277:
558:: Goryeo's royal system was also used at home, and its imperial system was also used abroad. They were used almost indiscriminately. Goryeo's identity was not defined by its monarchs being kings or emperors but, instead, by them being Sons of Heaven. According to Remco E. Breuker: "The ruler has been king, he has been emperor, and at times he was both. His correct appellation is not important, however, compared to the fact that he was considered to rule his own domain ; his own, not just politically and practically, but also ideologically and ontologically." Goryeo was an independent
743:
543:
810:
According to Ming-te Lin: "This was indeed the most aggressive and visible behavior of China's intervention in Korean politics since the Yuan dynasty (Ming China assisted Korea once, but did not interfere with her politics), and it was the turning point in China's policy toward Korea." The late 19th century was a turbulent period in Korean history: Korea experienced interventions by not only China but also Japan and the West. Japan brought Korea into its sphere of influence with a
52:
534:), the Song dynasty, the Liao dynasty, and the Jin dynasty. However, Goryeo's tributary relations with them were nominal. Goryeo had no political, economic, or military obligations to China. According to Peter Yun: "While Goryeo may have admired and adopted many of China's culture and institutions, there is little evidence that it accepted the notion of Chinese political superiority as the natural order of things." Goryeo monarchs possessed full
392:
352:, and Didouyu, and influenced Buyeo, Silla, and Baekje. Peace was maintained with China for more than 150 years; it ended with the unification of China by the Sui dynasty. The unification of China changed the international balance of power. With its supremacy in Northeast Asia threatened, Goguryeo warred with a unified China for 70 years until its defeat in 668 by the Tang dynasty and Silla.
594:. Confucianism was the main political ideology during the Goryeo period, but not during the Three Kingdoms period. According to Edward Y. J. Chung: " played a subordinate role to the traditional ideas and institutions maintained by noble families and hereditary aristocrats, as well as by the Buddhist tradition." The Goryeo worldview was possibly influenced by Dongmyeong worship and
479:. The use of imperial language was widespread and ubiquitous in Goryeo. Imperial titles and practices extended to members of the royal family. Members of the royal family were commonly invested as kings. Goryeo monarchs wore imperial yellow clothing. Goryeo's imperial system was modeled after that of the Tang dynasty. The government consisted of
782:
compiled a distorted history of Goryeo that suppressed the fact that it had maintained an imperial system. Sejong adamantly opposed them and advocated historical accuracy. Despite its Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, the Joseon dynasty inherited some imperial traditions from the Goryeo dynasty. According to
750:
during the Three
Kingdoms, Goryeo, and early Joseon periods. During the early Joseon period, it was hotly debated whether Joseon kings, who were not Sons of Heaven, had the right to sacrifice to Heaven. The practice was suppressed and finally abolished in 1464; it was later revived during the Korean
602:
of the Three
Kingdoms of Korea who was honored with shrines; his tomb and shrine in Pyongyang were called the Real Pearl Tomb and the Shrine of Holy Emperor Dongmyeong. Balhae used imperial titles and era names. Taejo viewed Balhae as a kin country and accepted many refugees from it; Balhae refugees
127:
was based on divine ancestry. As
Goguryeo became centralized, Dongmyeong became the state god of Goguryeo. His worship was widespread among the people, and the view that Goguryeo was the center of the world was not limited to the royal family and aristocracy. Dongmyeong was worshiped well into the
809:
The Joseon dynasty was autonomous in its internal and external affairs. It was not a colony or dependency of China. However, China abandoned its conventional laissez-faire policy of noninterference toward Korea and adopted a radical interventionist policy of interference in the late 19th century.
316:
with the
Northern and Southern dynasties; the relationships were voluntary and profitable. A policy of coexistence was pursued and relations were peaceful. Goguryeo's tributary relations with the Northern and Southern dynasties were nominal. The Northern and Southern dynasties had no control over
427:
founded Goryeo in 918 as a successor to
Goguryeo. He adopted the era name of "Bestowed by Heaven". Taejo was acknowledged as the successor to Dongmyeong in China. Goryeo was acknowledged as the successor to Goguryeo in China and Japan. Taejo unified Korea and proclaimed the unification of the
787:
There is a nominal dependence upon China, very similar to that recognized by and . Tribute is regularly sent. Acts of submission are from time to time recorded: but the
Chinese Government exercise no real authority, and seems never to interfere with the jurisdiction of Corean
698:
emerged as the dominant ideology; Confucianism profoundly influenced Korean thought, religion, socio-political systems, and ways of life for the first time in Korean history. The powerful influence of Neo-Confucianism in the twilight of the Goryeo dynasty led to a growing
139:
Goguryeo was an authority unto itself. It had an independent sphere of influence in
Northeast Asia for more than 200 years around the 5th and 6th centuries. Goguryeo viewed itself as the Land of the Scion of Heaven and viewed its neighboring states of
589:
partly originated during earlier periods of Korean history. It was possibly a continuation of the
Goguryeo worldview. New elements were introduced during the Goryeo period. The Goryeo worldview was more influenced than was the Goguryeo worldview by
371:. Silla monarchs were viewed as the Buddha and Silla was viewed as a Buddha land from the early 6th century to the mid-7th century. Silla used its own era names during this period. Silla began building an imperial Buddhist temple called the
769:
of its predecessor state. The preceding Goryeo dynasty, however, had been a qualitatively different society and had held a qualitatively different position vis-à-vis China. Goryeo had maintained an imperial system that ran counter to
403:
951. This life-size nude statue of Taejo was clothed and worshiped until the end of the Goryeo dynasty; the practice of clothing and worshiping nude statues originated in
Goguryeo. The statue is wearing an imperial crown called a
538:
sovereignty. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Goryeo was assertive toward China. Goryeo treated imperial envoys from the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties as equals, not superiors; imperial envoys were consistently downgraded.
