50:
522:
359:
In response to the Kosmos 954 mishap, RORSAT satellites were modified with an ejection system for their nuclear reactors. This ejection system would allow the reactor section to be ejected in the event of a malfunction, or at the end of the satellite's service life, so the radioactive core could be
376:
If the uranium core were to explode or shatter in the atmosphere, and radioactive fragments fell near a populated area, the resulting nuclear contamination could have caused a significant and widespread hazard. Because of this concern, the soviet engineers had re-designed the reactor to completely
475:
Subsequent RORSATs were equipped with a backup (secondary) core ejection mechanism – when the primary ejection mechanism failed on Kosmos 1900 in 1988 this system succeeded in raising the core to a safe disposal orbit. After this accident, launches of new US-A series satellites were stopped for a
372:
On 28 December 1982, the ejection system in Kosmos 1402 failed to adequately jettison the reactor to a higher orbit, and the satellite split into three parts and began to tumble out of control. The three main sub-components were the reactor with its booster engine, the instrument section of the
320:
that malfunctioned, resulting in the uncontrolled re-entry of its nuclear reactor and its radioactive uranium fuel. Kosmos 1402 was launched on August 30, 1982, and re-entered the atmosphere on 23 January 1983. The fission reactor entered a few days later; on 7 February 1983.
384:, triggered many countries to place emergency response teams on high alert. Military aircraft, ships, and personnel were mobilized in anticipation. Countries with response plans included United States, Canada, Belgium, Australia, Oman, UAE, West Germany, France and Sweden.
348:, and the reactor was designed to eject to a higher parking orbit at the end of the satellite's mission, or in the event of a mishap. This ejection mechanism was implemented in the RORSAT satellites after a nuclear accident caused by a previous malfunction of
425:). No debris was recovered, but it is believed that the satellite disintegrated then crashed into the sea. The satellite was visible over the United Kingdom, for about a minute, on the night before impact.
1437:
1339:
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687:
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1126:
889:
LEIFER, R.; JUZDAN, Z. R.; KELLY, W. R.; FASSETT, J. D.; EBERHARDT, K. R. (23 October 1987). "Detection of
Uranium from Cosmos-1402 in the Stratosphere".
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1618:
1174:
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in the months following the incident. The radioactive material originated in the Kosmos 1402 core. Another investigation determined that
377:
burn up in the atmosphere, so that nothing would reach the ground. But this information was not verified by other countries at the time.
2330:
1929:
1858:
1796:
1682:
1321:
1316:
1142:
1048:
1038:
1815:
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1229:
1666:
1962:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
467:). The reactor is believed to have completely burned up into particles and dispersed to safe levels of atmospheric radioactivity.
1848:
2014:
976:
551:
771:
2325:
387:
The antenna section was the first part of the satellite to re-enter, it burned up in the atmosphere on
December 30, 1982.
791:
717:
1991:
1957:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
2315:
2310:
969:
825:
428:
The reactor section and core continued to orbit for another two weeks, it re-entered on
February 7, 1983, over the
2320:
2275:
2225:
2220:
624:
688:"Thirty Years Ago, Everyone Thought A Nuclear Satellite Was Going To Fall From Space And Spread Destruction"
498:
The incident triggered widespread discussion about nuclear technology in space, including topics related to
507:
164:
43:
439:
397:
2300:
842:
546:
390:
The main satellite bus of Kosmos 1402 reentered the Earth's atmosphere on
January 23, 1983, south of
381:
58:
37:
503:
2009:
1984:
484:
761:
744:
353:
898:
854:
429:
236:
8:
1008:
997:
993:
266:
161:
902:
858:
49:
961:
930:
914:
818:
Space
Systems Failures – Disasters and rescues of satellites, rockets, and space probes
541:
527:
373:
satellite with the expended second stage of the launch vehicle, and the radar antenna.
94:
1977:
922:
821:
767:
286:
934:
1969:
906:
862:
433:
341:
309:
219:
910:
345:
229:
841:
GUIMON, R. K.; SHENG, Z. Z.; BURCHFIELD, L. A.; KURODA, P. K. (March 18, 1985).
572:
1735:
1132:
276:
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598:
454:
441:
412:
399:
317:
867:
926:
492:
391:
380:
The uncertainty of the reentry location and time, coupled with concerns of
843:"Radioactive strontium fallout from nuclear-powered satellite Cosmos-1402"
654:
2205:
2195:
1811:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1508:
1465:
1443:
1431:
1411:
1360:
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1205:
1120:
535:
340:
nuclear fission reactor, which used about 50 kilograms (110 lb) of
2241:
2125:
918:
349:
763:
Cold War Space
Sleuths: The Untold Secrets of the Soviet Space Program
1612:
1518:
1459:
1327:
499:
480:
150:
2256:
2251:
2030:
1426:
1225:
1215:
1099:
1852:
1623:
325:
820:. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Praxis Publishing (Springer).
