 4521: 4491: 4489: 4487: 3710: 2924:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2858: 2498:"Victory for same-sex couples wanting to adopt" 2291:"Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005" 4992:, in Gonsiorek, John; Weinrich, James (eds.), 4914:Drescher, Jack; Zucker, Kenneth, eds. (2006). 4913: 4861:"Change the sex/gender on a birth certificate" 4763:"HERO Parade and party, Auckland, New Zealand" 4072:"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science" 3632: 3401: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 168:Same-sex relationships and activities (Māori: 5401: 5174: 4733:"A history of Pride in New Zealand – Salient" 3863:"Why gay conversion therapy should be banned" 3473: 3448:, archived from the original on 22 March 2017 3420:Organisation Intersex International Australia 3227:Organisation Intersex International Australia 3109: 2269:"Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001" 2024: 2022: 1875:"Law and the economy - Setting the framework" 1724:Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue 1466:LGBT people allowed to serve in the military 751:practice of trying to change an individual's 485: 292: 174:) were largely accepted amongst pre-colonial 5144:A chronology of homosexuality in New Zealand 4484: 4076:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 3562: 2526:"Are there age limits for adopting a child?" 2359: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1822: 1042:Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations 695:New Zealand laws and policies that prohibit 3595: 3593: 3529: 3501: 3010: 3008: 1963: 1904:"Homosexual law reform – Setting the scene" 1613:(Since 2020, deferral period of 3 months) 391:In July 2012, a member's bill by Labour MP 5408: 5394: 5188: 5181: 5167: 4935:Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 4604:Contact: Jan Logie MP (15 February 2012). 3300: 3298: 2915: 2913: 2019: 1570:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples 971:and became New Zealand's first openly gay 906:Christian political parties in New Zealand 28: 4960: 4087: 3860: 3771: 3759: 2714:"Male donors put conditions on sperm use" 2532:. Citizens Advice Bureau. 16 October 2022 2128: 2005:. Victoria University Press. p. 83. 1889: 1321:Learn how and when to remove this message 430: 238:. The 1970s saw the growth of the modern 5415: 4984: 4606:"Jan Logie's maiden speech to the House" 4261: 3923:"Prohibition of Conversion Therapy Bill" 3717:Cianciotto, Jason; Cahill, Sean (2006). 3704: 3599: 3590: 3276:. Geneva: United Nations. Archived from 3005: 2996: 2619: 1198: 985: 356: 321: 5068:Counties Manukau District Health Board 4696: 4495: 4237:"Conversion therapy: what's in a vote?" 4202: 4169: 3479: 3304: 3295: 3184: 2919: 2910: 2075: 1992: 1792: 1440:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples 1362:Anti-discrimination laws in employment 1357:(Male since 1986; female always legal) 1344:(Male since 1986; female always legal) 1117:served as an MP between 2008 and 2016. 1046:Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage 1019:. She served until 2014, and served as 299:Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004 5645: 5030:Butterworths Family Law in New Zealand 4713: 4697:Chapman, Madeleine (6 November 2023). 4419: 4289: 3911:from the original on 22 February 2021. 3799: 3568: 3326: 2442: 2293:. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 November 2008 2049: 2047: 1946: 1847: 1149:, Only 5 MPs who publicly identify as 1142:elected representatives in the world. 1001:. In 1997, Barnett and Carter started 795:New Zealand Association of Counsellors 641:International Service for Human Rights 5389: 5162: 4354: 4054: 4052: 3614:from the original on 18 February 2022 3535: 3507: 3082: 2760:"Gay support network for NZ military" 2131:"Push to wipe homosexual convictions" 1233:In Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands 1048:between 2008 and 2014, and served as 736: 554:defence (sections 169 and 170 of the 318:Recognition of same-sex relationships 314:going into effect the following day. 4932: 4474:"Christian Heritage NZ Closing Down" 4420:Earley, Melanie (14 December 2020). 