759:'s milk does not provide all the necessary nutrients. Human-reared kittens tend to be very affectionate with humans as adults and sometimes more dependent on them than kittens reared by their mothers, but they can also show volatile mood swings and aggression. Depending on the age at which they were orphaned and how long they were without their mothers, these kittens may be severely underweight and can have health problems later in life, such as heart conditions. The compromised immune system of orphaned kittens (from lack of antibodies found naturally in the mother's milk) can make them especially susceptible to infections, making antibiotics a necessity.
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digestion in young kittens is much less effective than that of a mature feline with a developed gastrointestinal tract. Highly digestible carbohydrates can be found in commercial kitten food as a source of additional energy as well as a source of fiber to stimulate the immature gut tissue. Soluble fibre such as beet pulp is a common ingredient used as a fibrous stool hardener and has been proven to strengthen intestinal muscles and to thicken the gut mucosal layer to prevent diarrhea.
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232:-fight with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest or den. They learn to wash themselves and others as well as play hunting and stalking games, showing their inborn ability as predators. These innate skills are developed by the kittens' mother or other adult cats, who bring live prey to the nest. Later, the mother demonstrates hunting techniques for the kittens to emulate. As they reach three to four weeks old, the kittens are gradually
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aid in development in order to produce a healthy adult. In North
America, diets certified by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) are accepted as adequate nutrition, thus kitten diets should be AAFCO approved to ensure full supplementation. Key components of the diet are high fat content to meet caloric requirements of growth, high protein to meet requirements for muscle growth as well as supplementation of certain nutrients such as
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74:. They normally do not open their eyes for seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens develop quickly and begin to explore the world outside their nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow baby teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and usually enjoy human companionship.
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A combination of required nutrients is used to satisfy the overall growth and development of the kitten's body; there are many ingredients that kittens do not require, but are included in diet formulation to encourage healthy growth and development. These ingredients include: dried egg as a source of
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and require high amounts of protein in the diet. Kittens are undergoing growth and require high amounts of protein to provide essential amino acids that enable the growth of tissues and muscles. It is recommended that kittens consume a diet containing approximately 30% protein, on a dry matter basis,
240:
around three months of age, and they have a complete set of adult teeth by nine months. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning, but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as three months of age,
381:
Part of the kitten's immune system is the mucosal immune system, which is within the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosal immune system is largely responsible for coordinating proper immune responses by tolerating innocuous antigens and attacking foreign pathogens. In order to optimize kitten health
355:
Felines are carnivores and have adapted to animal-based diets and low carbohydrate inclusion. Kittens are categorized in a growth life stage, and have high energy and protein requirements. When feeding a kitten, it is often recommended to use highly digestible ingredients and various components to
263:
Kittens are vulnerable because they like to find dark places to hide, sometimes with fatal results if they are not watched carefully. Cats have a habit of seeking refuge under or inside cars or on top of car tires during stormy or cold weather. This often leads to broken bones, burns, heat stroke,
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from the limited carbohydrates in the diet has resulted to the adaptation of the liver to produce glucose from the breakdown components of proteinâamino acids. The enzymes that breakdown amino acids are constantly active in cats. Thus, cats need a constant source of protein in their diet. Kittens
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found in the colostrum begin to establish and strengthen the weak immune system of the offspring. Kittens are able to chew solid food around 5â6 weeks after birth, and it is recommended that 30% of their diet should consist of solid food at this time. The kitten remains on the mother's milk until
267:
Domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, but it has been suggested that being with their mother and litter-mates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's social and behavioural development. Usually, breeders and foster/rescue homes will not sell or
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is an essential amino acid found only in animal tissue; the mother cat cannot produce enough of it for her kittens. As it is an indispensable amino acid, it must be provided exogenously through the diet at 10 mg per kg of bodyweight, each day. Kittens deprived of taurine can experience poor
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Felines are natural carnivores and do not intentionally consume large quantities of carbohydrates. The domestic cat's liver has adapted to the lack of carbohydrates in the diet by using amino acids to produce glucose to fuel the brain and other tissues. Studies have shown that carbohydrate
172:
754:
Kittens require a high-calorie diet that contains more protein than the diet of adult cats. Young orphaned kittens require cat milk every two to four hours, and they need physical stimulation to defecate and urinate. Cat milk replacement is manufactured to feed to young kittens, because
259:
Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with available animals and playing on their own. Play with other kittens peaks in the third or fourth month after birth, with more solitary hunting and stalking play peaking later, at about five months.