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Van Lieu, Joshua (29 January 2016), "The nation, the people, and the possibilities of the post-national: Historiographies of late nineteenth-century Korean reform movements", in Seth, Michael J. (ed.),
522:
was one among others that constituted the world. During the 11th and part of the 12th centuries, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo, the Liao dynasty, the Song dynasty, and
367:
period (356–514), Silla was unified but not centralized. While the
Goguryeo royalty and aristocracy were associated with the Son of Heaven, the Silla royalty and aristocracy were associated with
336:
was distinct from those of China and Inner Asia. During the 5th and 6th centuries, China and Goguryeo recognized each other's spheres of influence. China did not directly intervene in Goguryeo's
818:
emerged and called for the establishment of a new imperial government that could claim equality with the empires of China, Japan, and Russia and safeguard the independence of Korea.
191:
Goguryeo monarchs were called kings, not emperors. Goguryeo kings were sometimes elevated to "great kings", "holy kings", or "greatest kings". They were equivalent to emperors and
59:
was erected in 414. It is the largest memorial stele in the world. This photograph of a Joseon man standing next to the Gwanggaeto Stele was published in 1903 in Japan in
321:, the strongest power in East Asia at the time, by allying with its enemies. Northern Wei said that Goguryeo was "worthy" and gave preferential treatment to its envoys.
526:. Goryeo played an active role in East Asian politics. Goryeo monarchs were called kings vis-à-vis China; Goryeo successively maintained tributary relations with the
432:", or the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goryeo viewed its Three Kingdoms heritage as nearly on a par with the imperial heritage of China. The conceptual world of the
719:. They transformed Korea from a Buddhist country into a Confucian country. Joseon was a thoroughly Confucian country; it was the self-proclaimed most and later
25:
before the 14th century and at the turn of the 20th century: Early Korean states used "great king", "greatest king", and "holy king"; later Korean states used "
998:
Goryeo maintained a "son-in-law" relationship toward the Yuan dynasty that is viewed in Korean historiography as a period of "interference" rather than simply
451:
Goryeo monarchs were called emperors and Sons of Heaven. Imperial titles were used since the beginning of the dynasty; Taejo was called "Son of Heaven" by the
727:
built shrines for the progenitors of the Three Kingdoms of Korea; he said that the Three Kingdoms were equal and rejected a proposal to worship only the
503:
viewed Goryeo as a parent country and Goryeo monarchs as suzerains. Goryeo monarchs were initially called "Emperor of Goryeo" by the Jin dynasty. The
3129:
The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok: A Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation
3454:
3376:
Oh, Si Jin (28 October 2019), "Resolving the Misunderstood Historical Order: A Korean Perspective on the Historical Tributary Order in East Asia",
765:
toward China, and China maintained a policy of benign neglect toward Joseon. As a successor state, the Joseon dynasty was obligated to compile an
739:
center of the world ended in the Joseon dynasty. Joseon monarchs were kings, not emperors; Joseon viewed China as the only center of the world.
3102:
Breuker, Remco; Koh, Grace; Lewis, James B. (2012), "The Tradition of Historical Writing in Korea", in Foot, Sarah; Robinson, Chase F. (eds.),
355:
Silla's systems were based on those of Goguryeo. "Great king" was first used in Silla in the early 6th century as Silla expanded. Previously,
300:
was one among others that constituted the world. During the 5th and 6th centuries, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between the
1789:
666:. During this period of Mongol dominance, Goryeo monarchs were demoted to kings and temple names indicated loyalty to the Yuan dynasty. The
325:
said that Goguryeo was "so strong that it follow orders". Goguryeo maintained cordial relations with the Rouran, and together attacked the
225:". "King" was first used in Goguryeo around the beginning of the Common Era; it was first used in Northeast Asia in the 4th century BCE in
3378:
783:
Remco E. Breuker, this can be attributed to "the total weight of the cultural and historical power accumulated during centuries of use".
91:, and his kingdom was the center of the world. As the descendants of the Son of Heaven, the kings of Goguryeo were the Scions of Heaven (
947:
Gyeongju was previously a secondary capital. The secondary capitals represented the ancient capitals of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
67:
The 5th century was a period of great interaction on the Korean Peninsula that marked the first step toward the unification of the
1087:
723:
in the world. The view of Korea as a unification of the "Three Han"—Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje—continued in the Joseon dynasty.
29:". Korean monarchs who used imperial titles had political and religious authority over a realm or domain. The Chinese concept of
1734:
1353:
115:
was significantly influenced by the original Chinese concept, but its foundation laid in Dongmyeong. In contrast to the Chinese
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The Korean Empire, or the "Great Han Empire", was named after the Three Han. Gojong said that the Goryeo dynasty unified the
618:
military rule, Goryeo monarchs continued to be viewed as Sons of Heaven and emperors, and Goryeo continued to be viewed as a
480:
3417:"The Title of Taewang(太王) during the Goguryeo(高句麗) Dynasty and the Development of the Perceptions of the Taewang Lineage"
2610:
2549:
554:
Goryeo used both a royal and an imperial system during its early and middle periods. Goryeo monarchs were not strictly
674:
3258:"Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the Fifth to Seventh Centuries"
3085:
Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology, and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
276:
261:, became the supreme title in Northeast Asia. Goguryeo monarchs being called kings was not in deference to China;
162:" consciousness among the peoples of the Three Kingdoms. The Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called the
301:
3067:
2922:
2726:
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1796:
1741:
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in the 11th century and again in the 13th century; only Sons of Heaven had the right to commission a Tripitaka.