1843:
1471:
1406:
1158:
337:
329:
256:
246:
110:
840:
333:
87:
991:
888:
664:. IECEC-89. NASA Propulsion, Power and Energy Division
766:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85.
1999:
623:
Hanton, Alex; Weidinger, Patrick (20 January 2012).
517:
655:"A LOOK AT THE SOVIET SPACE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM"
625:"Top 10 Space Age Radiation Incidents - Listverse"
336:vessels. The power source for the satellite was a
790:Davies, Nick; Tucker, Anthony (24 January 2013).
681:
679:
2287:
749:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. p. 10.
622:
676:
364:), where the fuel would remain for 500 years.
2306:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union
1985:
977:
815:
789:
718:"NUCLEAR-POWERED SATELLITE MAY CRASH SUNDAY"
344:as a fuel source. The satellite operated in
816:Harland, David M; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2005).
1992:
1978:
984:
970:
785:
783:
648:
646:
48:
866:
662:International Forum on Energy Engineering
957:Satellite's Fuel Core Falls 'Harmlessly'
792:"Russian spy satellite tumbles to Earth"
716:Wilford, John Noble (January 21, 1983).
616:
564:
160:Tyuratam missile and space complex (now
780:
742:
715:
685:
652:
643:
491:of uranium had been dispersed into the
2288:
2015:List of nuclear power systems in space
759:
552:List of nuclear power systems in space
1973:
965:
711:
709:
590:
596:
570:
653:Bennett, Gary L. (August 6, 1989).
538:- RORSAT mission destroyed in orbit
352:, five years earlier over Canada's
13:
2296:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
706:
483:was detected in rain samples from
360:placed in a disposal orbit (about
14:
2342:
2331:Nuclear power in the Soviet Union
945:
328:surveillance satellite that used
2000:Nuclear-powered Earth satellites
520:
2276:Category:Nuclear power in space
882:
834:
809:
753:
736:
60:
1:
952:Cosmos 1402 Is Out of Control
686:Spector, Dina (24 Jan 2013).
557:
911:10.1126/science.238.4826.512
470:
261:263 kilometres (163 mi)
251:251 kilometres (156 mi)
99:3,000 pounds (1,400 kg)
16:Russian artificial satellite
7:
2326:Spacecraft launched in 1982
746:What goes up must come down
513:
508:nuclear safety and security
502:, insurance and liability,
367:
10:
2347:
2271:
2234:
2023:
2005:
1955:
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1825:
1744:
1642:
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1016:
547:List of Kosmos satellites
382:radioactive contamination
313:
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83:
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70:
57:
36:
28:
24:
2316:1983 in the Soviet Union
2311:1982 in the Soviet Union
760:Phelan, Dominic (2012).
198:Reactor: 7 February 1983
868:10.2343/geochemj.19.229
743:Deudney, David (1984).
2321:Nuclear power in space
2010:Nuclear power in space
1696:Fanhui Shi Weixing 0-5
485:Fayetteville, Arkansas
603:Jonathan's Space Page
577:Jonathan's Space Page
394:in the Indian Ocean (
354:Northwest Territories
216:Reference system
134:30 August 1982, 10:06
79:Spacecraft properties
1000:Orbital launches in
597:McDowell, Jonathan.
571:McDowell, Jonathan.
495:after the incident.
430:South Atlantic Ocean
32:Ocean reconnaissance
2264:1973 Launch failure
903:1987Sci...238..512L
859:1985GeocJ..19..229G
847:Geochemical Journal
599:"Satellite Catalog"
451: /
409: /
138:1982-08-30UTC10:06Z
21:
722:The New York Times
542:Kosmos (satellite)
528:Spaceflight portal
324:Kosmos 1402 was a
281:89.64 minutes
211:Orbital parameters
19:
2301:Kosmos satellites
2283:
2282:
1967:
1966:
897:(4826): 512–514.
773:978-1-4614-3052-0
476:year and a half.
303:
302:
291:29 September 1982
271:65.6 degrees
2338:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1005:
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724:. New York Times
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692:Business Insider
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434:Ascension Island
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419:
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363:
342:enriched uranium
315:
247:Perigee altitude
141:
139:
126:Start of mission
109:
62:
53:
52:
46:
22:
18:
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2230:
2019:
2001:
1998:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1885:
1879:
1863:
1821:
1787:Gorizont No.16L
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1638:
1585:
1482:
1365:
1260:
1184:
1148:Gorizont No.14L
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631:. Listverse Ltd
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346:low Earth orbit
332:for monitoring
316:) was a Soviet
257:Apogee altitude
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196:23 January 1983
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113:fission reactor
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84:Spacecraft type
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2020:
2018:
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2012:
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1989:
1982:
1974:
1965:
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1960:Crewed flights
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1932:
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1899:Strela-1M (x8)
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1736:Intelsat V F-5
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1133:Intelsat V F-4
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946:External links
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853:(4): 229–235.
