686:, the most senior official among the victims, and seven assistant secretaries; 49 were second-rank clerks, typists and messengers, junior members of the Secretariat, employees of the hotel and canteen workers; 13 were soldiers; three policemen; and five were bystanders. By nationality, there were 41 Arabs, 28 British citizens, 17 Jews, two Armenians, one Russian, one Greek and one Egyptian. Forty-nine people were injured. Some of the deaths and injuries occurred in the road outside the hotel and in adjacent buildings. The blast threw the Postmaster General from the hotel across the street onto a wall of the YMCA opposite, from where his remains had to be scraped. No identifiable traces were found of thirteen of those killed. Among the dead were Yulius Jacobs, an Irgun sympathizer, and
586:'s analysis of the bombing gave timings for calls and for the explosion, which he said took place at 12:37. He stated that as part of the Irgun plan, a 16-year-old recruit, Adina Hay (alias Tehia), was to make three warning calls before the attack. At 12:22 the first call was made, in both Hebrew and English, to a telephone operator on the hotel's switchboard (the Secretariat and the military each had their own, separate, telephone exchanges). It was ignored. At 12:27, the second warning call was made to the French Consulate adjacent to the hotel to the north-east. This second call was taken seriously, and staff went through the building opening windows and closing curtains to lessen the impact of the blast. At 12:31 a third and final warning call to the
644:
936:
known about the bomb beforehand and that he bore no responsibility for putting colleagues' lives at risk immediately before the explosion. The only criticism made was that Shaw should have closed the Régence restaurant and put guards on the service entrance weeks before. Shaw agreed that not having done this was a mistake. The decision not to do it had been made because "everyone was under orders to preserve the semblance of normality in
Palestine", "social life had to be allowed to continue" and because nobody had believed that the Irgun would put the whole of the Secretariat, which had many Jewish employees, in danger.
1028:: "Unlike many terrorist groups today, the Irgun's strategy was not deliberately to target or wantonly harm civilians. At the same time, though, the claim of Begin and other apologists that warnings were issued cannot absolve either the group or its commander for the ninety-one people killed and forty-five others injured ... Indeed, whatever nonlethal intentions the Irgun might or might not have had, the fact remains that a tragedy of almost unparalleled magnitude was inflicted ... so that to this day the bombing remains one of the world's single most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century."
563:
1126:
1143:] been made to the hotel, The Palestine Post and the French Consulate, urging the hotel's occupants to leave immediately. The hotel was not evacuated and after 25 minutes the bombs exploded. To the Irgun's regret, 92 persons were killed." The death toll given includes Avraham Abramovitz, the Irgun member who was shot during the attack and died later from his wounds, but only the Hebrew version of the sign makes that clear. The Hebrew version has words which translate as "including an Irgun man who was killed in a shootout which happened there" (
932:, Menachem Begin's book on the Irgun, which was published in Britain in 1951, made references to a "high official" having received a warning but refusing to evacuate the hotel in time. Shaw, believing this to be a reference to himself, considered suing Begin and his British publisher for libel and consulted with his personal attorney, but was advised against it, on grounds that a reference to a "high official" was insufficient to justify a claim of personal defamation. He instead wrote a letter to the publisher denying the book's version of events.
554:, on government offices at the David Brothers Building. Codenamed "Operation Your Slave and Redeemer", this one was cancelled at the last moment. The Irgun said details of the plan were aimed at minimizing civilian casualties. Irgun reports allegedly included explicit precautions so that the whole area would be evacuated. This led to recriminations between the Haganah and Irgun later. The Haganah said that they had specified that the attack should take place later in the day when the offices would have been emptier of people.
1122:
Ambassador in Tel Aviv and the Consul-General in
Jerusalem protested, saying "We do not think that it is right for an act of terrorism, which led to the loss of many lives, to be commemorated", and wrote to the Mayor of Jerusalem that such an act of terror could not be honoured, even if it was preceded by a warning. The British government also demanded the removal of the plaque, stating that the statement accusing the British of failing to evacuate the hotel was untrue and "did not absolve those who planted the bomb".
652:
1110:
575:, for example, wrote that the telephone message was delivered 25–27 minutes before the explosion. The British government said, five months after the bombing, once the subsequent inquest and all inquiries had been completed, that no such warnings had been received by anyone at the Secretariat "in an official position with any power to take action". Begin directly accused Chief Secretary of the Palestine Mandate, John Shaw, of ignoring a warning, which he denied having received. (see
847:
instructions from "a letter from the headquarters of the United
Resistance, demanding that we carry out an attack on the center of government at the King David Hotel as soon as possible". The Irgun's radio network announced that it would mourn for the Jewish victims, but not the British ones. This was explained by claiming that Britain had not mourned for the millions of Jews who died in the Nazi Holocaust. No remorse was expressed for the largest group of victims, the Arab dead.
546:
columns supporting the wing where the majority of the offices used by the
British authorities were located. The columns were in a basement nightclub known as the Régence. In the final review of the plan, it was decided that the attack would take place on 22 July at 11:00, a time when there would be no people in the coffee shop in the basement in the area where the bomb was to be planted. It would be possible to enter the hotel more easily at that time as well.
370:
497:, chief of operations of the Irgun, developed a remote-controlled mortar with a range of four miles that was nicknamed the V3 by British military engineers. In 1945, after attacks using the mortar had been executed against several police stations, six V3s were buried in the olive grove park south of the King David Hotel. Three were aimed at the government printing press and three at the hotel itself. The intention was to fire them on the
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death toll because it caused spectators from the hotel to gather in its south-west corner, directly over the bomb planted in its basement. The first explosion also caused the presence in the hotel of injured Arabs who were brought into the
Secretariat after their bus, which had been passing, was rolled onto its side. The Arab workers in the kitchen fled after being told to do so.
