Alfred the Great - Knowledge

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ships afloat attempted to break through the English lines. Only one made it; Alfred's ships intercepted the other two. Lashing the Viking boats to their own, the English crew boarded and proceeded to kill the Vikings. One ship escaped because Alfred's heavy ships became grounded when the tide went out. A land battle ensued between the crews. The Danes were heavily outnumbered, but as the tide rose, they returned to their boats which, with shallower drafts, were freed first. The English watched as the Vikings rowed past them but they suffered so many casualties (120 dead against 62 Frisians and English) that they had difficulty putting out to sea. All were too damaged to row around Sussex, and two were driven against the Sussex coast (possibly at

53: 857:. This was in accordance with the agreement that Æthelred and Alfred had made earlier that year in an assembly at an unidentified place called Swinbeorg. The brothers had agreed that whichever of them outlived the other would inherit the personal property that King Æthelwulf had left jointly to his sons in his will. The deceased's sons would receive only whatever property and riches their father had settled upon them and whatever additional lands their uncle had acquired. The unstated premise was that the surviving brother would be king. Given the Danish invasion and the youth of his nephews, Alfred's accession probably went uncontested. 1395: 2765: 961: 1853: 2207:. This was not a cynical use of religion to manipulate his subjects into obedience but an intrinsic element in Alfred's worldview. He believed, as did other kings in ninth-century England and Francia, that God had entrusted him with the spiritual as well as physical welfare of his people. If the Christian faith fell into ruin in his kingdom, if the clergy were too ignorant to understand the Latin words they butchered in their offices and liturgies, if the ancient monasteries and collegiate churches lay deserted out of indifference, he was answerable before God, as 1594:, having tailored their methods of fighting to rapid strikes and unimpeded retreats to well-defended fortifications. The only means left to them was to starve the burh into submission but this gave the king time to send his field army or garrisons from neighbouring burhs along the army roads. In such cases, the Vikings were extremely vulnerable to pursuit by the king's joint military forces. Alfred's burh system posed such a formidable challenge against Viking attack that when the Vikings returned in 892 and stormed a half-built, poorly garrisoned fortress up the 8602: 2587: 2126:, the remainder is drawn from various sources. The material has traditionally been thought to contain much that is Alfred's own and highly characteristic of him. The last words of it may be quoted; they form a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings. "Therefore, he seems to me a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear." Alfred appears as a character in the twelfth- or 13th-century poem 676: 3502: 10426: 2548:

the foundation of that mournful edifice, at almost every stroke of the mattock or spade some ancient sepulchre was violated, the venerable contents of which were treated with marked indignity. On this occasion a great number of stone coffins were dug up, with a variety of other curious articles, such as chalices, patens, rings, buckles, the leather of shoes and boots, velvet and gold lace belonging to chasubles and other vestments; as also the crook, rims, and joints of a beautiful crosier double gilt.

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taken to reflect philosophies of kingship in Alfred's milieu. It is in the Boethius that the oft-quoted sentence occurs: "To speak briefly: I desired to live worthily as long as I lived, and after my life to leave to them that should come after, my memory in good works." The book has come down to us in two manuscripts only. In one of these the writing is prose, in the other a combination of prose and alliterating verse. The latter manuscript was severely damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries.

2682: 2478: 1958: 1496:, and to reorganise the fyrd as a standing army, Alfred expanded the tax and conscription system based on the productivity of a tenant's landholding. The hide was the basic unit of the system on which the tenant's public obligations were assessed. A hide is thought to represent the amount of land required to support one family. The hide differed in size according to the value and resources of the land and the landowner would have to provide service based on how many hides he owned. 735: 1656: 2710: 1463:

problems with communication and raising supplies meant that the national militia could not be mustered quickly enough. It was only after the raids had begun that a call went out to landowners to gather their men for battle. Large regions could be devastated before the fyrd could assemble and arrive. Although the landowners were obliged to the king to supply these men when called, during the attacks in 878 many of them abandoned their king and collaborated with Guthrum.

2142: 2220: 650:. When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne, he appointed his eldest son Æthelstan as sub-king of Kent. Ecgberht and Æthelwulf may not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent because they both appointed sons as sub-kings, and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, while Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control, and the sub-kings were not allowed to issue their own coinage. 1511: 1875:; the establishment of a court school to educate his own children, the sons of his nobles, and intellectually promising boys of lesser birth; an attempt to require literacy in those who held offices of authority; a series of translations into the vernacular of Latin works the king deemed "most necessary for all men to know"; the compilation of a chronicle detailing the rise of Alfred's kingdom and house, with a genealogy that stretched back to 1633:

places in which a naval battle could be fought. The warships of the time were not designed to be ship killers but rather troop carriers. It has been suggested that, like sea battles in late Viking age Scandinavia, these battles may have entailed a ship coming alongside an opposing vessel, lashing the two ships together and then boarding the craft. The result was a land battle involving hand-to-hand fighting on board the two lashed vessels.

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God is the Lord to whom kings owe obedience and through whom they derive their authority over their followers. The need to persuade his nobles to undertake work for the 'common good' led Alfred and his court scholars to strengthen and deepen the conception of Christian kingship that he had inherited by building upon the legacy of earlier kings including Offa, clerical writers including Bede, and Alcuin and various participants in the

2572:. The bones were radiocarbon-dated but the results showed that they were from the 1300s and therefore not of Alfred. In January 2014, a fragment of pelvis that had been unearthed in the 1999 excavation of the Hyde site, and had subsequently lain in a Winchester museum store room, was radiocarbon-dated to the correct period. It has been suggested that this bone may belong to either Alfred or his son Edward, but this remains unproven. 10471: 667:, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen raiding-army that we have heard tell of up to this present day, and there took the victory". Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son, Æthelberht, as king of Kent. Æthelbald only survived his father by two years, and Æthelberht then for the first time united Wessex and Kent into a single kingdom. 1467:

dealt with Viking raiders. Learning from their experiences he was able to establish a system of taxation and defence for Wessex. There had been a system of fortifications in pre-Viking Mercia that may have been an influence. When the Viking raids resumed in 892 Alfred was better prepared to confront them with a standing, mobile field army, a network of garrisons and a small fleet of ships navigating the rivers and estuaries.

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Many of the burhs were twin towns that straddled a river and were connected by a fortified bridge, like those built by Charles the Bald a generation before. The double-burh blocked passage on the river, forcing Viking ships to navigate under a garrisoned bridge lined with men armed with stones, spears or arrows. Other burhs were sited near fortified royal villas, allowing the king better control over his strongholds.

7016:— "Note: This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman edition". It was "Originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great, approximately A.D. 890, and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th Century". 948:, Alfred was purportedly given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, asked him to mind some wheaten cakes she left baking by the fire. Preoccupied with the problems of his kingdom, Alfred accidentally let the cakes burn, and was roundly scolded by the woman upon her return. The first written account of the legend appears a century after Alfred's death, though it may have earlier origins in 10454: 560: 1590:). The roads allowed an army quickly to be assembled, sometimes from more than one burh, to confront the Viking invader. The road network posed significant obstacles to Viking invaders, especially those laden with booty. The system threatened Viking routes and communications making it far more dangerous for them. The Vikings lacked the equipment for a siege against a burh and a developed doctrine of 1249:, ealdorman of Mercia. Soon afterwards, Alfred restyled himself as "King of the Anglo-Saxons". The restoration of London progressed through the latter half of the 880s and is believed to have revolved around a new street plan; added fortifications in addition to the existing Roman walls; and, some believe, the construction of matching fortifications on the south bank of the River Thames. 2647:

Consequently, while Alfred's epithet, "the Great", was in regular use from the 13th century, it was writers of the 16th century who popularised it. There is no evidence of Alfred's contemporaries using the sobriquet. The epithet was retained by succeeding generations who admired Alfred's patriotism, success against barbarism, promotion of education, and establishment of the rule of law.

924:, and from that fort kept fighting against the foe". Considering the fate of the Mercians' kingdom under similar Viking pressure and an analysis of charter signatories either side of the raid it has been suggested that Alfred may have fallen prey to a Witan coup at Chippenham rather than simply being surprised by a Viking attack. From his fort at Athelney, an island in the marshes near 1448:, advancing against their target and overcoming the oncoming wall marshalled against them in defence. The Danes preferred to choose easy targets, mapping cautious forays to avoid risking their plunder with high-stake attacks for more. Alfred determined their tactic was to launch small attacks from a secure base to which they could retreat should their raiders meet strong resistance. 2199:, kings who fail to obey their divine duty to promote learning can expect earthly punishments to befall their people. The pursuit of wisdom, he assured his readers of the Boethius, was the surest path to power: "Study wisdom, then, and, when you have learned it, condemn it not, for I tell you that by its means you may without fail attain to power, yea, even though not desiring it". 1974:

when Wessex was enjoying a respite from Viking attacks. Alfred was, until recently, often considered to have been the author of many of the translations, but this is now considered doubtful in almost all cases. Scholars more often refer to translations as "Alfredian", indicating that they probably had something to do with his patronage, but are unlikely to be his own work.

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about how his mother held up a book of Saxon poetry to him and his brothers, and said; "I shall give this book to whichever one of you can learn it the fastest." After excitedly asking, "Will you really give this book to the one of us who can understand it the soonest and recite it to you?" Alfred then took it to his teacher, learned it, and recited it back to his mother.

1723:(15:23–29). The introduction may best be understood as Alfred's meditation upon the meaning of Christian law. It traces the continuity between God's gift of law to Moses to Alfred's own issuance of law to the West Saxon people. By doing so, it linked the holy past to the historical present and represented Alfred's law-giving as a type of divine legislation. 1066:, but it was to be some years after the cessation of hostilities that a formal treaty was signed. Under the terms of the so-called Treaty of Wedmore, the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. Consequently, in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester. The formal 1735:

Alfred's transformation of Christ's commandment, from "Love your neighbour as yourself" (Matt. 22:39–40) to love your secular lord as you would love the Lord Christ himself, underscores the importance that Alfred placed upon lordship which he understood as a sacred bond instituted by God for the governance of man.

591:– a prince eligible for the throne. But after Ecgberht's reign, descent from Cerdic was no longer sufficient to make a man an ætheling. When Ecgberht died in 839, he was succeeded by his son Æthelwulf; all subsequent West Saxon kings were descendants of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf, and were also sons of kings. 1410:, and it was upon this system that the military power of the several kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England depended. The fyrd was a local militia in the Anglo-Saxon shire in which all freemen had to serve; those who refused military service were subject to fines or loss of their land. According to the 3413:

The inscription reads "ALFRED THE GREAT AD 879 on this Summit Erected his Standard Against Danish Invaders To him We owe The Origin of Juries The Establishment of a Militia The Creation of a Naval Force ALFRED The Light of a Benighted Age Was a Philosopher and a Christian The Father of his People The

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The portrayal of the West-Saxon resistance to the Vikings by Asser and the chronicler as a Christian holy war was more than mere rhetoric or propaganda. It reflected Alfred's own belief in a doctrine of divine rewards and punishments rooted in a vision of a hierarchical Christian world order in which

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Alfred had seapower in mind; if he could intercept raiding fleets before they landed, he could spare his kingdom from being ravaged. Alfred's ships may have been superior in conception, but in practice they proved to be too large to manoeuvre well in the close waters of estuaries and rivers, the only

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and fortified themselves twenty miles (32 km) north of London. A frontal attack on the Danish lines failed but later in the year, Alfred saw a means of obstructing the river to prevent the egress of the Danish ships. The Danes realised that they were outmanoeuvred, struck off north-westwards and

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According to Asser, in his childhood Alfred won a beautifully decorated book of English poetry, offered as a prize by his mother to the first of her sons able to memorise it. He must have had it read to him because his mother died when he was about six and he did not learn to read until he was 12. In

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in 1538, the church and cloister were demolished and treated like a quarry, and the stones that made up the abbey were then re-used in local architecture. The stone graves housing Alfred and his family stayed underground, and the land returned to farming. These graves remained intact until 1788 when

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It is also written by Asser that Alfred did not learn to read until he was 12 years old or later, which is described as "shameful negligence" of his parents and tutors. Alfred was an excellent listener and had an incredible memory and he retained poetry and psalms very well. A story is told by Asser

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Historian Richard Abels sees Alfred's educational and military reforms as complementary. Restoring religion and learning in Wessex, Abels contends, was to Alfred's mind as essential to the defence of his realm as the building of the burhs. As Alfred observed in the preface to his English translation

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deals very freely with the original and, though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to the translator himself but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is distinctive to the translation and has been

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There were few "books of wisdom" written in English. Alfred sought to remedy this through an ambitious court-centred programme of translating into English the books he deemed "most necessary for all men to know". It is unknown when Alfred launched this programme, but it may have been during the 880s

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estuary in Kent, the Anglo-Saxons were able to limit their penetration to the outer frontiers of Wessex and Mercia. Alfred's burghal system was revolutionary in its strategic conception and potentially expensive in its execution. His contemporary biographer Asser wrote that many nobles balked at the

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Excavations conducted by the Winchester Museums Service of the Hyde Abbey site in 1999 located a second pit dug in front of where the high altar would have been located, which was identified as probably dating to Mellor's 1866 excavation. The 1999 archaeological excavation uncovered the foundations

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Thus miscreants couch amidst the ashes of our Alfreds and Edwards; and where once religious silence and contemplation were only interrupted by the bell of regular observance, the chanting of devotion, now alone resound the clank of the captives chains and the oaths of the profligate! In digging for

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rose to the English throne after the Norman conquest in 1066, many Anglo-Saxon abbeys were demolished and replaced with Norman cathedrals. One of those unfortunate abbeys was the very New Minster abbey where Alfred was laid to rest. Before demolition, the monks at the New Minster exhumed the bodies

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He was the youngest of his brothers, and he was probably the most open-minded. He was an early advocate for education. His desire for learning could have come from his early love of English poetry and inability to read or physically record it until later in life. Asser writes that Alfred "could not

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Alfred is noted as carrying around a small book, probably a medieval version of a small pocket notebook, that contained psalms and many prayers that he often collected. Asser writes: these "he collected in a single book, as I have seen for myself; amid all the affairs of the present life he took it

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Now, he was greatly loved, more than all his brothers, by his father and mother—indeed, by everybody—with a universal and profound love, and he was always brought up in the royal court and nowhere else... was seen to be more comely in appearance than his other brothers, and more pleasing in manner,

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judge, painstaking in his own judicial investigations and critical of royal officials who rendered unjust or unwise judgments. Although Asser never mentions Alfred's law code he does say that Alfred insisted that his judges be literate so that they could apply themselves "to the pursuit of wisdom".

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to Christianity. He defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, becoming the dominant ruler in England. Alfred began styling himself as "King of the Anglo-Saxons" after reoccupying London from the Vikings. Details of his life are described in a work by 9th-century Welsh scholar and

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Alfred died on 26 October 899 at the age of 50 or 51. How he died is unknown, but he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness. His biographer Asser gave a detailed description of Alfred's symptoms, and this has allowed modern doctors to provide a possible diagnosis. It is

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explained why he thought it necessary to translate works such as this from Latin into English. Although he described his method as translating "sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense", the translation keeps very close to the original although, through his choice of language, he blurred

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Alfred's educational ambitions seem to have extended beyond the establishment of a court school. Believing that without Christian wisdom there can be neither prosperity nor success in war, Alfred aimed "to set to learning (as long as they are not useful for some other employment) all the free-born

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In the one recorded naval engagement in 896, Alfred's new fleet of nine ships intercepted six Viking ships at the mouth of an unidentified river in the south of England. The Danes had beached half their ships and gone inland. Alfred's ships immediately moved to block their escape. The three Viking

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had a hidage of 2,400, which meant that the landowners there were responsible for supplying and feeding 2,400 men, the number sufficient for maintaining 9,900 feet (1.88 miles; 3.0 kilometres) of wall. A total of 27,071 soldiers were needed, approximately one in four of all the free men in Wessex.