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of Northeast Asia, and vice versa. Goguryeo did not have westward ambitions, and instead moved its capital to
317:
Goguryeo's foreign policy; Goguryeo pursued policies that went against Chinese interests. Goguryeo restrained
111:), who had supreme authority and sacerdotally intermediated between Heaven and Earth. The Goguryeo concept of
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2554:
372:
555:
668:
500:
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refugees: Dongmyeong was highly venerated and widely worshiped in Goryeo. He was the only one among the
3287:
3217:"Status and Tasks for Study of the Foreign Relations and World View of Koguryo in the Gwanggaeto Stele"
1871:"The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided"
845:. The Republic of Korea (South Korea), or the "Great Han Republic", is named after the Korean Empire.
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582:), who were viewed as superhuman beings who alone mediated between Heaven and the Korean people.
68:
607:
511:, and the Jin dynasty were well aware of and tolerated Goryeo's imperial claims and practices.
84:
3157:
3019:
2385:
1077:
801:
562:; within it, Goryeo monarchs were Sons of Heaven, called "Son of Heaven of East of the Sea" (
3216:
2762:
1875:
895:
455:. Goryeo monarchs addressed imperial edicts and were addressed as "Your Imperial Majesty" (
826:
was an empire in name only. The Korean Empire was reduced to a protectorate in 1905 after
814:. Korea turned to Russia to counterbalance Japan. A new Korean reformist group called the
8:
3313:
1492:
969:
961:
957:
728:
3257:
827:
531:
452:
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The Neo-Confucian Joseon dynasty was greatly influenced by a Confucian concept called
344:
in the 5th century. Within its sphere of influence, Goguryeo partially subjugated the
3440:
3363:
3339:
3304:
Lin, Ming-te (July 1991), "Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882-1894",
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742:
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3317:
3071:
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Breuker, Remco E. (2003), "Koryŏ as an Independent Realm: The Emperor's Clothes?",
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on 16 August 1897. Afterward, Gojong was named Emperor of Korea on 12 October 1897.
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was later proclaimed by Silla in the 7th century and Goryeo in the 10th century.
92:
1011:
For example, Joseon kings were posthumously bestowed with imperial temple names.
3321:
3175:
715:
in 1392. The architects of the Joseon dynasty were anti-Buddhist Neo-Confucian
712:
527:
3391:
1870:
968:
period. The imperial system was used exclusively during the first half of the
3473:
3273:
3191:
3176:"Korean and Chinese Intellectuals' recognitions of Koguryo in Choson dynasty"
823:
345:
222:
149:
88:
3455:"Balance of Power in the 11th~12th Century East Asian Interstate Relations"
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591:
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476:
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171:
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feature divine or semidivine origin. Since antiquity, kingship was sacred.
822:
declared Korea an empire and himself an emperor in 1897. However, the new
3235:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
3075:
523:
349:
322:
180:
167:
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or "East of the Sea", Goryeo monarchs were emperors and Sons of Heaven.
51:
3133:
691:
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368:
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3335:
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40:
3153:
The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea
929:"Great King of Goryeo" and "Greatest King of Goryeo" were also used.
436:
or the "Three Han"—Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje—constituted a Goryeo
2742:
891:
496:
495:
were secondary capitals. Goryeo maintained a tributary system. The
281:
78:
2483:
761:, or "serving the great". Joseon maintained a policy of tributary
391:
1164:
920:
Buyeo and Silla were legitimate tributary states; Baekje was not.
627:
484:
326:
309:
156:. A strong sense of commonality emerged, later culminating in a "
73:
31:
26:
3400:"The View of the World and the Eastern Emperor in Koryŏ Dynasty"
1142:
1140:
1138:
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gradually declined. Goryeo ended its son-in-law status in 1356:
136:
said "Even unlettered country folk can tell the tale of King ."
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595:
375:
in the mid-6th century. "Great king" was last used in Silla by
193:
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141:
129:
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1135:
757:
649:
630:
in the 13th century. Goryeo capitulated to the Mongols after
573:
492:
466:
212:
145:
102:
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The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400
1493:"Bronze Bowl with Inscription of King Gwanggaeto the Great"
792:] functionaries. The authority of the King is absolute.
152:
as tributary states. Together, they constituted a Goguryeo
3355:
Korea's Ancient Koguryŏ Kingdom: A Socio-Political History
2938:
2322:
2167:
1962:
1436:
3465:, The Korean Association for Political Criticism: 139–162
1127:
284:, the ancient capital of Silla. It is inscribed with the
39:" in Korean, was variously adopted and adapted to Korean
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2246:
2244:
2242:
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1991:
1989:
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toward China. Joseon Neo-Confucian ideologues loyal to
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2179:
2155:
2049:
1702:
1622:
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1460:
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3427:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 1–27
3410:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 3–40
3210:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 1–38
2818:
2796:
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2404:
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1254:
1229:
1227:
882:
397, based on an inscription that says: "7th year of
3186:, Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies: 337–366,
3012:
Berthrong, John H.; Berthrong, Evelyn Nagai (2000),
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2866:
2854:
2663:
2585:
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2498:
2461:
2459:
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2440:
2416:
1047:
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981:
For example, Goryeo used Korean imperial titles and
280:
This bronze bowl was excavated from a Silla tomb in
235:, was first used in China. The indigenous titles of
2568:
2522:
2510:
2268:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2076:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1974:
1895:
1893:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1812:
77:view of the world in Korean history is recorded in
3039:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276
3011:
2842:
2830:
2791:
2779:
2492:
2334:
2283:
2112:
2100:
1714:
1690:
1663:
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1610:
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1512:
1376:
1330:
1294:
1282:
1251:
1224:
1212:
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878:The Chungju Goguryeo Monument may date earlier to
841:and the Joseon dynasty expanded the land to 4,000
2580:
2452:
2428:
1678:
1318:
1306:
1152:
1101:
1057:
1042:
603:constituted 10 percent of the Goryeo population.
475:). They were posthumously bestowed with imperial
3471:
2699:
2256:
2124:
2013:
2001:
1890:
1843:
1424:
614:in the late 12th century. During this period of
3200:"The usage and The Perspective of 'Samhan(三韓)'"
3101:
2748:
2693:
2681:
2387:고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다
1950:
1905:
1170:
1146:
964:period and later during the second half of the
956:The royal system was used exclusively from the
379:; afterward, Silla accommodated itself to the
662:in 1270. Goryeo's imperial system ended with
653:
643:
577:
567:
470:
460:
415:
409:
216:
206:
197:. The Goguryeo title of "greatest king", or
106:
96:
3436:Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History
3379:Journal of the History of International Law
3227:, Northeast Asian History Foundation: 47–86
3035:
2094:
483:and the military consisted of five armies.
3280:Lee, Soyoung; Leidy, Denise Patry (2013),
46:
3414:
2651:(in Korean). GyeongGi Cultural Foundation
1442:
711:The Goryeo dynasty transitioned into the
3431:
3279:
2944:
2884:
1708:
1347:
1345:
741:
541:
390:
275:
221:), was similar to the Chinese title of "
174:dynasties. Earlier, Goguryeo was called
50:
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2250:
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2197:
2185:
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2149:
2070:
2043:
1995:
1968:
1944:
1932:
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1088:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
626:inspired a spirit of resistance to the
3472:
3327:
2636:
2634:
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1763:
491:was an imperial palace; Pyongyang and
292:Goguryeo had a pluralistic concept of
3331:Gyeongju: The Capital of Golden Silla
3125:
2504:
2477:
2292:
1351:
1342:
21:Imperial titles were used in various
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3231:
3197:
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2422:
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1980:
1868:
1818:
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1696:
1336:
1324:
1312:
514:Goryeo had a pluralistic concept of
481:three departments and six ministries
3452:
3351:
3303:
3173:
2984:"고종실록 36권, 고종 34년 10월 13일 양력 2번째기사"
2958:"고종실록 36권, 고종 34년 10월 11일 양력 3번째기사"
2836:
2824:
2800:
2717:
2629:
2611:Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture
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2550:Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture
2528:
2516:
2352:
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1732:
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1182:
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1063:
1051:
985:in tandem. Goryeo very rarely used
774:; it had maintained only a nominal
703:view of Korea as a "little China".
682:. However, the view of Goryeo as a
678:maintained the view of Goryeo as a
634:and later became a semiautonomous "
13:
3397:
3375:
3221:Journal of Northeast Asian History
3214:
3149:
3015:Confucianism: A Short Introduction
2848:
2812:
2785:
2760:
2705:
2640:
2589:
2465:
2446:
2434:
2277:
2262:
2137:
2082:
2028:
2007:
1956:
1911:
1899:
1856:
1787:
1430:
1075:
898:. Goguryeo used its own era names.
694:and declared autonomy. Meanwhile,
14:
3496:
675:Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms
556:emperors at home and kings abroad
81:epigraphs dating to this period.
61:The Landmarks and Ruins of Joseon
16:Imperial titles in Korean history
2976:
2950:
2907:
2754:
2711:
2595:
2534:
1490:
1014:
1005:
992:
487:was an imperial capital and the
3328:Nelson, Sarah Milledge (2017),
2641:Ro, Myoungho (13 August 2018).
2601:
2540:
2383:
2377:
2346:
1862:
1781:
1726:
1484:
1391:
975:
960:period to the beginning of the
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
901:
608:period of military dictatorship
548:Korean version of the Tripitaka
546:Goryeo monarchs commissioned a
302:Northern and Southern dynasties
3459:Journal of Political Criticism
3358:, translated by Huston, John,
3268:, translated by Bohnet, Adam,
2923:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2761:Ro, Myoungho (20 March 2016).
2727:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2493:Berthrong & Berthrong 2000
2362:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1797:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1742:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1406:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1361:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1131:(in Korean). 20 November 2019.
1113:
1079:100년전에 찍힌 광개토대왕비…설명도 고구려 호태왕릉비
1069:
938:"Greatest king" was also used.
872:
654:
644:
578:
568:
471:
461:
416:
410:
217:
207:
107:
97:
1:
3439:, Routledge, pp. 43–61,
3421:The Journal of Korean History
3404:The Journal of Korean History
3386:(3), Brill Nijhoff: 341–377,
3283:Silla: Korea's Golden Kingdom
3256:Kim, Hung-gyu (March 2012b),
3204:The Journal of Korean History
2749:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2694:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2682:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2616:National Folk Museum of Korea
2555:National Folk Museum of Korea
1171:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
1147:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
1031:
879:
400:
373:Temple of the Imperial Dragon
3415:Shinohara, Hirokata (2004),
3126:Chung, Edward Y. J. (1995),
1036:
1020:The era name was changed to
7:
3068:University of Hawai'i Press
848:
830:and a colony in 1910 after
669:Songs of Emperors and Kings
10:
3501:
3322:10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469
3306:Chinese Studies in History
3288:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3082:Breuker, Remco E. (2010),
3036:Bielenstein, Hans (2005),
3005:
1122:"중원 고구려비, 광개토왕 때 제작 가능성 커"
812:victory over China in 1895
622:. The view of Goryeo as a
253:, were downgraded and the
3392:10.1163/15718050-12340115
2928:Academy of Korean Studies
2773:Seoul National University
2732:Academy of Korean Studies
2367:Academy of Korean Studies
1802:Academy of Korean Studies
1747:Academy of Korean Studies
1411:Academy of Korean Studies
1366:Academy of Korean Studies
860:List of monarchs of Korea
731:. The view of Korea as a
706:
386:
184:. The unification of the
119:, which was based on the
3262:Cross-Currents e-Journal
3240:Indiana University Press
2916:
2763:
2720:
2643:
2604:
2543:
2355:
1790:
1735:
1498:National Museum of Korea
1399:
1354:
1121:
1078:
907:All foundation myths in
865:
363:", was used; during its
308:, Goguryeo, and, later,
288:of Gwanggaeto the Great.
247:, which were similar to
23:historical Korean states
3215:Jo, Yeongkwang (2015),
3198:Jeon, Jin-Kook (2016),
3110:Oxford University Press
273:in Goguryeo tradition.
229:, before "emperor", or
69:Three Kingdoms of Korea
47:Three Kingdoms of Korea
43:from period to period.
3232:Kim, Jinwung (2012a),
3174:Han, Myung-gi (2006),
2914:Shin, Yong-Ha (1996).
1352:Chung, Ku-bok (1998).
807:
752:
721:only Confucian country
551:
499:who later founded the
421:
312:. Goguryeo maintained
289:
85:Dongmyeong of Goguryeo
64:
3398:Ro, Myoungho (1999),
3158:Duke University Press
3150:Em, Henry H. (2013),
3020:Oneworld Publications
1788:Ro, Myoungho (2013).
1753:on 20 September 2020.
1076:최강 (23 August 2004).
828:Japan defeated Russia
802:Governor of Hong Kong
785:
745:
545:
394:
383:of the Tang dynasty.
279:
71:. The earliest known
54:
3352:Noh, Taedon (2014),
3314:Taylor & Francis
3112:, pp. 119–137,
3076:10.1353/ks.2005.0001
2390:(in Korean). 휴머니스트.
1876:History News Network
1709:Lee & Leidy 2013
896:Gwanggaeto the Great
748:sacrificed to Heaven
530:(beginning with the
440:. Within the Goryeo
265:was not inferior to
87:was a god-king, the
3453:Yun, Peter (2011),
2815:, pp. 352–355.
2751:, pp. 131–135.
2331:, pp. 107–108.
2176:, pp. 137–138.
2097:, pp. 182–184.
2058:, pp. 140–141.
1971:, pp. 156–158.
1631:, pp. 273–274.
1571:, pp. 268–269.
1481:, pp. 306–307.
1469:, pp. 305–307.
1457:, pp. 304–306.
1279:, pp. 292–296.
1248:, pp. 291–292.
1209:, pp. 287–288.
1173:, pp. 121–122.
832:Japan annexed Korea
729:progenitor of Silla
314:tributary relations
2764:역사 편찬 갈등과 세종대왕의 지혜
2644:태조왕건의 고려건국 이야기 (3)
1372:on 20 August 2020.
753:
552:
532:Later Tang dynasty
453:last king of Silla
422:
290:
257:title of king, or
65:
41:views of the world
3446:978-1-317-81148-0
3369:978-90-04-26269-0
3345:978-1-315-62740-3
3297:978-1-58839-502-3
3249:978-0-253-00024-8
3167:978-0-8223-5372-0
3143:978-0-7914-2276-2
3119:978-0-19-163693-6
3095:978-90-04-19012-2
3049:978-90-474-0761-4
3029:978-1-85168-236-2
2947:, pp. 50–51.
2827:, pp. 69–70.
2738:on 19 March 2021.
2480:, pp. 10–14.
2449:, pp. 39–40.
2397:978-89-5862-902-3
2307:, pp. 74–75.
2280:, pp. 37–38.
2236:, pp. 56–57.
2085:, pp. 14–15.
1947:, pp. 53–54.
1808:on 18 April 2018.
1778:, pp. 24–25.
1445:, pp. 10–18.
983:Chinese era names
816:Independence Club
717:scholar-officials
688:Gongmin of Goryeo
664:Wonjong of Goryeo
606:Goryeo entered a
395:Bronze statue of
132:period of Korea;
121:Mandate of Heaven
3492:
3485:History of Korea
3466:
3449:
3428:
3411:
3394:
3372:
3348:
3324:
3300:
3276:
3252:
3228:
3211:
3194:
3170:
3146:
3122:
3098:
3078:
3052:
3032:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2930:. Archived from
2911:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2734:. Archived from
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2369:. Archived from
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2095:Bielenstein 2005
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:Byington, Mark.
1866:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:. Archived from
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:. Archived from
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1491:Choi, Jangyeal.
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1368:. Archived from
1349:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
987:Korean era names
979:
973:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:Korean mythology
905:
899:
881:
876:
805:
798:Sir John Bowring
767:official history
746:Korean monarchs
725:Sejong the Great
696:Neo-Confucianism
657:
656:
647:
646:
636:son-in-law state
581:
580:
571:
570:
474:
473:
464:
463:
419:
418:
413:
412:
402:
306:Rouran Khaganate
220:
219:
210:
209:
110:
109:
100:
99:
57:Gwanggaeto Stele
3500:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3480:Titles in Korea
3470:
3469:
3447:
3370:
3360:Global Oriental
3346:
3298:
3250:
3168:
3144:
3120:
3096:
3050:
3030:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:on 7 June 2018.
2918:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2373:on 28 May 2018.
2357:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1844:
1836:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1400:충주 고구려비(忠州高句麗碑)
1397:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
980:
976:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
906:
902:
877:
873:
868:
855:Korean nobility
851:
806:
796:
709:
632:30 years of war
425:Taejo of Goryeo
397:Taejo of Goryeo
389:
377:Muyeol of Silla
296:. The Goguryeo
286:posthumous name
123:, the Goguryeo
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3450:
3445:
3429:
3412:
3395:
3373:
3368:
3349:
3344:
3325:
3301:
3296:
3277:
3253:
3248:
3229:
3212:
3195:
3180:Korean Culture
3171:
3166:
3147:
3142:
3123:
3118:
3099:
3094:
3079:
3059:Korean Studies
3053:
3048:
3033:
3028:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2975:
2949:
2937:
2906:
2904:, p. 309.
2889:
2877:
2875:, p. 306.
2865:
2863:, p. 304.
2853:
2851:, p. 373.
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2790:
2788:, p. 352.
2778:
2753:
2741:
2710:
2698:
2696:, p. 133.
2686:
2684:, p. 132.
2674:
2672:, p. 208.
2662:
2628:
2594:
2579:
2577:, p. 343.
2567:
2533:
2531:, p. 346.
2521:
2519:, p. 340.
2509:
2497:
2495:, p. 170.
2482:
2470:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2425:, p. 160.
2415:
2403:
2396:
2376:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2319:, p. 106.
2309:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2255:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2200:, p. 138.
2190:
2188:, p. 137.
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 206.
2154:
2142:
2123:
2121:, p. 143.
2111:
2109:, p. 141.
2099:
2087:
2075:
2060:
2048:
2033:
2012:
2000:
1985:
1983:, p. 128.
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1916:
1904:
1889:
1861:
1842:
1823:
1821:, p. 118.
1811:
1780:
1768:
1766:, p. 106.
1756:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1675:, p. 289.
1662:
1660:, p. 280.
1645:
1643:, p. 263.
1633:
1621:
1619:, p. 304.
1609:
1607:, p. 264.
1597:
1595:, p. 270.
1585:
1583:, p. 273.
1573:
1561:
1559:, p. 300.
1546:
1544:, p. 308.
1523:
1521:, p. 387.
1511:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1443:Shinohara 2004
1435:
1423:
1390:
1388:, p. 298.
1375:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1303:, p. 310.
1293:
1291:, p. 311.
1281:
1269:
1267:, p. 301.
1250:
1238:
1236:, p. 292.
1223:
1221:, p. 290.
1211:
1199:
1197:, p. 287.
1187:
1185:, p. 286.
1175:
1163:
1161:, p. 285.
1151:
1149:, p. 135.
1134:
1112:
1110:, p. 284.
1100:
1068:
1066:, p. 431.
1056:
1054:, p. 283.
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1004:
991:
974:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
900:
870:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
857:
850:
847:
794:
751:Empire period.
713:Joseon dynasty
708:
705:
528:Five Dynasties
388:
385:
359:, or "highest
48:
45:
35:, pronounced "
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3497:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3423:(in Korean),
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3406:(in Korean),
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3223:(in Korean),
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3206:(in Korean),
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:(in Korean),
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2945:Van Lieu 2016
2941:
2933:
2929:
2926:(in Korean).
2925:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2887:, p. 50.
2886:
2885:Van Lieu 2016
2881:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2839:, p. 91.
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2803:, p. 71.
2802:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2771:(in Korean).
2770:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2730:(in Korean).
2729:
2728:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2617:
2614:(in Korean).
2613:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2592:, p. 35.
2591:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2556:
2553:(in Korean).
2552:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2507:, p. 15.
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2468:, p. 40.
2467:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2437:, p. 39.
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2413:, p. 82.
2412:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2365:(in Korean).
2364:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2343:, p. 88.
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2265:, p. 37.
2264:
2259:
2253:, p. 63.
2252:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2224:, p. 69.
2223:
2218:
2212:, p. 58.
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:, p. 78.
2151:
2146:
2140:, p. 16.
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2073:, p. 60.
2072:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2046:, p. 49.
2045:
2040:
2038:
2031:, p. 26.
2030:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2010:, p. 14.
2009:
2004:
1998:, p. 73.
1997:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1935:, p. 53.
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1902:, p. 24.
1901:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1859:, p. 25.
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1840:, p. 74.
1839:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1800:(in Korean).
1799:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1745:(in Korean).
1744:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1723:, p. 68.
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 32.
1710:
1705:
1699:, p. 17.
1698:
1693:
1687:, p. 54.
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1433:, p. 72.
1432:
1427:
1412:
1409:(in Korean).
1408:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1364:(in Korean).
1363:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1339:, p. 27.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1089:
1086:(in Korean).
1085:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
984:
978:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
910:
904:
897:
893:
889:
885:
875:
871:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:Korean Empire
821:
817:
813:
803:
799:
793:
791:
784:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
759:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
704:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
661:
651:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:similar to a
609:
604:
601:
597:
593:
588:
583:
575:
565:
561:
557:
549:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:. The Goryeo
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
407:
406:tongcheongwan
398:
393:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:The Goguryeo
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
283:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:heavenly king
214:
204:
200:
196:
195:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:Eastern Buyeo
147:
143:
137:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
104:
94:
90:
89:Son of Heaven
86:
82:
80:
76:
75:
70:
62:
58:
53:
44:
42:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
3462:
3458:
3435:
3424:
3420:
3407:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3354:
3330:
3309:
3305:
3282:
3265:
3261:
3234:
3224:
3220:
3207:
3203:
3183:
3179:
3152:
3128:
3104:
3084:
3063:
3057:
3038:
3014:
2994:24 September
2992:. Retrieved
2987:
2978:
2968:24 September
2966:. Retrieved
2961:
2952:
2940:
2932:the original
2921:
2909:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2781:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2736:the original
2725:
2718:이익주 (2013).
2713:
2708:, p. 5.
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2648:
2619:. Retrieved
2609:
2605:원구단천제(圜丘壇天祭)
2597:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2548:
2544:역대시조제(歷代始祖祭)
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2473:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2411:Breuker 2003
2406:
2386:
2379:
2371:the original
2360:
2353:이용범 (1996).
2348:
2336:
2329:Breuker 2010
2324:
2317:Breuker 2010
2312:
2305:Breuker 2010
2300:
2295:, p. 2.
2258:
2251:Breuker 2003
2234:Breuker 2003
2229:
2222:Breuker 2003
2217:
2210:Breuker 2003
2205:
2198:Breuker 2010
2193:
2186:Breuker 2010
2181:
2174:Breuker 2010
2169:
2162:Breuker 2010
2157:
2150:Breuker 2003
2145:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2071:Breuker 2003
2051:
2044:Breuker 2003
2003:
1996:Breuker 2003
1976:
1969:Breuker 2010
1964:
1959:, p. 9.
1952:
1945:Breuker 2003
1940:
1933:Breuker 2003
1914:, p. 8.
1907:
1880:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1838:Breuker 2003
1814:
1806:the original
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1751:the original
1740:
1733:민병하 (1995).
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1514:
1504:11 September
1502:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1416:11 September
1414:. Retrieved
1404:
1393:
1370:the original
1359:
1332:
1327:, p. 6.
1320:
1315:, p. 7.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1241:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1126:
1115:
1103:
1093:11 September
1091:. Retrieved
1083:
1071:
1059:
1021:
1016:
1007:
999:
994:
977:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
903:
887:
883:
874:
842:
838:
836:
808:
789:
786:
779:
775:
771:
762:
756:
754:
736:
732:
710:
683:
679:
673:
667:
660:Yuan dynasty
623:
619:
615:
605:
592:Confucianism
584:
559:
553:
535:
519:
515:
513:
509:Liao dynasty
505:Song dynasty
477:temple names
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
405:
380:
364:
360:
356:
354:
337:
333:
331:
319:Northern Wei
297:
293:
291:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
198:
192:
190:
185:
179:
175:
163:
157:
153:
138:
124:
116:
112:
83:
72:
66:
60:
36:
30:
20:
18:
2990:(in Korean)
2964:(in Korean)
1764:Nelson 2017
820:King Gojong
701:Sinocentric
652::
642::
600:progenitors
585:The Goryeo
576::
566::
524:Western Xia
501:Jin dynasty
489:main palace
469::
459::
323:Southern Qi
215::
205::
181:Book of Wei
105::
95::
3474:Categories
3134:SUNY Press
2917:대한제국(大韓帝國)
2721:원간섭기(元干涉期)
2621:29 October
2560:13 January
2505:Chung 1995
2478:Chung 1995
2293:Chung 1995
1882:14 October
1791:왕건동상(王建銅像)
1084:대한민국 정책브리핑
1032:References
788: [
692:Ssangseong
690:recovered
369:the Buddha
227:Old Joseon
3336:Routledge
3316:: 69–96,
3274:2158-9674
3192:1226-8356
3088:, Brill,
3070:: 48–84,
3042:, Brill,
2902:Kim 2012a
2873:Kim 2012a
2861:Kim 2012a
2670:Kim 2012a
2423:Kim 2012a
2341:Kim 2012a
1981:Kim 2012a
1819:Kim 2012a
1776:Kim 2012b
1721:Kim 2012a
1697:Kim 2012b
1337:Jeon 2016
1325:Jeon 2016
1313:Jeon 2016
1037:Citations
970:Gwangjong
962:Hyeonjong
958:Seongjong
658:) to the
612:shogunate
587:worldview
444:, called
342:Pyongyang
134:Yi Kyu-bo
2837:Lin 1991
2825:Lin 1991
2801:Lin 1991
2655:14 March
2575:Han 2006
2529:Han 2006
2517:Han 2006
2119:Yun 2011
2107:Yun 2011
2056:Yun 2011
1685:Noh 2014
1673:Noh 2014
1658:Noh 2014
1641:Noh 2014
1629:Noh 2014
1617:Noh 2014
1605:Noh 2014
1593:Noh 2014
1581:Noh 2014
1569:Noh 2014
1557:Noh 2014
1542:Noh 2014
1519:Noh 2014
1479:Noh 2014
1467:Noh 2014
1455:Noh 2014
1386:Noh 2014
1301:Noh 2014
1289:Noh 2014
1277:Noh 2014
1265:Noh 2014
1246:Noh 2014
1234:Noh 2014
1219:Noh 2014
1207:Noh 2014
1195:Noh 2014
1183:Noh 2014
1159:Noh 2014
1108:Noh 2014
1064:Noh 2014
1052:Noh 2014
892:era name
888:Yeongnak
884:Yeongnak
849:See also
795:—
616:de facto
497:Jurchens
365:maripgan
357:maripgan
282:Gyeongju
255:sinified
79:Goguryeo
3006:Sources
2849:Oh 2019
2813:Oh 2019
2786:Oh 2019
2706:Ro 1999
2590:Em 2013
2466:Ro 1999
2447:Ro 1999
2435:Ro 1999
2278:Ro 1999
2263:Ro 1999
2138:Ro 1999
2083:Ro 1999
2029:Em 2013
2008:Ro 1999
1957:Ro 1999
1912:Ro 1999
1900:Em 2013
1857:Em 2013
1431:Jo 2015
1022:Gwangmu
972:period.
890:is the
733:tianxia
684:tianxia
680:tianxia
628:Mongols
624:tianxia
620:tianxia
560:tianxia
536:de jure
520:tianxia
516:tianxia
485:Kaesong
446:Haedong
442:tianxia
438:tianxia
381:tianxia
338:tianxia
334:tianxia
327:Didouyu
310:Tuyuhun
298:tianxia
294:tianxia
267:huangdi
232:huangdi
199:taewang
194:khagans
178:in the
166:in the
154:tianxia
125:tianxia
117:tianxia
113:tianxia
74:tianxia
37:cheonha
32:tianxia
27:emperor
3443:
3366:
3342:
3294:
3272:
3246:
3190:
3164:
3140:
3116:
3092:
3046:
3026:
2988:조선왕조실록
2962:조선왕조실록
2394:
2356:발해(渤海)
1736:연호(年號)
966:Injong
839:Samhan
804:(1854)
707:Joseon
648:;
640:Korean
596:Balhae
572:;
564:Korean
507:, the
465:;
457:Korean
434:Samhan
430:Samhan
414:;
387:Goryeo
346:Khitan
304:, the
243:, and
211:;
203:Korean
186:Samhan
176:Samhan
164:Samhan
159:Samhan
148:, and
142:Baekje
130:Goryeo
101:;
93:Korean
3312:(4),
3066:(1),
2602:홍순민.
2541:이범직.
2384:박종기.
1000:sadae
866:Notes
780:sadae
776:sadae
772:sadae
763:sadae
758:sadae
650:Hanja
574:Hanja
493:Seoul
467:Hanja
213:Hanja
146:Silla
103:Hanja
3441:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3270:ISSN
3244:ISBN
3188:ISSN
3162:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2996:2021
2970:2021
2769:대학신문
2657:2021
2623:2021
2562:2021
2392:ISBN
1884:2020
1506:2020
1418:2020
1355:한(韓)
1095:2020
672:and
579:海東天子
569:해동천자
361:khan
350:Mohe
271:khan
263:wang
259:wang
250:khan
172:Tang
170:and
55:The
3425:125
3408:105
3388:doi
3318:doi
3208:173
3072:doi
2649:ggc
1128:YTN
894:of
886:".
790:sic
735:or
655:駙馬國
645:부마국
638:" (
417:通天冠
411:통천관
269:or
245:han
241:gan
168:Sui
3476::
3461:,
3457:,
3419:,
3402:,
3384:21
3382:,
3362:,
3338:,
3334:,
3310:24
3308:,
3290:,
3286:,
3264:,
3260:,
3242:,
3238:,
3225:49
3219:,
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3184:38
3178:,
3160:,
3156:,
3136:,
3132:,
3108:,
3064:27
3062:,
3022:,
3018:,
2986:.
2960:.
2920:.
2892:^
2793:^
2767:.
2724:.
2647:.
2631:^
2608:.
2582:^
2547:.
2485:^
2454:^
2359:.
2285:^
2270:^
2241:^
2126:^
2063:^
2036:^
2015:^
1988:^
1919:^
1892:^
1873:.
1845:^
1826:^
1794:.
1739:.
1665:^
1648:^
1549:^
1526:^
1495:.
1403:.
1378:^
1358:.
1344:^
1253:^
1226:^
1137:^
1125:.
1082:.
1044:^
880:c.
843:li
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800:,
472:陛下
462:폐하
420:).
401:c.
399:,
348:,
329:.
239:,
237:ga
218:太王
208:태왕
144:,
108:天孫
98:천손
3463:9
3390::
3320::
3266:2
3074::
2998:.
2972:.
2775:.
2659:.
2625:.
2564:.
2400:.
1886:.
1508:.
1420:.
1097:.
1002:.
989:.
737:a
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408:(
201:(
63:.
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