4336:from the original on 22 January 2022 4062:; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; 3655: 3649: 3644: 3600:Scotcher, Katie (15 February 2022). 3154:from the original on 9 December 2021 2859:Hartevelt, John (27 November 2009). 2552:"Government plays down gay adoption" 2129:Cowlishaw, Shane (31 October 2014). 1303:adding citations to reliable sources 1274: 1156: 352: 158:Legality of same-sex sexual activity 5093:Sex-change Surgery Delay Hits Youth 4961:Glassgold, JM; et al. (2009), 4918:. New York: Harrington Park Press. 3416:Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand 3248:NZ Human Rights Commission (2016), 2780: 2651:. International Labour Organisation 2080:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2044: 1998: 1951:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1748:. Spartacus International Gay Guide 1453:Joint adoption by same-sex couples 839:Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand 723:Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand 709:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 637:International Commission of Jurists 520: 442:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 13: 4972:American Psychological Association 4658:"Twelve Questions: Georgina Beyer" 4304:from the original on 6 August 2021 4070:; Epprecht, Marc (25 April 2016). 4049: 3861:MacDonald, Kyle (15 August 2018). 3850:from the original on 1 March 2021. 3305:Collins, Simon (4 December 2012). 2620:Frykberg, Laura (9 January 2024). 1520:Access to IVF for lesbian couples 721:In March 2017, representatives of 684: 537: 517:who seek artificial insemination. 242:and gay movements in New Zealand. 164:LGBT in New Zealand § History 14: 5664: 5132: 4397:. 2 February 2022. Archived from 4355:Manch, Thomas (3 February 2022). 4262:Scotcher, Katie (5 August 2021). 4217:from the original on 30 July 2021 4184:from the original on 30 July 2021 4170:Neilson, Michael (30 July 2021). 3772:Braidwood, Ella (9 August 2018). 2443:Yeoman, Greta (14 October 2019). 2420:. 6 December 2012. Archived from 1691:Transgender rights in New Zealand 950:Conservative Party of New Zealand 869: 587:Transgender rights in New Zealand 218:was denied a permit to visit the 5620:Defunct events and organisations 5139:New Zealand legislation database 4878: 4853: 4829: 4809: 4781: 4755: 4725: 4690: 4664: 4650: 4624: 4597: 4583: 4561: 4543: 4524:"Minister to marry in gay union" 4515: 4466: 4441: 4413: 4381: 4348: 4316: 4290:Witton, Bridie (5 August 2021). 4283: 4255: 4229: 4196: 4163: 3536:Power, Shannon (13 March 2017). 3480:Copland, Simon (20 March 2017). 3375:Department of Internal Affairs. 3083:Young, Audrey (12 August 2018). 2414:"Marriage equality 'about love'" 2386:"Kiwis back gay marriage - poll" 1947:Laurie, Alison J. (5 May 2011). 1708: 1681:Same-sex marriage in New Zealand 1640: 1626: 1608: 1592: 1579: 1573: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1523: 1510: 1495: 1482: 1469: 1456: 1443: 1430: 1417: 1414:Recognition of same-sex couples 1404: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1352: 1339: 1279: 1270: 1101:caucus in 2011, and National MP 699:explicitly permit "normalising" 648:enjoyment of all human rights." 371:Same-sex marriage in New Zealand 4907: 4608:. Greens.org.nz. Archived from 4137: 4112: 4023: 3997: 3972: 3945: 3915: 3887: 3854: 3826: 3800:Robson, Sarah (4 August 2018). 3793: 3765: 3753: 3698: 3638: 3368: 3347: 3260: 3241: 3215: 3166: 3134: 3091: 3087:– via www.nzherald.co.nz. 3076: 3062: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 2993:Human Rights Act 1993 s21(1)(m) 2987: 2952: 2936: 2920:Johanna, Schmidt (5 May 2011). 2880: 2843: 2821: 2774: 2752: 2743: 2720: 2706: 2688: 2663: 2641: 2613: 2587: 2572: 2544: 2518: 2490: 2436: 2406: 2378: 2353: 2327: 2305: 2283: 2261: 2240: 2222: 2204: 2186: 2168: 2150: 2122: 2092: 2076:Schmidt, Johanna (5 May 2011). 2069: 1671:LGBT rights in the Cook Islands 1290:needs additional citations for 1247:LGBT rights in the Cook Islands 1194: 1055:Current openly gay MPs include 341:established the institution of 114:Full adoption rights since 2013 5530:Sisters for Homophile Equality 5453:Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986 5209:Federated States of Micronesia 5105:. Journal of Adolescent Health 4739:. 