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adopt out a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks. In many jurisdictions, it is illegal to give away kittens younger than eight weeks of age. Kittens generally reach sexual maturity at around seven months old. A cat reaches full "adulthood" around one year of age.
169:
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is an AAFCO-recommended vitamin that is essential in the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein and maintains a healthy nervous system, healthy mucous membranes, healthy muscle and heart function, and, in general, promotes normal growth and development.
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and niacin are also active in the metabolism of fats, carbs and protein. Riboflavin is also necessary for the digestion of fats and carbohydrates. These are the main metabolism aids incorporated into kitten diets to ensure nutrient usage is maximized.
1444:
Fukunaga, T., Sasaki, M., Araki, Y., Okamoto, T., Yasuoka, T., Tsujikawa, T., ... & Bamba, T. (2003). Effects of the soluble fibre pectin on intestinal cell proliferation, fecal short chain fatty acid production and microbial population.
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Sturman, J. A., Moretz, R. C., French, J. H., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1985). Postnatal taurine deficiency in the kitten results in a persistence of the cerebellar external granule cell layer: correction by taurine feeding.
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require an increased amount of protein to supply readily available amino acids for daily maintenance and for building new body components because they are constantly growing. There are many required amino acids for kittens.
483:. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is another vital nutrient that can be supplied through omega 3 fatty acid. Addition of DHA to the diet benefits the cognition, brain and visual development of kittens.
209:
without being stimulated by their mother. They also cannot regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27 °C (81 °F) can die from
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of other molecules, which are essential for a growing kitten. Antioxidants can be derived from ingredients such as carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, vitamin E and vitamin E supplement, and
1389:
Markwell, P. J., & Earle, K. E. (1995). Taurine: an essential nutrient for the cat. A brief review of the biochemistry of its requirement and the clinical consequences of deficiency.
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is another required vitamin in kitten diets; deficiency leads to steatitis, causing the depot fat to become firm and yellow-orange in colour, which is painful and leads to death. Also,
322:
2065:
276:
Domestic kittens in developed societies are usually vaccinated against common illnesses from two to three months of age. The usual combination vaccination protects against
2025:
221:. As mentioned above, they cannot urinate, so they have a very high requirement for fluids. Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days after birth. At first, the
248:
The sex of kittens is usually easy to determine at birth. By six to eight weeks this becomes harder because of the growth of fur in the genital region. The male's
618:, but their breakdown exceeds the rate that it can be synthesized and thus, have a higher need for it, which can be fulfilled through an animal-based diet.
1239:
Case, L. P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M. G., Raasch, M. F. (2011) Nutritional care of neonatal puppied and kittens. Canine and Feline
Nutrition, 21, 209-219.
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394:. Lasting health and longevity can be accomplished partly through proper nutrition and establishing a healthy gut from birth through utilizing colostrum.
678:, ingredients must be implemented to ensure adequate digestion and utilization of these calories. Choline chloride is an ingredient that maintains fat
1163:
Anderson, P; Baker, D; Sherry, P; Corbin, J (1980). "Histidine, phenylalanine-tyrosine and tryptophan requirements for growth of the young kitten".
646:. Biotin is another AAFCO-recommended vitamin to support thyroid and adrenal glands and the reproductive and nervous systems. Kittens also require
538:
is required at 0.15%, seeing as it maximizes performance at this level. Kittens also need the following amino acids supplemented in their diet:
213:
if their mother does not keep them warm. The mother's milk is very important for the kittens' nutrition and proper growth. This milk transfers
1380:
Burger, I. H., & Barnett, K. C. (1982). The taurine requirement of the adult cat. Journal of Small Animal
Practice, 23(9), 533-537.
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Until approximately one year of age, the kitten is undergoing a growth phase where energy requirements are up to 2.5 times higher than
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2045:
1315:
The heats of combustion for glucose, sucrose, and starch are 15.57, 16.48 and 17.48 kJ/g respectively, or 3.72, 3.94 and 4.18 kcal/g.
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Kittens develop very quickly from about two weeks of age until their seventh week. Their coordination and strength improve, and they
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are called "cubs" rather than kittens; either term (but usually more commonly "kitten") may be used for the young of smaller wild
1920:
Tsutsui, Toshihiko; Stabenfeldt, George (1993). "Biology of
Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and Pseudo Pregnancy in the Domestic Cat".
2029:
2495:
2134:
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Poirier, Frank; Hussey, Kaye (1982). "Nonhuman
Primate Learning: The Importance of Learning from an Evolutionary Perspective".
