711:
53:
60:
571:
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390:
1687:
34:
539:
743:
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such as ceramic bowls, glazed tiles, children's toys, or Arabic texts. Another important room centres around the Dash Mosque and the history of its construction and use. Around the courtyard, behind the main building, the remaining smaller rooms, formerly the bedrooms of the students at the madrasa, have been converted into 19 displays explaining the traditional handicrafts of the region such as carpet making, pottery,
579:
600:
contemporary parallels can be found at
Urgench, as some of the architectural features, such as the decorations mentioned above, do not appear in other monuments built during the lifetime of Turabek-Khanum, around 1330. Thus, it is difficult to date the building so early. These features do, however, appear in Central Asia later, during the reign of
643:
The building is made of bricks and consists of a square hall with walls which are 11,45 meters high, a massive round drum and a conical roof with an inner dome hidden under it. The dome is connected to the square walls it rests upon by an octagonal belt. The structure between the dome and the octagon
832:
The museum displays focus on the history of the site, on traditional arts and crafts of the region, on the building tradition of
Urgench, etc. The largest room is dedicated to the history and treasures of the old city, including a comprehensive miniature model of Gurgench and a variety of artefacts
495:
surrendered to Timur. In 1379, Yusef Sufi rebelled against Timur, who sacked
Urgench, and Yusef Sufi was killed. In 1388, the Sufi dynasty of Urgench again revolted against Timur; this time Timur razed Urgench to the ground and massacred its population, destroyed the city's irrigation system, and
698:
Kyrkmolla is a 12-meter-high (39 ft) mound which used to constitute a fortress. It is located in the north-eastern outskirts of
Gurgench. It is particularly significant as the earliest ceramics discovered at the site, dating back to the 5th century BC, were located here. It is protected by a
689:
Research concerning this structure has given rise to speculations that the
Mausoleum of Tekesh might have stood at the centre of some large construction that consisted of a multitude of buildings. Thus, certain scholars would argue that the building served a different purpose from that of a
546:
The urban layout of Kunya
Urgench has been lost and only certain monuments remain standing to this day. These are authentic and rich examples of fine architecture and building traditions existing for centuries. The level of conservation varies amongst the buildings, and the most substantial
799:
Ak-Kala is a fortress located southwest of the ruins of medieval
Urgench. Its walls, whose height ranges from 6 to 8 meters, and which measure approximately 2 meters at the top, stretch on more than a kilometre. They were built with sun dried mud-bricks and their corners are decorated with
599:
One of the most impressive architectural features of the mausoleum is the circular dome covering the main hall, whose surface is covered in colourful mosaic which forms intricate ornamental patterns consisting of flowers and stars, creating a visual metaphor for the heavens. No comparable
885:
The ingenuity and skill of the local craftsmen and architects can be seen in the exceptional construction details, such as structure, form or ornamentation, which have been perfected throughout time. Furthermore, traditional building techniques have survived to this day: for example, the
591:
Named after
Turabek-Khanum, the wife of Kutlug-Timur (ruled between 1321 and 1336), this structure is located at the northern part of ancient Gurgench. It is remarkable for its elegant design and stunning tile decoration, and it is a highly sophisticated work of architecture, both in its
332:, the crossroad of western and eastern civilisations. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in Turkmenistan, lying within a vast zone of protected landscape and containing a large number of well-preserved monuments, dating from the 11th to the 16th centuries. They comprise
845:
Kunya
Urgench has been, for a long period of time, a prolific school of construction masters. The knowledge and skills of this school have spread, throughout the centuries, amongst the Muslim world, and can be recognised in the structures and decorations of many buildings from the
723:
This complex is situated in the centre of the new town of Kunya-Urgench, within a Muslim cemetery. The Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra
Mausoleum was erected in the first half of the 14th century, and derives its name from the philosopher, painter, physician, chess master and general
368:
Atanyyazow explains, "In the works of Chinese historians, the name Yue-Gyan, which occurs in Georgian forms in the works of Arab scholars of the 10th century,...was used in the form of Gurganj, a native of Khorezm....and -j, according to Yakut, mean just like the word...
790:
This monument is dedicated to Ibn Khajib, one of Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra's talented disciples. It is located in the western part of ancient Urgench and it consists of a complex of monuments, all constructed in different periods of time, from the 14th to the 19th centuries.
373:, i.e., "village" and "city"...Given the ancient name of the word Gurgen..., then the toponym of Gurganj...has the meaning of "Gurgen city", "Gurgen city of the people". Later, the name Gurganj began to be used in the form of Urgench." To what
755:
Il Arslan is a magnificent piece of architecture, also known among the people as the Mausoleum of Kho-Rezmshah II Arslan, who ruled from 1156 to 1172. The mausoleum, dating to the 12th century, is the oldest standing monument in Gurgench.
401:(one of the main fortresses at the site) reveal that the town already had a strong structure in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Some of the earliest records show that Khwarezm was conquered by the Arabs in 712, who took the capital city of
595:
The original building was composed of two chambers: a large domed hall and a smaller one behind it. The large chamber is twelve-sided on the exterior and hexagonal on the interior, being preceded by an entrance portal and a vestibule.
427:. It had become highly prosperous due to its strategic location on the main trade routes from the south to the north, and the west to the east, vastly contributing to the development of science and culture in Central Asia.
738:
The Mausoleum of Piryar Vali, a contemporary of Najm al-Din al-Kubra, is located to the west of the latter's mausoleum, and was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is 6.5 meters high and measures 7.5 meters in length.
430:
According to an 1893 writer Djordjania or Jorjania was the "second capital" of the country. It was on the Wadak canal which seems to be the east end of the Kunya-Darya which seems to be the river bed that now leads to the
559:
is perhaps the most striking structure here. It dates to the 11th and 12th centuries, and measures 60 meters in height, making it the highest monument in the park. Its diameter is 12 meters at its base, and 2 at the top.
309:. Its inhabitants deserted the town in the early eighteenth century in order to develop a new settlement, and Konye-Urgench has remained undisturbed ever since. In 2005, the ruins of Old Urgench were inscribed on the
808:
This is a quadrangular fortress, erected by Khan Muhammed Emin, measuring 400 by 500 meters, and was built in the mid-19th century in the south-western outskirts of Kunya-Urgench. It is surrounded by a high
652:
at the Baghdad Museum, and has seldom been used in Central Asia: another comparable case that can be found in Turkmenistan is that of the mihrab of Muhammad Ibn Zayd's 11th-century mosque, from
648:. Their form is not lancet-like as those commonly found in the Islamic architecture of Central Asia, but rather semicircular. This is a motif that can be found in the marble 8th-century
640:
and its ruler between 1172-1200. It has been identified as a mausoleum due to the tradition that each ancient Central Asian building is dedicated to a historical or mythical personage.
829:
before it was turned into a site museum in the 1990s. Its structure is mainly square, with a multitude of rooms opening into a large courtyard, and which now house various exhibits.
480:
as "the largest, greatest, most beautiful and most important city of the Turks. It has fine bazaars and broad streets, a great number of buildings and abundance of commodities".
1585:
476:
of Khwarazm. Despite the devastating effects of the invasion, the city was revived and it regained its previous status. It was described by the 14th-century Berber traveller
671:
standing upon the internal dome. Although this might seem like a risky construction technique, the roof is not in bad condition: only the top is destroyed, and the blue
682:. It presents a high portal niche with the main archway, which has now lost its original form. The lancet arch of the portal is filled by a complicated system of
759:
The building has a cuboidal structure of baked brick similar to the earliest existing Islamic mausoleum in Central Asia, the early 10th-century mausoleum of the
250:
735:
The Mausoleum of Sultan Ali, who ruled in the 16th century, is located across. It is a hexagonal monument, with a dome measuring 9.5 meters in diameter.
1362:
Gloukhovsky, Alexandr Ivanovitch, The Passage of the Water of the Amu-Darya by its Old Bed into the Caspian Sea, St Petersburgh, 1893, pages 8,10,15,28.
1653:
1578:
604:, a warlord of Turco-Mongol descent. New technologies, such as mosaic faience, show up in Timur's earliest buildings, such as the Aq Saray palace in
592:
conceptualisation of spaces and in its engineering. Both are fully utilised in a conscious way to achieve a visual, aesthetic and spiritual effect.
1675:
767:, but instead of a hemispherical dome it has a faceted conical roof. The structure is decorated with a motif carved in relief into brick panels, a
398:
496:
had barley planted over the ground where the city had once stood, leaving only one mosque standing. This, coupled with the sudden change of the
2000:
779:
pattern. The decorative scheme of the dome presents a tiling technique executed in turquoise glazed brick tiles, forming a geometric pattern.
1995:
1990:
1980:
1571:
1594:
1282:
500:
River's course, constituted the beginning of Kunya-Urgench's decline until the 16th century, when it was replaced as a regional capital by
488:
890:
at Kunya Urgench are still used throughout the region for the production of bricks utilised in the reconstruction of historic buildings.
782:
According to some of the latest scientific discoveries, one of the structure's functions, at a certain point, was that of storing water.
515:. However, this use has now stopped, and efforts have been made to remove the decaying grave stones that can be encountered at the site.
1501:
699:
thick mud-brick wall which dates back to the 10th to 14th centuries, and has been partially rebuilt after archaeological excavations.
52:
547:
restoration work has been carried out in the past thirty years, during the soviet era, using traditional methods and materials.
1642:
107:
732:. This is one of the structures which was rebuilt during the Khorezm era of prosperity, and also after the Mongol invasion.
1904:
1668:
1683:
1611:
912:
1661:
1619:
462:
1985:
1949:
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inscriptions, the minaret is thought to be an earlier construction, only restored by Kutlug-Timur around 1330.
415:
dynasty. The city rose to prominence between the 10th and 14th centuries as the Khwarezmian capital, replacing
686:-like forms, which is a decorative motif made of terracotta and fixed on wooden sticks within the brickwork.
2005:
465:, in what is considered to be one of the bloodiest massacres in human history. Most if not all the ancient
313:
718:
1615:
511:
from the early 19th century, but they mostly developed outside the old town, utilising the latter as a
710:
1714:
228:
419:. Gurjanu served as an important trading center, competing in fame and population with many other
1779:
776:
397:
The exact dates when Kunya-Urgench was founded remain uncertain, but archaeological finds at the
1459:
Kuehn, S. 2007. 'Tilework on 12th to 14th century funerary monuments in Urgench (Gurganj)', in
1433:
Golombek, L. 2011. 'The Turabeg Khanom Mausoleum in Kunya Urgench: Problems of Attribution, in
690:
mausoleum, such as, for example, a House of Government or a Palace of the Great Khwarzm-shahs.
1934:
1393:
800:
semi-circular towers, whilst the inner side of the fortress wall is sustained by buttresses.
1415:
Nomination of the Ancient Town of Kunya-Urgench for the Inclusion on the World Heritage List
447:. In 1221 both town and dam were destroyed by the Mongols and the surrounding area became a
305:. It is the site of the ancient town of Gurgānj, which contains the ruins of the capital of
1889:
645:
556:
527:
8:
1894:
1799:
882:
were erected by builders and architects employed from Kunya Urgench in the 14th century.
190:
155:
775:
written in beautiful script, and with carved vegetal motifs displaying variations of an
91:
1884:
1854:
1719:
1637:
1563:
1545:
1518:
1381:
637:
469:
409:
1496:
1418:
719:
Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra Mausoleum, Sultan Ali Mausoleum and Piryar Vali Mausoleum Complex
1879:
725:
633:
38:
1829:
1277:
825:
constructed in the early 20th century. It was built as a mosque and it served as a
458:
278:
270:
702:
663:
The external conical roof is built of horizontal layers using the technique of a
570:
526:. Some of the first archeological research on the old city site was conducted by
432:
328:
River, Old Ürgenç was situated on one of the most important medieval paths: the
1899:
1869:
1734:
1729:
904:
810:
760:
508:
1954:
1944:
1809:
1472:
919:
is scarce throughout the year, with an average of 109 mm (4.36 in).
1974:
1350:
1186:
916:
859:
473:
389:
353:
122:
109:
1744:
915:), with long and hot summers. Winters are relatively short, but quite cold.
1959:
1686:
608:, in Uzbekistan, which was begun in 1379 but was still unfinished in 1404.
492:
455:
420:
344:, and the influence of their architectural style and craftsmanship reached
337:
298:
95:
1754:
855:
477:
444:
436:
416:
402:
349:
1759:
1486:
33:
16:
City in north Turkmenistan on the site of the former capital of Khwarazm
1924:
1839:
1749:
1331:
851:
821:
The museum is located in the brick structure the Dash Mosque, a former
683:
664:
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1784:
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1304:
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619:
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329:
325:
1914:
1446:
Chmelnizkij, S. 1995 'The Mausoleum of Tekesh in Kunya Urgench', in
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1702:
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Timurlane's army besieging the city of Urgench in the 14th century.
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165:
1929:
1919:
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1774:
678:
One of the special features of the building's architecture is its
1834:
1819:
1789:
1764:
1538:
822:
764:
578:
519:
424:
341:
451:. Konya-Urgench was soon built on or near the site of Jorjania.
1909:
1724:
1435:
Muqarnas. An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World
863:
768:
649:
466:
406:
333:
310:
1939:
1859:
1804:
1606:
887:
875:
847:
656:. However, the two are located too far away to be considered
601:
564:
501:
484:
448:
357:
1448:
International Congress of Turkish Art: Art Turc, Turkish Art
746:
View of the Il Arslan Mausoleum, Kunya Urgench, Turkmenistan
1632:
867:
834:
653:
440:
345:
1338:
Explanatory Dictionary of Geographic Names in Turkmenistan
850:
period, both within Turkmenistan, and in regions such as
582:
Mosaic decoration on the dome of Turabek Khanum Mausoleum
1593:
1333:Түркменистаның Географик Атларының Дүшүндиришли Сөзлүги
813:
which has been severely eroded by the passing of time.
1374:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3)
816:
563:
On the basis of its decorative brickwork, including
439:
that irrigated the area and blocked the flow of the
1419:
https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1199.pdf
1429:
1427:
472:were killed or pushed out, paving the way for the
714:Portal in front of Najm ad-Din al-Kubra Mausoleum
297:, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north
1972:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1353:, "KĀṮ", www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kat-city
1424:
522:was developed to the southeast, in present-day
667:. From the inside, it is strengthened with 12
632:This structure is the presumed Tomb of Sultan
1669:
1579:
1450:, Geneve, Fondation Max Van Berchem, 217-221.
1400:
615:Tekesh Mausoleum, Kunya Urgench, Turkmenistan
574:Turabek Khanum Mausoleum, view from the south
1283:List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan
1905:Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky (Oktyabrsk)
878:. For example, a multitude of buildings in
586:
289:, literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as
1676:
1662:
1586:
1572:
1413:Government of Turkmenistan, January 2004.
1329:
384:
32:
1492:UNESCO World Heritage List: Kunya Urgench
1323:
533:
1340:]. Ashgabat: Ылым. pp. 189–190.
1299:
1297:
741:
709:
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618:
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577:
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388:
1376:. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 541.
550:
1973:
1643:Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor
750:
1657:
1567:
1294:
840:
785:
381:refer, however, remains unexplained.
59:
1996:World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan
1991:Populated places along the Silk Road
1981:Archaeological sites in Turkmenistan
1595:World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan
1372:Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1971).
1371:
507:The area was later inhabited by the
627:
282:
13:
2001:Populated places in Daşoguz Region
817:Kunya Urgench Museum (Dash Mosque)
352:and the later architecture of the
301:, just south from its border with
14:
2017:
1480:
487:attacked Khwarezm, and its ruler
324:Located on the south side of the
1685:
435:. Just east of the town was the
58:
51:
1466:
926:Climate data for Kunya-Urgench
463:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
340:, fortresses, mausoleums and a
1463:, Volume 37, Number 2, 112-129
1453:
1440:
1365:
1356:
1344:
803:
706:Najm ad-Din al-Kubra Mausoleum
504:and was ultimately abandoned.
1:
1497:Kunya Urgench Nomination File
1330:Atanyýazow, Soltanşa (1980).
1288:
913:Köppen climate classification
675:decoration slightly damaged.
644:is decorated with 16 shallow
1785:Daşoguz (Dashhowuz, Tashauz)
1309:UNESCO World Heritage Center
893:
693:
363:
314:List of World Heritage Sites
7:
1638:Parthian Fortresses of Nisa
1473:Climate data: Konye Urgench
1266:
1115:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
975:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
319:
10:
2022:
1935:Şabat (Nyýazow, Täzebazar)
1730:Andalyp (Gurbansoltan eje)
1258:
925:
898:
794:
191:UNESCO World Heritage Site
41:Mausoleum in Kunya Urgench
1950:Türkmenbaşy (Krasnovodsk)
1710:
1698:
1601:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1259:Source: Climate-data.org
1184:
1114:
1044:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
903:Kunya Urgench has a cold
275:Köneürgenç / کؤنهاۆرگنچ
260:
256:
246:
236:
221:
213:
205:
197:
188:
184:
176:
171:
161:
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101:
87:
75:
67:Shown within Turkmenistan
46:
31:
24:
1546:Capital of Iran (Persia)
623:View of Tekesh Mausoleum
587:Turabek-Khanum Mausoleum
1605:Cold Winter Deserts of
385:History and development
1880:Magtymguly (Garrygala)
1750:Balkanabat (Nebit-dag)
1692:Cities of Turkmenistan
1487:Guide in Kunya Urgench
747:
715:
707:
624:
616:
583:
575:
543:
534:Archaeological remains
394:
274:
1986:Ruins in Turkmenistan
1437:, Volume 28, 133-156.
745:
728:, the founder of the
713:
705:
636:, the founder of the
622:
614:
581:
573:
541:
392:
76:Alternative name
1945:Turkmenabat (Çärjew)
1930:Seýdi (Neftezavodsk)
1870:Köýtendag (Çarşaňňy)
1745:Babadaýhan (Kirovsk)
1740:Aşgabat (Poltoratsk)
1502:Konye-Urgench Museum
730:Kubrawiya Sufi order
557:Kutlug Timur minaret
551:Kutlug-Timur Minaret
542:Kutlug Timur Minaret
528:Alexander Yakubovsky
251:Asia and Australasia
2006:History of Khwarazm
1875:Magdanly (Gowurdak)
1840:Gyzylarbat (Serdar)
1770:Boldumsaz (Kalinin)
1045:Daily mean °C (°F)
837:construction, etc.
751:Il Arslan Mausoleum
156:Khwarazmian dynasty
119: /
21:
1925:Serhetabat (Guşgy)
1815:Garabogaz (Bekdaş)
1800:Etrek (Gyzyletrek)
1780:Darganata (Birata)
1765:Bereket (Gazanjyk)
1760:Bäherden (Baharly)
1519:Khwarazmian Empire
1392:has generic name (
841:Building tradition
786:Ibn Khajib Complex
748:
716:
708:
638:Khwarazmian Empire
625:
617:
584:
576:
544:
470:Khwarazmian people
459:destroyed the city
395:
237:Reference no.
19:
1968:
1967:
1651:
1650:
1612:Bereketli Garagum
1562:
1561:
1553:Succeeded by
1526:Succeeded by
1263:
1262:
726:Najm al-Din Kubra
634:Ala al-Din Tekish
336:, the gates of a
264:
263:
232:
123:42.333°N 59.150°E
2013:
1860:Kerki (Atamyrat)
1775:Dänew (Galkynyş)
1690:
1689:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1623:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1536:Preceded by
1510:Preceded by
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1506:
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1451:
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1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1301:
1278:Khanate of Khiva
923:
922:
628:Tekesh Mausoleum
518:The new town of
423:cities, such as
356:of 16th-century
284:
226:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
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92:Daşoguz Province
62:
61:
55:
36:
22:
18:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1830:Görogly (Tagta)
1706:
1694:
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1312:
1305:"Kunya-Urgench"
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1302:
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39:Soltan Tekesh
35:
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23:
20:Konye-Urgench
1864:
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1461:Arts of Asia
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1313:. Retrieved
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1189:mm (inches)
908:
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884:
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493:Sufi Dynasty
482:
456:Genghis Khan
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429:
396:
378:
374:
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367:
338:caravanserai
323:
299:Turkmenistan
294:
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286:
266:
265:
96:Turkmenistan
1955:Türkmengala
1810:Garabekewül
1720:Änew (Anau)
1517:Capital of
1315:19 February
856:Afghanistan
804:Khorezm-Bag
665:false vault
478:Ibn Battuta
445:Caspian Sea
437:Gurganj Dam
410:Khwarazmian
350:Afghanistan
291:Old Urgench
283:کهنه گرگانج
126: /
102:Coordinates
81:Old Urgench
1975:Categories
1865:Köneurgenç
1715:Altyn Asyr
1622:, Yeradzhi
1550:1194–1212
1523:1077–1212
1289:References
852:Uzbekistan
684:stalactite
669:buttresses
658:prototypes
606:Shahrisabz
524:Uzbekistan
489:Yusef Sufi
303:Uzbekistan
222:Designated
172:Site notes
142:Settlement
26:Köneürgenç
1900:Sakarçäge
1755:Baýramaly
1701:Capital:
1616:Gaplaňgyr
1556:Samarkand
1529:Samarkand
1382:cite book
894:Geography
880:Samarkand
777:arabesque
694:Kyrkmolla
530:in 1929.
513:graveyard
498:Amu-Darya
483:In 1373,
454:In 1221,
443:into the
364:Etymology
330:Silk Road
326:Amu Darya
177:Condition
1850:Hojambaz
1795:Esenguly
1703:Ashgabat
1311:. UNESCO
1273:Khwarezm
1267:See also
1185:Average
872:Pakistan
827:madrasah
773:aphorism
761:Samanids
673:majolica
413:Afrighid
320:Overview
307:Khwarazm
214:Criteria
209:Cultural
166:Khwarezm
162:Cultures
88:Location
1960:Ýolöten
1835:Gubadag
1825:Gökdepe
1820:Gazojak
1790:Dostluk
1735:Arkadag
1620:Repetek
1539:Hamadan
1180:(43.5)
1175:(27.0)
1170:(32.0)
1165:(39.9)
1160:(53.1)
1155:(64.4)
1150:(69.3)
1145:(65.1)
1140:(57.6)
1135:(45.9)
1130:(31.1)
1125:(19.2)
1120:(17.6)
1110:(54.3)
1105:(32.2)
1100:(41.0)
1095:(52.0)
1090:(66.7)
1085:(77.5)
1080:(82.2)
1075:(78.6)
1070:(70.3)
1065:(57.4)
1060:(40.6)
1055:(27.9)
1050:(24.8)
1040:(65.3)
1035:(37.6)
1030:(50.2)
1025:(64.2)
1020:(80.4)
1015:(90.7)
1010:(95.4)
1005:(92.1)
1000:(83.3)
995:(69.3)
990:(50.7)
985:(36.9)
980:(32.4)
911:in the
899:Climate
823:madrasa
795:Ak-Kala
765:Bukhara
520:Urgench
491:of the
461:in the
425:Bukhara
405:of the
342:minaret
334:mosques
279:Persian
271:Turkmen
229:session
217:ii, iii
152:Periods
147:History
114:59°09′E
111:42°20′N
1915:Şatlyk
1910:Sarahs
1890:Murgap
1725:Akdepe
1254:(4.4)
1249:(0.5)
1244:(0.4)
1239:(0.4)
1234:(0.1)
1229:(0.1)
1224:(0.1)
1219:(0.2)
1214:(0.5)
1209:(0.7)
1204:(0.7)
1199:(0.3)
1194:(0.4)
931:Month
864:Turkey
769:frieze
680:façade
650:mihrab
646:niches
467:Iranic
407:Iranic
379:Gurgan
375:Gurgen
311:UNESCO
295:Urganj
247:Region
227:(29th
180:Ruined
83:Urganj
1940:Tejen
1920:Saýat
1895:Sakar
1845:Halaç
1805:Farap
1607:Turan
1336:[
970:Year
888:kilns
876:India
848:Timur
602:Timur
565:Kufic
502:Khiva
485:Timur
449:marsh
358:India
225:2005
1885:Mary
1855:Kaka
1633:Merv
1394:help
1317:2011
1173:−2.8
1158:11.7
1153:18.0
1148:20.7
1143:18.4
1138:14.2
1128:−0.5
1123:−7.1
1118:−8.0
1108:12.4
1093:11.1
1088:19.3
1083:25.3
1078:27.9
1073:25.9
1068:21.3
1063:14.1
1053:−2.3
1048:−4.0
1038:18.5
1028:10.1
1023:17.9
1018:26.9
1013:32.6
1008:35.2
1003:33.4
998:28.5
993:20.7
988:10.4
967:Dec
964:Nov
961:Oct
958:Sep
955:Aug
952:Jul
949:Jun
946:May
943:Apr
940:Mar
937:Feb
934:Jan
874:and
868:Iran
835:Yurt
654:Merv
555:The
441:Oxus
417:Kath
403:Kath
371:abat
346:Iran
241:1199
206:Type
139:Type
1252:109
1178:6.4
1168:0.0
1163:4.4
1133:7.7
1103:0.1
1098:5.0
1058:4.8
1033:3.1
983:2.7
978:0.2
909:BWk
763:in
377:or
293:or
1977::
1618:,
1614:,
1426:^
1402:^
1386::
1384:}}
1380:{{
1307:.
1296:^
1247:12
1242:10
1212:13
1207:19
1202:17
870:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
660:.
360:.
348:,
316:.
285:,
281::
277:;
273::
94:,
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
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1609:(
1587:e
1580:t
1573:v
1512:-
1421:)
1417:(
1396:)
1319:.
1237:9
1232:3
1227:2
1222:3
1217:4
1197:8
1192:9
907:(
269:(
231:)
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