17 July 2016. Archived from 4203:McClure, Tess (30 July 2021). 3665:Southern California Law Review 3569:Sainty, Lane (13 March 2017). 2200:– via www.newshub.co.nz. 2106:. 17 June 2015. Archived from 1940: 1918: 1867: 1848:Thomas, Melody (6 July 2018). 1841: 1816: 1786: 1760: 1735: 1686:Intersex rights in New Zealand 1589:Gay criminal records expunged 922:Christian Heritage New Zealand 773:In July 2018, Health Minister 731:intersex medical interventions 705:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 691:Intersex rights in New Zealand 581:Gender identity and expression 447:On 21 May 2006, Green List MP 1: 4985:Haldeman, Douglas C. (1991), 3508:Jones, Jess (10 March 2017). 3438:; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; 2888:"Gender reassignment surgery" 2360:Kate Chapman (30 July 2012). 1823:Eldred-Grigg, Stevan (1984). 1701: 1479:Right to change legal gender 878:(NZBS), like many countries, 526:service discrimination. The 475:every 10 stranger adoptions. 208:Homosexual Law Reform Society 5520:holders of political offices 5035:New Zealand Law Commission: 3487:Special Broadcasting Service 2781:Limited, iSite Interactive. 2675:Parliamentary Counsel Office 1793:Carroll, Aengus (May 2016). 1036:became the first openly gay 831:New Zealand Youth Parliament 103:Same-sex marriage since 2013 94:Recognition of relationships 7: 5653:LGBTQ rights in New Zealand 5596:Burnett Foundation Aotearoa 5468:Marriage Amendment Act 2013 5095:Ben Heather, 16 April 2015. 4571:. Queer History New Zealand 3422:; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; 1978:"Birth of the gay movement" 1696:Human rights in New Zealand 1619: 1044:between 2008 and 2017, and 981:civil unions in New Zealand 924:polled 4.4% as part of the 898: 22:LGBTQ rights in New Zealand 10: 5669: 5525:Murder of Jeff Whittington 5115:. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 5077:Transgender People at Work 3633:Drescher & Zucker 2006 2762:. Newshub. 5 December 2011 1557:Conversion therapy banned 1506:Gender self-identification 1349:Equal age of consent (16) 1236: 1160: 1009:to represent LGBT people. 975:in 2002. Carter united in 967:, but won it again in the 963:. He lost his seat in the 740: 688: 584: 486:Discrimination protections 377:Quilter v Attorney-General 368: 293:Expungement of convictions 273:, which she introduced to 271:Homosexual Law Reform Bill 161: 75:Discrimination protections 5619: 5583: 5575:Wellington Pride Festival 5547: 5495: 5426: 5300: 5277: 5196: 5124:Human Rights Commission: 5061:Human Rights Commission: 4837:"Niue Amendment Act 2007" 3727:National LGBTQ Task Force 1336:Same-sex sexual activity 885:men who have sex with men 876:New Zealand Blood Service 697:female genital mutilation 500:Te Ture Tika Tangata 1993 108: 92: 87: 73: 63: 53: 41: 27: 20: 5360:Northern Mariana Islands 4555:New Zealand Labour Party 4496:Matzner, Andrew (2004). 4089:10.1177/1529100616637616 2964:16 November 2018 at the 2315:. New Zealand Parliament 1605:allowed to donate blood 747:Conversion therapy, the 592:Sex reassignment surgery 571:murder of Sophie Elliott 470:Now passed, the current 5555:Auckland Pride Festival 5536:Lesbian Feminist Circle 5325:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5190:LGBT rights in Oceania 4591:"The man in the middle" 3656:Cruz, David B. (1999). 2671:"Human Rights Act 1993" 2248:"Bills (proposed laws)" 1220:Auckland Pride Festival 1205:Auckland Pride Festival 791:Human Rights Commission 613:Human Rights Commission 99:Civil unions since 2005 5505:Ca d'Oro Coffee Lounge 5075:Department of Labour: 4822:The New Zealand Herald 4794:The New Zealand Herald 4529:The New Zealand Herald 4177:The New Zealand Herald 3927:New Zealand Parliament 3868:The New Zealand Herald 3312:The New Zealand Herald 3121:New Zealand Parliament 2557:The New Zealand Herald 1676:LGBT rights in Oceania 1661:LGBT rights in Tokelau 1239:LGBT rights in Tokelau 1208: 1067:since 2019, Labour MP 991: 528:Royal New Zealand Navy 514: 499: 438:New Zealand High Court 431:Adoption and parenting 419:, as well as Olympian 366: 327: 180:homosexual intercourse 169: 47:Male legal since 1986, 5303:and other territories 5089:Human Rights Act 1993 4947:10.1300/J236v05n03_06 4332:. 