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usually consists of two to five kittens, but litters with one to more than ten are known. Kittens are typically born after a
1752:
Olson, Patricia; Kustritz, Margaret; Johnston, Shirley (2001). "Early-age
Neutering of Dogs and Cats in the United States".
3010:
1802:
Spain, Victor; Scarlett, Janet; Houpt, Katherine (2004). "Long-term Risks and
Benefits of Early-age Gonadectomy in Cats".
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lasting between 64 and 67 days, with an average length of 66 days. When they are born, kittens emerge in a sac called the
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and begin to eat solid food, with weaning usually complete by six to eight weeks. Kittens generally begin to lose their
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1879:"Postnatal Development of the Spatial Contrast Sensitivity of X- and Y-cells in the Kittens Retinogeniculate Pathway"
1848:
1704:
1634:
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Greco, D. S. (2014). Pediatric
Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 44(2), 265-273.
225:
is poorly developed and vision is poor. Kittens cannot see as well as adult cats until about ten weeks after birth.
1251:
ChastantâMaillard, S., Aggouni, C., Albaret, A., Fournier, A., & Mila, H. (2017). Canine and feline colostrum.
1588:
Casal, Margret; Jezyk, Peter; Giger, Urs (1996). "Transfer of
Colostral Antibodies From Queens to Their Kittens".
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1735:
Natural Health Bible for Dogs & Cats: Your A-Z Guide to Over 200 Conditions, Herbs, Vitamins, and
Supplements
1297:
Little, S. (2013) Successful management of orphaned kittens. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 201-210.
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in the intestinal mucosa because they lack the necessary enzyme; this vitamin must be supplemented in the diet.
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Kabat, A. M., Pott, J., & Maloy, K. J. (2016). The mucosal immune system and its regulation by autophagy.
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Harper, E. J., & Turner, C. L. (2000). Age-related changes in apparent digestibility in growing kittens.
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is required at no greater than 30% in kitten diets, since consuming histidine-free diets causes weight loss.
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at seven months of age, but kittens may be neutered as young as seven weeks (if large enough), especially in
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is round, whereas the female's urethral opening is a slit. Another marked difference is the distance between
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around eight weeks of age when weaning is complete and a diet of solid food is the primary food source.
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1617:
Crowell-Davis, Sharon (2005). "Cat Behaviour: Social Organization, Communication and Development".
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Rogers, Quinton; Morris, James (April 1979). "Essentiality of Amino Acids for the Growing Kitten".
1015:
1306:
Hand, M. S. L., & Lon, D. (2000). Small animal clinical nutrition (No. SF 992. N88. L49 2000).
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inoculation is usually given at eight, twelve, and sixteen weeks, and an inoculation against
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MacDonald, M; Rogers, Q (1984). "Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore".
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is an essential vitamin because cats cannot convert it from precursors in the skin.
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designed specifically for kittens should be offered beginning at four weeks of age.
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and increase chances of survival, it is important to optimize the link between the
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Sheridan, L. (2014). Kitten Nutrition. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 27(6), 232-241.
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from their mother's milk. Milk within the first few days of parturition is called
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Case, Linda; Leighann, Daristotle; Hayek, Michael; Foess Raasch, Melody (2011).
626:) is required in increased amounts because it is needed to produce amino acids.
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Schermerhorn, T. (2013). Normal glucose metabolism in carnivores overlaps with
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help support the development of a healthy immune system through inhibiting the
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1646:"Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases of Dogs and Cats"
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is also a AAFCO recommended ingredient for kittens, which is important for
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1933:
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1276:
Canine and Feline Nutrition: A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals
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308:, and may even be beneficial in male cats. Kittens are commonly given
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in the conversion of amino acids and is important for healthy skin.
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and urethral opening, which is greater in males than in females.
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The Wild Cat Book: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Cats
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to avoid an excess of ammonia in the blood, otherwise known as
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1987:. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice.
1831:
Sturgess, Kit; Hurley, Karyl (2005). "Nutrition and Welfare".
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998:
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A pair of sibling kittens from the same litter at 11 weeks old
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700:, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acid and aids in digestion,
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while others continue to look after them until they approach
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1835:. Animal Welfare. Vol. 3. Rochlitz. pp. 227â257.
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1691:. Animal Welfare. Vol. 3. Rochlitz. pp. 91â118.
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1542:
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1621:. Animal Welfare. Vol. 3. Rochlitz. pp. 1â22.
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is required in kitten diets because cats cannot convert
2024:
1687:
Heath, Sarah (2005). "Behaviour Problems and Welfare".
