Zeus - Knowledge

10022: 3233: 4777: 12324: 12300: 3267:, he swallows her whole upon the advice of Gaia and Uranus, as it had been foretold that after bearing a daughter, she would give birth to a son, who would overthrow him as king of gods and mortals; it is from this position that Metis gives counsel to Zeus. In time, Athena is born, emerging from Zeus's head, but the foretold son never comes forth. Apollodorus presents a similar version, stating that Metis took many forms in attempting to avoid Zeus's embraces, and that it was Gaia alone who warned Zeus of the son who would overthrow him. According to a fragment likely from the Hesiodic corpus, quoted by Chrysippus, it is out of anger at Hera for producing 3277:, in contrast, states that when Zeus swallows her, Metis is pregnant with Athena not by Zeus himself, but by the Cyclops Brontes. The motif of Zeus swallowing Metis can be seen as a continuation of the succession myth: it is prophesied that a son of Zeus will overthrow him, just as he overthrew his father, but whereas Cronos met his end because he did not swallow the real Zeus, Zeus holds onto his power because he successfully swallows the threat, in the form of the potential mother, and so the "cycle of displacement" is brought to an end. In addition, the myth can be seen as an allegory for Zeus gaining the wisdom of Metis for himself by swallowing her. 8020: 374: 10761: 12276: 12264: 10569: 12288: 9193: 3086: 12336: 10809: 8530: 5209: 4855:, Zeus, one day seeing Hera walking apart from the other gods, becomes intent on having intercourse with her, and transforms himself into a cuckoo bird, landing on Mount Thornax. He creates a terrible storm, and when Hera arrives at the mountain and sees the bird, which sits on her lap, she takes pity on it, laying her cloak over it. Zeus then transforms back and takes hold of her; when she refuses to have intercourse with him because of their mother, he promises that she will become his wife. 73: 10239: 10043: 7937: 2477: 3057:, who (similarly to the Cyclopes) were imprisoned beneath the Earth's surface. He gives them nectar and ambrosia and revives their spirits, and they agree to aid him in the war. Zeus then launches his final attack on the Titans, hurling bolts of lightning upon them while the Hundred-Handers attack with barrages of rocks, and the Titans are finally defeated, with Zeus banishing them to Tartarus and assigning the Hundred-Handers the task of acting as their warders. 10300:, a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, 31638: 2971:, relates a version in which Cronus casts Poseidon into the sea and Hades to the Underworld instead of swallowing them. When Zeus is born, Hera (also not swallowed), asks Rhea to give her the young Zeus, and Rhea gives Cronus a stone to swallow. Hera gives him to Amalthea, who hangs his cradle from a tree, where he is not in heaven, on earth or in the sea, meaning that when Cronus later goes looking for Zeus, he is unable to find him. Hyginus also says that 31649: 12355: 1866: 12383: 1855: 12312: 10375: 3022: 8040: 3005:, says that Rhea gives birth to Zeus in a sacred cave in Crete, full of sacred bees, which become the nurses of the infant. While the cave is considered forbidden ground for both mortals and gods, a group of thieves seek to steal honey from it. Upon laying eyes on the swaddling clothes of Zeus, their bronze armour "split away from their bodies", and Zeus would have killed them had it not been for the intervention of the 10357: 3169:

Giants. The monster attacks heaven, and all of the gods, out of fear, transform into animals and flee to Egypt, except for Zeus, who attacks the monster with his thunderbolt and sickle. Typhon is wounded and retreats to Mount Kasios in Syria, where Zeus grapples with him, giving the monster a chance to wrap him in his coils, and rip out the sinews from his hands and feet. Disabled, Zeus is taken by Typhon to the

8340: 4995:, when Hera is angry with her husband, she retreats instead to Cithaeron, and Zeus goes to the earth-born man Alalcomeneus, who suggests he pretend to marry someone else. With the help of Alalcomeneus, Zeus creates a wooden statue from an oak tree, dresses it as a bride, and names it Daidale. When preparations are being made for the wedding, Hera rushes down from Cithaeron, followed by the women of 3113:. It is Apollodorus who provides the most complete account of the Gigantomachy. He says that Gaia, out of anger at how Zeus had imprisoned her children, the Titans, bore the Giants to Uranus. There comes to the gods a prophecy that the Giants cannot be defeated by the gods on their own, but can be defeated only with the help of a mortal; Gaia, upon hearing of this, seeks a special 5317:, Hera tricks her into persuading Zeus to grant her any promise. Semele asks him to come to her as he comes to his own wife Hera, and when Zeus upholds this promise, she dies out of fright and is reduced to ashes. According to Callimachus, after Zeus sleeps with Callisto, Hera turns her into a bear, and instructs Artemis to shoot her. In addition, Zeus's son by Alcmene, the hero 12369: 7959:, and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones with fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose; Zeus chose the pile of bones. This set a precedent for sacrifices, where humans will keep the fat for themselves and burn the bones for the gods. 10353:' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios). 3156:, described as having a hundred snaky fire-breathing heads. Hesiod says he "would have come to reign over mortals and immortals" had it not been for Zeus noticing the monster and dispatching with him quickly: the two of them meet in a cataclysmic battle, before Zeus defeats him easily with his thunderbolt, and the creature is hurled down to Tartarus. 3033:, after Zeus reaches manhood, Cronus is made to disgorge the five children and the stone "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", presumably in reverse order, vomiting out the stone first, then each of the five children in the opposite order to swallowing. Zeus then sets up the stone at 3109:, who fight the Olympian gods in a battle known as the Gigantomachy. According to Hesiod, the Giants are the offspring of Gaia, born from the drops of blood that fell on the ground when Cronus castrated his father Uranus; there is, however, no mention of a battle between the gods and the Giants in the 11057:

and Barnabas with Zeus, even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city. One of the inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and the other mentions "Hermes Most Great" and "Zeus the

10951:, a Greco-Egyptian deity conceived as a chthonic avatar of Zeus, whose solar nature is indicated by the sun crown and rays the Greeks depicted him with. Frequent joint dedications to "Zeus-Serapis-Helios" have been found all over the Mediterranean, for example, the Anastasy papyrus (now housed in the 3168:

give somewhat similar accounts to Hesiod, in that Zeus overcomes Typhon with relative ease, defeating him with his thunderbolt. Apollodorus, in contrast, provides a more complex narrative. Typhon is, similarly to in Hesiod, the child of Gaia and Tartarus, produced out of anger at Zeus's defeat of the

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and gives the newborn Zeus to the Kouretes, who then takes him to some nymphs (not named), who raised him on a mixture of honey and milk from the goat Amalthea. He also refers to the Kouretes "rais a great alarum", and in doing so deceiving Cronus, and relates that when the Kouretes were carrying the

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With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete. Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant observed, and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan

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and Uranus, that one of his own children is destined to one day overthrow him as he overthrew his father. This causes Rhea "unceasing grief", and upon becoming pregnant with her sixth child, Zeus, she approaches her parents, Gaia and Uranus, seeking a plan to save her child and bring retribution to

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Zeus, enraged at Prometheus's deception, prohibited the use of fire by humans. Prometheus, however, stole fire from Olympus in a fennel stalk and gave it to humans. This further enraged Zeus, who punished Prometheus by binding him to a cliff, where an eagle constantly ate Prometheus's liver, which

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to drive. Phaethon could not control his father's steeds so he ended up taking the chariot too high, freezing the earth, or too low, burning everything to the ground. The earth itself prayed to Zeus, and in order to prevent further disaster, Zeus hurled a thunderbolt at Phaethon, killing him and

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There exist several stories in which Zeus, receiving advice, is able to reconcile with an angered Hera. According to Pausanias, Hera, angry with her husband, retreats to the island of Euboea, where she was raised, and Zeus, unable to resolve the situation, seeks the advice of Cithaeron, ruler of

2546:, where she gives birth to Zeus, handing the newborn child over to Gaia for her to raise, and Gaia takes him to a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum). Rhea then gives to Cronus, in the place of a child, a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallows, unaware that it is not his son. 8370:

Popular conceptions of Zeus differed widely from place to place. Local varieties of Zeus often have little in common with each other except the name. They exercised different areas of authority and were worshiped in different ways; for example, some local cults conceived of Zeus as a

14649:, Hera is the mother of Typhon without a father: angry at Zeus for birthing Athena by himself, she strikes the ground with her hand, praying to Gaia, Uranus, and the Titans to give her a child more powerful than Zeus, and receiving her wish, she bears the monster Typhon (Fontenrose, 5305:, a priestess of Hera, who is subsequently turned into a cow, and suffers at Hera's hands: according to Apollodorus, Hera sends a gadfly to sting the cow, driving her all the way to Egypt, where she is finally transformed back into human form. In later accounts of Zeus's affair with 15089:. Compare with Gantz, p. 51, who sees the myth as a conflation of three separate elements: one in which Athena is born from Zeus's head, one in which Zeus consumes Metis so as to obtain her wisdom, and one in which he swallows her so as to avoid the threat of the prophesied son. 3141:, one of the most powerful of the Giants, launches an attack upon Heracles and Hera; Zeus, however, causes Porphyrion to become lustful for Hera, and when he is just about to violate her, Zeus strikes him with his thunderbolt, before Heracles deals the fatal blow with an arrow. 3064:, who gives Cronus an emetic, forcing to him to disgorge the stone and Zeus's five siblings. Zeus then fights a similar ten-year war against the Titans, until, upon the prophesying of Gaia, he releases the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers from Tartarus, first slaying their warder, 8291:, a man who was guilty of murdering his father-in-law, by purifying him and bringing him to Olympus. However, Ixion started to lust after Hera. Hera complained about this to her husband, and Zeus decided to test Ixion. Zeus fashioned a cloud that resembles Hera ( 10139:

show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his knees. On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic marriage. Inscriptions at