14 September 2021. 4035:Equal Justice Project 2892:Ministry of Health NZ 2831:. Legislation.govt.nz 2731:. Gay Military Signal 2271:. Legislation.govt.nz 2104:Equal Justice Project 2057:. legislation.govt.nz 1225:Another event is the 1202: 1147:2023 general election 1136:2020 general election 1065:Earthquake Commission 989: 940:, the aforementioned 918:2005 general election 783:Human Rights Act 1993 701:medical interventions 689:Further information: 666:statutory declaration 645:Yogyakarta Principles 629:Human Rights Act 1993 509: 492:Human Rights Act 1993 405:Dame Catherine Tizard 360: 325: 287:Human Rights Act 1993 124:, and among the most 81:Human Rights Act 1993 5428:LGBT rights and laws 4503:. glbtq Encyclopedia 3686:on 19 September 2017 3445:Darlington Statement 3440:Mitchell, Mani Bruce 2783:"Sexual orientation" 2581:acart.health.govt.nz 1999:Guy, Laurie (2002). 1492:Third gender option 1299:improve this article 1203:Participants at the 654:mental health issues 643:in 2007 created the 451:raised the issue of 339:Civil Union Act 2004 216:Ngahuia Te Awekotuku 5591:Agender New Zealand 5419:LGBT in New Zealand 5055:25 May 2010 at the 4825:. 12 February 2017. 4743:on 23 February 2019 3907:. 31 October 2018. 3635:, pp. 126, 175 3150:. 9 December 2021. 2898:on 10 February 2017 2478:on 3 September 2012 2313:"Same-sex marriage" 2030:"Reforming the law" 1926:"The death penalty" 1716:dependent territory 1666:LGBT rights in Niue 1656:LGBT in New Zealand 1243:LGBT rights in Niue 1163:LGBT in New Zealand 1061:Minister of Finance 1052:from 2008 to 2017. 1005:as a branch of the 942:Destiny New Zealand 926:Christian Coalition 844:In late July 2021, 804:New Zealand dollars 725:participated in an 49:female always legal 5548:Culture and events 5475:Transgender rights 5013:on 6 February 2018 4797:. 20 February 2013 4769:. 18 February 1996 4612:on 3 November 2013 4401:on 3 February 2022 4369:on 3 February 2022 4064:Breedlove, S. Marc 4060:Bailey, J. Michael 3933:on 5 December 2018 3875:on 5 February 2021 3814:on 9 November 2020 3576:BuzzFeed Australia 2813:has generic name ( 2789:on 25 January 2019 2700:www.bionews.org.uk 2601:on 26 October 2014 2506:. 21 December 2015 1772:Queer in the World 1743:"Gay Travel Index" 1648:New Zealand portal 1427:Same-sex marriage 1209: 1097:resigned from the 992: 934:Future New Zealand 753:sexual orientation 743:Conversion therapy 737:Conversion therapy 544:aggravating factor 532:New Zealand Police 367: 328: 214:In 1972, academic 5640: 5639: 5601:Intersex Aotearoa 5383: 5382: 5375:Wallis and Futuna 5320:Clipperton Island 5278:Associated states 5086:7th Version, 2012 5003:978-0-8039-3764-2 4925:978-1-56023-557-6 4678:. 19 October 2020 4638:. 4 December 2016 4394:Radio New Zealand 4269:Radio New Zealand 4011:. 7 November 2018 3984:www.parliament.nz 3807:Radio New Zealand 3607:Radio New Zealand 3428:Carpenter, Morgan 3283:on 6 October 2019 3229:. 4 November 2013 3208:978-0-9942513-7-4 3105:. 10 August 2018. 3056:www.parliament.nz 2972:, 19 October 2018 2949:, 19 October 2018 2503:Radio New Zealand 2424:on 5 October 2013 2180:www.parliament.nz 1720:freely associated 1617: 1616: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1157:Living conditions 864:Christopher Luxon 823:J. Michael Bailey 627:. Currently, the 560:gay panic defence 480:do not have sperm 453:same-sex adoption 353:Same-sex marriage 347:Marriage Act 1955 133:same-sex marriage 118: 117: 5660: 5420: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5365:Pitcairn Islands 5335:French Polynesia 5315:Christmas Island 5244:Papua New Guinea 5224:Marshall Islands 5197:Sovereign states 5183: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5006:, archived from 4991: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4957: 4929: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4365:. Archived from 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4243:. 10 August 2021 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4091: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4037:. 