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891:
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growth and can result in retinal degeneration in cats.
1804:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
858:
1751:
1051:
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and taurine to prevent central retinal degeneration.
570:
for maximal growth in the early post-weaning kitten,
2082:"When Do Puppies and Kittens Lose Their Baby Teeth?"
2080:
1530:
1199:
963:
766:
1269:
1267:
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981:
304:. Such early neutering does not appear to have any
296:may be given at sixteen weeks. Kittens are usually
198:, which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat.
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2044:
1919:
1801:
1063:
1039:
836:
809:
704:as a source of calcium, and calcium pantothenate (
471:, supplying 9 kcal/g. The growing kitten requires
1876:
927:
217:to the kittens, which helps protect them against
3185:
1922:Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement
1857:
1754:Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement
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1027:
821:
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2108:Timetable of kitten development (weeks 1 to 8)
2008:
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855:. 3 May 2016. Retrieved on 20 September 2018.
70:and are fully dependent on their mothers for
1512:
1324:
1121:Sheridan, Libby (2012). "Kitten nutrition".
642:in the brain and as a component of membrane
201:For the first several weeks, kittens cannot
151:A kitten opening its eyes for the first time
66:. After being born, kittens display primary
1877:Tootle, John; Friedlander, Michael (1989).
1473:
1471:
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1459:
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1114:
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1108:
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1100:
1098:
849:"How Many Kittens Are in a Litter? â Chewy"
2135:
2121:
1732:
1548:
429:which cross the intestinal barrier of the
71:
1940:
1902:
1889:(4). Journal of Neuroscience: 1325â1340.
1716:That's Cats! A Compendium of Feline Facts
1669:
864:
690:
455:. Pet nutritionists often suggest that a
441:
401:A litter of kittens suckling their mother
2028:. International Cat Care. Archived from
1713:
1643:
1524:
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42:
1858:Sunquist, Fiona; Sunquist, Mel (2014).
1590:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1568:
975:
14:
3186:
2496:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
1775:Anthropology & Education Quarterly
696:high quality protein and fatty acids,
417:, and contains high concentrations of
2116:
2084:. Veterinary Medicine. Archived from
1982:
1961:
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1536:
1358:
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1235:
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1429:Reproduction, Nutrition, Development
715:
674:Since kitten diets are very high in
2048:. Oxford Dictionary. Archived from
2026:"Kittens Deaths ('Fading Kittens')"
1052:Olson, Kustritz & Johnston 2001
734:
566:as a sulfur-containing amino acid,
515:
82:The word "kitten" derives from the
24:
2521:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
2066:"When Does a Kitten Become a Cat?"
1895:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-04-01325.1989
1353:
1242:
1228:
1081:
669:
360:to benefit the development of the
264:damaged internal organs or death.
25:
3205:
2981:Congenital sensorineural deafness
2536:The International Cat Association
2491:American Cat Fanciers Association
2142:
2101:
2068:. Santa Maria Times. 11 July 2010
1016:Five Risky Hiding Places For Cats
3168:
3167:
2516:Fédération Internationale Féline
1365:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1253:Reproduction in Domestic Animals
1135:10.1111/j.2045-0648.2012.00182.x
1064:Spain, Scarlett & Houpt 2004
769:
506:
463:has a higher caloric value than
405:Within the first two days after
2010:"How to Raise Orphaned Kittens"
1573:. Sterling Publishing Company.
1438:
1421:
1400:
1383:
1374:
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1309:
1300:
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1211:
1008:
330:A kitten suckling on its mother
1787:10.1525/aeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j
1737:. Crown/Archetype Publishing.
842:
837:Tsutsui & Stabenfeldt 1993
525:The lack of readily available
520:
384:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
306:long-term health risks to cats
130:
92:, which in turn came from the
13:
1:
1944:Understanding Animals as Pets
1662:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2663S
1410:pathology in non-carnivores.
928:Tootle & Friedlander 1989
904:Casal, Jezyk & Giger 1996
797:
1602:10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.11.1653
1492:10.1146/annurev.nutr.4.1.521
1028:Sunquist & Sunquist 2014
1018:. WebMD, September 14, 2010.
822:Sunquist & Sunquist 2014
342:
278:feline viral rhinotracheitis
77:
7:
3150:List of longest-living cats
3031:Lower urinary tract disease
3011:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2531:Southern Africa Cat Council
1883:The Journal of Neuroscience
892:International Cat Care 2015
762:
577:
10:
3210:
2506:Cat Aficionado Association
1947:. Illustrated Publishing.