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writers later interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his eventual succession to the throne of Wessex. This is unlikely; his succession could not have been foreseen at the time because Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a

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Alfred established a court school for the education of his own children, those of the nobility, and "a good many of lesser birth". There they studied books in both English and Latin and "devoted themselves to writing, to such an extent… they were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the

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Very little is known of the church under Alfred. The Danish attacks had been particularly damaging to the monasteries. Although Alfred founded monasteries at Athelney and Shaftesbury, these were the first new monastic houses in Wessex since the beginning of the eighth century. According to Asser,

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that form an integral part of the code. Patrick Wormald's explanation is that Alfred's law code should be understood not as a legal manual but as an ideological manifesto of kingship "designed more for symbolic impact than for practical direction". In practical terms the most important law in the

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who first among the English people received baptism". He appended, rather than integrated, the laws of Ine into his code and although he included, as had Æthelbert, a scale of payments in compensation for injuries to various body parts, the two injury tariffs are not aligned. Offa is not known to

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of Danes landing in East Anglia with the intent of conquering the four kingdoms which constituted Anglo-Saxon England in 865. Alfred's public life began in 865 at age 16 with the accession of his third brother, 18-year-old Æthelred. During this period, Bishop Asser gave Alfred the unique title of

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rather than Latin, and improving the legal system and military structure and his people's quality of life. He was given the epithet "the Great" from as early as the 13th century, though it was only popularised from the 16th century. Alfred is the only native-born English monarch to be labelled as

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The prison was demolished between 1846 and 1850. Further excavations were inconclusive in 1866 and 1897. In 1866, amateur antiquarian John Mellor claimed to have recovered a number of bones from the site which he said were those of Alfred. These came into the possession of the vicar of nearby St

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to his bishops so that they might better train and supervise priests and using those same bishops as royal officials and judges. Nor did his piety prevent him from expropriating strategically sited church lands, especially estates along the border with the Danelaw, and transferring them to royal

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Alfred undertook no systematic reform of ecclesiastical institutions or religious practices in Wessex. For him, the key to the kingdom's spiritual revival was to appoint pious, learned, and trustworthy bishops and abbots. As king, he saw himself as responsible for both the temporal and spiritual

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Alfred devoted considerable attention and thought to judicial matters. Asser underscores his concern for judicial fairness. Alfred, according to Asser, insisted upon reviewing contested judgments made by his ealdormen and reeves and "would carefully look into nearly all the judgements which were

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With these lessons in mind Alfred capitalised on the relatively peaceful years following his victory at Edington with an ambitious restructuring of Saxon defences. On a trip to Rome Alfred had stayed with Charles the Bald, and it is possible that he may have studied how the Carolingian kings had

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The means by which the Anglo-Saxons marshalled forces to defend against marauders also left them vulnerable to the Vikings. It was the responsibility of the shire fyrd to deal with local raids. The king could call up the national militia to defend the kingdom but in the case of the Viking raids,

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and Alfred's code is the Apostolic Letter which explained that Christ "had come not to shatter or annul the commandments but to fulfill them; and he taught mercy and meekness" (Intro, 49.1). The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in

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that "learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English or even translate a single letter from Latin into English: and I suppose that there were not many beyond the Humber either". Alfred

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also reinforced Alfred's favourable image. By the time of the Reformation, Alfred was seen as a pious Christian ruler who promoted the use of English rather than Latin, and so the translations that he commissioned were viewed as untainted by the later Roman Catholic influences of the Normans.

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The only crime that could not be compensated with a payment of money was treachery to a lord "since Almighty God adjudged none for those who despised Him, nor did Christ, the Son of God, adjudge any for the one who betrayed Him to death; and He commanded everyone to love his lord as Himself".

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in May. The defeat at Wilton smashed any remaining hope that Alfred could drive the invaders from his kingdom. Alfred was forced instead to make peace with them. Although the terms of the peace are not recorded, Bishop Asser wrote that the pagans agreed to vacate the realm and made good their

718:. With civil war looming, the magnates of the realm met in council to form a compromise. Æthelbald retained the western shires (i.e. historical Wessex), and Æthelwulf ruled in the east. After King Æthelwulf died in 858, Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession: Æthelbald, 1443:

Wessex's history of failures preceding Alfred's success in 878 emphasised to him that the traditional system of battle he had inherited played to the Danes' advantage. While the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes attacked settlements for plunder, they employed different tactics. In their raids the

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to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Æthelred fall in battle. It was a well known tradition among other Germanic peoples – such as the Swedes and Franks to whom the Anglo-Saxons were closely related – to crown a successor as royal prince and military commander.

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The foundation of Alfred's new military defence system was a network of burhs, distributed at tactical points throughout the kingdom. There were thirty-three burhs, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) apart, enabling the military to confront attacks anywhere in the kingdom within a day.

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introduction to the laws themselves, it is difficult to uncover any logical arrangement. The impression is of a hodgepodge of miscellaneous laws. The law code, as it has been preserved, is singularly unsuitable for use in lawsuits. In fact, several of Alfred's laws contradicted

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and starved them into submission. One of the terms of the surrender was that Guthrum convert to Christianity. Three weeks later, the Danish king and 29 of his chief men were baptised at Alfred's court at Aller, near Athelney, with Alfred receiving Guthrum as his spiritual son.

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posited a scribe who was either so blind he could not read what he wrote or who knew little or no Latin. "It is clear", Brooks concludes, "that the metropolitan church must have been quite unable to provide any effective training in the scriptures or in Christian worship".

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undoubtedly exaggerated, for dramatic effect, the abysmal state of learning in England during his youth. That Latin learning had not been obliterated is evidenced by the presence in his court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wæferth, and Wulfsige.

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Before construction began, convicts that would later be imprisoned at the site were sent in to prepare the ground, to ready it for building. While digging the foundation trenches, the convicts discovered the coffins of Alfred and his family. A local Roman Catholic priest,

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Manuscript production in England dropped off precipitously around the 860s when the Viking invasions began in earnest, not to be revived until the end of the century. Numerous Anglo-Saxon manuscripts burnt along with the churches that housed them. A solemn diploma from

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young men now in England who have the means to apply themselves to it". Conscious of the decay of Latin literacy in his realm, Alfred proposed that primary education be taught in English, with those wishing to advance to holy orders to continue their studies in Latin.

2568:'s and placed them in secure storage. The diocese made no claim that they were the bones of Alfred, but intended to secure them for later analysis, and from the attentions of people whose interest may have been sparked by the recent identification of the remains of 1224:

writes, "laden with spoils". The victorious fleet was surprised when attempting to leave the River Stour and was attacked by a Danish force at the mouth of the river. The Danish fleet defeated Alfred's fleet, which may have been weakened in the previous engagement.

710:"consul" and a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may be based upon the fact that Alfred later accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, 575:, it must have seemed very unlikely to contemporaries that he would establish a lasting dynasty. For 200 years, three families had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since 2630:

canonised "All Saints of the British Isles" including King Alfred. He is honoured during the Feast of all Saints of the British Isles on the third Sunday after Pentecost and on his feast day of 26 October. There is an Orthodox Mission named after St Alfred in

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barbarian law codes since Christian synods "established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation which they then fixed".

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Historians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne, and broadly whether Cerdic was a real person or if the story of Cerdic is a "foundation myth".

1681:-books" and "ordered to be written many of the ones that our forefathers observed—those that pleased me; and many of the ones that did not please me, I rejected with the advice of my councillors, and commanded them to be observed in a different way". 2870: 1607:

Alfred also tried his hand at naval design. In 896 he ordered the construction of a small fleet, perhaps a dozen or so longships that, at 60 oars, were twice the size of Viking warships. This was not, as the Victorians asserted, the birth of the

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There were local raids on the coast of Wessex throughout the 880s. In 882, Alfred fought a small sea battle against four Danish ships. Two of the ships were destroyed, and the others surrendered. This was one of four sea battles recorded in the

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almost a century before, undertook an equally ambitious effort to revive learning. During this period, the Viking raids were often seen as a divine punishment, and Alfred may have wished to revive religious awe in order to appease God's wrath.

1022:, who were charged with levying and leading these forces, but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons to war. Alfred's actions also suggest a system of scouts and messengers. 2329:

was described as a relative in King Alfred's will and he attested charters in a high position until 934. A charter of King Edward's reign described him as the king's brother – mistakenly according to Keynes and Lapidge, but in the view of

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attacks. In 853, King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. In the same year Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter, Æthelswith.

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hoping that it would become a mausoleum for him and his family. Four years after his death, the bodies of Alfred and his family were exhumed and moved to their new resting place in the New Minster and remained there for 211 years. When

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After the signing of the treaty with Guthrum, Alfred was spared any large-scale conflicts for some time. Despite this relative peace, the king was forced to deal with a number of Danish raids and incursions. Among these was a raid in

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After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again. Finding their position in mainland Europe precarious, they crossed to England in 330 ships in two divisions. They entrenched themselves, the larger body at

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It was at one time attached to a thin rod or stick based on the hollow socket at its base. The jewel certainly dates from Alfred's reign. Although its function is unknown, it has been often suggested that the jewel was one of the

800:. The Danes arrived in his homeland at the end of 870, and nine engagements were fought in the following year, with mixed results; the places and dates of two of these battles have not been recorded. A successful skirmish at the 2238:

speech and behaviour... in spite of all the demands of the present life, it has been the desire for wisdom, more than anything else, together with the nobility of his birth, which have characterized the nature of his noble mind.

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Tenants in Anglo-Saxon England had a threefold obligation based on their landholding: the so-called "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. This threefold obligation has traditionally been called

1459:. Once inside the fortification, Alfred realised, the Danes enjoyed the advantage, better situated to outlast their opponents or crush them with a counter-attack because the provisions and stamina of the besieging forces waned. 7523: 3462:

According to St Dunstan's apprentice, "poor King Eadred would suck the juice out of the food, chew what remained for a little while and spit it out: a nasty practice that often turned the stomachs of the thegns who dined with

1429:

If a nobleman who holds land neglects military service, he shall pay 120 shillings and forfeit his land; a nobleman who holds no land shall pay 60 shillings; a commoner shall pay a fine of 30 shillings for neglecting military

2256:

around with him everywhere for the sake of prayer, and was inseparable from it." An excellent hunter in every branch of the sport, Alfred is remembered as an enthusiastic huntsman against whom nobody's skills could compare.

484:, king of Mercia in 853. Most historians think that Osburh was the mother of all Æthelwulf's children, but some suggest that the older ones were born to an unrecorded first wife. Osburh was descended from the rulers of the 434:

and Richard Huscroft. West Saxon genealogical lists state that Alfred was 23 when he became king in April 871, implying that he was born between April 847 and April 848. This dating is adopted in the biography of Alfred by

1755:

passed in his absence anywhere in the realm to see whether they were just or unjust". A charter from the reign of his son Edward the Elder depicts Alfred as hearing one such appeal in his chamber while washing his hands.

2564:

of the abbey buildings and some bones, suggested at the time to be those of Alfred; they proved instead to belong to an elderly woman. In March 2013, the Diocese of Winchester exhumed the bones from the unmarked grave at

1827:

followed their example and the latter cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893 (or 894). That Alfred sent alms to Irish and Continental monasteries may be taken on Asser's authority. The visit of three pilgrim

1616:

and Ealdorman Ealhhere had defeated a Viking fleet in 851 capturing nine ships and Alfred had conducted naval actions in 882. The year 897 marked an important development in the naval power of Wessex. The author of the

1281:, also in Kent. The invaders brought their wives and children with them, indicating a meaningful attempt at conquest and colonisation. Alfred, in 893 or 894, took up a position from which he could observe both forces. 2170:

gold, enclosing a highly polished piece of quartz crystal beneath which is set in a cloisonné enamel plaque with an enamelled image of a man holding floriate sceptres, perhaps personifying Sight or the Wisdom of God.

895:

in Dorset. Alfred blockaded them but was unable to take Wareham by assault. He negotiated a peace that involved an exchange of hostages and oaths, which the Danes swore on a "holy ring" associated with the worship of

3376:

Tomas Kalmar argues that we do know when Alfred was born. He regards the date of birth of 849 in Asser's biography is a later interpolation, and considers that the period of 23 years in the genealogy (in MS A of the

907:

Alfred blockaded the Viking ships in Devon, and with a relief fleet having been scattered by a storm, the Danes were forced to submit. The Danes withdrew to Mercia. In January 878, the Danes made a sudden attack on

2165:

in 1693, has long been associated with King Alfred because of its Old English inscription AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN ("Alfred ordered me to be made"). The jewel is about 2.5 inches (6.4 centimetres) long, made of

1215:

Not long after the failed Danish raid in Kent, Alfred dispatched his fleet to East Anglia. The purpose of this expedition is debated, but Asser claims that it was for the sake of plunder. After travelling up the

1774:

promoted Alfred's achievements and personal qualities. It was possible that the document was designed this way so that it could be disseminated in Wales because Alfred had acquired overlordship of that country.

1783:

Asser speaks grandiosely of Alfred's relations with foreign powers but little definite information is available. His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of

1211:

force against the Danes who, instead of engaging the army of Wessex, fled to their beached ships and sailed to another part of Britain. The retreating Danish force supposedly left Britain the following summer.

2062:

are no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences. Nonetheless, the consensus remains that they were part of the Alfredian programme of translation.

7725:

A Glossary; or Collection of Words, Phrases, Names and Allusions to Customs, Proverbs, etc., Which Have Been Thought to Require Illustration in the Works of English Authors, Particularly Shakespeare and His

1944:

and John the Saxon came from Francia; Plegmund (whom Alfred appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 890), Bishop Wærferth of Worcester, Æthelstan, and the royal chaplains Werwulf, from Mercia; and Asser, from

2223:

No known portrait of Alfred the Great exists from life, except on coins. Above, a likeness by artist and historian George S. Stuart, created from his physical description mentioned in historical records.

2799:. The statue was vandalised on New Year's Eve 2007, losing part of its right arm and axe. After the arm and axe were replaced, the statue was again vandalised on Christmas Eve 2008, losing its axe. 2752:. The lower older half is likely to have been carved by a continental craftsman used to working with British stone. The upper half dates to the late 18th or early 19th century, cast from artificial 1726:

Similarly Alfred divided his code into 120 chapters because 120 was the age at which Moses died and, in the number-symbolism of early medieval biblical exegetes, 120 stood for law. The link between

912:, a royal stronghold in which Alfred had been staying over Christmas "and most of the people they killed, except the King Alfred, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp, and after 8919: 1358:.) An attempt to break through the English lines failed. Those who escaped retreated to Shoebury. After collecting reinforcements, they made a sudden dash across England and occupied the ruined 464:, was old enough to be appointed sub-king of Kent in 839, almost 10 years before Alfred was born. He died in the early 850s. Alfred's next three brothers were successively kings of Wessex. 7514: 6370:

Bately, Janet (1990). ""Those books that are most necessary for all men to know": The Classics and late ninth-century England: a reappraisal". In Bernardo, Aldo S.; Levin, Saul (eds.).

2260:

satisfy his craving for what he desired the most, namely the liberal arts; for, as he used to say, there were no good scholars in the entire kingdom of the West Saxons at that time".