39:
990:, the bombing represented the end of the united front that had existed between the Irgun and other Zionist groups such as the Haganah. From then on, the groups maintained a more adversarial relationship. Irgun ex-members and sympathizers have argued that modern historical accounts in Israel are biased against them and in favor of more established groups such as the Haganah.
128:
759:
number of milk cans. At some stage of the proceedings, they shot and seriously wounded a
British soldier who attempted to interfere with them. All available information so far is to the effect that they were Jews. Somewhere in the basement of the hotel they planted bombs which went off shortly afterwards. They appear to have made good their escape.
817:: "I am sure you will agree that the inhuman crime committed in Jerusalem on 22 July calls for the strongest action against terrorism but having regard to the sufferings of the innocent Jewish victims of Nazism this should not deter us from introducing a policy designed to bring peace to Palestine with the least possible delay."
798:
measures will inflict some hardship on the troops, but I am certain that if my reasons are fully explained to them, they will understand their propriety and they will be punishing the Jews in a way the race dislikes as much as any, by striking at their pockets and showing our contempt of them." The future
Israeli diplomat
530:, which instructed him to "carry out the operation at the 'chick'", code for the King David Hotel. Despite this approval for the project, repeated delays in executing the operation were requested by the Haganah, in response to changes unfolding in the political situation. The plan was finalized between
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organized a conference to mark the 60th anniversary of the bombing. The conference was attended by past and future Prime
Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former members of Irgun. A plaque commemorating the bombing reads: "For reasons known only to the British, the hotel was not evacuated." The British
975:. Four army brigades, about twenty thousand soldiers and police, established a cordon round the city. A historian later described the situation as looking for a few needles of militants in a haystack 170,000 people deep. Nearly eight hundred people were detained and then sent to Rafah detention camp.
621:
The perpetrators met at 7 am at the Beit Aharon Talmud Torah. This was the first time they were informed of the target. The attack used approximately 350 kg (770 lb) of explosives spread over six charges. According to Begin, due to "consultations" about the cancellation of the attack on the
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newspaper was made. The telephone operator called the
Palestine Police CID to report the message. She then called the hotel switchboard. The hotel operator reported the threat to one of the hotel managers. This warning resulted in the discovery of the milk cans in the basement, but by then it was too
885:
Begin said that Shaw had been responsible for the failure to evacuate the hotel: "A police officer called Shaw and told him, 'The Jews say that they have placed bombs in the King David.' And the reply was, 'I am here to give orders to the Jews, not to take orders from them.'" The 1947 Irgun pamphlet
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was apparent in the conversation. While condemning it, he also stated that he sympathised with its causes. When the King David Hotel bombing was mentioned, Weizmann started crying: "I can't help feeling proud of our boys. If only it had been a German headquarters, they would have gotten the
Victoria
754:
Hon. Members will have learned with horror of the brutal and murderous crime committed yesterday in Jerusalem. Of all the outrages which have occurred in Palestine, and they have been many and horrible in the last few months, this is the worst. By this insane act of terrorism 93 innocent people have
678:
arrived with heavy lifting equipment. Later that night, the sappers were formed into three groups, with each working an eight-hour shift. The rescue operation lasted for the next three days and 2,000 lorry loads of rubble were removed. From the wreckage and rubble the rescuers managed to extract six
629:
There were two Irgun casualties, Avraham Abramovitz and Itzhak Tsadok. In one Irgun account of the bombing, by Katz, the two were shot during the initial approach to the hotel, when a minor gunfight ensued with two British soldiers who had become suspicious. In Yehuda Lapidot's account, the men were
625:
After placing the bombs in the La Regence Cafe, the Irgun men quickly slipped out and detonated a small explosive in the street outside the hotel, reportedly to keep passers-by away from the area. The police report written in the aftermath of the bombing says that this explosion resulted in a higher
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pamphlet. It said that Shaw had escaped from the hotel minutes before the main explosion, abandoning its other occupants to their fate. Shaw took out another libel action against Ziff and his British publisher. After lawyers in Israel failed to find evidence supporting Ziff's version of events, the
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bureau chief Carter Davidson. Thurston Clarke interviewed both Galili and Guriel, the former in 1977. Guriel denied that he had been the source of the story. Galili was unable to produce any evidence that Shaw had received a warning. Carter Davidson died in 1958 and so could not be asked to confirm
437:
In plan form, the six-story hotel, which was opened in 1932 as the first modern luxury hotel in Jerusalem, had an I-shape, with a long central axis connecting wings to the north and south. Julian's Way, a main road, ran parallel and close to the west side of the hotel. An unsurfaced lane, where the
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The police report makes the claim that the warning sent to the French Consulate was received five minutes after the main explosion. This is contradicted by multiple eyewitnesses who reported seeing staff opening the Consulate windows five minutes before it. The report also claims that the warning
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in 1978, including the results of the military and police investigations. The reports contain statements and conclusions contradicted by other evidence, including that submitted to the inquest held after the bombing. Affidavits reflecting badly on the security of the hotel were removed from the
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contests the view that the civilian deaths in the King David Hotel expedited British withdrawal from Palestine, stating that the widespread public backlash—including from Jews—combined with a British crackdown "nearly destroyed the Irgun" and "is thus hardly a strong example of terrorism paying".