1816:10.2460/javma.2004.224.372
1733:Messonnier, Shawn (2010).
1562:
1557:
1480:Annual Review of Nutrition
1412:Frontiers in endocrinology
1123:Veterinary Nursing Journal
952:Sturgess & Hurley 2005
916:Sturgess & Hurley 2005
486:
433:. The immunoglobulins and
29:
3163:
3137:
3094:
2986:Feline corneal sequestrum
2954:
2916:
2876:
2573:
2554:
2511:Cat Fanciers' Association
2481:
2347:
2270:
2225:
2150:
2002:
1656:(12 Suppl): 2663Sâ2669S.
1569:Bönisch, Susanne (1996).
1165:Journal of Animal Science
940:Poirier & Hussey 1982
479:which can be provided in
271:
2501:Canadian Cat Association
1941:Vandivert, Rita (1975).
1714:McHattie, Grace (1993).
1644:Guilford, Grant (1994).
1571:Natural Healing for Cats
1513:Rogers & Morris 1979
1278:. Elsevier. p. 210.
964:Veterinary Medicine 2013
3145:List of individual cats
1841:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_9
1718:. David & Charles.
1697:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_4
1627:10.1007/1-4020-3227-7_1
1219:Frontiers in immunology
1177:10.2527/jas1980.503479x
316:from about four weeks.
103:
97:
88:
32:Kitten (disambiguation)
3021:Infectious peritonitis
3016:Immunodeficiency virus
1862:. Chicago University.
1040:Santa Maria Times 2013
810:Oxford Dictionary 2005
751:
691:Growth and development
610:Water-soluble vitamins
446:
442:Post-weaning nutrition
402:
392:gastrointestinal tract
352:
339:
331:
183:
160:
152:
144:
52:
36:Kitty (disambiguation)
3086:Viral rhinotracheitis
3061:Tritrichomonas foetus
2526:New Zealand Cat Fancy
2394:Cats in ancient Egypt
1962:Walls, Jerry (1991).
1527:, pp. 2663â2669.
742:
400:
377:Establishing immunity
372:Pre-weaning nutrition
350:
337:
329:
175:
158:
150:
138:
46:
2648:Colorpoint Shorthair
2546:World Cat Federation
2280:Catâdog relationship
1983:Greco, D.S. (2014).
1968:. TFH Publications.
1965:Kittens as a New Pet
1650:Journal of Nutrition
1339:10.1093/jn/109.4.718
1327:Journal of Nutrition
654:) for heart health,
614:Cats can synthesize
583:Fat-soluble vitamins
364:and optimization of
358:docosahexaenoic acid
286:feline panleukopenia
176:Kitten playing in a
30:For other uses, see
2848:Traditional Persian
2633:California Spangled
2603:Brazilian Shorthair
2399:Cultural depictions
2384:Cat-scratch disease
2088:on 11 February 2017
1985:Pediatric Nutrition
1833:The Welfare of Cats
1689:The Welfare of Cats
1619:The Welfare of Cats
1515:, pp. 718â723.
1066:, pp. 372â379.
1054:, pp. 223â232.
942:, pp. 133â148.
747:, showing signs of
496:for proper growth.
481:omega-3 fatty acids
457:commercial cat food
219:infectious diseases
2768:Oriental Shorthair
2678:European Shorthair
2593:American Shorthair
2541:World Cat Congress
1391:Nutrition research
1003:Crowell-Davis 2005
880:Pet Education 2011
752:
409:, kittens acquire
403:
353:
351:1-month-old kitten
340:
332:
298:spayed or neutered
282:feline calicivirus
184:
161:
153:
145:
53:
3181:
3180:
3006:Hepatic lipidosis
2912:
2911:
2608:British Shorthair
2217:Tortoiseshell cat
1994:978-0-32337-185-8
1975:978-0-86622-614-1
1954:978-0-7232-6118-6
1869:978-0-226-14576-1
1744:978-0-307-55860-2
1725:978-0-7153-0126-5
1596:(11): 1653â1658.
1580:978-0-8069-8122-2
978:, pp. 23â24.
824:, pp. 58â59.