2087:

throughout the distinction between spiritual and secular authority. Alfred meant the translation to be used, and circulated it to all his bishops. Interest in Alfred's translation of

1751:

code may well have been the first: "We enjoin, what is most necessary, that each man keep carefully his oath and his pledge" which expresses a fundamental tenet of Anglo-Saxon law.

3436:

The Alfredian burh represented a stage in the evolution of English medieval towns and boroughs. Of the twenty two burhs that became boroughs three did not attain full town status.

1168:, Guthrum was neutralised as a threat. The Viking army, which had stayed at Fulham during the winter of 878–879, sailed for Ghent and was active on the continent from 879 to 892. 2009:, with the king merely furnishing a preface. Remarkably, Alfred – undoubtedly with the advice and aid of his court scholars – translated four works himself: Gregory the Great's 3423:

A chrisom was the face-cloth or piece of linen laid over a child's head when he or she was baptised or christened. Originally the purpose of the chrisom-cloth was to keep the

653:

Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the English Channel, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated at Carhampton. In 850, Æthelstan defeated a Danish fleet off

1940:

liberal arts". He recruited scholars from the Continent and from Britain to aid in the revival of Christian learning in Wessex and to provide the king personal instruction.

1284:

While he was in talks with Hastein, the Danes at Appledore broke out and struck north-westwards. They were overtaken by Alfred's eldest son Edward, and were defeated at the

1260:. Guthrum's death changed the political landscape for Alfred. The resulting power vacuum stirred other power-hungry warlords eager to take his place in the following years. 1183:

exempted the Saxon quarter in Rome from taxation, probably in return for Alfred's promise to send alms annually to Rome, which may be the origin of the medieval tax called

9018: 379:

Alfred had a reputation as a learned and merciful man of a gracious and level-headed nature who encouraged education, proposing that primary education be conducted in

1203:, during the year 885, which was possibly the largest raid since the battles with Guthrum. Asser's account of the raid places the Danish raiders at the Saxon city of 457:, and as late as 844, a charter showed that it was part of Mercia, but Alfred's birth in the county is evidence that, by the late 840s, control had passed to Wessex. 5338: 2519:

of Alfred and his family to safely transfer them to a new location. The New Minster monks moved to Hyde in 1110 a little north of the city, and they transferred to

860:

While he was busy with the burial ceremonies for his brother, the Danes defeated the Saxon army in his absence at an unnamed spot and then again in his presence at

2825:

and erected in 1899 to mark one thousand years since Alfred's death. The statue is placed on a pedestal consisting of two immense blocks of grey Cornish granite.

1557:, such as Winchester, where the stone walls were repaired and ditches added, to massive earthen walls surrounded by wide ditches, probably reinforced with wooden 488:. She was described by Alfred's biographer Asser as "a most religious woman, noble by temperament and noble by birth". She had died by 856 when Æthelwulf married 1328: 1220:, the fleet was met by Danish vessels that numbered 13 or 16 (sources vary on the number), and a battle ensued. The Anglo-Saxon fleet emerged victorious, and as 1142:, Essex had formed part of Wessex. After the foundation of Danelaw, it appears that some of Essex would have been ceded to the Danes, but how much is not clear. 1369:

Early in 894 or 895 lack of food obliged the Danes to retire once more to Essex. At the end of the year, the Danes drew their ships up the River Thames and the

9889: 1176:, three of which involved Alfred. Similar small skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred for much of the period as they had for decades. 7859: 4223: 8310: 8339: 8228: 7962: 7788: 7679: 6837: 6564: 1245:

A year later, in 886, Alfred reoccupied the city of London and set out to make it habitable again. Alfred entrusted the city to the care of his son-in-law

7325:

Kalmar, Tomas (2016b). "Then Alfred took the Throne and then what? Parker's Error and Plummer's Blind Spot". In Volodarskaya, Emma; Roberts, Jane (eds.).

1252:

This is also the period in which almost all chroniclers agree that the Saxon people of pre-unification England submitted to Alfred. In 888, Æthelred, the

348:, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England. 8926: 849:

In April 871, King Æthelred died and Alfred acceded to the throne of Wessex and the burden of its defence, even though Æthelred left two under-age sons,

2138:, a 13th-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom. 1863:

In the 880s, at the same time that he was "cajoling and threatening" his nobles to build and man the burhs, Alfred, perhaps inspired by the example of

1815:

Alfred's relations with the Celtic princes in the western half of Great Britain are clearer. Comparatively early in his reign, according to Asser, the

1130:). By terms of the treaty, moreover, Alfred was to have control over the Mercian city of London and its mints—at least for the time being. In 825, the 1002:), and they rejoiced to see him". Alfred's emergence from his marshland stronghold was part of a carefully planned offensive that entailed raising the 8116: 5913: 936:. 878 was the nadir of the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. With all the other kingdoms having fallen to the Vikings, Wessex alone was resisting. 7212:

Memorials of King Alfred: being essays on the history and antiquities of England during the ninth century, the age of King Alfred, by various authors

1883:

Alfred enticed foreign monks to England for his monastery at Athelney because there was little interest for the locals to take up the monastic life.

418:("which is so called from Berroc Wood, where the box tree grows very abundantly"). This date has been accepted by the editors of Asser's biography, 8111: 1304:, where they were blockaded and forced to give hostages and promise to leave Wessex. They then went to Essex and after suffering another defeat at 868:

The Viking army withdrew from Reading in the autumn of 871 to take up winter quarters in Mercian London. Although not mentioned by Asser or by the

58: 2642:

Alfred commissioned Bishop Asser to write his biography, which inevitably emphasised Alfred's positive aspects. Later medieval historians such as

6333: 9011: 7086: 1677:. Together these laws are arranged into 120 chapters. In his introduction Alfred explains that he gathered together the laws he found in many " 1256:, also died. One year later Guthrum, or Athelstan by his baptismal name, Alfred's former enemy and king of East Anglia, died and was buried in 888:. These finds hint at the cost involved in making peace with the Vikings. For the next five years, the Danes occupied other parts of England. 779:, a recognised successor closely associated with the reigning monarch. This arrangement may have been sanctioned by Alfred's father or by the 6669: 10058: 2284:. The Gaini were probably one of the tribal groups of the Mercians. Ealhswith's mother, Eadburh, was a member of the Mercian royal family. 2058: 8176: 7729: 1122:

Alfred succeeded to Ceolwulf's kingdom consisting of western Mercia, and Guthrum incorporated the eastern part of Mercia into an enlarged

9932: 630:

had submitted to Ecgberht, and he had appointed Æthelwulf to rule the south-eastern territories as king of Kent. The Vikings ravaged the

6141: 1871:

This revival entailed the recruitment of clerical scholars from Mercia, Wales and abroad to enhance the tenor of the court and of the

9869: 9004: 8734: 6163: 2627: 6030: 657:

in the first recorded naval battle in English history. In 851, Æthelwulf and his second son, Æthelbald, defeated the Vikings at the

410:, writing in 893, "In the year of our Lord's Incarnation 849 Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons", was born at the royal estate called 6062: 1338:, possibly with the idea of assisting their friends in the west. They were met by a large force under the three great ealdormen of 1095:

That treaty divided up the kingdom of Mercia. By its terms, the boundary between Alfred's and Guthrum's kingdoms was to run up the

8420:

Heathorn, Stephen (December 2002). "The Highest Type of Englishman: Gender, War, and the Alfred the Great Commemoration of 1901".

3487: 6440: 2581: 1913:

The Danish raids had a devastating effect on learning in England. Alfred lamented in the preface to his translation of Gregory's

449: 7850: 6111: 3381:) is not Alfred's age when he acceded to the throne, but the period from his succession to the date the genealogy was compiled. 598:. Mercia dominated southern England, but its supremacy came to an end in 825 when it was decisively defeated by Ecgberht at the 7650: 6521: 2869: 2808: 2612: 2403: 1578:

provides an insight into how the system worked. It lists the hidage for each of the fortified towns contained in the document.

1402:

The Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries relied upon the unarmoured infantry supplied by their

10533: 8555: 8517: 8460: 8401: 8382: 8327: 8291: 8272: 8216: 8197: 8165: 8072: 8050: 7951: 7919: 7835: 7776: 7713: 7667: 7633: 7595: 7540: 7502: 7475: 7456: 7437: 7336: 7247: 7228: 7176: 7107: 6995: 6976: 6787: 6659: 6511: 6400: 6327: 6302: 6275: 6256: 2784: 2721: 17: 6183: 3015:Æthelwulf returns home, but Æthelbald refuses to give up his position, forcing Æthelwulf to retire to Kent with Æthelberht. 1840:) to Alfred in 891 is undoubtedly authentic. The story that, in his childhood, he was sent to Ireland to be healed by Saint 9027: 8588: 1366:. The English did not attempt a winter blockade but contented themselves with destroying all the supplies in the district. 232: 10442: 9975: 6597: 5949: 5346: 10259: 242: 10573: 8912: 7900: 2452: 2296: 536: 247: 8597: 8536: 8498: 8146: 8095: 8028: 7987: 7757: 7614: 7576: 7381: 7157: 7126: 7069: 6825: 6806: 6485: 1075: 31: 9124: 3449:

reported that Alfred sent a delegation to India, although this could just mean western Asia, as other versions say "

2376: 520: 443:

in his biography discusses both sources but does not decide between them and dates Alfred's birth as 847/849, while

10543: 10538: 9149: 7201: 2179:– pointers for reading – that Alfred ordered sent to every bishopric accompanying a copy of his translation of the 1711:

About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction which includes translations into English of the

1207:, where they built a temporary fortress in order to besiege the city. In response to this incursion, Alfred led an 540: 359:

in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled

52: 8302: 6546: 6383:

Bately, Janet M. (2014). "Alfred as Author and Translator". In Nicole Guenther Discenza; Paul E. Szarmach (eds.).

1246: 792:

In 868, Alfred was recorded as fighting beside Æthelred in a failed attempt to keep the Great Heathen Army led by

10568: 10528: 10293: 9925: 7351: 7328:

Language, Culture and Society in Russian/English Studies: the Proceedings of the Sixth Conference 27–28 July 2015

7011: 6424:

Blackburn, M.A.S. (1998). "The London mint in the reign of Alfred". In Blackburn, M.A.S.; Dumville, D.N. (eds.).

1793: 10098: 9982: 7970: 10558: 2531: 7342: 2833:

The centerpiece of Alfred University's quad is a bronze statue of the king, created in 1990 by then-professor

1770:, commissioned at the time of Alfred, was probably written to promote unification of England, whereas Asser's 1621:

related that Alfred's ships were larger, swifter, steadier and rode higher in the water than either Danish or

10553: 10325: 9669: 9439: 9393: 8727: 2463: 2300: 453:

article dates it 848/849. Berkshire had been historically disputed between Wessex and the midland kingdom of

8882: 6780:

Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar : six essays on political, cultural, and ecclesiastical revival

5821: 5819: 2431: 1852: 1342:, Wiltshire and Somerset and forced to head off to the north-west, being finally overtaken and blockaded at 548: 473: 469: 341: 252: 10578: 10563: 9825: 8106: 7914:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Vol. 67. Cambridge University Press. 7191: 1451:

The bases were prepared in advance, often by capturing an estate and augmenting its defences with ditches,

1161: 1067: 891:

In 876, under Guthrum, Oscetel and Anwend, the Danes slipped past the Saxon army and attacked and occupied

872:, Alfred probably paid the Vikings silver to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year. 35: 9081: 8877: 8872: 5157: 1398:

Alfred the Great silver offering penny, 871–899. Legend: AELFRED REX SAXONUM ('Alfred King of the Saxons')

465: 337: 277: 9849: 5816: 2128: 1927: 393: 8578: 6673: 2837:. It features the king as a young man, holding a shield in his left hand and an open book in his right. 2523:

along with Alfred's body and those of his wife and children, which were interred before the high altar.

10494: 10430: 10416: 9918: 9678: 9648: 8743: 7493:

Keynes, Simon (2014). "Asser". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

6319: 2846: 1293: 900:. The Danes broke their word, and after killing all the hostages, slipped away under cover of night to 584: 8593: 2552:

The convicts broke the stone coffins into pieces, the lead, which lined the coffins, was sold for two

10513: 10314: 10118: 9941: 9708: 9693: 9269: 7447:

Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.).

6313: 5510: 4233: 2019: 1923: 10350: 9509: 8584: 8318:

Yorke, Barbara (2001). "Alfred, king of Wessex (871–899)". In Lapidge, Michael; et al. (eds.).

7080: 2813:

A bronze statue of Alfred the Great stands at the eastern end of The Broadway, close to the site of

762:

Alfred is not mentioned during the short reigns of his older brothers Æthelbald and Æthelberht. The

439:, who regards Asser's biography as fraudulent, an allegation which is rejected by other historians. 10548: 10276: 10154: 10140: 9582: 9552: 9143: 9075: 8867: 8720: 8688: 3266: 2029: 1673:

consisting of his own laws, followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King

1626: 1579: 1289: 1253: 568: 325: 112: 10254: 7815:

A Literal Translation of King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the Compendious History of the World

2732:

is considered to be the oldest outdoor statue in London, and part of it has been found to date to

1887:

welfare of his subjects. Secular and spiritual authority were not distinct categories for Alfred.

1164:, an event most commonly held to have taken place around 880 when Guthrum's people began settling 836:(perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset). Æthelred died shortly afterwards in April 871. 9964: 9471: 9387: 8661: 8490: 6503: 6477: 5754: 3168: 2764: 2204: 1796:, and embassies to Rome conveying the English alms to the pope were fairly frequent. Around 890, 1394: 817: 805: 643: 321: 81: 9334: 9066: 8842: 3744: 2956: 1025:

Alfred won a decisive victory in the ensuing Battle of Edington which may have been fought near

719: 345: 9791: 8180: 7515:"Bones of King Alfred the Great believed to have been found in a box at Winchester City Museum" 6495: 2697:, where he was a landowner. It was unveiled in June 1913 to commemorate the coronation of King 2134: 1837: 1789: 1123: 964: 367:, the north-east Midlands and East Anglia. Alfred also oversaw the conversion of Viking leader 9054: 8449:

Irvine, Susan (2006). "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English". In Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.).

3042: 2986: 2982: 2098:

was the most popular philosophical handbook of the Middle Ages. Unlike the translation of the

854: 715: 680: 10460: 10307: 10065: 9642: 9287: 9281: 8129: 7847:"Alfred the Great's Old English translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care (MS Ii.2.4)" 7818: 7186: 7099: 6691: 6458: 6375: 6286: 2725: 2515: 2509:

and later, his son Edward the Elder. Before his death he had ordered the construction of the

2312: 2191:

which fits in well with the quality workmanship and expensive materials of the Alfred jewel.

1625:

ships. It is probable that, under the classical tutelage of Asser, Alfred used the design of

1534: 1089: 960: 928:, Alfred was able to mount a resistance campaign, rallying the local militias from Somerset, 693: 663: 9177: 8969: 8832: 8638: 7513: 7449:

Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century

6137: 5804: 5802: 3657: 1689: 1684:

Alfred singled out in particular the laws that he "found in the days of Ine, my kinsman, or

723: 10518: 10403: 10393: 10356: 10333: 10205: 10017: 9594: 9564: 9546: 9483: 9447: 9433: 6986:

Gifford, Edwin; Gifford, Joyce (2003). "Alfred's new longships". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).