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504:militarization
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188:Decommissioned
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180:End of mission
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2261:Transit 5BN-3
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2051:Transit 5BN-2
2049:
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2046:Transit 5BN-1
2044:
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694:. Insider Inc
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318:spy satellite
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27:
23:
2273:
2246:
2160:
1959:
1941:Gran' No.22L
1939:
1905:Gran' No.21L
1897:
1842:
1807:DSCS III A-1
1802:DSCS II F-16
1711:Ekran No.24L
1688:
1681:
1649:
1633:
1629:Molniya 3-19
1611:
1570:Ekran No.23L
1568:
1564:Molniya 1-55
1470:
1458:
1436:
1387:Molniya 1-54
1338:
1326:
1165:Molniya 3-18
1157:
1125:
1116:Molniya 1-53
1075:Ekran No.22L
894:
890:
884:
872:. Retrieved
850:
846:
836:
817:
811:
799:. Retrieved
796:the Guardian
795:
762:
755:
745:
738:
726:. Retrieved
721:
696:. Retrieved
691:
666:. Retrieved
661:
633:. Retrieved
628:
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:
592:
580:. Retrieved
576:
573:"Launch Log"
566:
497:
493:stratosphere
479:Radioactive
478:
474:
427:
392:Diego Garcia
389:
386:
379:
375:
371:
362:1000 km
358:
323:
305:
304:
237:Eccentricity
165:launchpad 90
29:Mission type
2247:Kosmos 1402
2216:Kosmos 1932
2211:Kosmos 1900
2206:Kosmos 1867
2201:Kosmos 1860
2196:Kosmos 1818
2191:Kosmos 1771
2186:Kosmos 1736
2181:Kosmos 1682
2176:Kosmos 1677
2171:Kosmos 1670
2166:Kosmos 1607
2161:Kosmos 1402
2156:Kosmos 1372
2151:Kosmos 1365
2146:Kosmos 1299
2141:Kosmos 1266
2136:Kosmos 1249
2131:Kosmos 1176
1947:Kosmos 1426
1935:Kosmos 1425
1925:Kosmos 1424
1915:Kosmos 1423
1910:Kosmos 1422
1893:Kosmos 1421
1875:Kosmos 1427
1838:Kosmos 1420
1833:Kosmos 1419
1812:Progress 16
1792:Kosmos 1418
1782:Kosmos 1417
1777:Kosmos 1416
1772:Kosmos 1415
1767:Kosmos 1414
1762:Kosmos 1413
1757:Kosmos 1412
1752:Kosmos 1411
1731:Kosmos 1410
1726:Kosmos 1409
1716:Progress 15
1706:Kosmos 1408
1701:Kosmos 1407
1677:Kosmos 1406
1672:Kosmos 1405
1662:Kosmos 1404
1657:Kosmos 1403
1634:Kosmos 1402
1607:Kosmos 1400
1602:Kosmos 1399
1597:Kosmos 1398
1581:Kosmos 1397
1576:Kosmos 1396
1559:Kosmos 1395
1554:Kosmos 1394
1549:Kosmos 1393
1544:Kosmos 1392
1539:Kosmos 1391
1534:Kosmos 1390
1529:Kosmos 1389
1524:Kosmos 1388
1514:Kosmos 1387
1509:Progress 14
1504:Kosmos 1386
1499:Kosmos 1385
1494:Kosmos 1384
1478:Kosmos 1383
1466:Kosmos 1382
1454:Kosmos 1381
1449:Kosmos 1380
1444:Kosmos 1379
1432:Kosmos 1378
1422:Kosmos 1377
1417:Kosmos 1376
1412:Kosmos 1375
1407:Kosmos 1374
1402:Kosmos 1373
1397:Kosmos 1372
1392:Kosmos 1371
1382:Kosmos 1370
1377:Kosmos 1369
1361:Progress 13
1356:Kosmos 1368
1351:Kosmos 1367
1346:Kosmos 1366
1334:Kosmos 1365
1312:Kosmos 1364
1307:Kosmos 1363
1302:Kosmos 1362
1297:Kosmos 1361
1292:Kosmos 1360
1287:Kosmos 1359
1282:Kosmos 1358