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is picking flowers with her female companions in a meadow in Phoenicia, Zeus transforms himself into a bull, lures her from the others, and then carries her across the sea to the island of Crete, where he resumes his usual form to sleep with her. In

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According to a fragment of Epimenides, the nymphs Helike and Kynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus travels to Crete to look for Zeus, who, to conceal his presence, transforms himself into a snake and his two nurses into bears. According to

4991:. When Hera hears of this, she immediately rushes there, only to discover the ruse upon ripping away the bridal clothing; she is so relieved that the couple are reconciled. According to a version from Plutarch, as recorded by Eusebius in his 3320:

calls Themis Zeus's first wife, and states that she is brought by the Moirai (in this version not her daughters) up to Olympus, where she becomes the bride of Zeus and bears him the Horae. According to Hesiod, Zeus next marries the Oceanid

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In Fourth Tractate 'Problems of the Soul' The Demiurge is identified as Zeus.10. "When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave out all notions of stage and progress, and recognize one unchanging and timeless

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After his marriage to Hera, different authors describe Zeus's numerous affairs with various mortal women. In many of these affairs, Zeus transforms himself into an animal, someone else, or some other form. According to a scholion on the

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In accounts of Zeus's affairs, Hera is often depicted as a jealous wife, with there being various stories of her persecuting either the women with whom Zeus sleeps, or their children by him. Several authors relate that Zeus sleeps with

10443:("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together in one image. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did 20779:"In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha as Vajrapani." in Freedom, Progress, and Society, K. Satchidananda Murty, R. Balasubramanian, Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1986, 3077:, after the battle with the Titans, Zeus shares the world with his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus receives the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld, with the earth and Olympus remaining common ground. 15575:, the pair could not sleep with each other without their father's knowledge before Zeus overthrows Cronus, and so suggests that Homer may have possibly been following a version of the story in which only Cronus's sons are swallowed. 10946:

Although the connection of Helios to Zeus does not seem to have basis in early Greek cult and writings, nevertheless there are many examples of direct identification in later times. The Hellenistic period gave birth to

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says nothing of Zeus's upbringing other than that he grew up swiftly, other sources provide more detailed accounts. According to Apollodorus, Rhea, after giving birth to Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gives him to the nymphs

8359:. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek 4906:, Hera refuses to lay with Zeus, and hides in a cave to avoid him, before an earthborn man named Achilles convinces her to marry Zeus, leading to the pair first sleeping with each other. According to 3185:, however, steal back Zeus's sinews, and refit them, reviving him and allowing him to return to the battle, pursuing Typhon, who flees to Mount Nysa; there, Typhon is given "ephemeral fruits" by the 20540:"This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the vegetation cycle: holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from the earth" (Dietrich 1973:15). 10098:

features. The local child of the Great Mother, "a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort", whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed as an

9125:. Some writers said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to the power of Persia and they were free. 5479:

The following is a list of Zeus's offspring, by various mothers. Beside each offspring, the earliest source to record the parentage is given, along with the century to which the source dates.

8325:, Zeus berates Helios for allowing such thing to happen; he returns the damaged chariot to him and warns him that if he dares do that again, he will strike him with one of this thunderbolts. 5328:, Alcmene, the mother of Heracles, was the very last mortal woman Zeus ever slept with; following the birth of Heracles, he ceased to beget humans altogether, and fathered no more children. 4987:, supposedly the most intelligent man on earth. Cithaeron instructs him to fashion a wooden statue and dress it as a bride, and then pretend that he is marrying one "Plataea", a daughter of 10171:

is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as

4803:. While Hesiod states that Hera produces Hephaestus on her own after Athena is born from Zeus's head, other versions, including Homer, have Hephaestus as a child of Zeus and Hera as well. 12299: 20852: 20124: 14129:, and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the gods ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk. 19609: 2114:

who was chief of the gods and assigned roles to the others: "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence." He was

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to mold from earth the first woman, a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the human race. After Hephaestus does so, several other gods contribute to her creation.

3189:, which reduce his strength. The monster then flees to Thrace, where he hurls mountains at Zeus, which are sent back at him by the god's thunderbolts, before, while fleeing to 1834: 20072: 18476: 2011:, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to 20199: 15778: 10077:

sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world. Most of the titles listed below, for instance, could be found at any number of

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featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.

23008: 19061: 20246: 8277:, Zeus killed Asclepius because of complains from Hades, who was worried that the number of people in the underworld was diminishing because of Asclepius's resurrections. 3068:. The Cyclopes give him his thunderbolt, Poseidon his trident and Hades his helmet of invisibility, and the Titans are defeated and the Hundred-Handers made their guards. 10588:

In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. With the epithet

19213: 23223: 17261: 3216:, Homer tells of another attempted overthrow, in which Hera, Poseidon, and Athena conspire to overpower Zeus and tie him in bonds. It is only because of the Nereid 3160:

presents a different version, in which Typhon makes his way into Zeus's palace while he is sleeping, only for Zeus to wake and kill the monster with a thunderbolt.