6910: 6410: 2796: 2665: 2643: 2540: 1759: 1720: 1343: 1217: 801: 309: 299: 156: 10388: 8822: 6167: 5768: 2914: 1613: 1386:, some to East Anglia. Those who had no connections in England returned to the continent. 594:

At the beginning of the ninth century, England was almost wholly under the control of the

515:

of the Gaini, and his wife Eadburh, who was of royal Mercian descent. Their children were

461: 8: 10523: 10362: 10300: 10234: 10112: 10051: 9600: 9588: 9570: 9558: 9381: 8862: 8852: 6426:

Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the 9th Century

6026: 5799: 2632: 2597: 2527: 2229: 2006: 1569:

in Devon, to large fortifications in established towns, the largest being at Winchester.

1221: 1026: 10477: 9521: 9243: 9231: 6914: 10105: 10001: 9899: 9859: 9683: 9654: 9527: 9503: 9423: 9310: 9225: 8857: 8827: 8807: 8797: 8787: 8601: 8084: 7767:

Nelson, Janet (2003). "Alfred's Carolingian Contemporaries". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).

7412: 7275: 7258: 7190: 7048: 6766: 6729: 6633: 6606: 6471: 6358: 3483: 3258: 3064: 3003: 2981:Æthelwulf goes on a pilgrimage with Alfred, after dividing his realm between his sons, 2609: 2487: 2123: 2103: 2040:

One might add to this list the translation, in Alfred's law code, of excerpts from the

1797: 1478: 1444:

Anglo-Saxons traditionally preferred to attack head-on by assembling their forces in a

1200: 1155: 1139: 972: 821: 809: 767: 739: 711: 599: 544: 489: 356: 8252: 6434: 6052: 2586: 1599:

demands placed upon them even though they were for "the common needs of the kingdom".

10089: 10071: 10011: 9819: 9742: 9702: 9459: 9453: 9340: 9304: 9275: 9237: 9060: 8847: 8802: 8777: 8551: 8532: 8513: 8494: 8483: 8478: 8470: 8456: 8437: 8397: 8378: 8323: 8287: 8268: 8212: 8193: 8161: 8142: 8091: 8068: 8046: 8024: 7983: 7947: 7915: 7896: 7846: 7831: 7772: 7753: 7709: 7663: 7629: 7610: 7591: 7572: 7536: 7498: 7481: 7471: 7452: 7433: 7416: 7377: 7332: 7313: 7292:

Kalmar, Tomas (2016a). "Born in the Margin: The Chronological Scaffolding of Asser's

7280: 7243: 7224: 7172: 7153: 7122: 7103: 7065: 7040: 6991: 6972: 6928: 6885: 6821: 6802: 6783: 6770: 6758: 6733: 6655: 6638: 6507: 6481: 6396: 6362: 6323: 6298: 6271: 6252: 6115: 2834: 2620: 2605: 2560:

Bartholomew's Church who reburied them in an unmarked grave in the church graveyard.

2424: 1994: 1891: 1857: 1285: 1257: 1063: 999: 987: 983: 861: 813: 804:

in Berkshire on 31 December 870 was followed by a severe defeat at the siege and the

797: 793: 714:, around 854–855. On their return from Rome in 856, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son 627: 532: 364: 224: 7644: 6529: 2273: 675: 508: 10198: 10186: 10006: 9894: 9748: 9636: 9630: 9489: 9465: 9093: 8996: 8963: 8813: 8767: 8704: 8429: 8344: 8233: 7793: 7684: 7588:

Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age

7408: 7305: 7270: 7032: 6952: 6918: 6875: 6842: 6750: 6741:

Dumville, David (1986). "The West Saxon Genealogical List: Manuscripts and Texts".

6721: 6628: 6618: 6569: 6388: 6350: 3270: 2822: 2818: 2591: 2288: 2150: 1986: 1712: 1655: 1184: 1135: 1112: 833: 829: 619: 524: 493: 237: 136: 8356: 8245: 7805: 7696: 6854: 6581: 6354: 1763:

The failure to comply with this royal order was to be punished by loss of office.

1747: 1612:. Wessex had possessed a royal fleet before this. Alfred's older brother sub-king 10217: 10211: 10147: 10030: 9874: 9773: 9576: 9405: 9375: 9261: 9194: 8944: 8754: 8616: 8474: 8450: 8060: 7935:

Men in Arms: A History of Warfare and Its Interrelationships with Western Society

7733: 7387: 7369: 7242:. Vol. IV - October–December. United States of America: St. Eadfrith Press. 6797:

Dumville, David (1996). Fryde, E.B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I (eds.).

6754: 6187: 6180: 3249: 3215: 2651: 2616: 2407: 2068: 1829: 1705: 1694: 1411: 1297: 1270: 1204: 1187:. The pope sent gifts to Alfred, including what was reputed to be a piece of the 945: 925: 892: 885: 755: 658: 631: 615: 611: 444: 436: 423: 267: 7551: 6341:

Bately, Janet (1970). "King Alfred and the Old English Translation of Orosius".

6287:"Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex" 2219: 2211:

had been. Alfred's ultimate responsibility was the pastoral care of his people.

1315:

Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the

10287: 10282: 10042: 10024: 9884: 9854: 9399: 9200: 9137: 9048: 8782: 7930: 7196: 7145: 7020: 6956: 6816:

Dunstan, St (1992). Ramsey, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (eds.).

6709: 6623: 6573: 3103: 2788: 2601: 2565: 2292: 1716: 1574: 1519: 1505: 1452: 1305: 1238: 1233: 1180: 1116: 1084: 1062:

At Wedmore, Alfred and Guthrum negotiated what some historians have called the

654: 647: 516: 431: 427: 9515: 8572: 8348: 7797: 7688: 6846: 6725: 6589: 6392: 1134:

had recorded that the people of Essex, Sussex, Kent and Surrey surrendered to

579:

in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of

10507: 10248: 10192: 9864: 9759: 9219: 8837: 8260: 8237: 8038: 7420: 7317: 7309: 7044: 6940: 6932: 6889: 6762: 6450:

The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066

5987: 2858: 2664:

in his honour. In 2002, Alfred was ranked number 14 in the BBC's list of the

2308: 2024: 1896: 1674: 1641:). The shipwrecked crew were brought before Alfred at Winchester and hanged. 1566: 1554: 1415: 1335: 706: 572: 485: 440: 8904: 8887: 7737: 7567:

Lapidge, Michael (2001). Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

7485: 7374:

Alfred the Great, Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources

7214:. Burt Franklin research & source works series. New York: Burt Franklin. 7010:. Translated by Giles, J. A.; Ingram, J. Project Gutenberg. September 1996. 6923: 6898: 6004: 2931: 2874: 2681: 2477: 1957: 1586:

The burhs were connected by a road system maintained for army use (known as

1486:. The Old English name for the fine due for neglecting military service was 876:

dating to the Viking occupation of London in 871/872 have been excavated at

602:. Mercia and Wessex became allies, which was important in the resistance to 477: 105: 8441: 7745: 7432:. Vol. II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–42. 7391: 7365: 7356: 6461:(1986). "Reflections on the Viking-age silver hoard from Croydon, Surrey". 2780: 2491: 2331: 2158: 2146: 2064: 1962: 1702: 1609: 1403: 1359: 1309: 1278: 1096: 497: 419: 9099: 8975: 7428:

Keynes, Simon (1995). "England, 700–900". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.).

7284: 6880: 6863: 6642: 3330: 3286:

Alfred conquers London and declares himself the king of the Anglo-Saxons.

3007: 2952: 2709: 2414: 1382:. The next year, 896 (or 897), they gave up the struggle. Some retired to 850: 528: 399: 329: 9956: 9779: 9477: 9208: 8433: 7497:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 51–52. 3800: 3364: 3124:

Alfred makes peace with the Danes and takes Winchester as his residence.

3068: 2753: 2733: 2569: 2535:

the site was acquired by the county for the construction of a town jail.

2510: 2502: 2141: 1998: 1946: 1864: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1638: 1445: 1383: 1324: 1316: 1208: 1165: 1071: 979: 971:, on the supposed site of Egbert's Stone, the mustering place before the 812:

on 5 January 871. Four days later, the Anglo-Saxons won a victory at the

734: 702: 595: 380: 7119:

The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications

7052: 6801:(3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6138:"Victorian Web: Alfred the Great – Sculpture by Sir W. Hamo Thornycroft" 4447: 4445: 2002: 1565:

in West Sussex. The size of the burhs ranged from tiny outposts such as

588: 9182: 7085:. London: N. Trübner & Company for the Early English text society. 6964: 6712:(1979). "The ætheling: a study in Anglo-Saxon constitutional history". 4058: 2814: 2792: 2741: 2740:

until 2021 conservation work. The lower half was then discovered to be

2658: 2520: 2091:

was so enduring that copies were still being made in the 11th century.

1872: 1727: 1698: 1591: 1538: 1379: 1351: 1188: 1030: 1015: 909: 639: 635: 190: 186: 7005: 5304: 3235:

Alfred besieges Exeter and is able to expel the Danes from his realm.

2619:

on 26 October, and he may often be found depicted in stained glass in

27:

King of Wessex (871 – c. 886); King of the Anglo-Saxons (c. 886 – 899)

10078: 9879: 8712: 8645: 7466:

Keynes, Simon (1999). "King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey".

7079:

Gregory I, Pope; Alfred, King of England (1871). Sweet, Henry (ed.).

7036: 5616: 4442: 3641: 3218:, but is besieged by Alfred. The Danes abandon Wareham, only to take 2850: 2729: 2714: 2506: 2277: 2269: 1650: 1629:, with high sides, designed for fighting rather than for navigation. 1558: 1370: 1355: 1347: 1301: 1151: 1100: 1011: 995: 991: 933: 929: 881: 698: 610:

In 825, Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf to invade the Mercian sub-kingdom of

512: 504: 415: 204: 9910: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5640: 5366: 5364: 3565: 2845:

A marble statue of Alfred the Great stands on the North side of the

2693:

A prominent statue of King Alfred the Great stands in the middle of

1823:

and Mercia, commended themselves to Alfred. Later in his reign, the

1510: 476:(865–871) was only a year or two older. Alfred's only known sister, 10398: 10241: 10167: 9322: 8792: 8177:"Summary of Hyde Community Archaeology Project (completed in 1999)" 7326: 7138:

Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest

6415: 6057: 3553: 2737: 2698: 2167: 2162: 2153:, Oxford, commissioned by Alfred; probably a pointer to aid reading 2014: 1941: 1905:

and officials who could better defend them against Viking attacks.

1841: 1670: 1622: 1587: 1456: 1375: 968: 949: 921: 917: 825: 336:, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, 7399:

Keynes, Simon (1993). "The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century".

6943:(1985). "Monastic lands and England's defence in the Viking Age". 6268:

Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

4903:

the much more positive view of the capabilities of these ships in

4087: 4085: 2748:. It is typical of the 2nd Century, dating to around the reign of 2744:

and part of a colossal ancient sculpture dedicated to the goddess

1525: 9736: 9622: 9538: 9328: 9213: 5759: 5724: 5573: 5546: 5361: 5205: 4355: 3581: 3391: 3313: 3198: 3182: 2935: 2777: 2769: 2749: 2745: 2636: 2553: 2399: 2326: 2304: 2045: 2041: 2034: 1926:, dated 873, is so poorly constructed and written that historian 1805: 1785: 1562: 1550: 1363: 1274: 1127: 1108: 1046: 1042: 877: 747: 743: 576: 571:, became king of Wessex in 802, and in the view of the historian 481: 411: 368: 360: 328:

from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King

262: 152: 6463:

Anglo-Saxon Monetary History: Essays in Memory of Michael Dolley

6193: 5969: 4941: 4866: 4864: 4290: 2082:

The preface of Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory the Great's

1487: 1010:. This meant not only that the king had retained the loyalty of 351:

After ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting

9993: 9785: 9767: 9105: 8772: 8469: 7210:

Henry of Huntingdon (1969). "Histories". In Giles, J.A. (ed.).

6864:"What's in a Name? Tracing the Origins of Alfred's 'the Great'" 5988:

Eastern American Diocese Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5419: 5316: 5169: 4484: 4199: 4082: 4019: 3931: 3816: 3609: 3424: 3219: 3151: 2965: 2694: 2686: 2495: 2208: 2188: 1801: 1665: 1595: 1346:. (Some identify this with Buttington Tump at the mouth of the 1339: 1320: 913: 901: 776: 751: 623: 603: 580: 454: 403: 352: 333: 287: 160: 8126:

Alfred the Great: His Abbeys of Hyde, Athelney and Shaftesbury

7331:. London, Senate House: University of London. pp. 37–83. 6693:

Houses of Benedictine monks: New Minster, or the Abbey of Hyde

6220: 4953: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4280: 4278: 3982: 3832: 3625: 3390:

According to Richard Abels, Ealhswith was descended from King

638:

in Somerset, but in 838 he was victorious over an alliance of

559: 10436: 8394:

Patterns of Power: The Military Campaigns of Alfred the Great

8209:

The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century

6053:"Alfred the Great's Southwark statue is partly Roman goddess" 5470: 5256: 5145: 4861: 4617: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3450: 2320: 2281: 1989:

kept by the king, the earliest work to be translated was the

1902: 1809: 1678: 1104: 1079: 1019: 1007: 873: 780: 407: 373: 5931: 5628: 5597: 5563: 5561: 4876: 4239: 2110:

The last of the Alfredian works is one which bears the name

9316: 9188: 7999:

Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen

7082:

King Alfred's West-Saxon version of Gregory's Pastoral care

5458: 5123: 5121: 4978: 4922: 4607: 4605: 4573: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4338: 4275: 4187: 4048: 4046: 3764: 2854: 2650:

The Royal Navy named one ship and two shore establishments

2053: 1890:

He was equally comfortable distributing his translation of

1876: 1685: 1530: 1515: 1493: 1407: 1196: 1138:, Alfred's grandfather. From then until the arrival of the 1003: 897: 832:

on 22 January. They were defeated again on 22 March at the

8174: 8130:

https://books.google.com/books?id=FMAsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78

7205:. Vol. 18. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 16. 5825: 5700: 5522: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5388: 5292: 5181: 4804: 4792: 4525: 4496: 4163: 4097: 3994: 3058:Æthelberht dies and is succeeded by his brother Æthelred. 10178: 9422: 7706:

The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century

7560:

The Iconic Page in Manuscript, Print, and Digital Culture

6210: 6208: 5764: 5676: 5585: 5558: 5534: 5268: 5133: 4910: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4768: 4756: 4537: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 3329:

Alfred becomes a grandfather when Ecgwynn gives birth to

1241:

noting the restoration of the Roman walled city by Alfred

1088:, was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King 634:

in 835, and the following year they defeated Ecgberht at

460:

He was the youngest of six children. His eldest brother,

6520: 6291:

The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History

6082: 6080: 5959: 5957: 5808: 5652: 5280: 5234: 5232: 5118: 4744: 4602: 4508: 4432: 4430: 4251: 4141: 4139: 4114: 4112: 4043: 3907: 3089:

Alfred marries Ealhswith in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.