10 August 2020 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3929:. Archived from 3919: 3913: 3912: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3871:. Archived from 3858: 3852: 3851: 3846:. 26 July 2018. 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810:. Archived from 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3679:. Archived from 3662: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3550:on 22 March 2017 3546:. Archived from 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3389:on 30 April 2017 3388: 3382:. Archived from 3381: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3180:. 24 March 2023. 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2973: 2956: 2950: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894:. Archived from 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2702:. 20 March 2006. 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2595:"Adoptions Data" 2591: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2017: 2016: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1974: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1900: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1739: 1727: 1712: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1612: 1596: 1583: 1577: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1527: 1514: 1499: 1486: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1434: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1369: 1356: 1343: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1283: 1275: 1127:in 1995. In the 1107:Paul Foster-Bell 1103:Claudette Hauiti 1050:Attorney-General 1021:Minister for ACC 973:cabinet minister 910:electoral reform 846:Justice Minister 799:pseudoscientific 749:pseudoscientific 611:The New Zealand 521:Military service 402:Governor-General 32: 18: 17: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5615: 5579: 5543: 5491: 5458:Intersex rights 5422: 5418: 5414: 5384: 5379: 5302: 5296: 5279: 5273: 5254:Solomon Islands 5192: 5187: 5135: 5057:Wayback Machine 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4976: 4974: 4967: 4926: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4865:justice.govt.nz 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4454:. February 2014 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4057: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3859: 3855: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3671:(5): 1297–400. 3660: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3598: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3409: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3303: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3189: 3185: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2966:Wayback Machine 2957: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2341:on 8 April 2019 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2164:. 28 June 2017. 2156: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2110:on 8 April 2019 2098: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2013: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1949:"Lesbian lives" 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1821: 1817: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1327: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1296: 1284: 1273: 1249: 1235: 1197: 1165: 1159: 1091:Charles Chauvel 1081:Chlöe Swarbrick 1057:Grant Robertson 1034:Chris Finlayson 901: 880:controversially 872: 851:introduced the 806:for offenders. 745: 739: 693: 687: 685:Intersex rights 625:gender identity 589: 583: 575:ACT New Zealand 556:Crimes Act 1961 540: 538:Hate crime laws 523: 488: 433: 425:conscience vote 373: 355: 320: 295: 166: 160: 148:gender identity 101: 55:Gender identity 48: 37: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5666: 5656: 5655: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5606:Rainbow Labour 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:Dorian Society 5507: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Norfolk Island 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5310:American Samoa 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5280:of New Zealand 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5133:External links 5131: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5065:. January 2008 5059: 5047: 5033: 5022: 5002: 4982: 4958: 4941:(3–4): 69–86, 4930: 4924: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4877: 4852: 4828: 4808: 4780: 4754: 4737:salient.org.nz 4724: 4712: 4689: 4663: 4649: 4623: 4596: 4593:. 