155:
22:
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536:"Исхаков Р. Р. Культ мусульманских святых в религиозно-обрядовой традиции татар-кряшен волго-уралья (XIX – начало ХХ В.) // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. — Тамбов: Грамота, 2015. —№ 12 (62): в 4-х ч. Ч. III. — С. 78-81. — ISSN 1997-292X"
377:, many Muslims were forced or pressured to convert. New converts were exempted from paying taxes, were granted certain privileges, and were given better resources for the learning of their new faith. Many Tatars converted for economic or political reasons. Many continued to secretly practice Islam and were
415:
was adopted in 1862. By the early 20th century over 100 books were published using this script. In 1922, a modified Arabic script for writing Tatar was introduced to the
Kryashens although the Cyrillic script continued in use until 1928 as this was when both scripts were replaced by the Latin script.
423:
The
Kryashens had little religious and educational infrastructure in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, during the 18th century they were given many privileges and facilities were built or accommodated for the Kryashens. The first Tatar school for converts was established in 1863 while the first
381:. By the end of the 19th century, several thousand once again had reverted to Islam. However, by the early 20th century, there was a significant Kryashen population that still continues to exist, though in smaller numbers than in the past.
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
52:
416:
The earliest literature was mainly religious in nature but around the 1910s a steady rise of secular works began being published. A newspaper for the
Kryashen community was published from 1928 to 1929 in
373:
A more lasting and significant presence of
Kryashens emerged during a period of mosque destruction and anti-Muslim oppression from the Russian authorities during the 18th century. During the reign of
387:
During Soviet times, an alternative version for the ethnogenesis of
Kryashens emerged, which suggested that their ancestors adopted Christianity voluntarily during times of
76:
505:
331:
and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most
Kryashen dialects differ only slightly from the Central dialect of the
625:
Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union : with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union : an historical and statistical handbook
720:
362:
Volga Tatars during the 16th to 19th centuries. The first wave of
Kryashens were the result of forced conversions soon after the Russian conquest of the
2160:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
433:
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
392:
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535:
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In recent times the
Kryashens have assimilated with Russians and other Tatar groups. There is a high intermarriage rate with Russians.
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506:Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года. Национальный состав, вероисповедание и владения языками в Республике Казахстан
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Khanates. However, most of these converts reverted to Islam and
Christianity made little headway among the Tatars.
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411:. However, a unaltered Cyrillic script was also used to translate religious material to Tatar. A modified
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516:Татарская энциклопедия: В 5 т., — Казань: Институт Татарской энциклопедии АН РТ, 2006. — Т. 3., стр. 462.
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721:"Олег Фазылҗанов: Камал театрның алтын тавышы, керәшеннәрнең халык артисты, татарларның күке Зарифы"
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525:Татары / Отв. ред. Р. К. Уразманова, С. В. Чешко. — М.: Наука, 2001. — 583 с. — (Народы и культуры)
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Scholars associate the formation of groups of Kryashens with the process of voluntary and violent
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and do not differ from the accents of the Tatar Muslims in the same areas.
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663:. Wimbush, S. Enders. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 234.
566:Д.М. Исхаков. Татарская нация: история и современное развитие. Казань 2002
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia: Conversion, Apostasy, and Literacy
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696:Глухов М. С. Tatarica. Энциклопедия. — Казань: Ватан, 1997. С.328.
469:«История и культура татар-кряшен (XVI—ХХ вв.) Казань. 2017. 960 с.
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The earliest Kryashen works and literature were written using the
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683:Татары / Отв. ред. Р. К. Уразманова, С. В. Чешко. —
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a machine-translated version of the Russian article.
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627:(2nd ed.). London: KPI. pp. 431–432.
687:: Наука, 2001. — 583 с. — (Народы и культуры).
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
902:
775:
488:Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity
661:Muslims of the Soviet empire : a guide
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743:Кряшены: от бесправия к самоопределению
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478:Института этнологии и антропологии РАН.
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342:recorded 34,882 Kryashens in Russia.
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172:Regions with significant populations
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659:Bennigsen, Alexandre (1986).
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583:. Cornell University Press.
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308:. They are mostly found in
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58:Machine translation, like
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35:the corresponding article
2121:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
1789:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
2182:Ethnic groups in Russia
1278:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
934:Azerbaijani communities
623:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
122:For more guidance, see
2197:Persecution of Muslims
2111:Crimean Tatar diaspora
1288:Western Thracian Turks
1223:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
1818:Extinct Turkic groups
1776:Turkic minorities in
1723:Turkic minorities in
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1492:Turkic minorities in
970:Georgian Azerbaijanis
241:Related ethnic groups
124:Knowledge:Translation
95:copyright attribution
2136:Central Asian (i.e.