2657:, and one of the early ships of the U.S. Navy was named 2001:. The translation was undertaken at Alfred's command by 1879:, thus giving the West Saxon kings a biblical ancestry. 1856:

Alfred depicted in a stained-glass window of c. 1905 in

1659:

A coin of Alfred, London, 880 (based upon a Roman model)

978:

In the seventh week after Easter (4–10 May 878), around

7495:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

6249:

Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England

5848: 5846: 5712: 5431: 5376: 5217: 5054: 5014: 4326: 4070: 990:

where he was met by "all the people of Somerset and of

9890:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

7944:

How the Doctrine of Incarnation Shaped Western Culture

7352:"'Alfred the Great' bones exhumed from unmarked grave" 6205: 5870: 5775: 5688: 4840: 4780: 4590: 4457: 4415: 4367: 4314: 4151: 4124: 3960: 3958: 3919: 3895: 3871: 3776: 3710: 3708: 3681: 2334:, he probably was an illegitimate son of King Alfred. 1908: 1327:

shore. Alfred at once hurried westward and raised the

1045:

on the eighth day took place at a royal estate called

775:, which may indicate a position similar to the Celtic 10414: 8477:; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James (1996). 8012:

King Alfred's version of the Consolations of Boethius

7259:"Letter to the editor: Alfred the Great: a diagnosis" 6899:"Kingship and Maritime Power in 10th-Century England" 6456: 6077: 5954: 5831: 5664: 5229: 5193: 5002: 4990: 4828: 4682: 4680: 4549: 4427: 4136: 4109: 4064: 3943: 3883: 3849: 3847: 3514: 2600:

attempted unsuccessfully to have Alfred canonised by

2132:

where his wisdom and skill with proverbs is praised.

1808:

along the Baltic Sea to the Prussian trading town of

1663:

In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred issued a long

9026: 8303:"Alfred the Great: The Most Perfect Man in History?" 6988:

Alfred the Great (Studies in early medieval Britain)

6411:"Bone fragment 'could be King Alfred or son Edward'" 5894: 5843: 5244: 4704: 4692: 4665: 4561: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4302: 4211: 4175: 4031: 3970: 3788: 3693: 1812:. Alfred personally collected details of this trip. 406:, and his wife Osburh. According to his biographer, 8415:(Jubilee in 3 vols ed.). Oxford and Cambridge. 8158:

English historical documents. Volume 1, C. 500–1042

7750:

Rulers and Ruling Families in Early Medieval Europe

7451:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46. 7209: 5787: 5051:, p. 250 cites "Alfred's Pastoral Care" ch. 28 4716: 4641: 4629: 4361: 4263: 3955: 3859: 3720: 3705: 3531: 3529: 3427:, a consecrated oil, from accidentally rubbing off. 1952: 1029:. He then pursued the Danes to their stronghold at 998:which is on this side of the sea (that is, west of 8482: 8320:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 8083: 7660:The White Horse King: The Life of Alfred the Great 7569:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 6696:. London: British History Online. pp. 116–122 6170:on 27 November 2017 – via Alfred University. 5992: 5858: 4677: 4653: 3844: 3597: 3541: 2817:'s medieval East Gate. The statue was designed by 2556:, and the bones within scattered around the area. 2287:They had five or six children together, including 1934: 1847: 1697:to speculate that Alfred had in mind the legatine 729: 30:"King Alfred" redirects here. For other uses, see 8485:The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland 8337:Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Cerdic (fl. 6th cent.)". 8045:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7997:Schepss, G. (1895). "Zu König Alfreds Boethius". 7928: 7468:Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey 6903:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6562:Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Ealhswith (d. 902)". 6092: 5882: 4490: 3732: 10505: 8226:Wormald, Patrick (2006). "Alfred (848/9–899)". 7862:THE SYNAXIS OF ALL SAINTS OF BRITAIN AND IRELAND 7813:Orosius, Paulus; Hampson, Robert Thomas (1855). 7558:. In Bornstein, George; Tinkle, Theresa (eds.). 7117:Hill, David; Rumble, Alexander R., eds. (1996). 7062:Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307 6522:"The Post-Mortem Adventures of Alfred The Great" 5166:, "King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey". 3526: 3261:, causing Guthrum's conversion to Christianity. 1334:The force under Hastein set out to march up the 472:(860–865) were also much older than Alfred, but 8575:at the official website of the British monarchy 8373:Discenza, Nicole; Szarmach, Paul, eds. (2015). 8265:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 7643:Malmesbury, William (1904). Giles, J.A. (ed.). 6971:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 6835:Edwards, Heather (2004). "Ecgberht (d. 839)". 6690:Doubleday, Arthur; Page, William, eds. (1903). 6547:"Could these be the bones of Alfred the Great?" 6494: 3838: 3041:Æthelbald dies and is succeeded by his brother 1541:. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations. 1331:. The fate of the other place is not recorded. 8175:Winchester Museums Service (4 December 2009). 7912:The political thought of King Alfred the Great 7812: 7237: 6985: 5975: 5151: 4904: 3414:Founder of the English MONARCHY and LIBERTY". 2828: 2776:A statue of Alfred the Great, situated in the 2713:Hybrid ancient and modern statue of Alfred in 1470: 9926: 9012: 8934: 8920: 8728: 7893:'Alfred the Great - The Man Who Made England' 7882:Plummer, Charles (1911). "Alfred the Great". 7677:Miller, Sean (2004). "Æthelred I (d. 871)". 7364: 6689: 6190:, Sculpture Center, Retrieved 3 October 2017. 5748: 5746: 5737: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5579: 5552: 5476: 5425: 5370: 5322: 5310: 5262: 5211: 5175: 5112: 5098:The charter is Sawyer 1445 and is printed in 5086: 5073: 5036: 4972: 4823: 4584: 4451: 4349: 4296: 4284: 4205: 3988: 3559: 2319:asserts that this shows his lineage from the 2243: 1054: 955: 618:, was driven out shortly afterwards. By 830, 10059:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 8343:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8232:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7792:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7786:Nelson, Janet (2004). "Æthelwulf (d. 858)". 7771:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 293–310. 7683:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6841:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6568:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6311: 5950:British and Western European Diocese (ROCOR) 4959: 4623: 4229: 2955:sends Alfred and his youngest older brother 2059:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 2044:Book of Exodus. The Old English versions of 1819:princes, owing to the pressure on them from 1435: 1288:in Surrey. They took refuge on an island at 355:invasions. He won a decisive victory in the 8090:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7830:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7607:Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 7121:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7023:(2007). "Did King Alfred Write Anything?". 7004: 6668: 6199: 6010: 4947: 4091: 4025: 3937: 2214: 1844:may show Alfred's interest in that island. 1549:Alfred's burhs (of which 22 developed into 1228: 1107:), from there extend in a straight line to 9933: 9919: 9019: 9005: 8927: 8913: 8735: 8721: 8600: 8529:Alfred the Great: the man who made England 8009: 7642: 7562:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 7116: 6820:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. 6561: 5743: 5706: 5591: 5405: 5403: 5031: 5029: 4750: 3687: 3359: 3357: 3119:Æthelred dies and is succeeded by Alfred. 1693:have issued a law code, leading historian 1389: 51: 9870:List of English words of Old Norse origin 8286:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 8155: 7703: 7274: 7238:Hutchison-Hall, John (Ellsworth) (2017). 7135: 6922: 6896: 6879: 6632: 6622: 6423: 6409: 6112:"Visit Winchester: King Alfred the Great" 5876: 5099: 4870: 4502: 4245: 3508: 3257:Alfred defeats Guthrum decisively in the 3084:Æthelred aids Burgred against the Danes. 2628:Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 2590:Eighteenth century portrait of Alfred by 2526:Many churches were vandalised during the 1701:of 786 that was presented to Offa by the 685:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England 8413:The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great 8322:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 27–28. 8187: 8104: 7857: 7662:. New York: Thomas Nelson. p. 220. 7263:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7218: 7144: 7059: 6796: 6777: 6740: 6708: 6611:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 6432: 6251:. British Museum Press. pp. 58–78. 6086: 5963: 5937: 5286: 5187: 4734: 4421: 4373: 4193: 4157: 4145: 3754: 3591: 3575: 3571: 2868: 2763: 2708: 2680: 2585: 2476: 2218: 2140: 2118:. The first half is based mainly on the 1956: 1851: 1654: 1524: 1509: 1393: 1263: 1232: 959: 733: 674: 558: 8479:"The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland" 8455:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 8340:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8229:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8225: 8206: 8192:. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 8059: 8037: 7996: 7890: 7881: 7789:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7680:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7623: 7585: 7566: 7549: 7535:(Revised ed.). London: Routledge. 7349: 7324: 7291: 7256: 6939: 6838:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6834: 6815: 6649: 6565:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6473:The Oxford Companion to British History 6181:"Alfred the Great", Isidore Konti, 1910 5852: 5718: 5694: 5516: 5464: 5440: 5400: 5250: 5060: 5026: 5020: 4984: 4935: 4786: 4635: 4611: 4596: 4531: 4478: 4169: 4130: 4103: 4013: 3976: 3949: 3913: 3889: 3877: 3822: 3726: 3714: 3671: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3615: 3587: 3354: 3269:defeats another Danish invasion in the 3006:becomes the stepmother of Alfred after 2582:Cultural depictions of Alfred the Great 939: 738:A map of the route taken by the Viking 697:to have been sent to Rome where he was 646:, reducing Cornwall to the status of a 450:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14: 10506: 8742: 8594:Portraits of King Alfred ('The Great') 8190:The Life And Times of Alfred the Great 7977: 7946:. Plymouth, England: Lexington Books. 7825: 7785: 7766: 7744: 7676: 7657: 7653:from the original on 25 February 2013. 7492: 7465: 7446: 7427: 7398: 7019: 6782:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 6680: 6469: 6447: 6382: 6369: 6340: 6315:The laws of the earliest English kings 6226: 5837: 5752: 5658: 5528: 5519:, Alfred the Great's Burnt "Boethius". 5413: 5409: 5394: 5382: 5333: 5331: 5298: 5163: 5127: 4882: 4855: 4555: 4436: 4397: 4385: 4118: 3853: 3806: 3770: 3675: 3667: 3619: 2900:Alfred is born in Wantage, Berkshire. 2809:Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester 2791:, and unveiled on 14 July 1877 by the 1319:and East Anglian Danes were besieging 308: 9940: 9914: 9000: 8908: 8716: 8550:. Studies in early medieval Britain. 8336: 8317: 8313:from the original on 9 February 2016. 8300: 8281: 8259: 8136: 8018: 7941: 7909: 7728:. London: John Russel Smith. p. 7722: 7590:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. 7530: 7526:from the original on 17 January 2014. 7078: 6861: 6604: 6544: 6336:from the original on 10 October 2016. 6284: 6265: 6246: 6065:from the original on 11 November 2021 5998: 5864: 5828:, Hyde Community Archaeology Project. 5682: 5670: 5567: 5540: 5274: 5238: 5223: 5199: 5139: 5048: 5008: 4996: 4916: 4894: 4834: 4810: 4798: 4774: 4762: 4710: 4698: 4671: 4647: 4567: 4543: 4519: 4409: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4269: 4257: 4217: 4181: 4076: 4052: 4037: 3964: 3925: 3901: 3865: 3826: 3810: 3794: 3782: 3758: 3750: 3738: 3699: 3663: 3647: 3603: 3547: 3535: 3520: 2501:Alfred was temporarily buried at the 2498:seems to have had a similar illness. 2295:who became lady of the Mercians; and 1103:, follow the Lea to its source (near 10443: 10315:Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim 8983:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 8589:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 8179:. Winchester Council. Archived from 8123: 8081: 7960: 7858:Phillips, Andrew (7 November 2016). 7844: 7626:Fortifications in Wessex c. 800-1066 7604: 7511: 7240:Orthodox Saints of the British Isles 7185: 7166: 7093: 6969:Æthelstan: The First King of England 6963: 6818:St Dunstan:His Life, Times, and Cult 6600:from the original on 1 October 2017. 6230: 6214: 6098: 6033:from the original on 7 December 2016 6027:"Pewsey.uk website: Village History" 5900: 5888: 5793: 5781: 5452: 4738: 4722: 4686: 4659: 1778: 1719:, and the Apostolic Letter from the 9976:On the Resting-Places of the Saints 8023:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7376:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. 7096:The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great 7089:from the original on 22 March 2016. 6897:Firth, Matthew; Sebo, Erin (2020). 6387:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 113–142. 6144:from the original on 7 October 2016 5328: 3176:Alfred's first son Edward is born. 3137:Burgred pays tribute to the Danes. 2472: 1909:Effect of Danish raids on education 507:, daughter of the Mercian nobleman 24: 8365: 7430:The New Cambridge Medieval History 7413:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x 7345:from the original on 28 June 2020. 7014:from the original on 29 June 2011. 6443:from the original on 16 July 2011. 6436:The Burghal Hidage: Alfred's Towns 3150:The Danes invade Mercia and seize 2877:of Mercia, in a manuscript of 1220 2840: 2736:. The sculpture was thought to be 2291:who succeeded his father as king; 2272:, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, 2033:and the first fifty psalms of the 844: 828:. The Saxons were defeated at the 787: 426:, and by other historians such as 25: 10590: 8598:National Portrait Gallery, London 8566: 8119:from the original on 2 July 2017. 7963:"Statue of King Alfred the Great" 7937:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 7853:from the original on 3 July 2015. 7646:Chronicle of the Kings of England 6654:. Quercus Publishing. p. 8. 6652:The Kings & Queens of England 6590:"Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899)" 6322:. pp. 52–53, 62–93, 98–101. 6164:"About the Statue of King Alfred" 5755:"The Search for Alfred the Great" 5753:Oliver, Neil (17 February 2019). 4065:Brooks & Graham-Campbell 1986 3490:from the original on 26 June 2020 3181:The Great Heathen Army splits as 2187:was worth the princely sum of 50 1499: 1323:and an unnamed stronghold on the 1308:, joined with Hastein's force at 1076:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 32:Alfred the Great (disambiguation) 10486: 10469: 10452: 10424: 9150:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 9140:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 9028:Viking activity in Great Britain 8676:Became king of the Anglo-Saxons 8251: 8156:Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1996). 8105:Townsend, Ian (3 January 2008). 7886:. Vol. 1. pp. 582–584. 7649:. London: George Bell and Sons. 7609:. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group. 7202:Dictionary of National Biography 6683:The Royal Tombs of Great Britain 6312:Attenborough, F.L., ed. (1922). 6174: 6156: 6130: 6104: 6045: 6019: 5981: 5943: 5906: 5506:. Vol. vi. British Library. 5496: 5482: 5105: 5092: 5079: 5066: 5042: 4965: 4888: 4816: 4728: 3456: 3439: 2615:him as a Christian hero, with a 2530:, including Hyde. The Abbey was 1997:, a book greatly popular in the 1965:, showing the socket at its base 1953:Advocacy of education in English 1688:, king of the Mercians, or King 243:Æthelgifu, Abbess of Shaftesbury 8375:A Companion to Alfred the Great 8284:Wessex in the early Middle Ages 8107:"Statue damage quiz man bailed" 7961:Ross, David (11 October 2016). 7512:Keys, David (17 January 2014). 7350:Kennedy, Maev (27 March 2013). 6607:"Alfred the Great: a diagnosis" 6545:Cohen, Tamara (27 March 2013). 6385:A Companion to Alfred the Great 6372:The Classics in the Middle Ages 5826:Winchester Museums Service 2009 5339:"Translation of Alfred's Prose" 4899: 4491:Preston, Wise & Werner 1956 3430: 3417: 3407: 3397: 3384: 3370: 3363:Since 1974 Wantage has been in 2608:" does not mention Alfred. The 1935:Establishment of a court school 1848:Religion, education and culture 1644: 1602: 730:The reigns of Alfred's brothers 691:853, Alfred is reported by the 248:Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders 233:Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians 213: 9125:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 8512:. Bath, UK: Millstream Books. 8377:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 6799:Handbook of British Chronology 6500:Wales and the Britons 350–1064 3476: 2768:Statue of Alfred the Great in 2377:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 1111:, and from Bedford follow the 839: 705:, who "anointed him as king". 527:, Alfred's successor as king; 521:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 170:26 October 899 (aged about 50) 13: 1: 9850:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 9829: 9795: 9344: 9247: 9128: 8693: 8667: 8546:Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2003). 8452:The Oxford History of English 7849:. Cambridge Digital Library. 7257:Jackson, F I (January 1992). 7136:Hollister, C. Warren (1962). 6990:. Ashgate. pp. 281–289. 6355:10.1515/angl.1970.1970.88.433 5035:"Alfred" Intro, 49.7, trans. 4971:"Alfred" Intro. 49.9, trans. 4234:Treaty of Alfred and Gunthrum 3470: 3321: 3304: 3291: 3278: 3240: 3227: 3206: 3190: 3159: 3142: 3129: 3111: 3094: 3076: 3050: 3033: 3020: 2994: 2973: 2943: 2922: 2905: 2892: 2864: 2802: 2436: 2387: 2369: 2357: 2301:Baldwin II, Count of Flanders 2227:Asser wrote of Alfred in his 2071:suggest this also for Bald's 1985:, which seems to have been a 1758:Asser represents Alfred as a 1419: 554: 314: 178: 122: 92: 62: 10534:9th-century English monarchs 10099:The Prose Solomon and Saturn 9826:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 8357:UK public library membership 8246:UK public library membership 8141:. London: English Heritage. 8124:Wall, James Charles (1900). 8086:The Medieval English Borough 7806:UK public library membership 7697:UK public library membership 6855:UK public library membership 6755:10.1515/angl.1986.1986.104.1 6582:UK public library membership 6526:The Church Monuments Society 5810:The Church Monuments Society 3761:, pp. 142–143, 148–149. 3252:and begin guerilla warfare. 3248:Alfred is forced to flee to 2704: 2505:in Winchester with his wife 2050:Histories against the Pagans 1572:A document now known as the 1162:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 1068:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 670: 36:King Alfred (disambiguation) 7: 8422:Canadian Journal of History 8160:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 7933:; Werner, Herman O (1956). 7708:. Oxford University Press. 7223:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 7150:Why Alfred Burned the Cakes 6670:"The Top 100 Great Britons" 5767:Documentary. Archived from 2829:Alfred University, New York 2486:thought that he had either 2307:, daughter of Oslac of the 2263: 2129:The Owl and the Nightingale 1529:The walled defence round a 1471:Administration and taxation 1126:(henceforward known as the 1078:(Manuscript 383), and in a 414:, in the district known as 394:House of Wessex family tree 10: 10595: 8411:Giles, J. A., ed. (1858). 8207:Wormald, Patrick (2001) . 8188:Woodruff, Douglas (1993). 8065:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 8014:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7704:Molyneaux, George (2015). 7552:"Alfred the Great's Burnt 7550:Kiernan, Kevin S. (1998). 7533:The Earliest English Kings 7219:Huscroft, Richard (2019). 7169:Britain's Medieval Castles 7140:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7060:Gransden, Antonia (1996). 6624:10.1177/014107689108400518 6433:Bradshaw, Anthony (1999). 6320:Cambridge University Press 6247:Abels, Richard P. (1988). 6239: 5152:Orosius & Hampson 1855 4905:Gifford & Gifford 2003 3299:Æthelswith dies in Pavia. 2847:Cuyahoga County Courthouse 2823:Singer & Sons of Frome 2806: 2759: 2756:to fit the lower portion. 2722:statue of Alfred the Great 2671: 2668:following a UK-wide vote. 2579: 2315:of England. Asser, in his 1949:'s in southwestern Wales. 1715:, a few chapters from the 1648: 1561:and palisades, such as at 1503: 1149: 956:Counter-attack and victory 683:in the early 14th-century 391: 29: 10574:Translators of philosophy 10376: 10342: 10324: 10268: 10226: 10177: 10130: 10088: 10041: 9992: 9955: 9948: 9842: 9812: 9757: 9729: 9722: 9692: 9668: 9621: 9615:Second invasion: 980–1012 9614: 9537: 9415: 9368: 9361: 9297: 9270:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 9170: 9163: 9117: 9041: 9034: 8953: 8940: 8935:Kings of the Anglo-Saxons 8763: 8750: 8701: 8686: 8681: 8659: 8643: 8635: 8630: 8610: 8267:. London, UK: Routledge. 8019:Smyth, Alfred P. (1995). 8010:Sedgefield, W.J. (1900). 7982:. Papermac. p. 288. 7658:Merkle, Benjamin (2009). 7571:. London, UK: Blackwell. 7470:. Dorset County Council. 7192:"Ethelbald (d.860)" 7171:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 7152:. London: Profile Books. 7007:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 6945:English Historical Review 6868:English Historical Review 6726:10.1017/s026367510000301x 6448:Brooks, Nicholas (1984). 