2442:) with the Greek words for life and "because of". This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern scholarship. 22188: 18727: 11080:(Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius). 23921: 10427:

Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored

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who were the participants. Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.

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attribute a similar story to Pherecydes, in which Hera is amazed by the gift, and asks for the apples to be planted in the "garden of the gods", nearby to

4810:, the pair are described as having first lay with each other before Cronus is sent to Tartarus, without the knowledge of their parents. A scholiast on the 20838:

Ljuba Merlina Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity, Cambridge University Press, 13 October 2016

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points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the

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who had fashioned the thunderbolts of Zeus. Angered at this, Zeus would have imprisoned Apollo in Tartarus. However, at the request of Apollo's mother,

20658: 20670: 28561: 21959: 18940: 18053: 10012:(Ζυγίος): As the presider over marriage. His wife Hera had also the epithet Zygia (Ζυγία). These epithets describing them as presiding over marriage. 20561:. Zeus overturned the table and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt; his patronage at the Lykaia can have been little more than a formula. 3045:, the war between the Olympians, led by Zeus, and the Titans, led by Cronus, for control of the universe, with Zeus and the Olympians fighting from 1896: 19753: 2533:, and lastly, "wise" Zeus, the youngest of the six. He swallows each child as soon as they are born, having received a prophecy from his parents, 13574:. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos". 10937:

described Zeus as "sun-eyed", and Helios is said elsewhere to be "the brilliant eye of Zeus, giver of life". In another of Euripides' tragedies,

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which contained many evils. Pandora opened the jar and released all the evils, which made mankind miserable. Only hope remained inside the jar.

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differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).

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a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates.

20871: 15968: 15735: 15715: 20531:, (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1968:204, mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus (noted by Dietrich 1973:16 note 78). 19345: 3201:, who gives the longest and most detailed account, presents a narrative similar to Apollodorus, with differences such as that it is instead 13628: 12323: 10967:

give evidence of the cult of "Zeus the Unconquered Sun". There is evidence of Zeus being worshipped as a solar god in the Aegean island of

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Upon assuming his place as king of the cosmos, Zeus' rule is quickly challenged. The first of these challenges to his power comes from the

1819: 17650: 14639:. According to Ogden, Gaia "produced him in revenge against Zeus for his destruction of ... the Titans". Contrastingly, according to the 7088: 20767: 20608: 13014: 13004: 31492: 24162: 15805:. Callimachus seems to refer to some form of liaison between Zeus and Hera while describing a Naxian premarital ritual; see Hard 2004, 12956: 7481: 6949: 3271:

on her own that Zeus has intercourse with Metis, and then swallows her, thereby giving rise to Athena from himself. A scholiast on the

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wrote that he was called Zeus and Zen, not because he is the giver of life, but because he was the first who lived of the children of

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and that posthumously, his glory had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian

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While Hesiod gives Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the only source to do so, and other authors give different locations. The poet

22312: 22298: 20182: 15819:, 14.296; for a discussion on the relation between the Callimachus fragment and the passage from the scholion, see Sistakou, p. 377. 10532:, they had a sanctuary and a statue of Zeus and also held an annual festival in honour of Zeus which was called Ithomaea (ἰθώμαια). 27646: 23340: 20268: 18828: 18343: 17434: 16611: 11061:

The second occurrence is in Acts 28:11: the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the

7796: 7020: 3152:, a giant serpentine creature who battles Zeus for control of the cosmos. According to Hesiod, Typhon is the offspring of Gaia and 20703: 17941: 17787: 17037: 13284: 31749: 28613: 28583: 25213: 20692: 20257: 19779: 19658: 19069: 18392: 10200:

The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source,

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Now Zeus, angry at humans, decides to give humanity a punishing gift to compensate for the boon they had been given. He commands

4884:, where they find a shady hollow, which serves as a "natural bridal chamber". When Macris comes to look for Hera, Cithaeron, the 2434:, gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all things", because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus ( 1839: 20158: 15370:), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ( 10743:

After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of a

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Though no complete account of Zeus and Hera's wedding exists, various authors make reference to it. According to a scholiast on

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beforehand; to conceal this act, she claimed that she had produced Hephaestus on her own. According to another scholiast on the

31744: 23979: 21152:), later after mentioning the birth of his other children, Hesiod says that Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ( 20916: 20370: 19977: 19453: 18552: 18505: 18405: 18356: 18326: 18292: 18210: 18163: 17705: 17377: 17373: 17198: 16538: 16045: 16041: 15568: 15511: 15507: 14470: 12968: 12287: 8246:(or Prometheus) prophesied that the son born of Thetis would be mightier than his father, Thetis was married off to the mortal 2950:

cannot hear the infant's crying. Diodorus Siculus provides a similar account, saying that, after giving birth, Rhea travels to

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The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a

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suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.

