344:
31:
302:
According to genetic analyses, these cisco types do not represent unique, separate evolutionary lineages, but similar cisco morphs have evolved and attained their specific characteristics largely independently in each lake. Therefore, it has been suggested that they should not be recognized formally
339:
spread through the system and increased in abundance. Alewife, in particular, have been implicated as a predator of cisco eggs and larvae, and as a competitor with ciscoes. The fishery shifted focus from species to species as cisco numbers declined and has been largely defunct for some years.
413:) replaces the Siberian sardine cisco. Some of the cisco lineages are genetically very close, such as the European and sardine ciscoes. Within some species, geographically separated populations have been treated as distinct taxa, despite close genetic relationships, such as the
322:
Ciscoes have been exploited in commercial fisheries, particularly in the
Laurentian Great Lakes where the deepwater forms were the basis of the so-called chub fishery. The chub fishery had nothing to do with the various
429:
independently within several lakes (e.g. autumn and spring spawning populations, normal and dwarf morphs), which have been designated as distinct taxa, making the systematics complicated as with the North
American
689:
164:
counts. These species have been the focus of much study recently, as researchers have sought to determine the relationships among species that appear to have evolved very recently.
295:
Usually, several taxa of ciscoes are found in a single lake. They exhibit different habitat distributions, feeding and breeding habits and morphological adaptations e.g. in their
319:, evolutionarily significant units. This taxonomic view is not widely accepted however, which has complicated discussions of the conservation status of some species.
682:
327:
fish species known as chubs but was exclusively based on the various species of ciscoes. The fishery continued as cisco stocks fell and non-native species such as
697:
530:
356:
Three species of cisco inhabit waters of the northwestern North
America. These have been found to represent distinct evolutionary lineages, by genetic data.
751:
315:
complex. Nevertheless, for conservation and management purposes the sympatric morphs in each lake should be considered
756:
711:
316:
648:
Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily
Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis
647:
617:
211:
766:
421:(Arctic cisco) on the British Isles. The European cisco has also evolved into ecologically distinct
208:
192:
187:. Based on molecular data this is not a natural classification however, as the ciscoes are
8:
687:
ssp. (Teleostei: Salmonidae): implications for the conservation of an evolutionary legacy
504:
414:
761:
511:
47:
177:
In previous taxonomic classifications, the ciscoes have been identified as a subgenus
546:
522:
585:
432:
418:
228:
170:
39:
198:
693:
275:
238:
728:
592:
493:
406:
336:
285:
266:
247:
82:
745:
613:
470:
458:
398:
332:
219:
94:
565:
559:
479:
449:
440:
369:
360:
188:
584:. This group is more closely related to the "true whitefishes" (e.g. the
683:
Reticulate evolution and phenotypic diversity in North
American ciscoes,
378:
328:
118:
308:
296:
161:
106:
160:
in having upper and lower jaws of approximately equal length and high
422:
343:
183:
156:
131:
718:
Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada. vi + 23 pp
626:
426:
394:
324:
151:
70:
58:
712:
COSEWIC assessment and update status report of the blackfin cisco
303:
as distinct taxa, but all considered members of a single species,
402:
397:
to the Asian coasts. Of those the Arctic cisco and least cisco (=
661:
Scott, W.B., Crossman, E.J. (1973) Freshwater Fishes of Canada.
214:
and other interior lakes of the once-glaciated North
America.
299:
numbers. In the Great Lakes, at least five ciscoes coexist.
729:
Molecular phylogeography of
Palearctic and Nearctic ciscoes
256:
393:
The ranges of the three cisco species above extend across
168:
is also specifically used for the North
American species
518:: local sympatric spring spawning dwarfed sister species
351:
30:
549:, the ciscoes comprise two distinct, unrelated groups:
154:fish that differ from other members of the genus
743:
526:: local sympatric spring-spawning sister species
231:(lake cisco, northern cisco, or lake herring) –
207:Eight taxa of cisco have been recognized in the
465:": an Irish subspecies or group of populations
405:. In the inland waters of northern Europe, the
191:, comprising two different lineages within the
651:Journal of Fish Biology 39 (Suppl A):283-290.
646:Bernatchez L, Colombani F, Dodson JJ (1991)
534:: local sympatric dwarfed sister species
29:
727:Politov DV, Bickham JW, Patton JC (2004)
681:Turgeon, J. & Bernatchez, L. (2003)
342:
612:
744:
642:
640:
352:Ciscoes of northwestern North America
677:
675:
673:
671:
199:Continental North American ciscoes:
388:
13:
637:
401:) are widespread through northern
14:
778:
668:
655:
508:": group of British populations
721:
704:
174:, also known as lake herring.
1:
752:Freshwater fish of the Arctic
606:
545:Based on molecular data from
540:
7:
10:
783:
663:Bull. Fish. Res. B. Canada
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
616:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
757:Fish of the Great Lakes
630:. October 2004 version.