6393:10.1163/9789004283763_006 6374:. Binghamtion, New York: 5738:Doubleday & Page 1903 5647:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5635:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5623:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5611:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5580:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5553:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5492:, Oxford Bodleian Library 5477:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5426:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5371:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5323:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5311:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5263:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5212:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5176:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5113:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5087:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5074:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 5037:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4973:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4824:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4737:, which is referenced in 4585:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4452:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4350:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4297:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4285:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 4206:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 3989:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 3560:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 3239: 3158: 3110: 3075: 3049: 2993: 2959:on a pilgrimage to Rome. 2942: 2685:1913 statue of Alfred in 2676: 2575: 2244:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 2096:Consolation of Philosophy 2020:Consolation of Philosophy 1924:Christ Church, Canterbury 1800:undertook a journey from 1055:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 387: 283: 278:Æthelwulf, King of Wessex 273: 261: 223: 198: 174: 166: 146: 142: 132: 118: 111: 101: 87: 80: 50: 45: 10277:Handbook for a Confessor 9144:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 9063:of East Anglia (855–869) 8689:King of the Anglo-Saxons 8527:Pollard, Justin (2006). 7942:Ranft, Patricia (2012). 7891:Pollard, Justin (2006). 7310:10.1484/J.PERIT.5.112197 6957:10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCV.247 6778:Dumville, David (1992). 5313:, pp. 35–36, 90–91. 4454:, pp. 115–116, 286. 4362:Henry of Huntingdon 1969 3347: 3201:invades Alfred's realm. 3185:retires to Northumbria. 2938:, the king of Mercians. 2913:Alfred's oldest brother 2215:Appearance and character 1738:When one turns from the 1627:Greek and Roman warships 1254:archbishop of Canterbury 1229:King of the Anglo-Saxons 1160:With the signing of the 587:. This made Ecgberht an 326:King of the Anglo-Saxons 113:King of the Anglo-Saxons 10544:Boat and ship designers 10539:9th-century translators 9965:Old English Martyrology 9478:Sea Battle near Swanage 9388:Battle of Hingston Down 8662:King of the West Saxons 8510:Alfred the Good Soldier 8491:Oxford University Press 8301:Yorke, Barbara (1999). 8282:Yorke, Barbara (1995). 8067:. London, UK: Phoenix. 7895:. London: John Murray. 7884:Encylcopedia Britannica 7826:Parker, Joanne (2007). 7221:Making England 796–1042 6924:10.1111/1095-9270.12421 6862:Firth, Matthew (2024). 6504:Oxford University Press 6478:Oxford University Press 6285:Abels, Richard (2002). 6266:Abels, Richard (1998). 6200:Giles & Ingram 1996 5625:, pp. 77, 240–241. 4948:Giles & Ingram 1996 4092:Giles & Ingram 1996 4026:Giles & Ingram 1996 3938:Giles & Ingram 1996 3562:, pp. 13, 67, 101. 2873:Alfred's sister, Queen 2268:In 868, Alfred married 2205:Carolingian Renaissance 2195:of Gregory the Great's 2077:Old English Martyrology 1788:. He corresponded with 1772:The Life of King Alfred 1488: 1390:Military reorganisation 1273:, and the lesser under 1199:, an allied kingdom in 1145: 644:Battle of Hingston Down 503:In 868, Alfred married 322:King of the West Saxons 303: 82:King of the West Saxons 10569:Translators from Latin 10529:9th-century Christians 9416:First invasion 865–896 8489:. Walton St., Oxford: 8211:. Wiley. p. 528. 8137:Welch, Martin (1992). 7980:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 7845:Paul, Suzanne (2015). 7752:. Aldershot: Ashgate. 7723:Nares, Robert (1859). 7624:Lavelle, Ryan (2003). 7586:Lavelle, Ryan (2010). 7167:Hull, Lise E. (2006). 6681:Dodson, Aidan (2004). 6574:10.1093/ref:odnb/39226 6496:Charles-Edwards, T. M. 6186:3 October 2017 at the 4751:Hill & Rumble 1996 3666:, pp. 45–50, 55; 3650:, pp. 26, 45–46; 2878: 2773: 2717: 2690: 2604:in 1441. The current " 2594: 2550: 2482: 2447:Married and had issue 2323:of the Isle of Wight. 2303:. Alfred's mother was 2249: 2224: 2154: 2135:The Proverbs of Alfred 1966: 1860: 1794:patriarch of Jerusalem 1660: 1542: 1522: 1441: 1399: 1242: 1124:Kingdom of East Anglia 1060: 975: 759: 687: 661:and, according to the 567:Alfred's grandfather, 564: 320:– 26 October 899) was 10559:Patrons of literature 10308:Old English Hexateuch 10260:Old English Herbarium 10066:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 9369:Viking raids: 793–850 9288:Eohric of East Anglia 9282:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 9069:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 8508:Peddie, John (1989). 8349:10.1093/ref:odnb/5003 8021:King Alfred the Great 7978:Savage, Anne (1988). 7910:Pratt, David (2007). 7868:Orthodox Christianity 7798:10.1093/ref:odnb/8921 7689:10.1093/ref:odnb/8913 7531:Kirby, D. H. (2000). 7401:Early Medieval Europe 7098:. Westholme. p. 7064:. London: Routledge. 6847:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581 6672:. BBC. Archived from 6650:Crofton, Ian (2006). 6605:Craig, G (May 1991). 6470:Cannon, John (1997). 6459:Graham-Campbell, J.A. 6376:Binghamton University 5918:The Church of England 5649:, p. 322, n. 79. 5111:Asser, chap. 106, in 4885:, pp. 86–88, 97. 4871:Firth & Sebo 2020 4822:Asser, translated by 3773:, pp. 28, 39–41. 3447:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3445:Some versions of the 3379:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3333:, the son of Edward. 3102:Alfred's first child 2872: 2857:. It was sculpted by 2767: 2726:Trinity Church Square 2712: 2684: 2589: 2545: 2543:recounted this event: 2516:William the Conqueror 2480: 2235: 2222: 2144: 1960: 1855: 1768:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1658: 1619:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1553:) ranged from former 1537:of Alfred's capital, 1528: 1513: 1427: 1397: 1264:Viking attacks (890s) 1236: 1174:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1150:Further information: 1132:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1090:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 1082:compilation known as 1041:The unbinding of the 1039: 963: 870:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 796:out of the adjoining 764:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 737: 694:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 678: 664:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 583:, the founder of the 563:Map of Britain in 886 562: 392:Further information: 324:from 871 to 886, and 18:King Alfred the Great 10554:Medieval legislators 10357:Old English Lapidary 10334:Kentish Royal Legend 10269:Ecclesiastical texts 10052:History of the World 10018:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 9522:Battle of Fearnhamme 9484:Battle of Chippenham 9448:Battle of Englefield 9067:Æthelred the Unready 8473:; Corbishley, Mike; 8434:10.3138/cjh.37.3.459 8238:10.1093/ref:odnb/183 8128:. E. Stock. p. 8082:Tait, James (1999). 7929:Preston, Richard A; 6685:. London: Duckworth. 6061:. 11 November 2021. 5412:, pp. 433–460; 5085:Asser chap. 106, in 4813:, pp. 287, 304. 4801:, pp. 204, 304. 4546:, pp. 139, 152. 3839:Charles-Edwards 2013 3809:, pp. 120–121; 2821:, cast in bronze by 2666:100 Greatest Britons 2644:Geoffrey of Monmouth 2494:. His grandson King 1977:Apart from the lost 1961:Line drawing of the 1721:Acts of the Apostles 1037:According to Asser, 994:and of that part of 940:Legend of burnt cake 802:Battle of Englefield 614:, and its sub-king, 398:Alfred was a son of 193:, Hampshire, England 10579:West Saxon monarchs 10564:People from Wantage 10431:Anglo-Saxon England 10363:Wonders of the East 10301:Vindicta Salvatoris 10294:Gospel of Nicodemus 10255:Byrhtferth's Manual 10113:The Durham Proverbs 9440:Siege of Nottingham 9394:Battle of Rochester 9055:Ælla of Northumbria 8139:Anglo-Saxon England 8043:Anglo-Saxon England 7973:on 11 October 2016. 7828:'England's Darling' 7817:. Longman. p. 7094:Hill, Paul (2009). 6915:2020IJNAr..49..329F 6881:10.1093/ehr/ceae078 6714:Anglo-Saxon England 6676:on 4 December 2002. 6452:. pp. 172–173. 6428:. pp. 105–124. 5976:Hutchison-Hall 2017 5940:, pp. 190–191. 5771:on 29 October 2021. 5740:, pp. 116–122. 5685:, pp. 303–305. 5582:, pp. 124–145. 5570:, pp. 219–257. 5555:, pp. 203–206. 5543:, pp. 189–191. 5531:, pp. 115–126. 5467:, pp. 149–160. 5397:, pp. 113–142. 5373:, pp. 125–126. 5343:Bucknell University 5301:, pp. 172–173. 5277:, pp. 265–268. 5214:, pp. 101–102. 5142:, pp. 190–192. 5115:, pp. 109–110. 5102:, pp. 544–546. 4987:, pp. 280–281. 4938:, pp. 286–297. 4919:, pp. 305–307. 4897:, pp. 305–307 4873:, pp. 329–331. 4777:, pp. 198–202. 4765:, pp. 204–207. 4534:, pp. 157–169. 4522:, pp. 194–195. 4299:, pp. 250–151. 4260:, pp. 303–304. 4248:, pp. 105–124. 4232:, pp. 98–101, 4196:, pp. 123–124. 4172:, pp. 187–191. 4055:, pp. 140–141. 4016:, pp. 582–584. 3813:, pp. 155–156. 3171:, exiling Burgred. 2598:Henry VI of England 2528:English Reformation 2230:Life of King Alfred 2007:Bishop of Worcester 1222:Henry of Huntingdon 1027:Westbury, Wiltshire 965:King Alfred's Tower 944:Having fled to the 681:Æthelwulf of Wessex 642:and Vikings at the 332:and his first wife 310:[ˈæɫvˌræːd] 10351:Apollonius of Tyre 10106:Adrian and Ritheus 10002:Blickling Homilies 9900:Vale of York Hoard 9860:England runestones 9730:Viking settlements 9528:Battle of Benfleet 9504:Battle of Edington 9424:Great Heathen Army 9311:Halfdan Ragnarsson 9222:(947–948, 952–954) 8744:Monarchs of Wessex 8625:847–849 October 26 8471:Morgan, Kenneth O. 8392:Fry, Fred (2006). 7628:. Oxford: Osprey. 7605:Loyn, H.R (1991). 6465:. pp. 91–110. 6419:. 17 January 2014. 6118:on 17 October 2016 5039:, pp. 164–165 4907:, pp. 281–289 4335:, pp. 190–91. 4106:, p. 157-169. 4079:, pp. 148–50. 4067:, pp. 91–110. 3757:, pp. 17–18; 3753:, pp. 84–85; 3486:. British Museum. 3259:Battle of Edington 3065:Great Heathen Army 3004:Judith of Flanders 2879: 2783:, was sculpted by 2774: 2718: 2691: 2610:Anglican Communion 2595: 2483: 2466:d. 918; had issue 2444:16 October 922(?) 2379:d. 911; had issue 2225: 2155: 2124:Augustine of Hippo 2075:and the anonymous 1967: 1861: 1798:Wulfstan of Hedeby 1690:Æthelberht of Kent 1661: 1543: 1523: 1492:. To maintain the 1484:trimoda necessitas 1479:trinoda necessitas 1416:King Ine of Wessex 1400: 1243: 1201:South East England 1156:Anglo-Saxon London 1140:Great Heathen Army 976: 973:Battle of Edington 920:in the marshes of 916:he made a fort at 810:Halfdan Ragnarsson 808:by Ivar's brother 768:Great Heathen Army 760: 740:Great Heathen Army 712:king of the Franks 688: 600:Battle of Ellendun 585:West Saxon dynasty 565: 357:Battle of Edington 61:of Alfred, struck 10412: 10411: 10372: 10371: 10090:Wisdom literature 10072:Winchcombe Annals 10012:Vercelli Homilies 9942:Old English prose 9908: 9907: 9820:Treaty of Wedmore 9808: 9807: 9718: 9717: 9694:Harald's invasion 9664: 9663: 9610: 9609: 9499: 9498: 9472:Battle of Reading 9460:Battle of Meretun 9454:Battle of Ashdown 9357: 9356: 9341:Thorkell the Tall 9305:Ivar the Boneless 9276:Burgred of Mercia 9238:Olaf Guthfrithson 9159: 9158: 9061:Edmund the Martyr 8994: 8993: 8902: 8901: 8818: 8711: 8710: 8702:Succeeded by 8612:Alfred the Great 8557:978-0-7546-0957-5 8519:978-0-9489-7519-6 8462:978-0-1995-4439-4 8403:978-1-9052-2693-1 8396:. Melrose Books. 8384:978-9-0042-7484-6 8355:(Subscription or 8329:978-0-6311-5565-2 8293:978-0-7185-1856-1 8274:978-0-4151-6639-3 8244:(Subscription or 8218:978-0-6312-2740-3 8199:978-0-2978-3194-5 8167:978-0-2034-3950-0 8074:978-1-8421-2003-3 8052:978-0-1928-0139-5 8039:Stenton, Frank M. 7953:978-0-7391-7432-6 7921:978-0-5218-0350-2 7837:978-0-7190-7356-4 7804:(Subscription or 7778:978-0-7546-0957-5 7715:978-0-1910-2775-8 7695:(Subscription or 7669:978-1-5955-5252-5 7635:978-1-8417-6639-3 7597:978-1-8438-3569-1 7542:978-0-4152-4211-0 7504:978-0-4706-5632-7 7477:978-0-8521-6887-5 7458:978-0-8511-5598-2 7439:978-0-5213-6292-4 7338:978-5-8896-6097-2 7249:978-1-5427-1822-6 7230:978-1-1381-8246-2 7178:978-0-2759-8414-4 7109:978-1-5941-6087-5 6997:978-0-7546-0957-5 6978:978-0-3001-2535-1 6853:(Subscription or 6789:978-0-8511-5308-7 6661:978-1-8472-4628-8 6580:(Subscription or 6513:978-0-1982-1731-2 6402:978-9-0042-8376-3 6378:. pp. 45–78. 6329:978-0-4045-6545-9 6304:978-1-8438-3008-5 6277:978-0-5820-4047-2 6258:978-0-7141-0552-9 5784:, pp. 77–78. 5661:, pp. 60–62. 5428:, pp. 33–34. 5416:, pp. 45–78. 5325:, pp. 92–93. 5226:, pp. 78–79. 5190:, pp. 34–35. 5178:, pp. 28–29. 5130:, pp. 48–50. 4962:, pp. 62–93. 4960:Attenborough 1922 4626:, pp. 52–53. 4624:Attenborough 1922 4614:, pp. 70–73. 4505:, pp. 59–60. 4323:, pp. 20–21. 4230:Attenborough 1922 3991:, pp. 16–17. 3928:, pp. 55–56. 3916:, pp. 54–55. 3904:, pp. 89–94. 3785:, pp. 28–29. 3523:, pp. 27–28. 3345: 3344: 2930:Alfred's sister, 2915:Æthelstan of Kent 2835:William Underhill 2797:Princess of Wales 2623:parish churches. 2621:Church of England 2606:Roman Martyrology 2470: 2469: 1995:Gregory the Great 1892:Gregory the Great 1858:Bristol Cathedral 1779:Foreign relations 1614:Æthelstan of Kent 1436:Attenborough 1922 1286:Battle of Farnham 1258:Hadleigh, Suffolk 1064:Treaty of Wedmore 1000:Southampton Water 982:, Alfred rode to 814:Battle of Ashdown 806:Battle of Reading 798:Kingdom of Mercia 794:Ivar the Boneless 742:which arrived in 365:Scandinavian York 293: 292: 16:(Redirected from 10586: 10514:Alfred the Great 10499: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10445: 10439:Alfred the Great 10429: 10428: 10427: 10420: 10227:Scientific texts 10199:Textus Roffensis 10007:Lambeth Homilies 9953: 9952: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9912: 9911: 9895:Silverdale Hoard 9834: 9831: 9800: 9797: 9749:North Sea Empire 9727: 9726: 9637:Battle of Pinhoe 9619: 9618: 9535: 9534: 9510:Battle of London 9490:Battle of Cynwit 9466:Battle of Basing 9420: 9419: 9366: 9365: 9349: 9346: 9252: 9249: 9244:Ragnall ua Ímair 9232:Gofraid ua Ímair 9168: 9167: 9133: 9130: 9094:Edward the Elder 9088:Alfred the Great 9039: 9038: 9021: 9014: 9007: 8998: 8997: 8964:Edward the Elder 8958:Alfred the Great 8929: 8922: 8915: 8906: 8905: 8893:Alfred the Great 8816: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8705:Edward the Elder 8698: 8695: 8672: 8669: 8636:Preceded by 8626: 8608: 8607: 8604: 8579:Alfred the Great 8573:Alfred the Great 8561: 8548:Alfred the Great 8542: 8523: 8504: 8488: 8475:Gillingham, John 8466: 8445: 8416: 8407: 8388: 8360: 8352: 8333: 8314: 8297: 8278: 8256: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8222: 8203: 8184: 8183:on 13 July 2010. 8171: 8152: 8133: 8120: 8101: 8089: 8078: 8061:Swanton, Michael 8056: 8034: 8015: 8006: 7993: 7974: 7969:. Archived from 7957: 7938: 7925: 7906: 7887: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7854: 7841: 7822: 7809: 7801: 7782: 7769:Alfred the Great 7763: 7741: 7719: 7700: 7692: 7673: 7654: 7639: 7620: 7601: 7582: 7563: 7546: 7527: 7517: 7508: 7489: 7462: 7443: 7424: 7395: 7370:Lapidge, Michael 7361: 7346: 7321: 7288: 7278: 7253: 7234: 7215: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7163: 7141: 7132: 7113: 7090: 7075: 7056: 7037:10.2307/43632294 7015: 7001: 6982: 6960: 6951:(395): 247–265. 6936: 6926: 6893: 6883: 6858: 6850: 6831: 6812: 6793: 6774: 6737: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6677: 6665: 6646: 6636: 6626: 6601: 6594:The Royal Family 6585: 6577: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6528:. Archived from 6517: 6491: 6466: 6453: 6444: 6429: 6420: 6406: 6379: 6366: 6337: 6308: 6281: 6262: 6234: 6224: 6218: 6217:, p. 17-18. 6212: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6166:. Archived from 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6114:. Archived from 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6017: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5978:, p. 85-88. 5973: 5967: 5961: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5814: 5806: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5750: 5741: 5735: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5504:Cotton MS Otho A 5500: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5407: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5385:, pp. 1–23. 5380: 5374: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5345:. Archived from 5335: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3820: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3661: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3629: 3623: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3326: 3323: 3309: 3306: 3296: 3293: 3283: 3280: 3271:Battle of Cynwit 3267:Alfred's subject 3245: 3242: 3232: 3229: 3211: 3208: 3195: 3192: 3164: 3161: 3147: 3144: 3134: 3131: 3116: 3113: 3099: 3096: 3081: 3078: 3055: 3052: 3038: 3035: 3028:Æthelwulf dies. 3025: 3022: 2999: 2996: 2978: 2975: 2964:Alfred's mother 2951:Alfred's father 2948: 2945: 2927: 2924: 2910: 2907: 2897: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2819:Hamo Thornycroft 2787:, a relative of 2592:Samuel Woodforde 2473:Death and burial 2441: 2438: 2392: 2389: 2374: 2371: 2362: 2359: 2337: 2336: 2289:Edward the Elder 2247: 2246:, pp. 74–75 2161:, discovered in 2151:Ashmolean Museum 1987:commonplace book 1744: 1713:Ten Commandments 1491: 1439: 1438:, pp. 52–53 1424: 1421: 1237:A plaque in the 1058: 834:Battle of Merton 830:Battle of Basing 820:, possibly near 679:Alfred's father 525:Edward the Elder 494:Charles the Bald 319: 316: 312: 296:Alfred the Great 238:Edward the Elder 217: 215: 183: 180: 137:Edward the Elder 128:– 26 October 899 127: 124: 97: 94: 75: 74: 67: 64: 55: 46:Alfred the Great 43: 42: 21: 10594: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10549:House of Wessex 10504: 10503: 10502: 10498:from Wikisource 10492: 10487: 10485: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10458: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444:sister projects 10441:at Knowledge's 10435: 10425: 10423: 10415: 10413: 10408: 10368: 10338: 10320: 10264: 10222: 10218:Fonthill Letter 10212:Canons of Edgar 10173: 10126: 10084: 10037: 9988: 9970:Lives of Saints 9944: 9939: 9909: 9904: 9838: 9832: 9804: 9798: 9753: 9714: 9709:Stamford Bridge 9688: 9670:Cnut's invasion 9660: 9606: 9583:Second Stamford 9533: 9516:Siege of Exeter 9495: 9426: 9411: 9406:Battle of Aclea 9382:Isle of Sheppey 9353: 9347: 9293: 9262:Sweyn Forkbeard 9250: 9195:Harold Harefoot 9155: 9131: 9113: 9030: 9025: 8995: 8990: 8949: 8945:House of Wessex 8936: 8933: 8903: 8898: 8759: 8755:House of Wessex 8746: 8741: 8707: 8696: 8692: 8670: 8665: 8649: 8641: 8621: 8620: 8617:House of Wessex 8613: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8545: 8539: 8531:. John Murray. 8526: 8520: 8507: 8501: 8463: 8448: 8419: 8410: 8404: 8391: 8385: 8372: 8368: 8366:Further reading 8363: 8354: 8330: 8294: 8275: 8250: 8243: 8219: 8200: 8168: 8149: 8098: 8075: 8053: 8031: 7990: 7954: 7922: 7903: 7872: 7870: 7838: 7803: 7779: 7760: 7716: 7694: 7670: 7636: 7617: 7598: 7579: 7543: 7520:The Independent 7505: 7478: 7459: 7440: 7384: 7339: 7250: 7231: 7197:Stephen, Leslie 7179: 7160: 7146:Horspool, David 7129: 7110: 7072: 6998: 6979: 6852: 6828: 6809: 6790: 6710:Dumville, David 6699: 6697: 6662: 6588: 6579: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6533: 6532:on 4 March 2016 6514: 6488: 6403: 6330: 6305: 6278: 6259: 6242: 6237: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6188:Wayback Machine 6179: 6175: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5817: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5707:Malmesbury 1904 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5598: 5592:Sedgefield 1900 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5241:, pp. 1–9. 