115:, Kruithof was able to manipulate the color of emitted light and ask observers to report as to whether or not the source was pleasing to them. The sketch of his curve as presented consists of three major regions: the middle region, which corresponds to light sources considered pleasing; the lower region, which corresponds to colors that are considered cold and dim; and the upper region, which corresponds to colors that are warm and unnaturally colorful. These regions, while approximate, are still used to determine appropriate lighting configurations for homes or offices.
193:
suggest only to avoid levels below 300 lux. Current studies have not explored the main critical part that is the low illumination regime or the low CCT range beneath 3000K in general, though some of the studies above reached down to 2850K. This lacunae in the data is particularly important as it relates to almost all "lifestyle" environments in which lighting designers operate - hotels, restaurants and residential settings. Further evaluation of these areas would serve well, given the implications for recent learning on
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22:
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91:, but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower (between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux, pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K). These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with
262:
correlated color temperature changed. Additionally, there is a relationship between correlated color temperature and apparent brightness of a source. From these findings, it is evident that color rendering index, in place of correlated color temperature, may be a more appropriate metric for determining as to whether or not a certain source is considered pleasing.
124:
246:, but also preferred color temperature–illuminance pairs that were in the lower uncomfortable region for night time activities and preparing for bed. This is linked to the Purkinje effect; individuals who desire some light at night time desire lower (redder) color temperatures even if luminance levels are very low.
192:
Illuminance and CCT has been examined in many studies of interior lighting and these studies consistently demonstrate a different relationship to that suggested by
Kruithof. Rather than having upper and lower boundaries, these studies do not suggest CCT to have significant effect and for illuminance
229:
have spectrums that do not match those of
Planckian blackbodies and are considered unnatural. Therefore, the way that they render the perceived colors of an environment may be also considered unnatural. While these newer sources can still achieve correlated color temperatures and illuminance levels
188:
While the curve has been used as a guide to design artificial lighting for indoor spaces, with the general suggestion to use sources with low correlated color temperatures (CCT) at low illuminances, Kruithof did not describe the method of evaluation, the independent variables, nor the test sample
261:
The illuminance of a source is the dominating factor for deciding as to whether or not a source is pleasing or comfortable, as viewers participating in this experiment evaluated a range of correlated color temperatures and illuminance levels, yet their impressions remained generally unchanged as
179:
in scotopic vision is most sensitive to blue, human sensitivity to blue light is therefore increased. Because of this, intense sources of higher (bluer) color temperatures are all generally considered to be displeasing at low luminance levels, and a narrow range of pleasing sources exist.
233:
Different activities or scenarios call for different color temperature–illuminance pairs: preferred light sources change depending on the scenario the source is illuminating. Individuals did prefer color temperature–illuminance pairs within the comfortable region for
257:
location. Desirable sources are based on an individual's previous experiences of perceiving color, and as different regions of the world may have their own lighting standards, each culture would likely have its own acceptable light sources.
633:
Wei, Minchen; Houser, Kevin W.; Orland, Brian; Lang, Dean H.; Ram, Nilam; Sliwinskiwinski, Martin J.; Bose, Mallika (2014). "Field study of office worker responses to fluorescent lighting of different CCT and lumen output".
189:
that were used to develop the curve. Without these data, nor other validation, the conclusions should not be considered credible. The relationship between illuminance and CCT was not supported by subsequent work.
216:
of a source and whether or not it is considered pleasing. The color rendering index of a given source is a measure of that source's ability to faithfully reproduce colors of an object. Light sources, like
205:
The
Kruithof curve, as presented, does not contain experimental data points and serves as an approximation for desirable lighting conditions. Therefore, its scientific accuracy has been reassessed.
61:
assessed as being pleasing or natural, whereas conditions outside the region were considered uncomfortable, displeasing or unnatural. The
Kruithof curve is a sufficient model for describing
598:
Islam, MS; Dangol, R; Hyvärinen, M; Bhusal, P; Ouolakka, M; Halonen, L (2015). "User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: Lamp spectrum, spatial brightness and illuminance".
175:
levels decrease. Rods have a very high spectral sensitivity to blue energy, whereas cones have varying spectral sensitivities to reds, greens and blues. Since the dominating
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that are within the comfortable region of the
Kruithof curve, variability in their color rendering indices may cause these sources to ultimately be displeasing.
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At the emergence of fluorescent lighting in 1941, Kruithof conducted psychophysical experiments to provide a technical guide to design artificial
99:, respectively. The pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments.
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57:, though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself. Lighting conditions within the bounded region were
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514:
458:
Viénot, Françoise; Marie-Lucie Durand; Elodie Mahler (July 20, 2009). "Kruithof's rule revisited using LED illumination".
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76:, but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting.
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Robert G. Davis; Dolores N. Ginthner (1990). "Correlated color temperature, illuminance level, and the
Kruithof curve".