10599:, where there was a statue of him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor. Other examples are listed below. As 20387: 19966: 18890: 16274: 15673: 14999: 13692: 13688: 10191:, a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan 4999:, and upon discovering the trick, the couple are reconciled, with the matter ending in joy and laughter among all involved. 3041:, who, in return, and out of gratitude, give him his thunderbolt, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Then begins the 27636: 22649:

Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.

19911: 19714: 17981: 13592: 13506: 13224: 10345:, spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by 8786:(Ἀγαμέμνων), was worshipped at Sparta. Eustathius believes that the epithet is because of the resemblance between Zeus and 1889: 20518:— so not all the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily Velchanos" (Castleden) 1990:125 20061: 14082:. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky. 8687:

and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Zeus,

31689: 23765: 21153: 21148:, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her ( 19950: 19253: 18974: 17206: 16930: 16905: 16884: 16832: 16806: 16780: 16754: 16689: 16663: 16637: 15469: 15423: 15300: 15261: 15235: 15209: 15179: 15133: 15129: 14978: 14780: 14730: 14709: 14683: 14646: 14636: 14515: 14371: 14350: 14329: 14304: 14300: 14274: 14240: 14214: 14188: 13858: 13605: 13571: 13545: 13519: 13456: 13410: 13372: 12875: 10663:, where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the 1923: 21201: 21095: 20987: 20975: 20963: 20951: 20936: 20896: 20146: 19273: 19150: 18582: 18123: 18033: 17806: 17779: 17666: 17562: 17525: 17167: 17024: 16140: 16094: 15953: 15884: 15685: 15681: 15275: 13647: 28606: 28578: 27641: 26238: 23867: 22551: 21970: 21826: 21700: 21682: 21520: 21459:

Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair

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similarly refers to Zeus transforming himself into a cuckoo to woo Hera, and identifies the location as Mount Thornax.

1622: 373: 23116: 22585: 22260: 22236: 21782: 17933: 17865: 17491: 16589: 16067: 13908: 13713: 13443: 8000:

and other signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the world with the help of his brother

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claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter, while

10414: 10089:. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance. 8208: 3060:

Apollodorus provides a similar account, saying that, when Zeus reaches adulthood, he enlists the help of the Oceanid

1829: 24075: 23538: 23082: 22284: 20073:

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ithomaea

19297: 17977: 17889: 17584: 16973: 16453: 16377: 16238: 15905: 13984: 13968: 13952: 13936: 13932: 13750: 13746: 13472: 13426: 13393: 26933: 26903: 24167: 23702: 23488: 23068: 22435: 21948: 21261: 19293: 19269: 19209: 19178: 19162: 18740: 18666: 18603: 18250: 18167: 17937: 17802: 17783: 17747: 17714: 17662: 17613: 17408: 17163: 17148: 16989: 16457: 16430: 16403: 16321: 16242: 16189: 15880: 15534: 15473: 15427: 15003: 14803: 14791: 14661: 14602: 14587: 14566: 14545: 14489: 14474: 14430: 14409: 14388: 14103: 14079: 13912: 13891: 13870: 13762: 13485: 13460: 13414: 12263: 7610: 7535: 7115: 6898: 6769: 6731: 6687: 6600: 6556: 6362: 6186: 4956: 2586: 1729: 21668: 21426: 19325: 19321: 18379: 18339: 18305: 18159: 16291: 16287: 15994: 15326: 15046: 14457: 12774: 8257:

would teach resurrection to humans, so he killed Asclepius with his thunderbolt. This angered Asclepius's father,

8196:. After Rhea refused to marry him, Zeus turned into a snake and raped her. Rhea became pregnant and gave birth to 28368: 24457: 24201: 23261: 22533: 20714: 18794: 18757: 18629: 18279: 13832: 13828: 13397: 12663: 10882:

erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem. Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as

2067:. Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring, including 1882: 355: 23228: 21726: 14926: 4787:

While Hera is Zeus's seventh wife in Hesiod's version, in other accounts she is his first and only wife. In the

31734: 31485: 22416: 22084: 21796: 21497: 18855: 17461: 14737:, the monster's easy defeat at the hands of Zeus is "in keeping with Hesiod's pervasive glorification of Zeus". 13268: 10396: 22933: 21266:

Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.

18886: 12854: 31709: 31684: 28288: 27651: 25218: 24385: 24256: 23862: 22923: 22601: 22212: 21281: 15802: 15630: 12573: 12514: 12396: 10910:, for instance, describes Zeus' eye as effectively the sun. This perception is possibly derived from earlier 10030: 8375:

earth-god rather than a god of the sky. These local divinities were gradually consolidated, via conquest and

5273:, doing so in the form of Artemis herself according to Ovid (or, as mentioned by Apollodorus, in the form of 3053:. The battle lasts for ten years with no clear victor emerging, until, upon Gaia's advice, Zeus releases the 17549: 15153: 2596:

variant of Zeus was thought to have been "a divine child" abandoned by his mother and eventually raised by "

2448:

wrote that Zeus was also called Zen, because the humans believed that he was the cause of life (zen). While

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at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.