1277:Kosmos 1357
1272:Kosmos 1356
1256:Kosmos 1355
1251:Kosmos 1354
1246:Kosmos 1353
1241:Kosmos 1352
1236:Kosmos 1351
1221:Kosmos 1350
1211:Kosmos 1349
1206:Kosmos 1348
1201:Kosmos 1347
1196:Kosmos 1346
1180:Kosmos 1345
1170:Kosmos 1344
1153:Kosmos 1343
1138:Kosmos 1342
1121:Kosmos 1341
1095:Kosmos 1340
1090:Kosmos 1339
1085:Kosmos 1338
1080:Kosmos 1337
1070:Kosmos 1336
1054:Kosmos 1335
1044:Kosmos 1334
1034:Kosmos 1333
1029:Kosmos 1332
1024:Kosmos 1331
536:Kosmos 1818
458: /
416: /
314:Космос 1402
306:Kosmos 1402
267:Inclination
157:Launch site
131:Launch date
20:Kosmos 1402
2290:Categories
2242:Kosmos 954
2235:Re-entered
2126:Kosmos 954
2121:Kosmos 861
2116:Kosmos 860
2111:Kosmos 785
2106:Kosmos 724
2101:Kosmos 723
2096:Kosmos 654
2091:Kosmos 651
2086:Kosmos 626
2081:Kosmos 516
2076:Kosmos 469
2071:Kosmos 402
2066:Kosmos 367
2061:Kosmos 209
2056:Kosmos 198
2041:Transit-4B
2036:Transit-4A
1920:Meteor 2-9
1619:Kosmos 401
1438:Yantar-4K2
1175:Meteor 2-8
608:9 November
582:9 November
558:References
489:44 kg
350:Kosmos 954
220:Geocentric
193:Decay date
2274:See also
1720:Astrozond
1651:Strela-2M
1643:September
1613:Soyuz T-7
1519:Landsat 4
1460:Soyuz T-6
1328:Soyuz T-5
629:Listverse
500:space law
481:strontium
471:Aftermath
455:19°S 22°W
413:25°S 84°E
230:Low Earth
151:Tsyklon-2
142: UTC
108:2 kW
44:1982-084A
38:COSPAR ID
2257:Nimbus 3
2252:Nimbus-B
2031:SNAP-10A
2024:Examples
1930:OPS 9845
1868:December
1859:OPS 9627
1826:November
1797:Satcom 5
1683:Marecs B
1427:Westar 5
1322:OPS 6553
1317:OPS 5642
1226:Salyut 7
1216:INSAT-1A
1143:OPS 8701
1127:Taifun-2
1100:Westar 4
1063:February
1049:OPS 2849
1039:Satcom 4
935:44271563
927:17809615
514:See also
460:-19; -22
368:Accident
185:Disposal
162:Baikonur
95:BOL mass
1884:Unknown
1853:Anik C3
1816:Iskra 3
1745:October
1690:Sirio 2
1624:Anik D1
1340:Zenit-6
1230:Iskra 2
1017:January
919:1700533
899:Bibcode
891:Science
874:14 June
855:Bibcode
801:15 June
728:14 June
698:14 June
668:25 June
635:15 June
432:, near
418:-25; 84
310:Russian
241:0.00188
136: (
59:SATCAT
1667:Kiku-4
1590:August
1009:1983 →
994:← 1981
933:
925:
917:
824:
770:
326:RORSAT
277:Period
226:Regime
147:Rocket
2226:LES-9
2221:LES-8
1886:month
1849:SBS-3
1844:STS-5
1472:STS-4
1189:April
1159:STS-3
1109:March
931:S2CID
915:JSTOR
658:(PDF)
338:BES-5
330:radar
287:Epoch
111:BES-5
104:Power
66:13441
1487:July
1370:June
1002:1982
923:PMID
876:2018
822:ISBN
803:2018
768:ISBN
730:2018
700:2018
670:2018
637:2018
610:2013
584:2013
446:22°W
443:19°S
404:84°E
401:25°S
334:NATO
88:US-A
1265:May
907:doi
895:238
863:doi
61:no.
2292::
1851:,
929:.
921:.
913:.
905:.
893:.
861:.
851:19
849:.
845:.
794:.
782:^
720:.
708:^
690:.
678:^
660:.
645:^
627:.
601:.
575:.
510:.
506:,
356:.
312::
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1855:)
1847:(
1818:)
1814:(
1722:)
1718:(
1232:)
1228:(
985:e
978:t
971:v
937:.
909::
901::
878:.
865::
857::
830:.
805:.
776:.
732:.
702:.
672:.
639:.
612:.
586:.
436:(
308:(
167:)
140:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