1031:
Enders Walter and Todd Sandler theorized in a 2006 book on the political economy of terrorism that it provided a model for the terrorist bombings of the 1980s. In another 2006 book, Gus Martin wrote that the attack is one of the best historical examples of successful terrorism, it having yielded,
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of Jews in Palestine, which included a renewed use of random personal searches, random searches of homes, military curfews, road blocks, and mass arrests. The measures shifted British public opinion further against the Mandate system. They also alienated the Jewish populace from their government,
907:
In 1948, a libel action was taken out by Shaw against a Jewish London newspaper which repeated the allegations made by Begin and the Irgun pamphlet. The newspaper did not mount a defence and made an unreserved apology to Shaw. About the allegation that he had said that he did not take orders from
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said that Shaw had forbidden anyone to leave the hotel: "For reasons best known to himself Shaw, the Chief Secretary of the Occupation administration, disregarded the warning. That is, he forbade any of the other officials to leave the building, with the result that some of his collaborators were
762:
Every effort is being made to identify and arrest the perpetrators of this outrage. The work of rescue in the debris, which was immediately organised, still continues. The next-of-kin of casualties are being notified by telegram as soon as accurate information is available. The House will wish to
758:
It appears that after exploding a small bomb in the street, presumably as a diversionary measure—this did virtually no damage—a lorry drove up to the tradesmen's entrance of the King David Hotel and the occupants, after holding up the staff at pistol point, entered the kitchen premises carrying a
612:
have just blown up the King David Hotel!'. The UPI stringer who had sent it, an Irgun member, had wanted to scoop his colleagues. Not knowing that the operation had been postponed by an hour, he sent the message before the operation had been completed. The bureau chief decided against running the
935:
Bethell says that all of the British witnesses who were in the vicinity of the hotel at the time of the explosion confirmed what Shaw said. None of them had any knowledge of a warning having been sent in time to make evacuation of the hotel possible. They said that, like themselves, Shaw had not
545:
In the plan, Irgun men, disguised as Arabs, except for Gideon, the leader, who would be dressed as one of the hotel's distinctive Sudanese waiters, would enter the building through a basement service entrance carrying the explosives concealed in milk cans. The cans were to be placed by the main
846:
The Irgun issued an initial statement accepting responsibility for the attack, mourning their Jewish victims, and calling into fault the British for what they saw as a failure to respond to the warnings. A year later, on 22 July 1947, they issued a new statement saying that they were acting on
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with the local population would have to cease. Within a few minutes of the bombing, Barker translated this instruction into an order that "all Jewish places of entertainment, cafes, restaurants, shops and private dwellings" be out of bounds to all ranks. He concluded: "I appreciate that these
451:
In 1946, the Secretariat occupied most of the southern wing of the hotel, with the military headquarters occupying the top floor of the south wing and the top, second and third floors of the middle of the hotel. The military telephone exchange was situated in the basement. An annex housed the
570:
Since the bombing, much controversy has ensued over the issues of when warnings were sent and how the British authorities responded. Irgun representatives have always stated that the warning was given well in advance of the explosion so that adequate time was available to evacuate the hotel.
345:
states that the first warning was delivered by a 16-year-old recruit to the hotel switchboard 15 minutes before the explosion. The British Government said after the inquest that no warning had been received by anyone at the Secretariat "in an official position with any power to take action".
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and Thurston Clarke. According to Bethell, Abramovitz managed to get to the taxi getaway car along with six other men. Tsadok escaped with the other men on foot. Both were found by the police in the Jewish Old Quarter of Jerusalem the next day, with Abramovitz already dead from his wounds.
952:
1304:"Last Night We Attacked: A Photographic Record of Fighting Resistance in Palestine" (1947), 35 mm film prepared by the American League for a Free Palestine, edited by Elizabeth Wheeler, written by Larry Ravitz, narrated by Quentin Reynolds & Bill Parker, copyright 2010 NCJF.
1060:. Begin argued that terrorists and freedom fighters are differentiated in that terrorists deliberately try to target civilians, and that the Irgun was not guilty of terrorism since it tried to avoid civilian casualties. At the events to mark the 60th anniversary of the attack,
428:
against Britain. The intelligence information was taken to the King David Hotel, where it was initially kept in the offices of the Secretariat in the southern wing. The Irgun was determined to destroy that wing of the hotel in order to destroy the incriminating documents.
895:, Chief of Staff of Haganah, when they met on 23 July, the day after the bombing. In an interview with Bethell, Galili said his source for the Shaw story had been Boris Guriel, the future head of Israel's intelligence service, who had heard it in turn from the American
549:
It would have been impossible to have planted the bomb in the Régence any later than 14:00 because it was always full of customers after that time. The timing was also determined by the original intention that the attack should coincide with another, carried out by the
728:, a prominent and enthusiastic supporter of Zionism, criticized the attack. He also related the bombing to the problems within the Mandate system, and he advocated allowing further Jewish immigration into Palestine. Chief Secretary for the Government of Palestine,
881:
At the time of the explosion, Chief Secretary, Sir John Shaw was in his office, which was in the eastern half of the south wing, rather than the destroyed western half. Jewish militant organisations sought to shift the blame to Shaw for the deaths.
732:, noted that the majority of the dead had been members of his own personal staff: "British, Arabs, Jews, Greeks, Armenians; senior officers, police, my orderly, my chauffeur, messengers, guards, men and women—young and old—they were my friends."
755:
been killed or are missing in the ruins. The latest figures of casualties are 41 dead, 52 missing and 53 injured. I have no further information at present beyond what is contained in the following official report received from Jerusalem:
463:
Rooms had first been requisitioned in the hotel in late 1938, on what was supposed to be a temporary basis. Plans had already been made to erect a permanent building for the Secretariat and Army GHQ, but these were cancelled after the
793:, to emphasise to the British servicemen that they were facing a cruel, fanatical and cunning enemy, and there was no way of knowing who was friend and who foe. Since there were female terrorists as well, according to Montgomery, all
321:, the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine, though, unbeknownst to the Irgun, this had been cancelled by the time the operation was carried out. The main motive of the bombing was to destroy documents incriminating the
453:
891:
killed, while he himself slunk away until after the explosion. … Shaw thus sent nearly 100 people to their deaths—including Hebrews, including friends of our struggle." Begin said he had heard the information about Shaw from
442:
was situated and from where access to the service entrance of the hotel was gained, ran from there past the north end of the hotel. Gardens and an olive grove, which had been designated as a park, surrounded the other sides.