743:A young orphaned
716:Immunity boosters
708:) that acts as a
702:calcium carbonate
640:neurotransmission
491:Cats are natural
327:
173:
16:(Redirected from
3201:
3171:
3170:
3155:Cats in folklore
2753:Norwegian Forest
2723:Kurilian Bobtail
2703:Japanese Bobtail
2683:Exotic Shorthair
2571:
2570:
2436:National Cat Day
2193:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2052:on July 18, 2012
2041:
2039:
2037:
2032:on 13 April 2016
2021:
2019:
2017:
1998:
1979:
1958:
1937:
1916:
1906:
1873:
1854:
1827:
1798:
1769:
1748:
1729:
1710:
1683:
1673:
1640:
1613:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
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1197:
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1160:
1147:
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1093:
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1079:
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1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
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1000:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
868:
862:
856:
846:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
807:
779:
774:
773:
735:Orphaned kittens
656:pantothenic acid
516:Diet composition
427:immunoglobulin G
423:immunoglobulin A
421:. These include
411:passive immunity
328:
250:urethral opening
174:
141:Norwegian Forest
106:
100:
91:
21:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3159:
3133:
3096:Cats by country
3090:
2957:
2950:
2908:
2872:
2748:Neva Masquerade
2575:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2477:
2350:
2343:
2334:Righting reflex
2266:
2221:
2189:
2146:
2141:
2104:
2091:
2089:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2053:
2035:
2033:
2015:
2013:
2012:. Pet Education
2005:
1995:
1976:
1955:
1870:
1851:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1637:
1581:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:Messonnier 2010
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1476:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1426:
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1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1361:
1354:
1323:
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1301:
1296:
1292:
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1212:
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1200:
1161:
1150:
1119:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:Daphne Sashin,
1013:
1009:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:, p. 1325.
926:
922:
914:
910:
906:, p. 1653.
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
871:
863:
859:
847:
843:
839:, p. 1699.
835:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
800:
775:
768:
765:
737:
729:zinc proteinate
718:
693:
672:
670:Metabolism aids
661:
653:
631:
625:
580:
523:
518:
509:
489:
449:
444:
419:immunoglobulins
379:
374:
345:
319:
312:treatments for
302:animal shelters
274:
243:sexual maturity
163:
133:
80:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3207:
3197:
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3179:
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3141:
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3132:
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3126:
3124:United Kingdom
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Skin disorders
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Leukemia virus
3023:
3018:
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3008:
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2865:
2863:Turkish Angora
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
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2825:
2820:
2815:
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2700:
2695:
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2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Chinese Li Hua
2640:
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2615:
2610:
2605:
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2595:
2590:
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2475:
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2469:
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2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Cats and Islam
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2391:
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2222:
2220:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:External links
2100:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2062:
2042:
2022:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1917:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1828:
1810:(3): 372â379.
1799:
1781:(2): 133â148.
1770:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1711:
1705:
1684:
1641:
1635:
1614:
1585:
1579:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1551:, p. 375.
1541:
1539:, p. 102.
1529:
1517:
1505:
1455:
1437:
1420:
1399:
1382:
1373:
1352:
1333:(4): 718â723.
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1261:
1259:(S2), 148-152.
1241:
1227:
1210:
1208:, p. 265.
1198:
1171:(3): 479â483.
1148:
1129:(6): 232â241.
1094:
1080:
1078:, p. 121.
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1030:, p. 111.
1020:
1007:
992:
980:
968:
956:
954:, p. 244.
944:
932:
920:
918:, p. 243.
908:
896:
884:
869:
865:Vandivert 1975
857:
841:
826:
814:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
789:
781:
780:
764:
761:
749:malnourishment
736:
733:
717:
714:
692:
689:
671:
668:
659:
651:
629:
623:
579:
576:
544:hyperammonemia
522:
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488:
485:
448:
445:
443:
440:
435:growth factors
378:
375:
373:
370:
344:
341:
338:A tabby kitten
273:
270:
132:
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84:Middle English
79:
76:
26:
9:
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3:
2:
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3129:United States
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3110:
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3081:Toxoplasmosis
3079:
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3062:
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3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
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3036:Panleukopenia
3034:
3032:
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
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3007:
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2826:
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2803:Scottish Fold
2801:
2799:
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2596:
2594:
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2589:
2588:American Curl
2586:
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2578:
2572:
2569:
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2329:Play and toys
2327:
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2302:Communication
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2250:dental health
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2191:Coat genetics
2188:
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2144:Domestic cats
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1850:1-4020-3226-9
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1533:
1526:
1525:Guilford 1994
1521:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1453:(1-2), 42-49.
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:(4), 521-528.
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1303:
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1234:
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1194:
1190:
1186:
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1159:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:McHattie 1993
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1005:, p. 18.
1004:
999:
997:
990:, p. 22.
989:
984:
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
874:
867:, p. 53.
866:
861:
854:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:
823:
818:
811:
806:
802:
793:
790:
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783:
782:
778:
772:
767:
760:
758:
750:
746:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
688:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
657:
649:
645:
644:phospholipids
641:
637:
632:
621:
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612:
611:
607:
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584:
575:
573:
569:
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561:
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549:
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541:
537:
533:
528:
513:
507:Carbohydrates
504:
501:
497:
494:
484:
482:
478:
477:linoleic acid
474:
470:
466:
465:carbohydrates
462:
458:
454:
439:
436:
432:
428:
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420:
416:
412:
408:
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389:
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369:
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349:
336:
317:
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279:
269:
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137:
128:
126:
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118:
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110:
105:
99:
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90:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2956:Diseases and
2798:Russian Blue
2673:Egyptian Mau
2565:experimental
2416:Dog-like cat
2359:Ailurophobia
2324:Intelligence
2180:Odd-eyed cat
2174:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2070:. Retrieved
2056:15 September
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2014:. Retrieved
1984:
1964:
1943:
1925:
1921:
1886:
1882:
1859:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1734:
1715:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1618:
1593:
1589:
1570:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1435:(3), 249-260
1432:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1256:
1252:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1201:
1168:
1164:
1126:
1122:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1010:
983:
976:Bönisch 1996
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
860:
852:
844:
817:
805:
784:
753:
745:black kitten
721:Antioxidants
719:
694:
673:
613:
609:
608:
586:
582:
581:
524:
510:
498:
490:
450:
404:
380:
354:
275:
266:
262:
258:
247:
227:
200:
185:
81:
68:altriciality
56:
54:
40:
27:Juvenile cat
3119:New Zealand
3046:Polydactyly
2976:Calicivirus
2868:Turkish Van
2808:Selkirk Rex
2763:Ojos Azules
2653:Cornish Rex
2461:Library cat
2446:Working cat
2374:Cat massage
2369:Cat killers
2351:interaction
2262:Vaccination
2197:Bicolor cat
1760:: 223â232.
1486:: 521â562.
1397:(1), 53-58.
777:Cats portal
521:Amino acids
473:arachidonic
453:maintenance
211:hypothermia
131:Development
107:. Juvenile
3041:Giardiasis
2894:Highlander
2793:Ragamuffin
2733:Maine Coon
2713:Khao Manee
2693:German Rex
2583:Abyssinian
2483:Registries
2466:Ship's cat
2451:Bodega cat
2207:Calico cat
2152:Felinology
2092:1 November
2072:12 October
1537:Heath 2005
1206:Greco 2014
988:Walls 1991
853:petcha.com
798:References
706:vitamin B5
680:metabolism
658:(vitamin B
650:(vitamin B
648:riboflavin
622:(vitamin B
620:Pyridoxine
568:asparagine
564:methionine
548:isoleucine
536:Tryptophan
493:carnivores
388:microbiota
314:roundworms
288:(P). This
238:baby teeth
215:antibodies
139:A newborn
115:, such as
94:Old French
3104:Australia
3066:Roundworm
3001:Heartworm
2958:disorders
2918:Landraces
2904:Serengeti
2853:Tonkinese
2823:Singapura
2783:Pixie-bob
2778:Peterbald
2698:Himalayan
2663:Devon Rex
2638:Chartreux
2559:full list
2421:Feral cat
2404:fictional
2364:Cat cafés
2349:Humanâcat
2240:Declawing
2212:Tabby cat
2202:Black cat
2170:Dwarf cat
1928:: 29â35.