348:
193:freshwater whitefishes
714:Coregonus nigripinnis
698:Conservation Genetics
473:(= least cisco) –
346:
271:Coregonus nigripinnis
574:Coregonus sardinella
531:Coregonus lucinensis
475:Coregonus sardinella
454:Coregonus autumnalis
383:Coregonus sardinella
365:Coregonus autumnalis
290:Coregonus zenithicus
576:complex, including
557:complex along with
505:Coregonus vandesius
445:Coregonus laurettae
374:Coregonus laurettae
280:Coregonus reighardi
733:Ann. Zool. Fennici
692:2015-01-22 at the
618:"Species in genus
516:Coregonus fontanae
349:
282:(possibly extinct)
243:Coregonus johannae
767:Fish common names
547:mitochondrial DNA
523:Coregonus trybomi
224:Coregonus alpenae
140:
139:
774:
736:
725:
719:
710:COSEWIC (2007).
708:
702:
679:
666:
659:
653:
644:
631:
602:complex ciscoes.
586:common whitefish
555:Coregonus artedi
498:Coregonus albula
463:Coregonus pollan
433:Coregonus artedi
411:Coregonus albula
389:Eurasian ciscoes
313:Coregonus artedi
305:Coregonus artedi
233:Coregonus artedi
201:Coregonus artedi
171:Coregonus artedi
40:Coregonus artedi
33:
21:
20:
782:
781:
777:
776:
775:
773:
772:
771:
742:
741:
740:
739:
726:
722:
709:
705:
694:Wayback Machine
680:
669:
660:
656:
645:
638:
609:
596:C. clupeaformis
543:
496:(=vendace) –
484:Coregonus peled
425:populations or
391:
354:
276:Shortnose cisco
239:Deepwater cisco
205:
136:
121:
109:
97:
85:
73:
61:
17:
16:Group of fishes
12:
11:
5:
780:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
738:
737:
720:
703:
667:
654:
635:
634:
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632:
614:Froese, Rainer
608:
605:
604:
603:
598:) than to the
593:lake whitefish
570:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
527:
519:
512:Stechlin cisco
509:
494:European cisco
491:
486:: part of the
477:
468:
467:
466:
447:
407:European cisco
390:
387:
386:
385:
376:
367:
353:
350:
293:
292:
286:Shortjaw cisco
283:
273:
267:Blackfin cisco
263:
261:Coregonus kiyi
254:
252:Coregonus hoyi
245:
235:
226:
204:
197:
138:
137:
129:
127:
123:
122:
117:
115:
111:
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103:
99:
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93:
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87:
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83:Actinopterygii
81:
79:
75:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:
57:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
779:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
734:
730:
724:
717:
715:
707:
700:
699:
695:
691:
688:
686:
678:
676:
674:
672:
664:
658:
652:
649:
643:
641:
636:
629:
628:
623:
621:
615:
611:
610:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:C. autumnalis
562:
561:
556:
552:
551:
550:
548:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
488:C. sardinella
485:
481:
478:
476:
472:
471:Sardine cisco
469:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
435:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:sardine cisco
396:
384:
380:
377:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
345:
341:
338:
334:
333:rainbow smelt
330:
326:
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314:
310:
306:
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291:
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284:
281:
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262:
258:
255:
253:
249:
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236:
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227:
225:
221:
220:Longjaw cisco
217:
216:
215:
213:
210:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:
181:of the genus
180:
175:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
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153:
149:
145:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
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116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:Salmoniformes
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
53:
52:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
732:
723:
713:
706:
696:
684:
662:
657:
650:
625:
619:
599:
595:
589:C. lavaretus
588:
581:
577:
573:
564:
560:C. laurettae
558:
554:
544:
529:
521:
515:
503:
497:
487:
483:
474:
462:
459:Irish pollan
453:
450:Arctic cisco
444:
441:Bering cisco
431:
410:
409:or vendace (
392:
382:
373:
370:Bering cisco
364:
361:Arctic cisco
355:
347:Bering cisco
321:
312:
304:
301:
294:
289:
279:
270:
260:
251:
242:
232:
223:
206:
200:
189:polyphyletic
182:
178:
176:
169:
165:
155:
147:
143:
141:
130:
38:
18:
665:184, 1–1092
379:Least cisco
329:sea lamprey
212:Great Lakes
179:Leucichthys
119:Coregoninae
114:Subfamily:
746:Categories
607:References
309:sensu lato
297:gill raker
209:Laurentian
203:sensu lato
162:gill raker
107:Salmonidae
762:Coregonus
735:41:13-23.
716:in Canada
685:Coregonus
620:Coregonus
600:C. artedi
582:C. albula
541:Phylogeny
436:complex.
427:ecomorphs
423:sympatric
184:Coregonus
157:Coregonus
135:(in part)
132:Coregonus
54:Kingdom:
701:4: 67–81
690:Archived
627:FishBase
578:C. peled
569:lineages
417:and the
395:Beringia
325:cyprinid
152:salmonid
102:Family:
71:Chordata
66:Phylum:
59:Animalia
24:Ciscoes
490:complex
415:vendace
403:Siberia
337:alewife
248:Bloater
144:ciscoes
126:Genus:
90:Order:
78:Class:
419:pollan
311:). or
150:) are
148:ciscos
480:Peled
229:Cisco
166:Cisco
580:and
572:The
563:and
553:The
335:and
317:ESUs
257:Kiyi
146:(or
142:The
461:- "
748::
731:.
670:^
639:^
624:.
591:,
514:–
482:–
452:–
443:–
381:–
372:–
363:–
331:,
288:–
278:–
269:–
259:–
250:–
241:–
222:–
195:.
622:"
502:"
307:(
265:†
237:†
218:†
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