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energy that closely resemble
Planckian black bodies; they look much like natural sources. Many fluorescent lamps or
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Preferred
Combinations Between Illuminance and Color Temperature in Several Settings for Daily Living Activities
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Subsequently, the range of pleasing sources increases in photopic vision as luminance levels are increased.
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Davis, RG; Ginthner, DN (1990). "Correlated color temperature, illuminance level and the
Kruithof curve".
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Bodmann, H.W.; G. Sollner; E. Voit (1963). "Evaluation of lighting level with various kinds of light".
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425:"Effect of correlated colour temperature on the perception of interiors and colour discrimination"
303:"The Color of White: Is there a "preferred" color temperature for the exhibition of works of art?"
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Paulo Daniel Pinto; JoĂŁo Manuel Maciel
Linhares; SĂ©rgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento (March 2008).
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that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer. The curve was constructed from
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791:"Correlated color temperature preferred by observers for illumination of artistic paintings"
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Vienot, F; Durand, M; Mahler, E (2009). "Kruithof's rule revisited using LED illumination".
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Kruithof, Arie Andries (1941). "Tubular Luminescence Lamps for General Illumination".
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Region of color temperatures that are often viewed as pleasing to an observer
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Simulated appearance of a red geranium and foliage in normal bright-light (
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Effect of Illuminance, CCT and Decor on the Perception of Lighting
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as bright in the image of the flower viewed at dusk and at night.
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534:(2 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 245–250.
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For example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500
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to changes in illumination. As illuminance decreases, human
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326:"Aanslag van het waterstofmolecuulspectrum door electronen"
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the health implications of light on the circadian rhythm
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832:(A study in which the average luminance was 8
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307:
Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter
249:Kruithof's findings may also vary as a function of
663:"A Revised Kruithof Graph Based on Empirical Data"
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502:
147:Kruithof's findings are directly related to human
25:The Kruithof curve, with an example light source;
1509:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
221:or incandescent light bulbs produce spectrums of
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591:
530:Boyce, Peter R. (2003). "Lighting for offices".
770:Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society
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397:Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society
139:) vision. The blueish flower centers are still
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155:to blue light increases. This is known as the
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324:Kruithof, Arie Andries (December 12, 1934).
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851:Daylight: Is it in the eye of the beholder?
799:Journal of the Optical Society of America A
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840:, with an average of about 330 lux.)
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1660:International Commission on Illumination
702:Oi, Naoyuki; Hironobu Takahashi (2007).
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1650:Color Association of the United States
711:(Technical report). Kyushu University.
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836:/m, or the illumination 200–400
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83:and an illuminance of about 10 to 10
301:Weintraub, Steven (September 2000).
636:Journal of Environmental Psychology
509:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1514:Blue–green distinction in language
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430:Lighting Research & Technology
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53:data collected by Dutch physicist
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661:Fotios, Steve (January 2, 2017).
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1671:International Colour Association
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751:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
600:Lighting Research and Technology
505:Seeing: Illusion, Brain and Mind
423:Boyce, P.R.; Cuttle, C. (1990).
167:-dominated) vision to scotopic (
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113:gas-discharge fluorescent lamps
1666:International Color Consortium
1655:International Colour Authority
782:10.1080/00994480.1990.10747937
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405:10.1080/00994480.1990.10747937
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33:), inside the pleasing region.
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1731:List of Crayola crayon colors
680:10.1080/15502724.2016.1159137
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1534:Traditional colors of Japan
1311:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
1194:Multi-primary color display
968:Spectral power distribution
648:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.04.009
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577:10.1080/09500340903151278
532:Human factors in lighting
480:10.1080/09500340903151278
119:Perception and adaptation
1711:List of colors (compact)
1529:Color in Chinese culture
1179:Digital image processing
912:Electromagnetic spectrum
612:10.1177/1477153513514425
557:Journal of Modern Optics
501:Frisby, John P. (1980).
460:Journal of Modern Optics
365:Philips Technical Review
171:-dominated) vision when
163:switches from photopic (
1716:List of colors by shade
820:10.1364/JOSAA.25.000623
1721:List of color palettes
724:Proceedings of the CIE
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41:describes a region of
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1645:Color Marketing Group
1400:On Vision and Colours
1333:Tinctures in heraldry
944:Structural coloration
342:(PhD dissertation at
135:) vision, and night (
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55:Arie Andries Kruithof
24:
1726:List of color spaces
1618:Tint, shade and tone
1501:Cultural differences
1316:Polychromatic colors
1301:Complementary colors
1289:Monochromatic colors
853:by Kevin P. McGuire.