9435:, because he was sending-down thunderbolts or because he was descending to earth due to his love of women. 31764: 31754: 31679: 30983: 29991: 27587: 24995: 24108: 23513: 22377: 21998: 21654: 21466: 20506:

reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period —

19369: 17635: 13082: 12985: 10337:, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc. This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as 10055: 9969: 8296: 7274: 5380: 5262: 24990: 23933: 13782:; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). Touborg, Sarah; Moore, Julia; Oppenheimer, Margaret; Castro, Anita (eds.). 31774: 31006: 29585: 27740: 26604: 24504: 24402: 23783: 22067: 21576: 19923: 19757: 17973: 17218: 14311:

is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.

13620: 12980: 8141: 7420: 6976: 6937: 6244: 5213: 1418: 23313: 21704: 21686: 8200:. Zeus in the form of a snake would mate with his daughter Persephone, which resulted in the birth of 8019: 3089:

Zeus (centre-left) battles against Porphyrion (far-right), detail of the Gigantomachy frieze from the

31769: 31714: 31533: 31478: 30963: 29580: 29540: 27179: 25483: 24280: 23850: 23398: 19843: 19814:. Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 23. 10760: 8334: 8224: 7947:

When the gods met at Mecone to discuss which portions they will receive after a sacrifice, the titan

6273: 3148:, after Zeus defeats the Titans and banishes them to Tartarus, his rule is challenged by the monster 1196: 24011: 13475:, who does not mention Cronus' parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy. 31641: 31513: 30242: 30151: 28639: 27757: 27366: 27326: 27310: 27024: 26953: 25228: 24889: 24679: 24001: 23443: 23200: 22867: 22795: 22769: 22736: 22670: 22280: 22256: 22232: 22208: 22156: 22116: 22076: 21836: 21814: 21750: 21722: 21638: 21539: 21512: 21481: 21444: 21343: 21269: 20592: 20550: 18641: 17640: 10979:("Zeus the Sun"), meaning sun elements of Zeus' worship could be as early as the fifth century BC. 10689: 10274: 9906: 7588: 6578: 5416: 5235: 3106: 2463:. Some epithets are the surviving names of local gods who were consolidated into the myth of Zeus. 2040: 1578: 1068: 595: 112: 24246: 21400: 10548:), meaning killing of a hundred, from ἑκατόν "a hundred" and φονεύω "to kill". It was a custom of 10254: 9256:, a festival named Hecalesia (Εκαλήσια) was celebrated at Athens in honour of Zeus Hecalesius and 1358: 31699: 31694: 31155: 28055: 28022: 27777: 27095: 26104: 24985: 24929: 24390: 23326: 23112: 23038: 22900:

Sistakou, Evina, "Homer in the Library: Callimachus' Literary Response to Homeric Philology", in

22581: 22547: 22446: 22044: 21660: 21366: 21295: 21046:"The Second Book of the Maccabees < Deuterocanonical Books (Deuterocanon) | St-Takla.org" 17124: 16724: 12425: 10385: 7030: 6764: 6682: 5637: 5249:, Zeus takes the form of a swan, and after being chased by an eagle, finds shelter in the lap of 1919: 1913: 17: 23285: 12732: 12725: 8295:) and laid the cloud-Hera in Ixion's bed. Ixion coupled with Nephele, resulting in the birth of 31739: 31420: 29976: 29668: 28398: 26908: 26653: 25083: 24085: 23857: 23366: 23349: 23196: 23188: 23166: 23144: 23126: 22984: 22966: 22863: 22799: 22765: 22732: 22666: 22644: 22465: 22152: 22112: 21788: 21746: 21718: 21634: 21535: 21508: 21477: 21440: 21339: 21309: 20848: 20763: 20604: 20553:'s banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a human sacrifice, perhaps one of his sons, 20037: 18936: 18902: 18674: 18655: 18468: 18183: 18135: 18119: 18093: 18075: 18049: 18029: 17913: 17775: 17755: 17202: 17049: 15949: 15775: 15677: 13643: 12952: 11041:

Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people living in

10879: 10541: 10479: 10350: 9682: 7901: 7884: 7859: 7408: 7314: 7141: 7093: 7071: 7008: 6876: 6854: 6721: 6709: 6227: 6069: 5570: 4907: 4872: 4856: 4038: 3358: 2123: 1991: 1971: 1955: 1129: 388: 363: 27500: 25052: 23893: 22393:, translated by Anthony Bowen and Peter Garnsey, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2003. 21781:, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr., Volume 2, New York, Random House, 1938. 20924: 20007: 19265: 19143: 19028: 18501: 18254: 18037: 17869: 17810: 17763: 17670: 17478: 17438: 17416: 17356: 16624: 16602: 16576: 16564: 16525: 16512: 16500: 16420: 16399: 16338: 16317: 16304: 16227: 16153: 16133: 16107: 16080: 15945: 15897: 15850: 15806: 15795: 15728: 15643: 15622: 15609: 14096: 14092: 14059: 14045: 13887: 13738: 13709: 13237: 13098: 10265:(Λύκαιος; "wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the 9750:(Οὐριος, "of Favourable Wind"). Ancient writers wrote about a sanctuary at the opening of the 8223:, grow quickly so that they might be able to avenge the death of their father by the hands of 2126:

to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". Zeus' symbols are the

31724: 31653: 31445: 29821: 29776: 29653: 26883: 26523: 25135: 24945: 24807: 24174: 24025: 22811: 22022:

The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"

21175: 21149: 21126: 20780: 20407: 19936: 19898: 19809: 19645: 19341: 19229: 18451: 17885: 17848: 17731: 17601: 17542: 17538: 17352: 16934: 16909: 16871: 16845: 16819: 16793: 16767: 16741: 16712: 16676: 16650: 16547: 16373: 15864: 15758: 15668: 15555: 15551: 15490: 15456: 15410: 15397: 15248: 15192: 15166: 15146: 15116: 15103: 15099: 15086: 15073: 15059: 15039: 15026: 14989:(see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father. 14982: 14965: 14939: 14922: 14918: 14905: 14892: 14888: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14854: 14850: 14837: 14833: 14820: 14767: 14754: 14747: 14734: 14696: 14654: 14650: 14623: 14619: 14583: 14562: 14541: 14528: 14502: 14447: 14426: 14405: 14384: 14287: 14261: 14248: 14227: 14201: 14175: 14139: 14072: 14019: 13845: 13779: 13681: 13677: 13664: 13616: 13588: 13558: 13532: 13502: 13439: 13385: 13167: 13161: 13148:(Thesis). University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. p. 74. 12756: 12655: 12600: 12360: 10392: 10131:. In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the 9994: 9957: 9945: 9893: 9881: 9852: 9840: 9828: 9670: 9638: 9623: 9572: 9514: 9496: 9484: 9472: 9460: 9448: 9429: 9390: 9357: 9279: 9245: 9183:(Ζεὺς Γεωργός, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the harvest, worshipped in Athens 9155: 8831: 8317: 8047: 7875: 7521: 6820: 6427: 6064: 4894: 3037:, so that it may act as "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men". Zeus next frees the 1870: 1343: 1255: 31: 23888: 23275: 22652: 22363: 22311:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. 22297:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. 20084: 19131: 19127: 31287: 30752: 30634: 30624: 29663: 29648: 29515: 29380: 28358: 28185: 28165: 27745: 27684: 26984: 26614: 26483: 24861: 24649: 24480: 24050: 23908: 23747: 23653: 23473: 23453: 23212: 22879: 22781: 22748: 22682: 22338: 22318: 22187:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. 22168: 22128: 22088: 21762: 21692: 21674: 21650: 21551: 21524: 21493: 21462: 21448: 21355: 20583:

Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus,

19553: 19539: 19357: 18701: 18361: 18274: 18245: 18154: 18107: 18066: 17710: 17306: 16998: 16946: 16448: 16434: 16425: 15571:. Gantz points out that, if in this version Cronus swallows his children as he does in the 14452: 14159: 12769: 12539: 12454: 10839: 10640: 10316: 8426: 8376: 8212: 7879: 7801: 7688: 7213: 7105: 7051: 7025: 6781: 5946: 5624: 5428: 5392: 5266: 4936: 4926: 4822:

give Hera to Zeus in marriage, and only shortly after the two are wed, Hera gives birth to

3701: 3309: 2939: 2115: 1994: 1538: 1262: 424: 21035:

The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, edited by J. Orr, 1960, Vol. III, p. 1944.

13612: 12305:

Enthroned Zeus (Greek, c. 100 BC) - modeled after the Olympian Zeus by Pheidas (c. 430 BC)

10673:, who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches. By the time 10631:, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some foreign oracles, such as 10466:

to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in

8379:, with the Homeric conception of Zeus. Local or idiosyncratic versions of Zeus were given 8090:

a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the effects of the dream

5321:, is persecuted continuously throughout his mortal life by Hera, up until his apotheosis. 2995:. Themis in turn gives him to Amalthea, who owns a she-goat, which nurses the young Zeus. 2253: 8: 31523: 30898: 30396: 30065: 29836: 29811: 29796: 29620: 29605: 29525: 29426: 29395: 29385: 29348: 28433: 28308: 28303: 28180: 28130: 28105: 27858: 27792: 27752: 27564: 27040: 26803: 26468: 26223: 25965: 25575: 25181: 25093: 24694: 24427: 24298: 24206: 24045: 24006: 23961: 23796: 23027:, Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. 22651:

Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.