707:
The bombing inflamed public opinion in Britain. After the bombing, editorials in British newspapers argued that the bombing deflated statements by the government that it had been winning against the Jewish paramilitaries.
1137:(Likud), who raised the matter in the Knesset, changes were made in the plaque's text, though to a greater degree in English than the Hebrew version. The final English version reads: "Warning phone calls has [
900:
or deny what Galili had said. Clarke's assessment was that the story about Shaw was, in fact, "a baseless rumour promoted by the Haganah in order to mollify the Irgun and fix responsibility for the carnage on Shaw".
337:
headquarters. The resulting explosion caused the collapse of the western half of the southern wing of the hotel. Some of the deaths and injuries occurred in the road outside the hotel and in adjacent buildings.
332:
Disguised as Arab workmen and as hotel waiters, members of the Irgun planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel, whose southern wing housed the Mandate Secretariat and a few offices of the
174:
806:
and caused much outrage and bad publicity for the British. Barker was nearly dismissed from his position over the scandal, and only Montgomery's threat to resign if Barker was sacked saved him his job.
482:
described activity at the hotel: "Private detectives, Zionist agents, Arab sheiks, special correspondents, and the rest, all sitting around about discreetly overhearing each other." Security analyst
825:
The Jewish political leadership publicly condemned the attack. The Jewish Agency expressed "their feelings of horror at the base and unparalleled act perpetrated today by a gang of criminals". The
810:
The attack did not change Britain's stance toward an Anglo-American agreement on Palestine, which was then in its concluding phase. In a letter dated 25 July 1946, Prime Minister Attlee wrote to
908:
Jews, Shaw said: "I would never have made a statement like that and I don't think that anyone who knows me would regard it as in character. I would never have referred to the Jews in that way".
1052:. The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts. In particular the Irgun was branded a terrorist organisation by Britain, the 1946
2530:, an ex-Irgun member. The first copy of the account is on a website dedicated to recounting the history of the Irgun. The second is on a site carrying a translation of Lapidot's book,
167:
967:
The attack ramped up the conflict between Jewish militants and the Mandate government to a much higher level. Early on 30 July 1946, in order to capture wanted underground members, '
714:
argued that "British firmness" inside Palestine had brought about more terrorism and worsened the situation in the country, the opposite effect that the government had intended.
2540:– an account of the bombing on a website set up by ex-British servicemen, whose purpose was to detail largely forgotten campaigns fought by the British since the end of the
160:
1238:, Green Mountain Press, 2006, pp. 32–34 (photograph p. 44), for an eye-witness account of the immediate aftermath of the bombing by a geologist working for the
2690:
2333:
596:
Begin claimed in his memoirs that the British had deliberately not evacuated, thereby creating a possible opportunity to vilify the Jewish militant groups.
2422:
The Jewish Plan for Palestine\'97Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
2407:
The Jewish Plan for Palestine\'97Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
674:
The explosion occurred at 12:37. It caused the collapse of the western half of the southern wing of the hotel. Soon after the explosion, rescuers from the
682:
Ninety-one people were killed, most of them being staff of the hotel or Secretariat: 21 were first-rank government officials, including under-secretary
2630:
679:
survivors. The last to be found alive was Assistant Secretary Downing C. Thompson, 31 hours after the explosion, but he died just over a week later.
2560:
series which investigates the motives, morals and methods of some of what the BBC describes as the most infamous terrorist attacks of recent times.
1176:
1129:
The plaque of the King David Hotel. The Hebrew version has an additional line saying that among the 92 people killed was an Irgun member shot dead.
835:, "although the Hagana had sanctioned the King David bombing, world-wide condemnation caused the organization to distance itself from the attack".
2650:
993:
After the bombing, the hotel complex remained in use by the British until 4 May 1948. It served as an Israeli headquarters from the end of the
2314:
341:
Controversy has arisen over the timing and adequacy of any warnings. The Irgun stated subsequently that warnings were delivered by telephone;
243:
2655:
2635:
2566:
2228:
1076:, opined that the bombing was a legitimate act with a military target, distinguishing it from an act of terror intended to harm civilians.
397:
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775:
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staff, one of whom said that she was put under pressure by the Palestine Police to withdraw her statements she had made in her account.
2537:
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329:, a series of raids by mandate authorities. It was the deadliest attack directed at the British during the Mandate era (1920–1948).
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then located and removed the buried V3s. On another occasion, members of an unknown group threw grenades at the hotel but missed.
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1001:. Then, the Israelis reopened the hotel for commercial business. Recently, it has hosted visiting dignitaries and celebrities.
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was not received until after the explosion. That claim is supported in the report by the testimony of two members of the
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after King David Hotel bombing, July 1946. Photographer: Haim Fine, Russian Emmanuel collection, from collections of the
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according to him, everything that the Irgun had wanted. He went on to compare the aftermath of the bombing to that of
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broke out, at which point more than two-thirds of the hotel's rooms were being used for government and army purposes.
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express their profound sympathy with the relatives of the killed and with those injured in this dastardly outrage.
298:. Ninety-one people of various nationalities were killed, including Arabs, Britons and Jews, and 46 were injured.
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498:
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authorities of Palestine, principally the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the
690:, a Zionist writer and government official. Immediately after the bombing the Mandate government began planning
1204:, W. H. Allen, London, First edition 1951, Revised edition 1979. Nash, Los Angeles, 1972. Dell, New York, 1978.
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768:
30:
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The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
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The final findings of the inquest into the bombing: a copy is held by the State of Israel Archives, Jerusalem.
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The Irgun and Lehi stepped up their campaign after the bombing, committing a series of attacks. According to
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943:. The Irgun immediately sent a letter bomb to him there, but it was intercepted and successfully disarmed.
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David Brothers Building, the operation was delayed and started at about 12:00, an hour later than planned.
228:
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802:, then an officer in the British Army, leaked the order to the press. Barker's wording was interpreted as
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shot as they were withdrawing after the attack. The latter agrees with the version of events presented by
2665:
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904:, who had been a member of the Irgun's high command, later also wrote that "the story can be dismissed".
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2451:"Some called Irgun's revolt against the British terrorism. Others called the Irgun freedom fighters."
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1228:, Jerusalem: the newspaper reported on the inquest into the bombing throughout September 1946.
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army report before it was submitted to the High Commissioner and then the Cabinet in London.
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story until more details and further confirmation had been obtained. There were other leaks.
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526:, chief of the Haganah General Headquarters, sent a letter to the then leader of the Irgun,
1820:, translated by Samuel Katz, W. H. Allen, London, First edition 1959, Revised edition 1979
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Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929–1949
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which contained an embellished version of Galili's story, similar to the one given in the
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The attack led the British government to enact widely unpopular restrictions on the
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1017:. It has been called one of the most lethal terrorist attacks of the 20th century.
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has written that the hotel "housed the nerve centre of British rule in Palestine".
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Various British government papers relating to the bombing were released under the
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on 29 June and confiscated large quantities of documents directly implicating the
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Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories
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birthday, but the Haganah learned about the plan and warned the British through
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843:, a Jewish newspaper in Palestine, labelled the Irgun perpetrators "fascists".
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1272:(2001), a British television serial in four episodes written and directed by
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A copy of the police report (identifying code 'CO 537 2290') is held at the
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To prevent a diplomatic incident, and over the objections of Knesset member
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The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First
803:
794:
551:
535:
502:
465:
334:
203:
1258:
1041:
998:
381:
100:
369:
2556:– The King David Hotel bombing features in the first episode of a 2008
928:
924:
book's publishers withdrew it from circulation and apologised to Shaw.
523:
416:, known in Israel as "Black Saturday". British troops had searched the
198:
2409:. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. pp. 20\'9626.
1396:
939:
Two months after the bombing, Shaw was appointed High Commissioner of
2492:
2236:
1999:
1711:
1410:
1375:
1010:
799:
609:
393:
279:
52:
1220:, Andre Deutsch, London, 1979. G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1979.
839:
deemed the Irgun "the enemy of the Jewish people" after the attack.
972:
663:
522:
The leaders of Haganah opposed the idea initially. On 1 July 1946,
405:
915:, an American author, released a revised edition of his 1938 book
2469:
1977:
1073:
742:
539:
421:
373:
318:
287:
2256:, Georgetown University Press, 2004, Washington, D.C., pp. 50–51
2062:'A Senseless, Squalid War': Voices from Palestine; 1890s to 1948
2424:. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. p. 32.
659:
506:
1361:
951:
2182:
Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues
1489:, William Roger Louis, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 430
1065:
955:
291:
131:
2287:
Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History
778:(CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, had told
534:(Irgun alias 'Gidi'), Chief of Operations of the Irgun, and
182:
1436:
The Poisoned Well, Empire and its Legacy in the Middle East
325:
in attacks against the British, which were obtained during
96:
1294:
Footage of the bombed hotel collapsing opens episode 2 of
38:
2557:
1900:"Former Commander Of Deadly King David Hotel Attack Dies"
1139:
1049:
958:
emblem with Hebrew symbols used during its armed campaign
868:
shortly after the attack. Weizmann's ambivalence towards
69:
2550:
Includes intelligence about the activities of the Irgun.
2532:
Besieged – Jerusalem 1948 – Memories of an Irgun fighter
2090:
Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel
1918:
Besieged – Jerusalem 1948 – Memories of an Irgun fighter
127:
2122:
The terrorist trap: America's experience with terrorism
1009:
The bombing has been discussed in literature about the
2019:
Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947
1210:
Terror Out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence
647:
The explosion of a second bomb at the King David Hotel
983:
which had been Begin's intention from the beginning.
608:
bureau received a short message stating that 'Jewish
301:
The hotel was the site of the central offices of the
2526:) – an account of the bombing, written by Professor
1158:
1048:
The Irgun's activities were classed as terrorism by
2548:
UK national archives, Mi5 files of Jewish Interest.
317:. When planned, the attack had the approval of the
2331:
2087:
2254:Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy
2042:Confidential letter, Attlee to President Truman,
1871:. New York: Dell Publishing Co. pp. 296–97.
1438:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 10.
2691:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1940s
2597:
1149:כולל איש האצ"ל שנהרג בחילופי יריות שהתנהלו במקום
820:
446:
2437:Terrorism and the press: an uneasy relationship
2434:
2394:. Vol. 5. Infobase Publishing. p. 20.
1402:
1283:The Age of Terror: A Survey of modern terrorism
1279:In the Name of Liberation: Freedom by Any Means
1104:
2325:
2252:, in Cronin, A. K. & Ludes, J. M. (eds.),
2143:
1828:
1826:
604:Shortly after noon Palestine time, the London
576:
412:The Irgun committed the attack in response to
2265:
2199:
864:had made him sympathetic to Zionism, visited
168:
2242:
1704:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1177:Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
876:
791:British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan
767:In a visit made sometime before the attack,
286:on 22 July 1946, by the militant right-wing
270:The British administrative headquarters for
1823:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1738:. Jerusalem: Alpha Books. pp. 149–52.
1693:
1691:
1689:
1631:Promise and Fulfilment, Palestine 1917–1949
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1281:, one of the documentaries from the series
946:
2405:"Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance".
2259:
2006:, Little, Brown and Company, 2000, p. 439.
1812:
1810:
1808:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1468:
1358:, Paul J. Smith, M.E. Sharpe, 2007, p. 27
1079:
638:
175:
161:
37:
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2054:
2052:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
2631:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
2195:
2193:
2191:
2094:. University of Michigan Press. p.
1778:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1686:
1628:
1556:, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981
1492:
1403:Crenshaw, Martha; Pimlott, John (1998).
1320:The original letter can be found in the
1124:
1108:
950:
741:
650:
642:
561:
368:
186:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
2435:Barnett, Brooke; Reynolds, Amy (2009).
2428:
2284:
2015:
1940:
1910:
1805:
1765:
1736:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Jerusalem
1733:
1701:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1984
1649:Jerusalem – British Beneath the surface
1637:
1619:
1610:
1406:International Encyclopedia of Terrorism
2598:
2454:
2350:No 33 of 5708–1948 – 23 September 1948
2266:Walter, Enders; Sandler, Todd (2006).
2179:
2175:
2173:
2049:
1832:
1672:
1670:
1559:
1197:, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981
2651:20th-century mass murder in Jerusalem
2488:"British anger at terror celebration"
2389:
2319:The National Archives (UK Government)
2219:
2200:Prince-Gibson, Eetta (27 July 2006).
2188:
2118:
2112:
2085:
1993:
1931:, 24 July 1946, p. 1; 2 August, p. 3.
1861:
1752:
1718:
1433:
1367:
274:, housed in the southern wing of the
156:
2465:"The spirit of the King David Hotel"
2359:
2125:. Indiana University Press. p.
2058:
1973:"Terrorist Outrage Jerusalem (1946)"
1793:
1285:(2002) produced by Films Media Group
829:denounced the bombing. According to
702:
599:
452:military police and a branch of the
2636:British Mandate period in Jerusalem
2307:
2184:. SAGE Publishing. pp. 380–82.
2170:
2016:Hoffman, Bruce (24 February 2015).
1677:The Bombing of the King David Hotel
1667:
1148:
776:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
739:commented in the House of Commons:
489:
13:
2554:International Terrorism Since 1945
2268:The Political Economy of Terrorism
2250:The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism
2086:Cline, Eric H. (4 November 2005).
1187:
16:1946 terrorist attack in Jerusalem
14:
2702:
2502:
1024:wrote of the bombing in his book
454:Criminal Investigation Department
2661:Massacres in Mandatory Palestine
2646:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine
2420:"Major Political Developments".
2226:Virtual Tour of Modern Jerusalem
1981:. House of Commons. 23 July 1946
1161:
126:
2656:Israel–United Kingdom relations
2476:
2413:
2398:
2383:
2353:
2278:
2157:
2079:
2036:
2009:
1978:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1965:
1934:
1922:
1892:
1855:
1477:article on the Irgun Zvai Leumi
1371:Encyclopedia of World Terrorism
1327:
1314:
512:
432:
2686:Attacks on hotels in Jerusalem
2681:Building bombings in Jerusalem
2509:Attack on the King David Hotel
2022:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
1480:
1452:
1427:
1349:
1213:, Transaction Publishers, 1996
1119:Menachem Begin Heritage Center
860:(MP), whose experience on the
31:Jewish insurgency in Palestine
1:
2392:Encyclopedia of world history
2119:Simon, Jeffrey David (2001).
2059:Rose, Norman (10 July 2014).
1343:
1322:Jabotinsky Institute Archives
821:Israeli and Zionist reactions
717:Speaker after speaker in the
447:Government and military usage
364:
349:
2338:. GRIN Verlag. p. 254.
1257:(1960), Hollywood film with
1105:60th anniversary controversy
1004:
697:
616:
7:
2641:Terrorist incidents in 1946
2626:1946 in Mandatory Palestine
2332:Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (2008).
2044:Truman Presidential Library
1308:
1246:
1154:
557:
517:
505:of the Jewish Agency. Army
43:The hotel after the bombing
10:
2707:
2439:. Peter Lang. p. 21.
2315:"Files of Jewish interest"
2272:Cambridge University Press
2239:. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
2154:, Jerusalem, 23 July 1946.
1683:. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
1664:. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
1611:Bethell, Nicholas (1979).
1236:In the Heart of the Desert
1182:Zionist political violence
962:
787:General Officer Commanding
668:National Library of Israel
353:
2369:. Dublin: Academy Press.
1772:Columbia University Press
1734:Jeffers, H. Paul (2004).
1629:Koestler, Arthur (1949).
1459:Encyclopedia of Terrorism
1291:(2009), a BBC documentary
1038:Brazilian Communist Party
877:Sir John Shaw controversy
577:Sir John Shaw controversy
290:underground organization
194:
137:
122:
114:
106:
86:
76:
62:
48:
36:
28:
23:
2616:July 1946 events in Asia
2518:28 December 2017 at the
2046:, www.trumanlibrary.org)
1941:Gilbert, Martin (2007).
1234:Michael Quentin Morton,
1070:Leader of the Opposition
947:Legacy and later reports
862:Anglo-American Committee
219:King David Hotel bombing
24:King David Hotel bombing
2291:Oxford University Press
2231:20 January 2008 at the
2004:One Palestine, Complete
1833:Walton, Calder (2013).