2106:Azerbaijani diaspora
1443:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1081:Turkmen communities
977:Western Azerbaijanis
947:Iranian Azerbaijanis
221:(Kryashen dialect),
1127:Turkish communities
993:Javanshir Qizilbash
329:Orthodox Christians
288:; sometimes called
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1651:Siberian Bukharans
1453:Chaharmahali Turks
1434:Turkic minorities
1401:Turkic minorities
1320:Turkic minorities
1036:Kyrgyz communities
1005:Kazakh communities
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1208:Cypriot Turks
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548:on 2016-03-14
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77:main category
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50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
2192:Volga Tatars
1804:Lipka Tatars
1677:Tozhu Tuvans
1637:Volga Tatars
1615:
1350:Akto Turkmen
1243:Libyan Turks
1203:Cretan Turks
1118:Akto Turkmen
1067:Tajik Kyrgyz
1054:Akto Turkmen
941:Azerbaijanis
861:
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822:Tobol-Irtysh
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550:. Retrieved
543:the original
530:
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474:
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422:
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391:. Historian
386:
383:
372:
349:
337:
326:
302:Volga Tatars
289:
272:керәшен(нәр)
263:
262:
248:Volga Tatars
137:Ethnic group
99:edit summary
90:
70:
40:
32:
2025:Toquz Oghuz
1964:Oghuz Turks
1931:Sir-Kıvchak
1725:Afghanistan
1468:Qarai Turks
1384:Tor Uyghurs
1363:Fuyu Kyrgyz
1311:Karakalpaks
1180:Kouloughlis
984:Karapapakhs
340:2010 census
2176:Categories
1072:Van Kyrgyz
954:Shahsevans
599:1229885054
552:2018-12-12
457:References
204:Kazakhstan
147:Керәшеннәр
37:in Russian
2099:Diasporas
2040:Xueyantuo
2030:Uriankhai
1977:Pechenegs
1970:Turkomans
1944:Kutrigurs
1616:Kryashens
1578:Kumandins
1559:Karachays
1539:Besermyan
1514:Telengits
1420:Krymchaks
1403:in Crimea
1368:Ili Turks
961:Küresünni
862:Kryashens
368:Astrakhan
310:Tatarstan
264:Kryashens
213:Languages
141:Kryashens
117:talk page
69:Consider
2150:Turkmens
2138:Turkmeni
1995:Saragurs
1939:Kurykans
1925:Kipchaks
1910:Keraites
1895:Göktürks
1885:Dughlats
1875:Dingling
1845:Berendei
1696:Mongolia
1666:Tofalars
1630:Nağaybäk
1534:Bashkirs
1521:Tubalars
1507:Chelkans
1501:Altaians
1322:in China
1154:Tahtacıs
1147:Muhacirs
1088:Turkmens
867:Nağaybäk
817:Siberian
746:Archived
491:Archived
397:Keraites
314:Udmurtia
252:Bashkirs
229:Religion
93:provide
2162:Ottoman
2146:Iranian
2142:Afghani
2090:Mughals
2085:Hazaras
2035:Utigurs
2010:Türgesh
1985:Onogurs
1959:Nushibi
1954:Naimans
1915:Khazars
1905:Karluks
1860:Chigils
1855:Bulgars
1840:Barsils
1778:Europe
1757:Ansarlu
1703:Khotons
1661:Teleuts
1554:Dolgans
1549:Chuvash
1544:Chulyms
1529:Balkars
1473:Qashqai
1458:Khalajs
1436:in Iran
1378:Uyghurs
1101:Ansarlu
1012:Kazakhs
926:Peoples
854:Mishars
803:Crimean
403:Culture
360:Animist
346:History
312:and in
294:Russian
286:кряшены
282:Russian
256:Chuvash
223:Russian
115:to the
97:in the
39:.
2158:Syrian
2080:Abdals
2073:Others
2060:Yabaku
2050:Yueban
2000:Shatuo
1990:Sabirs
1949:Merkit
1900:Kangly
1890:Esegel
1870:Cumans
1850:Bulaqs
1835:Basmyl
1799:Gagauz
1749:Timuri
1743:Aimaqs
1738:Afshar
1685:Yakuts
1671:Tuvans
1603:Tatars
1598:Soyots
1588:Nogais
1583:Kumyks
1570:Koibal
1564:Khakas
1494:Russia
1448:Afshar
1392:Yugurs
1306:Uzbeks
1161:Yörüks
1043:Kyrgyz
848:Ostyak
845:Noqrat
842:Kazan
826:Baraba
791:Tatars
667:
631:
597:
587:
356:Muslim
306:Russia
208:20 913
201:
190:34,882
186:Russia
183:
167:55,735
2154:Iraqi
2055:Yagma
2020:Torks
2015:Tuhsi
2005:Tiele
1920:Kimek
1880:Duolu
1713:Dukha
1593:Shors
1425:Urums
1373:Salar
1140:Gajal
1134:Turks
858:Qasim
837:Volga
830:Tomsk
810:Lipka
546:(PDF)
539:(PDF)
418:Kazan
364:Kazan
268:Tatar
219:Tatar
60:DeepL
2156:and
2144:and
1825:Alat
1329:Äynu
665:ISBN
629:ISBN
595:OCLC
585:ISBN
366:and
358:and
338:The
320:and
91:must
89:You
53:View
354:of
62:or
2178::
2148:)
2140:,
1830:Az
685:М.
643:^
607:^
593:.
399:.
324:.
316:,
296::
284::
280:,
274:,
270::
254:,
250:,
910:e
903:t
896:v
783:e
776:t
769:v
723:.
709:.
673:.
637:.
601:.
555:.
292:(
266:(
126:.
119:.
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