30 May 2010. 4582: 4560: 4542: 4514: 4483: 4465: 4440: 4412: 4380: 4347: 4315: 4282: 4254: 4228: 4195: 4162: 4151:. 8 March 2021 4136: 4111: 4048: 4022: 3996: 3971: 3944: 3914: 3886: 3853: 3825: 3792: 3764: 3760:Glassgold 2009 3752: 3737:on 5 June 2007 3709: 3697: 3648: 3637: 3625: 3589: 3561: 3528: 3500: 3472: 3400: 3367: 3346: 3325: 3294: 3259: 3240: 3214: 3207: 3183: 3165: 3133: 3108: 3090: 3075: 3061: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2974: 2951: 2935: 2909: 2879: 2851: 2842: 2820: 2773: 2751: 2742: 2719: 2705: 2687: 2662: 2640: 2612: 2586: 2571: 2560:. 11 July 2006 2543: 2530:www.cab.org.nz 2517: 2489: 2463: 2435: 2405: 2377: 2352: 2326: 2304: 2282: 2260: 2239: 2236:. 6 July 2017. 2221: 2218:. 6 July 2017. 2203: 2185: 2167: 2149: 2121: 2091: 2068: 2043: 2018: 2011: 1991: 1962: 1939: 1917: 1888: 1866: 1840: 1833: 1815: 1785: 1759: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1637: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1234: 1231: 1196: 1193: 1158: 1155: 1121:Georgina Beyer 1038:National Party 1029:Marilyn Waring 1025:National Party 1003:Rainbow Labour 900: 897: 871: 870:Blood donation 868: 857:National Party 811:Jacinda Ardern 738: 735: 686: 683: 585:Main article: 582: 579: 539: 536: 522: 519: 487: 484: 432: 429: 384:failed at its 369:Main article: 354: 351: 319: 316: 303:District Court 294: 291: 252:age of consent 224:gay liberation 204:Dorian Society 159: 156: 140:age of consent 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 96: 90: 89: 85: 84: 77: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 57: 51: 50: 45: 39: 38: 33: 25: 24: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5665: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5633: 5632:UniQ Aotearoa 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5611:Rainbow Youth 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584:Organisations 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:BDMR Act 2021 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350:New Caledonia 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Easter Island 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5128:. August 2004 5127: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:1-877187-44-5 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4701:. The Spinoff 4700: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4586: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4499: 4498:"New Zealand" 4492: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4450: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4082:(2): 45–101. 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3707:, p. 149 3706: 3705:Haldeman 1991 3701: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 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2521: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2394:. 7 June 2012 2393: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2308: 2292: 2286: 2270: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2079: 2072: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2014: 2012:9780864734389 2008: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1950: 1943: 1927: 1921: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1876: 1870: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1796: 1789: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714:Tokelau is a 1711: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1638: 1635: 1624: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597:(Since 2018) 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565:(Since 2022) 1563: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 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