1766:Hoffman, Bruce (1999).
1715:, London, 23 July 1946.
1475:Encyclopædia Britannica
1289:Early Israeli Terrorism
1080:Army and police reports
995:1947–1949 Palestine war
827:Jewish National Council
735:British Prime Minister
711:The Manchester Guardian
639:Explosion and aftermath
566:Rear of the hotel, 1931
471:In March 1946, British
142:Destruction of evidence
2671:Hotel bombings in Asia
2390:Terry, Janice (2008).
1947:. Macmillan. pp.
1944:Churchill and the Jews
1681:Jewish Virtual Library
1613:The Palestine Triangle
1240:Iraq Petroleum Company
1218:The Palestine Triangle
1130:
1114:
959:
765:
750:
721:expressed outrage. Ex-
671:
648:
567:
409:
2582:31.77444°N 35.22250°E
2285:Abrahms, Max (2018).
1904:www.apnewsarchive.com
1654:24 April 2009 at the
1434:Hardy, Roger (2017).
1368:Chalk, Peter (1996).
1128:
1112:
1036:'s campaign with the
954:
917:The Rape of Palestine
752:
745:
658:paratroopers enforce
654:
646:
565:
372:
360:List of Irgun members
356:List of Irgun attacks
239:Night of the Beatings
2676:1946 murders in Asia
2180:Martin, Gus (2006).
1633:. London: Macmillan.
1465:, Sage, 2003 p. 181
1335:Public Record Office
1015:history of terrorism
858:Member of Parliament
476:Member of Parliament
376:leaders arrested in
307:British Armed Forces
254:The Sergeants affair
229:Rome Embassy bombing
209:Night of the Bridges
2611:Mass murder in 1946
2578: /
1841:. pp. 78, 79.
1064:, then chairman of
941:Trinidad and Tobago
538:, commander of the
282:, were bombed in a
272:Mandatory Palestine
234:Night of the Trains
57:Mandatory Palestine
2666:1940s in Jerusalem
2606:Explosions in 1946
2587:31.77444; 35.22250
2321:. 7 December 2016.
2293:. pp. 44–45.
2235:. By Nahum Dimer.
2202:"Reflective truth"
2165:Anonymous Soldiers
2151:The Palestine Post
1699:Begin, A Biography
1661:The Jerusalem Post
1225:The Palestine Post
1216:Nicholas Bethell,
1131:
1117:In July 2006, the
1115:
1062:Benjamin Netanyahu
988:The Jerusalem Post
960:
832:The Jerusalem Post
812:American President
780:Lieutenant General
751:
672:
649:
568:
410:
244:Martial law period
199:The Hunting Season
2446:978-0-8204-9516-3
2376:978-0-906187-11-1
2345:978-3-638-94450-2
2300:978-0-19-253944-1
2136:978-0-253-21477-5
2105:978-0-472-03120-7
2072:978-1-4481-6333-5
2029:978-1-101-87466-0
1958:978-0-8050-7880-0
1878:978-0-440-17598-8
1848:978-0-00-745796-0
1835:Empire of Secrets
1774:. pp. 48–52.
1745:978-1-59257-179-6
1554:By Blood and Fire
1463:Harvey W. Kushner
1445:978-0-19-062322-7
1420:978-1-57958-022-3
1389:978-1-56324-806-1
1301:(11 January 2015)
1195:By Blood and Fire
1193:Thurston Clarke,
1113:The hotel in 2008
1034:Carlos Marighella
1020:Security analyst
971:' was mounted in
783:Sir Evelyn Barker
774:, soon to become
726:Winston Churchill
703:British reactions
684:Robert Paus Platt
600:Leaks and rumours
426:Jewish insurgency
390:Yitzhak Gruenbaum
380:. Left to right:
303:British Mandatory
296:Jewish insurgency
267:
266:
249:Acre Prison break
151:
150:
93:Zionist terrorism
2698:
2593:
2592:
2590:
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2588:
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2579:
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2574:
2571:
2542:Second World War
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2248:Rapoport, D.C.,
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2214:
2212:
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2185:
2177:
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2163:Hoffman, Bruce:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
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2110:
2109:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2065:. Random House.
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2013:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1938:
1932:
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1920:
1916:Yehuda Lapidot,
1914:
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1907:
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1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1830:
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1816:Menachem Begin,
1814:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1768:Inside Terrorism
1763:
1750:
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1702:
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1684:
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1615:. Andre Deutsch.
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1550:Clarke, Thurston
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1207:J. Bowyer Bell,
1200:Menachem Begin,
1171:
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1165:
1164:
1150:
1093:received by the
1086:thirty year rule
1054:Zionist Congress
1026:Inside Terrorism
897:Associated Press
870:Zionist violence
851:Richard Crossman
837:David Ben-Gurion
746:British premier
719:House of Commons
582:American author
490:Previous attacks
480:Richard Crossman
466:Second World War
458:Palestine Police
440:French Consulate
414:Operation Agatha
378:Operation Agatha
335:British military
327:Operation Agatha
284:terrorist attack
276:King David Hotel
259:Operation Hametz
214:Operation Agatha
189:
187:
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146:Jewish extremism
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81:King David Hotel
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2567:
2565:
2564:
2520:Wayback Machine
2505:
2500:
2496:, July 20, 2006
2484:Stephen Farrell
2482:Ned Parker and
2481:
2477:
2473:, July 23, 2006
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2233:Wayback Machine
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1863:Begin, Menachem
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1413:. p. 287.
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1188:Further reading
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980:civil liberties
969:Operation Shark
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692:Operation Shark
688:Edward Sperling
676:Royal Engineers
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343:Thurston Clarke
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2528:Yehuda Lapidot
2504:
2503:External links
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2274:. p. 250.
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2206:Jerusalem Post
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1929:Palestine Post
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1801:. Karni Press.
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1261:, directed by
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1151:) at the end.
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1099:Palestine Post
1095:Palestine Post
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911:Also in 1948,
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866:Chaim Weizmann
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748:Clement Attlee
737:Clement Attlee
723:Prime Minister
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589:Palestine Post
573:Menachem Begin
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528:Menachem Begin
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2621:Irgun attacks
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1697:Eric Silver,
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1324:(k-4 1/11/5).
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1169:Israel portal
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1135:Reuven Rivlin
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1058:Jewish Agency
1055:
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1035:
1029:
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1023:
1022:Bruce Hoffman
1018:
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893:Israel Galili
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764:
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733:
731:
730:Sir John Shaw
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484:Bruce Hoffman
481:
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469:
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427:
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418:Jewish Agency
415:
407:
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402:David Hacohen
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386:Moshe Sharett
383:
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71:
66:22 July 1946
65:
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40:
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32:
27:
22:
19:
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2327:
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2267:
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2253:
2249:
2244:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2181:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2121:
2114:
2089:
2081:
2061:
2038:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1839:Harper Press
1834:
1817:
1799:Days of Fire
1798:
1795:Katz, Shmuel
1767:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1659:
1630:
1612:
1553:
1486:
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1454:
1435:
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1405:
1398:
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1363:
1355:
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1329:
1321:
1316:
1299:series eight
1296:
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1278:
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1235:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1138:
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1116:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1047:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1008:
992:
987:
985:
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966:
938:
934:
927:
926:
920:
916:
913:William Ziff
910:
906:
887:
884:
880:
855:Labour Party
853:, a British
849:
845:
840:
830:
824:
809:
795:fraternising
766:
753:
734:
716:
709:
706:
681:
673:
628:
624:
620:
603:
595:
587:
581:
569:
548:
544:
536:Itzhak Sadeh
521:
513:Preparations
503:Teddy Kollek
493:
473:Labour Party
470:
462:
450:
436:
433:Hotel layout
411:
340:
331:
300:
269:
218:
204:Birya affair
123:Perpetrators
29:Part of the
18:
2585: /
2538:The Outrage
2463:Tom Segev,
1297:Foyle's War
1269:The Promise
1259:Paul Newman
1042:Max Abrahms
999:Six-Day War
921:Black Paper
902:Shmuel Katz
888:Black Paper
804:antisemitic
382:David Remez
315:Transjordan
294:during the
101:mass murder
88:Attack type
2600:Categories
2573:35°13′21″E
2570:31°46′28″N
1868:The Revolt
1818:The Revolt
1378:. p.
1344:References
1202:The Revolt
929:The Revolt
610:terrorists
524:Moshe Sneh
398:Shenkarsky
365:Motivation
354:See also:
350:Background
68:12:37 pm (
2493:The Times
2237:About.com
2000:Tom Segev
1712:The Times
1411:Routledge
1376:Routledge
1337:, London.
1005:Terrorism
800:Abba Eban
698:Reactions
617:Execution
394:Dov Yosef
311:Palestine
280:Jerusalem
53:Jerusalem
2516:Archived
2363:(1979).
2229:Archived
1985:30 April
1865:(1978).
1797:(1966).
1652:Archived
1309:Endnotes
1247:In media
1155:See also
1056:and the
1011:practice
973:Tel Aviv
873:Cross."
841:Hatsofeh
664:Tel Aviv
558:Warnings
518:Planning
406:Halperin
49:Location
2511:(Site:
2470:Haaretz
1074:Knesset
1072:in the
997:to the
963:Locally
656:British
632:Bethell
540:Palmach
507:sappers
456:of the
424:in the
422:Haganah
374:Zionist
319:Haganah
288:Zionist
115:Injured
97:bombing
2443:
2373:
2342:
2297:
2211:10 May
2167:(2015)
2133:
2102:
2069:
2026:
1955:
1949:253–57
1884:11 May
1875:
1845:
1742:
1442:
1417:
1386:
1254:Exodus
1145:Hebrew
785:, the
660:curfew
593:late.
499:king's
138:Motive
107:Deaths
77:Target
1066:Likud
956:Irgun
478:(MP)
292:Irgun
132:Irgun
2441:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2213:2009
2131:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1987:2020
1953:ISBN
1886:2021
1873:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1068:and
1013:and
552:Lehi
358:and
313:and
63:Date
2558:BBC
2096:260
1380:394
1140:sic
1050:MI5
662:in
606:UPI
309:in
278:in
72:+2)
70:UTC
2602::
2522:,
2490:,
2486:,
2467:,
2456:^
2317:.
2289:.
2270:.
2204:.
2190:^
2172:^
2129:.
2127:45
2098:.
2051:^
2002:,
1975:.
1951:.
1902:.
1837:.
1825:^
1807:^
1780:^
1770:.
1754:^
1720:^
1688:^
1679:.
1669:^
1658:.
1639:^
1621:^
1561:^
1552:.
1494:^
1461:,
1409:.
1382:.
1374:.
1147::
1040:.
694:.
579:)
542:.
460:.
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
144:,
118:46
110:91
99:,
95:,
55:,
2544:.
2534:.
2524:2
2513:1
2449:.
2379:.
2348:.
2303:.
2215:.
2139:.
2108:.
2075:.
2032:.
1989:.
1961:.
1906:.
1888:.
1851:.
1748:.
1448:.
1423:.
1392:.
1242:.
670:.
408:.
176:e
169:t
162:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