22539: 21858: 21568: 21557: 21239: 19989: 18021: 17993: 14143: 13632: 13623: 13059: 12639: 10906:, who is sometimes either directly referred to as Zeus' eye, or clearly implied as such. 10833: 10717: 10552:, at which they offered sacrifice to Zeus when any of them had killed a hundred enemies. 10301: 10205: 10160: 8970: 8495: 8299:. Zeus punished Ixion for lusting after Hera by tying him to a wheel that spins forever. 7729: 7578: 7319: 6959: 6846: 6829: 6816: 6379: 6203: 6059: 5789: 4840: 2998: 2972: 2931: 2429: 2327: 2257: 1997: 1646: 1272: 775: 406: 333: 12459: 10568: 9808:(Πελώριος), sacrifices were offered to Zeus Pelorios, during the Thessalian festival of 9754:

dedicated to the Zeus Ourios (ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Οὐρίου). In addition, on the island of

1223: 31313: 31048: 30995: 30973: 30655: 30429: 29981: 29961: 29875: 29854: 29688: 29570: 29555: 29487: 29467: 29447: 29324: 28859: 28801: 28715: 28705: 28649: 28403: 28373: 27982: 27797: 27597: 27485: 27125: 27100: 26528: 26437: 25893: 25853: 25663: 25397: 25371: 25301: 25286: 25236: 25026: 24739: 24654: 24437: 24070: 23916: 23845: 23709: 23318: 22823: 22099: 20823: 20822:

Sick, David H. (2004), "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun", Numen, 51 (4): 432–467,

19549: 19479: 19361: 18790: 18753: 18625: 18440: 18375: 18335: 18301: 15747: 15698: 15350: 13685: 13345: 13124: 12311: 11128: 10852: 10845: 10821: 10729: 10636: 10338: 10212:, suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit. The Hellenistic writer 9809: 9413: 9344: 9228: 9213: 9192: 8732: 8718: 8189: 7743: 7725: 7693: 7675: 7622: 7583: 7565: 7382: 7350: 7283: 7230: 7110: 6932: 6630: 6595: 6357: 6181: 6026: 5583: 5352: 5286: 4911: 4899: 4819: 3873: 3322: 3260: 3224:, to Olympus, that the other Olympians abandon their plans (out of fear for Briareus). 2643: 2550: 2506: 1267: 1016: 971: 921: 669: 659: 604: 494: 420: 397: 28338: 23898: 22818: 22351:, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. 22331:, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. 20693:

Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Hecatomphonia

13197: 13191: 8390:

or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:

3085: 31333: 31323: 31269: 31089: 30873: 30818: 30762: 30571: 30528: 30437: 29801: 29761: 29698: 29600: 29595: 29590: 29565: 29530: 28912: 28791: 28393: 28190: 28175: 28160: 28100: 28085: 28080: 27918: 27888: 27802: 27465: 27075: 26738: 26457: 26039: 25979: 25437: 25407: 25361: 25246: 25021: 24924: 24799: 24784: 24709: 24065: 23991: 23883: 23684: 23239: 23204: 23178: 23156: 23134: 23093: 23060: 22996: 22952: 22909: 22890: 22871: 22827: 22787: 22773: 22740: 22711: 22674: 22634: 22619: 22562: 22525: 22506: 22477: 22450: 22427: 22408: 22389: 22160: 22120: 22080: 22048: 22025: 22010: 21984: 21929: 21914: 21906: 21870: 21844: 21822: 21800: 21754: 21642: 21603: 21588: 21543: 21516: 21485: 21418: 21392: 21370: 21347: 21317: 21273: 21247: 20861: 20503: 20486: 20418: 20336: 20298: 20280:

Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Panhellenius

20105: 19870: 19815: 19506: 19034: 18879: 17223: 16986: 15928: 14162: 14107: 14100: 13791: 13787: 13264: 13171: 13128: 13114: 12849: 12810: 12736: 12654:. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the 12414: 11687: 11066: 10737: 10693: 10282: 9396:: a surname of Zeus, the name may have derived from either sources, one derived from 9336: 9114: 8725: 8482: 8355:

Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and was featured in many of their

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Various authors give descriptions of a youthful affair between Zeus and Hera. In the

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by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in Crete as

10054:

portrayed in the style of Zeus. Roman period Marnas was the chief divinity of Gaza (

8111:

Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to

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Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Laphystium

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festival, showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete.

10124: 9547: 9062: 8478: 8274: 8193: 8105: 7990: 7918: 7644: 7490: 7456: 6927: 6866: 6834: 6786: 6726: 6481: 6422: 6308: 6154: 6118: 5891: 5886: 5657: 5452: 5325: 5250: 5168: 4964: 4796: 3685: 3678: 3297: 3293: 2744: 2650: 2593: 2574: 2570: 2534: 2510: 2445: 2300: 2135: 2024: 2008: 1979: 1937: 1703: 1602: 1112: 1078: 1063: 986: 956: 916: 896: 886: 678: 415: 393: 236: 158: 120: 97: 64: 24263: 22277: