66:
41:
1088:
297:
Females are known to grow larger and live longer (10 years) than males (8 years). Age at maturity is believed to be 2 to 3 years. The minimum size at maturity is reported as 132 millimetres (5.2 in) in Lake
Superior. Spawning takes place in autumn or early winter, and has been reported
301:
Although not the preferred chub species owing to their relatively small size, kiyi were a substantial component of the Great Lakes chub fisheries at one time, particularly in Lake
Ontario. They, along with other deepwater chubs, have been negatively affected by a combination of factors, including
281:, was only found in Lake Ontario. However, recent examination of the ciscos as a group using genetic techniques has suggested that some recognized species are not genetically distinct from others, and it has been suggested that the deepwater ciscos in general may be forms of the northern cisco
285:
adapted to life in different ecological niches. The distinction between the subspecies of kiyi has been rendered academic, however, by the extinction of the Lake
Ontario form, which has not been seen since the 1960s and has been extinct since 2005. The subspecies was driven to extinction by
252:
and 170 grams (6.0 oz) in weight. Individuals can reach more than 280 millimetres (11 in). They are silvery pink or purple iridescence, darker on the back and white on the belly. They may have a dark tip on the lower jaw. They have a large head and a conspicuous, large eye.
298:
in depths of 106–165 metres (348–541 ft). Ciscoes are known to exhibit large fluctuations in reproductive success and will produce several years of strong year classes followed by several years of poor reproductive success.
326:), in particular, have been implicated in their demise, and are believed to have stressed populations to the extent that previously sustainable levels of exploitation became unsustainable.
294:
The kiyi is reportedly most abundant at depths greater than 80 metres (260 ft) over its range, with Lake
Superior kiyi said to be abundant at depths of 180 metres (590 ft).
229:, but is now believed to persist only in Lake Superior where it is common. The various deepwater ciscos are also called chubs (not to be confused with the various species of
1000:
1069:
954:
789:
557:
550:
689:
1040:
1007:
893:
886:
767:
712:
643:
614:
752:
705:
657:
650:
586:
572:
969:
1317:
1369:
302:
the invasion of the Great Lakes by several non-native species that prey on various life stages of the chubs or compete with them. Parasitic
1449:
1291:
1330:
429:
407:
1335:
425:
1464:
465:
1408:
1374:
1459:
265:
of kiyi have been recognised based on morphological characteristics and distribution. The nominate subspecies
1426:
1257:
248:
The kiyi is one of the smaller ciscos. Adult kiyi average approximately 250 millimetres (9.8 in) in
1413:
1400:
65:
1243:
803:
1361:
367:
458:
233:
also called chubs). The kiyi is part of the large group of related northern ciscos known as the
1322:
1205:
388:
1028:
816:
578:
160:
1387:
1265:
1175:
1133:
983:
977:
825:
680:
535:
474:
202:
1348:
8:
1109:
1054:
1047:
1034:
782:
593:
528:
177:
30:
1454:
1141:
1076:
937:
915:
879:
832:
734:
672:
636:
607:
495:
451:
60:
45:
1382:
1014:
810:
796:
521:
344:
908:
862:
600:
541:
503:
362:
234:
1125:
1117:
1021:
960:
854:
743:
726:
1228:
1060:
870:
718:
664:
620:
311:
107:
1443:
1343:
945:
512:
403:
399:
Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 17 pp.
353:
319:
218:
214:
50:
921:
773:
563:
249:
226:
206:
286:
commercial exploitation, predation and competition by introduced species.
1356:
1304:
1237:
303:
210:
1296:
1283:
1190:
443:
262:
230:
222:
127:
117:
1309:
1100:
696:
486:
389:
COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Lake
Ontario kiyi
137:
77:
1199:
1278:
1222:
1158:
416:
97:
1421:
991:
929:
899:
198:
1270:
1252:
846:
87:
1395:
1167:
628:
838:
1087:
273:, was found in Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan. The
1441:
342:
459:
368:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T5368A15362244.en
466:
452:
213:of North America. It previously inhabited
39:
366:
473:
430:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
402:
289:
1442:
1204:
1203:
447:
1427:02F8C255-295E-4811-9CB1-95B6F6FE09A9
1401:690AE3B6-7079-43F1-0986-E2730C06F062
354:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
14:
1476:
941:(humpback whitefish or pidschian)
1450:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1086:
64:
336:
243:
1:
329:
256:
7:
507:(European cisco or vendace)
393:and Upper Great Lakes kiyi
10:
1481:
1465:Taxa named by Walter Koelz
684:(Lake Constance whitefish)
1212:
1187:
1153:
1095:
1084:
481:
391:Coregonus kiyi orientalis
166:
159:
61:Scientific classification
59:
37:
28:
23:
406:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
343:Hammerson, G.A. (2017).
420:. October 2004 version.
1460:Fish described in 1921
1137:(Bonneville whitefish)
1035:C. vandesius (vendace)
271:Upper Great Lakes kiyi
1113:(Bear Lake whitefish)
1145:(mountain whitefish)
738:(Atlantic whitefish)
475:Freshwater whitefish
361:: e.T5368A15362244.
316:Alosa pseudoharengus
290:Ecology and behavior
203:freshwater whitefish
395:Coregonus kiyi kiyi
267:Coregonus kiyi kiyi
31:Conservation status
1171:(nelma or inconnu)
866:(Alaska whitefish)
820:(Peipsi whitefish)
499:(autumn brienzlig)
497:Coregonus albellus
308:Petromyzon marinus
279:C. kiyi orientalis
1437:
1436:
1383:Open Tree of Life
1206:Taxon identifiers
1197:
1196:
1129:(round whitefish)
1121:(pygmy whitefish)
964:(shortnose cisco)
858:(broad whitefish)
804:C. macrophthalmus
747:(deepwater cisco)
730:(Ives Lake cisco)
275:Lake Ontario kiyi
209:, endemic to the
185:
184:
54:
1472:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1201:
1200:
1090:
1064:(shortjaw cisco)
1001:C. subautumnalis
874:(blackfin cisco)
624:(lake whitefish)
468:
461:
454:
445:
444:
440:
438:
436:
426:"Coregonus kiyi"
421:
380:
379:
377:
375:
370:
340:
236:Coregonus artedi
172:
69:
68:
48:
43:
42:
21:
20:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1155:
1149:
1127:P. cylindraceum
1097:
1091:
1082:
1070:C. zuerichensis
987:(sardine cisco)
955:C. pravdinellus
622:C. clupeaformis
516:(longjaw cisco)
483:
477:
472:
434:
432:
424:
387:COSEWIC (2005)
384:
383:
373:
371:
341:
337:
332:
292:
259:
246:
181:
174:
168:
155:
63:
55:
44:
40:
33:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1262:
1258:coregonus-kiyi
1249:
1244:Coregonus kiyi
1234:
1218:
1216:
1214:Coregonus kiyi
1210:
1209:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:S. leucichthys
1173:
1164:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:P. williamsoni
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1029:C. ussuriensis
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
993:C. stigmaticus
989:
981:
973:
966:
958:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
912:
905:
897:
890:
883:
876:
872:C. nigripinnis
868:
860:
852:
844:
840:C. migratorius
836:
829:
822:
818:C. maraenoides
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
777:(Bering cisco)
771:
764:
756:
749:
740:
732:
724:
716:
709:
702:
693:
686:
677:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
580:C. baicalensis
576:
569:
567:(Arctic cisco)
561:
554:
547:
539:
532:
525:
518:
509:
501:
492:
490:
479:
478:
471:
470:
463:
456:
448:
442:
441:
422:
410:Coregonus kiyi
404:Froese, Rainer
400:
382:
381:
347:Coregonus kiyi
334:
333:
331:
328:
324:Osmerus mordax
291:
288:
258:
255:
245:
242:
205:, a deepwater
194:Coregonus kiyi
183:
182:
175:
170:Coregonus kiyi
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:Actinopterygii
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
38:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1179:(beloribitsa)
1178:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1135:P. spilonotus
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1111:P. abyssicola
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1062:C. zenithicus
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
994:
990:
988:
986:
985:C. sardinella
982:
980:
979:
978:C. restrictus
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
963:
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
948:
944:
942:
940:
936:
934:
932:
928:
926:
924:
920:
918:
917:
913:
911:
910:
906:
904:
902:
901:C. oxyrinchus
898:
896:
895:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
881:
877:
875:
873:
869:
867:
865:
861:
859:
857:
853:
851:
849:
845:
843:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:
826:C. maxillaris
823:
821:
819:
815:
813:
812:
808:
806:
805:
801:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
790:C. lucinensis
787:
785:
784:
780:
778:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
746:
741:
739:
737:
736:C. huntsmanni
733:
731:
729:
725:
723:
721:
717:
715:
714:
710:
708:
707:
703:
701:
699:
694:
692:
691:
687:
685:
683:
682:C. gutturosus
678:
676:
675:
671:
669:
667:
662:
660:
659:
655:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
630:C. clupeoides
627:
625:
623:
619:
617:
616:
612:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
598:
596:
595:
591:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
566:
565:C. autumnalis
562:
560:
559:
558:C. austriacus
555:
553:
552:
551:C. atterensis
548:
546:
544:
540:
538:
537:
536:C. arenicolus
533:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:
519:
517:
515:
510:
508:
506:
502:
500:
498:
494:
493:
491:
489:
488:
480:
476:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
449:
446:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
413:
411:
405:
401:
398:
396:
392:
386:
385:
369:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
348:
339:
335:
327:
325:
321:
320:rainbow smelt
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
254:
251:
241:
239:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Lake Michigan
216:
215:Lake Superior
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
179:
173:
171:
165:
162:
161:Binomial name
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:Salmoniformes
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1213:
1176:
1168:
1157:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1119:P. coulterii
1118:
1110:
1099:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1055:C. widegreni
1053:
1048:C. wartmanni
1046:
1039:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
976:
968:
962:C. reighardi
961:
953:
946:
939:C. pidschian
938:
930:
922:
914:
907:
900:
892:
885:
878:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
824:
817:
809:
802:
795:
788:
783:C. lavaretus
781:
775:C. laurettae
774:
766:
759:
758:
751:
744:
735:
727:
719:
711:
704:
697:
690:C. heglingus
688:
681:
673:
665:
656:
649:
642:
635:
629:
621:
613:
606:
599:
594:C. bavaricus
592:
585:
579:
571:
564:
556:
549:
542:
534:
529:C. anaulorum
527:
520:
513:
504:
496:
485:
433:. Retrieved
415:
409:
394:
390:
372:. Retrieved
358:
352:
346:
338:
323:
315:
307:
300:
296:
293:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
250:total length
247:
235:
227:Lake Ontario
193:
192:
188:
186:
169:
167:
152:C. kiyi
151:
150:
138:
18:
1357:NatureServe
1305:iNaturalist
1238:Wikispecies
1077:C. zugensis
1041:C. vessicus
1008:C. suidteri
931:C. pennatii
916:C. pallasii
880:C. nilssoni
864:C. nelsonii
833:C. megalops
745:C. johannae
700:(gravenche)
698:C. hiemalis
674:C. fontanae
668:(true fera)
637:C. confusus
608:C. candidus
304:sea lamprey
244:Description
211:Great Lakes
1444:Categories
1191:Salmonidae
1154:Members of
1096:Members of
1015:C. trybomi
894:C. nobilis
887:C. nipigon
811:C. maraena
797:C. lutokka
768:C. ladogae
713:C. holsata
644:C. danneri
615:C. chadary
522:C. alpinus
514:C. alpenae
482:Members of
435:23 October
397:in Canada.
330:References
269:, or the
263:subspecies
257:Subspecies
231:Cyprinidae
223:Lake Huron
128:Salmonidae
46:Vulnerable
1455:Coregonus
1101:Prosopium
995:(schelly)
947:C. pollan
933:(gwyniad)
909:C. palaea
903:(houting)
848:C. muksun
753:C. kiletz
728:C. hubbsi
722:(bloater)
706:C. hoferi
658:C. fatioi
651:C. duplex
601:C. bezola
587:C. baunti
573:C. baerii
543:C. artedi
505:C. albula
487:Coregonus
374:13 August
283:C. artedi
146:Species:
139:Coregonus
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
1362:2.102158
1323:11038128
1279:FishBase
1229:Q3756635
1223:Wikidata
1169:S. nelma
1159:Stenodus
1022:C. tugun
970:C. renke
949:(pollan)
923:C. peled
856:C. nasus
850:(muksun)
417:FishBase
124:Family:
98:Chordata
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
51:IUCN 3.1
1422:ZooBank
1414:1016849
1297:2351112
1189:Family
925:(peled)
760:C. kiyi
720:C. hoyi
666:C. fera
545:(cisco)
312:alewife
238:complex
199:species
197:) is a
180:, 1921)
134:Genus:
114:Order:
104:Class:
49: (
1388:629351
1336:161945
1271:217016
1253:ARKive
1156:genus
1098:genus
842:(omul)
762:(kiyi)
484:genus
318:) and
1409:WoRMS
1396:Plazi
1375:59863
1318:IRMNG
1310:98459
207:cisco
178:Koelz
24:Kiyi
1370:NCBI
1349:5368
1344:IUCN
1331:ITIS
1292:GBIF
1284:2672
437:2006
376:2023
359:2017
261:Two
225:and
189:kiyi
187:The
1266:EoL
363:doi
310:),
201:of
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