97:incandescent sources
69:or closely resemble
65:that are considered
1706:List of colors: N–Z
1701:List of colors: G–M
1696:List of colors: A–F
812:2008JOSAA..25..623P
569:2009JMOp...56.1433V
472:2009JMOp...56.1433V
212:for describing the
1753:List of web colors
1748:List of RAL colors
1154:Color reproduction
1119:LĂĽscher color test
956:Color of chemicals
344:Utrecht University
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47:color temperatures
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1114:Color preferences
1057:Impossible colors
1047:Color vision test
1042:Color temperature
1020:Color calibration
949:Animal coloration
563:(13): 1433–1466.
541:978-0-7484-0950-1
516:978-0-19-217672-1
466:(13): 1433–1446.
399:. Winter: 27–38.
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1356:Primary color
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1323:Light-on-dark
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1242:Color mapping
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1167:Color balance
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1144:Chromotherapy
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1084:Tetrachromacy
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1008:Achromatopsia
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991:Chromesthesia
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905:Color physics
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177:photoreceptor
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161:visual system
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23:
19:
1606:Fluorescence
1569:Colorfulness
1562:Dichromatism
1406:
1398:
1368:Chromaticity
1351:Color mixing
1343:Color theory
1276:Color scheme
1139:Chromophobia
1123:
1088:
803:
797:
776:(1): 27–38.
773:
769:
742:
736:
727:
723:
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459:
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437:(1): 19–36.
434:
428:
396:
371:(3): 65–96.
368:
364:
358:
334:. Retrieved
330:the original
319:
310:
306:
296:
260:
248:
232:
207:
204:
191:
187:
159:. The human
146:
106:
78:
74:black bodies
38:
36:
18:
1743:Color chart
1601:Iridescence
1433:Basic terms
1424:Color terms
1378:Color wheel
1373:Color solid
1237:Color space
1223:subtractive
1206:Color model
1077:Unique hues
973:Colorimetry
939:Chromophore
673:(1): 3–17.
240:socializing
153:sensitivity
93:fluorescent
59:empirically
45:levels and
43:illuminance
1911:Categories
1763:Shades of:
1596:Brightness
1328:Web colors
1284:Color tool
1267:philosophy
1172:Color cast
1072:Afterimage
1062:Metamerism
1035:Color code
1030:Color task
1013:Dichromacy
352:(in Dutch)
288:References
277:Melanopsin
255:geographic
214:appearance
149:adaptation
29:(Northern
1613:Grayscale
1586:Lightness
1581:Luminance
1390:(fashion)
1090:The dress
689:1550-2724
642:: 62–76.
620:109592929
606:: 54–79.
585:121921684
488:121921684
377:0031-7926
282:Melatonin
184:Criticism
173:luminance
141:perceived
71:Planckian
1927:Lighting
1886:Category
1868:Lighting
1591:Darkness
1411:(Goethe)
1211:additive
1199:Quattron
828:18311230
741:Han, S.
266:See also
244:studying
137:scotopic
129:photopic
111:. Using
109:lighting
31:daylight
1850:Related
1811:Magenta
1736:history
1640:Pantone
927:Visible
922:Rainbow
808:Bibcode
565:Bibcode
468:Bibcode
251:culture
219:candles
133:mesopic
103:History
67:natural
63:sources
1922:Vision
1863:Qualia
1858:Vision
1806:Purple
1801:Violet
1781:Yellow
1776:Orange
1471:Orange
1466:Purple
1456:Yellow
890:topics
826:
687:
667:LEUKOS
618:
583:
538:
513:
486:
375:
346:under
336:May 6,
236:dining
210:metric
1917:Color
1896:Index
1836:Black
1826:White
1821:Brown
1786:Green
1688:Lists
1680:Names
1662:(CIE)
1631:Color
1491:Brown
1486:White
1476:Black
1446:Green
1265:Color
961:Water
917:Light
888:Color
794:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
616:S2CID
581:S2CID
484:S2CID
272:f.lux
1831:Gray
1816:Pink
1796:Blue
1791:Cyan
1481:Gray
1461:Pink
1441:Blue
1228:CMYK
824:PMID
685:ISSN
536:ISBN
511:ISBN
373:ISSN
338:2008
313:(3).
242:and
165:cone
95:and
37:The
1771:Red
1557:Hue
1451:Red
1216:RGB
838:lux
816:doi
778:doi
675:doi
644:doi
608:doi
573:doi
476:doi
439:doi
401:doi
253:or
169:rod
85:lux
27:D65
1913::
834:cd
822:.
814:.
804:25
802:.
796:.
774:19
772:.
749::
728:15
726:.
683:.
671:13
669:.
665:.
640:39
638:.
614:.
604:47
602:.
579:.
571:.
561:56
559:.
482:.
474:.
464:56
462:.
435:22
433:.
427:.
413:^
385:^
367:.
350:)
311:21
309:.
305:.
238:,
197:.
880:e
873:t
866:v
830:.
818::
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610::
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519:.
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478::
470::
447:.
441::
407:.
403::
379:.
369:6
340:.
81:K
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