1447:Digestion
1143:219320741
725:oxidation
628:Vitamin B
604:vitamin D
600:Vitamin E
592:carotenes
588:Vitamin A
572:threonine
532:Histidine
415:colostrum
366:cognition
343:Nutrition
310:deworming
284:(C), and
192:gestation
186:A feline
78:Etymology
3188:Category
3173:Category
3056:Ringworm
2996:Coccidia
2899:Savannah
2828:Snowshoe
2818:Siberian
2743:Munchkin
2708:Javanese
2628:Burmilla
2598:Balinese
2576:domestic
2473:Zoonosis
2456:Farm cat
2409:Internet
2389:Cat show
2379:Cat meat
2319:Kneading
2295:valerian
2285:Catfight
2272:Behavior
2185:Squitten
2165:Genetics
2046:"Kitten"
2036:28 March
1824:14765796
1766:11787153
1408:diabetes
763:See also
710:coenzyme
698:flaxseed
676:calories
578:Vitamins
540:arginine
386:and the
207:defecate
181:pet shop
121:caracals
109:big cats
72:survival
61:juvenile
3138:Related
2889:Chausie
2813:Siamese
2788:Ragdoll
2773:Persian
2668:Donskoy
2623:Burmese
2441:Pet cat
2160:Anatomy
2016:7 March
1934:8229938
1913:2703879
1904:6569875
1795:3216627
1680:7996263
1671:7107501
1610:8915447
1563:Printed
1558:Sources
1500:6380542
1193:1583258
1185:7364684
664:folacin
662:), and
636:Choline
596:retinol
552:leucine
527:glucose
500:Taurine
487:Protein
469:protein
431:neonate
390:of the
280:(FVR),
203:urinate
117:ocelots
98:chitoun
49:Ragdoll
18:Kittens
3109:Canada
3051:Rabies
2971:Asthma
2941:Sokoke
2936:Kellas
2931:Cyprus
2926:Aegean
2884:Bengal
2877:Hybrid
2858:Toyger
2838:Sphynx
2833:Somali
2758:Ocicat
2688:Foldex
2658:Cymric
2618:Bombay
2613:Birman
2555:Breeds
2431:Lolcat
2339:Senses
2290:Catnip
2255:senior
2227:Health
2175:Kitten
2003:Online
1991:
1972:
1951:
1932:
1911:
1901:
1866:
1847:
1822:
1793:
1764:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1678:
1668:
1633:
1608:
1577:
1498:
1347:430271
1345:
1191:
1183:
1141:
684:Biotin
616:niacin
560:lysine
556:valine
294:rabies
272:Health
234:weaned
223:retina
196:amnion
188:litter
143:kitten
125:lynxes
123:, and
113:felids
104:cheton
89:kitoun
57:kitten
51:kitten
3114:Japan
2728:Lykoi
2718:Korat
2574:Fully
2235:Aging
1791:JSTOR
1189:S2CID
1139:S2CID
792:Puppy
786:Felis
407:birth
362:brain
290:FVRCP
178:Tokyo
86:word
59:is a
3194:Cats
3076:Tick
2991:Flea
2966:Acne
2843:Thai
2738:Manx
2312:Purr
2307:Meow
2245:Diet
2094:2013
2074:2013
2058:2005
2038:2015
2018:2011
1989:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1930:PMID
1909:PMID
1864:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1820:PMID
1762:PMID
1739:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1676:PMID
1631:ISBN
1606:PMID
1575:ISBN
1496:PMID
1343:PMID
1181:PMID
475:and
467:and
425:and
254:anus
230:play
34:and
2946:Van
1899:PMC
1891:doi
1837:doi
1812:doi
1808:224
1783:doi
1693:doi
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1654:124
1623:doi
1598:doi
1488:doi
1335:doi
1331:109
1173:doi
1131:doi
757:cow
594:to
461:Fat
447:Fat
205:or
101:or
64:cat
3190::
1926:47
1924:.
1907:.
1897:.
1885:.
1881:.
1843:.
1818:.
1806:.
1789:.
1779:13
1777:.
1758:57
1756:.
1699:.
1674:.
1664:.
1652:.
1648:.
1629:.
1604:.
1594:57
1592:.
1494:.
1482:.
1458:^
1451:67
1449:,
1433:40
1431:,
1414:,
1395:15
1393:,
1369:13
1367:,
1355:^
1341:.
1329:.
1264:^
1257:52
1255:,
1244:^
1230:^
1221:,
1187:.
1179:.
1169:50
1167:.
1151:^
1137:.
1127:27
1125:.
1097:^
1083:^
995:^
872:^
851:.
829:^
731:.
682:.
666:.
630:12
562:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
546:,
368:.
245:.
127:.
119:,
55:A
47:A
2567:)
2563:(
2561:)
2557:(
2136:e
2129:t
2122:v
2096:.
2076:.
2060:.
2040:.
2020:.
1997:.
1978:.
1957:.
1936:.
1915:.
1893::
1887:9
1872:.
1853:.
1839::
1826:.
1814::
1797:.
1785::
1768:.
1747:.
1728:.
1709:.
1695::
1682:.
1660::
1639:.
1625::
1612:.
1600::
1583:.
1502:.
1490::
1484:4
1418:.
1416:4
1349:.
1337::
1225:.
1223:7
1195:.
1175::
1145:.
1133::
1042:.
966:.
894:.
882:.
812:.
660:5
652:2
624:6
38:.
20:)
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