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5072:"Alfred" 2, in 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3688:Costambeys 2004 3686: 3682: 3670:, p. 295; 3662: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3324: 3312:Edward marries 3307: 3294: 3281: 3250:Somerset Levels 3243: 3230: 3209: 3193: 3162: 3145: 3132: 3114: 3097: 3079: 3053: 3036: 3023: 2997: 2976: 2946: 2925: 2908: 2895: 2867: 2843: 2841:Cleveland, Ohio 2831: 2811: 2805: 2762: 2707: 2679: 2674: 2617:Lesser Festival 2584: 2578: 2488:Crohn's disease 2475: 2439: 2390: 2372: 2360: 2266: 2248: 2242: 2217: 2069:Michael Lapidge 1955: 1937: 1928:Nicholas Brooks 1911: 1850: 1781: 1748:the laws of Ine 1742: 1706:George of Ostia 1695:Patrick Wormald 1653: 1647: 1605: 1508: 1502: 1473: 1440: 1434: 1422: 1392: 1329:Siege of Exeter 1298:Buckinghamshire 1271:Appledore, Kent 1266: 1231: 1158: 1148: 1070:, preserved in 1059: 1053: 958: 946:Somerset Levels 942: 926:North Petherton 886:Waterloo Bridge 847: 845:Early struggles 842: 818:Berkshire Downs 790: 788:Viking invasion 756:southern Sweden 732: 673: 659:Battle of Aclea 632:Isle of Sheppey 557: 445:Patrick Wormald 424:Michael Lapidge 396: 390: 317: 257: 219: 211: 207: 194: 184: 181: 151: 125: 95: 91:23 April 871 – 76: 72: 71: 69: 65: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10501: 10500: 10483: 10481:from Wikiquote 10466: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10288:Wessex Gospels 10285: 10283:Hatton Gospels 10280: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10208: 10203: 10189: 10183: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10094: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10074: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10047: 10045: 10043:Historiography 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10028: 10025:De falsis diis 10021: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9983:Visio Leofrici 9979: 9972: 9967: 9961: 9959: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9938: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9885:Ragnar Lodbrok 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:Cuerdale Hoard 9852: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9823: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9760:petty kingdoms 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9740: 9733: 9731: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9706: 9699: 9697: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9673: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9652: 9649:St Brice's Day 9646: 9640: 9634: 9627: 9625: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9553:First Stamford 9550: 9543: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9444: 9443: 9437: 9434:Battle of York 9430: 9428: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9372: 9370: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201:Svein Knutsson 9198: 9192: 9186: 9174: 9172: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9049:Offa of Mercia 9045: 9043: 9042:Major monarchs 9036: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9001: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8980: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8909: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8895:(until c. 886) 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8717: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8700: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8631:Regnal titles 8628: 8627: 8614: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8591: 8582: 8581:at BBC History 8576: 8568: 8567:External links 8565: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8543: 8537: 8524: 8518: 8505: 8499: 8467: 8461: 8446: 8428:(3): 459–484. 8417: 8408: 8402: 8389: 8383: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8334: 8328: 8315: 8298: 8292: 8279: 8273: 8261:Yorke, Barbara 8257: 8223: 8217: 8204: 8198: 8185: 8172: 8166: 8153: 8147: 8134: 8121: 8112:Wantage Herald 8102: 8096: 8079: 8073: 8063:, ed. (2000). 8057: 8051: 8035: 8029: 8016: 8007: 7994: 7988: 7975: 7967:BritainExpress 7958: 7952: 7939: 7931:Wise, Sydney F 7926: 7920: 7907: 7902:978-0719566660 7901: 7888: 7879: 7855: 7842: 7836: 7823: 7810: 7783: 7777: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7726:Contemporaries 7720: 7714: 7701: 7674: 7668: 7655: 7640: 7634: 7621: 7615: 7602: 7596: 7583: 7577: 7564: 7547: 7541: 7528: 7509: 7503: 7490: 7476: 7463: 7457: 7444: 7438: 7425: 7407:(2): 111–131. 7396: 7382: 7362: 7347: 7337: 7322: 7289: 7254: 7248: 7235: 7229: 7216: 7207: 7183: 7177: 7164: 7158: 7142: 7133: 7127: 7114: 7108: 7091: 7076: 7070: 7057: 7017: 7002: 6996: 6983: 6977: 6961: 6941:Fleming, Robin 6937: 6909:(2): 329–340. 6894: 6859: 6832: 6826: 6813: 6807: 6794: 6788: 6775: 6738: 6706: 6687: 6678: 6666: 6660: 6647: 6617:(5): 303–305. 6602: 6586: 6559: 6542: 6518: 6512: 6502:. Oxford, UK: 6492: 6486: 6467: 6457:Brooks, N.P.; 6454: 6445: 6430: 6421: 6407: 6401: 6380: 6367: 6338: 6328: 6309: 6303: 6282: 6276: 6263: 6257: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6219: 6204: 6192: 6173: 6155: 6129: 6103: 6091: 6076: 6044: 6018: 6003: 5991: 5980: 5968: 5953: 5942: 5930: 5914:"The Calendar" 5905: 5903:, p. 231. 5893: 5881: 5877:BBC staff 2014 5869: 5857: 5842: 5830: 5815: 5798: 5786: 5774: 5742: 5723: 5721:, p. 248. 5711: 5709:, p. 145. 5699: 5687: 5675: 5673:, p. 308. 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5509: 5495: 5481: 5479:, p. 133. 5469: 5457: 5445: 5443:, p. 584. 5430: 5418: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5360: 5349:on 14 May 2017 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5289:, p. 190. 5279: 5267: 5265:, p. 125. 5255: 5243: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5202:, p. 201. 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5117: 5104: 5100:Whitelock 1996 5091: 5078: 5076:, p. 164. 5065: 5063:, p. 427. 5053: 5041: 5025: 5023:, p. 417. 5013: 5011:, p. 248. 5001: 4999:, p. 215. 4989: 4977: 4975:, p. 164. 4964: 4952: 4940: 4921: 4909: 4887: 4875: 4860: 4858:, p. 111. 4839: 4837:, p. 206. 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4727: 4725:, p. 138. 4715: 4713:, p. 304. 4703: 4701:, p. 127. 4691: 4676: 4674:, p. 203. 4664: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4601: 4599:, p. 212. 4589: 4572: 4570:, p. 194. 4560: 4558:, p. 398. 4548: 4536: 4524: 4507: 4503:Hollister 1962 4495: 4483: 4481:, p. 583. 4456: 4441: 4439:, p. 220. 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 106. 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4311:, p. 171. 4301: 4289: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4246:Blackburn 1998 4238: 4222: 4220:, p. 163. 4210: 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 160. 4174: 4162: 4150: 4135: 4133:, p. 178. 4123: 4121:, p. 101. 4108: 4096: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4042: 4040:, p. 135. 4030: 4018: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3954: 3952:, pp. 63. 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3880:, p. 244. 3870: 3858: 3843: 3841:, p. 431. 3831: 3829:, p. 171. 3815: 3799: 3797:, p. 161. 3787: 3775: 3763: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3704: 3702:, p. 121. 3692: 3680: 3656: 3640: 3624: 3608: 3596: 3580: 3578:, p. xii. 3574:, p. 23; 3564: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3509:Molyneaux 2015 3501: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3438: 3429: 3416: 3406: 3396: 3383: 3369: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3214:Guthrum takes 3212: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2866: 2863: 2842: 2839: 2830: 2827: 2807:Main article: 2804: 2801: 2789:Queen Victoria 2785:Count Gleichen 2761: 2758: 2706: 2703: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2602:Pope Eugene IV 2577: 2574: 2566:St Bartholomew 2474: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2396: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2366: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2274:Æthelred Mucel 2265: 2262: 2240: 2216: 2213: 2114:("Blooms") or 2104:Alfredian text 1954: 1951: 1936: 1933: 1910: 1907: 1849: 1846: 1817:southern Welsh 1780: 1777: 1717:Book of Exodus 1649:Main article: 1646: 1643: 1604: 1601: 1575:Burghal Hidage 1520:Burghal Hidage 1506:Burghal Hidage 1501: 1500:Burghal system 1498: 1472: 1469: 1432: 1391: 1388: 1350:, others with 1265: 1262: 1239:City of London 1230: 1227: 1147: 1144: 1117:Watling Street 1085:Quadripartitus 1051: 984:Egbert's Stone 957: 954: 941: 938: 846: 843: 841: 838: 789: 786: 766:describes the 731: 728: 672: 669: 648:client kingdom 556: 553: 539:, who married 519:, who married 509:Æthelred Mucel 492:, daughter of 468:(858–860) and 432:Justin Pollard 428:David Dumville 389: 386: 363:, composed of 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 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10250: 10249:Leechbook III 10246: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10121:Dicts of Cato 10117: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9924: 9922: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9865:Furness Hoard 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298:Major leaders 9296: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9226:Amlaíb Cuarán 9224: 9221: 9220:Eric Bloodaxe 9218: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9202: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118:Major leaders 9116: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9015: 9010: 9008: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960:(from c. 886) 8959: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8918: 8916: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8731: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8706: 8691: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8538:0-7195-6666-5 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8500:0-1991-0035-7 8496: 8492: 8487: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307:History Today 8304: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8148:0-7134-6566-2 8144: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8097:0-7190-0339-3 8093: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8030:0-1982-2989-5 8026: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8001:(in German). 8000: 7995: 7991: 7989:0-3334-8881-4 7985: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7759:0-8607-8802-4 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746:Nelson, Janet 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7616:0-5820-7297-2 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7578:0-6312-2492-0 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7555: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7383:0-1404-4409-2 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366:Keynes, Simon 7363: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187:Hunt, William 7184: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7159:1-8619-7786-7 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7128:0-7190-3218-0 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7071:0-4151-5124-4 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7021:Godden, M. R. 7018: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6874:(596): 1–32. 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6827:0-8511-5301-1 6823: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6808:0-5215-6350-X 6804: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6549:. IOL Scitech 6548: 6543: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6487:0-1986-6176-2 6483: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6233:, p. 16. 6232: 6229:, p. 7; 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6087:Townsend 2008 6083: 6081: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5964:Phillips 2016 5960: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5938:Horspool 2006 5934: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5840:, p. 37. 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5796:, p. 78. 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5697:, p. 58. 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5637:, p. 68. 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5613:, p. 75. 5612: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5594:, p. 35. 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5490:MS Bodley 180 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5287:Dumville 1992 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5188:Gransden 1996 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5154:, p. 16. 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5089:, p. 109 5088: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 26. 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4735:Bradshaw 1999 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4689:, p. 18. 4688: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. xx. 4661: 4656: 4650:, p. 95. 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4587:, p. 14. 4586: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4499: 4493:, p. 70. 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4424:, p. 89. 4423: 4422:Woodruff 1993 4418: 4411: 4406: 4400:, p. 23. 4399: 4394: 4388:, p. 24. 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 86. 4375: 4374:Woodruff 1993 4370: 4364:, p. 81. 4363: 4358: 4352:, p. 87. 4351: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4287:, p. 86. 4286: 4281: 4279: 4272:, p. 94. 4271: 4266: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4194:Horspool 2006 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160:, p. 73. 4159: 4158:Horspool 2006 4154: 4147: 4146:Horspool 2006 4142: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3967:, p. 55. 3966: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3892:, p. 64. 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3868:, p. 31. 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3756: 3755:Dumville 1979 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3622:, p. 51. 3621: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3594:, p. 25. 3593: 3592:Dumville 1986 3590:, p. 4; 3589: 3584: 3577: 3576:Huscroft 2019 3573: 3572:Dumville 1996 3568: 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 26. 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3410: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3353: 3341:Alfred dies. 3340: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010:marries her. 3009: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2859:Isidore Konti 2856: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2772:, Oxfordshire 2771: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626:In 2007, the 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2481:Alfred's will 2479: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2367: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:Isle of Wight 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2197:Pastoral Care 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:Pastoral Care 2178: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100:Pastoral Care 2097: 2092: 2090: 2089:Pastoral Care 2085: 2084:Pastoral Care 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025:St. Augustine 2022: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2011:Pastoral Care 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1915:Pastoral Care 1906: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897:Pastoral Care 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1675:Ine of Wessex 1672: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518:named in the 1517: 1512: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Thames Valley 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185:Peter's Pence 1182: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1092:was deposed. 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 951: 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Longman. 6227:Keynes 1998 6202:, Year 854. 6069:11 November 6012:BBC Top 100 5838:Dodson 2004 5659:Nelson 1999 5529:Parker 2007 5414:Bately 1990 5410:Bately 1970 5395:Bately 2014 5383:Godden 2007 5299:Brooks 1984 5164:Keynes 1999 5128:Parker 2007 4950:, Year 896. 4883:Savage 1988 4856:Savage 1988 4556:Cannon 1997 4437:Merkle 2009 4398:Keynes 1998 4386:Keynes 1998 4119:Savage 1988 4094:, Year 878. 4028:, Year 868. 3940:, Year 853. 3854:Nelson 2004 3807:Keynes 1993 3771:Keynes 1995 3676:Miller 2004 3668:Nelson 2003 3620:Keynes 2014 3511:, p. . 3394:of Mercia. 3365:Oxfordshire 3167:Danes sack 3069:East Anglia 2754:Coade stone 2734:Roman times 2724:located in 2689:, Wiltshire 2654:King Alfred 2570:Richard III 2511:New Minster 2503:Old Minster 2425:Shaftesbury 2120:Soliloquies 2094:Boethius's 2030:Soliloquies 1999:Middle Ages 1983:Encheiridio 1947:Saint David 1865:Charlemagne 1825:North Welsh 1821:North Wales 1639:Selsey Bill 1580:Wallingford 1555:Roman towns 1446:shield wall 1404:tribal levy 1384:Northumbria 1325:North Devon 1294:River Colne 1218:River Stour 1209:Anglo-Saxon 1166:East Anglia 1072:Old English 1018:and king's 980:Whitsuntide 840:King at war 773:secundarius 703:Pope Leo IV 543:, count of 533:Shaftesbury 300:Old English 182: 1100 102:Predecessor 73:elfre d rex 10524:899 deaths 10508:Categories 10478:Quotations 10394:Byrhtferth 9833: 890 9799: 550 9595:Brunanburh 9565:Tettenhall 9547:Buttington 9400:Carhampton 9348: 970 9251: 914 9183:Harthacnut 9152:(855–?877) 9132: 881 8888:Æthelred I 8883:Æthelberht 8843:Æthelheard 8817:(disputed) 8697: 886 8671: 886 8359:required.) 8248:required.) 8005:: 149–160. 7808:required.) 7699:required.) 6857:required.) 6584:required.) 6536:7 February 6476:. Oxford: 5999:Yorke 1999 5865:Cohen 2013 5683:Craig 1991 5671:Abels 1998 5568:Abels 1998 5541:Pratt 2007 5275:Abels 1998 5239:Sweet 1871 5224:Ranft 2012 5200:Yorke 1995 5140:Abels 1998 5049:Abels 1998 5009:Abels 1998 4997:Pratt 2007 4917:Abels 1998 4895:Abels 1998 4835:Abels 1998 4811:Abels 1998 4799:Abels 1988 4775:Abels 1998 4763:Abels 1998 4711:Abels 1998 4699:Welch 1992 4672:Abels 1998 4648:Pratt 2007 4568:Abels 1998 4544:Abels 1998 4520:Abels 1998 4410:Pratt 2007 4333:Abels 1998 4321:Smyth 1995 4309:Abels 1998 4270:Pratt 2007 4258:Smyth 1995 4218:Abels 1998 4182:Nares 1859 4077:Abels 1998 4053:Abels 1998 4038:Abels 1998 3965:Abels 1998 3926:Abels 1998 3902:Abels 1998 3866:Abels 1998 3827:Kirby 2000 3811:Kirby 2000 3795:Kirby 2000 3783:Abels 1998 3759:Yorke 1990 3751:Abels 2002 3739:Yorke 2004 3700:Abels 1998 3664:Abels 1998 3648:Abels 1998 3604:Smyth 1995 3548:Abels 1998 3536:Firth 2024 3521:Yorke 2001 3471:References 3325: 894 3308: 893 3295: 888 3282: 886 3244: 878 3231: 877 3210: 876 3194: 875 3163: 874 3146: 873 3133: 872 3115: 871 3098: 870 3080: 868 3054: 865 3043:Æthelberht 3037: 860 3024: 858 2998: 856 2987:Æthelberht 2977: 855 2947: 854 2932:Æthelswith 2926: 853 2909: 852 2896: 848 2875:Æthelswith 2865:Chronology 2815:Winchester 2803:Winchester 2742:Bath Stone 2633:Middleburg 2580:See also: 2521:Hyde Abbey 2464:Baldwin II 2440: 880 2432:Æthelweard 2423:Abbess of 2406:, (3) 919 2391: 874 2373: 886 2361: 870 2354:Æthelflæd 1873:episcopacy 1728:Mosaic law 1699:capitulary 1592:siegecraft 1559:revetments 1539:Winchester 1535:City Walls 1504:See also: 1423: 694 1380:Bridgnorth 1376:Cwatbridge 1352:Buttington 1344:Buttington 1189:True Cross 1113:River Ouse 1031:Chippenham 967:(1772) in 910:Chippenham 904:in Devon. 720:Æthelberht 640:Cornishmen 636:Carhampton 555:Background 549:Æthelweard 496:, king of 480:, married 478:Æthelswith 470:Æthelberht 402:, king of 342:Æthelberht 318: 849 253:Æthelweard 191:Winchester 187:Hyde Abbey 126: 886 106:Æthelred I 96: 886 66: 875 10235:Leechbook 10187:Law codes 10148:Hierdeboc 10141:Froforboc 10132:Ælfredian 10079:Hexameron 9880:Old Norse 9788:(527–918) 9782:(653–954) 9776:(410–825) 9770:(519–927) 9745:(866–954) 9739:(865–896) 9679:Brentford 9601:Stainmore 9589:Corbridge 9571:Tempsford 9559:The Holme 9337:(892–896) 9331:(874–890) 9325:(865–870) 9319:(865–878) 9313:(865–877) 9307:(865–870) 9290:(917–927) 9284:(874–880) 9278:(852–874) 9272:(867–872) 9240:(939–941) 9234:(921–934) 9228:(941–944) 9216:(883–895) 9178:Knýtlinga 9138:Æthelflæd 9102:(924–939) 9100:Æthelstan 9096:(899–924) 9090:(871–899) 9084:(839–858) 9082:Æthelwulf 9078:(802–839) 9057:(unk–867) 9051:(757–796) 8976:Æthelstan 8878:Æthelbald 8873:Æthelwulf 8863:Beorhtric 8853:Sigeberht 8683:New title 8646:Bretwalda 7738:44953520M 7421:1468-0254 7318:0332-1592 7304:: 79–98. 7269:(1): 58. 7045:0025-8385 6933:1095-9270 6890:1477-4534 6771:162322618 6763:0340-5222 6734:159954001 6700:7 October 6553:3 October 6363:161672815 6297:: 83–97. 6231:Hunt 1889 6215:Hill 2009 6148:6 October 6122:6 October 6099:Ross 2016 6037:6 October 5901:Foot 2011 5889:Keys 2014 5794:Wall 1900 5782:Wall 1900 5453:Paul 2015 4739:Hull 2006 4723:Loyn 1991 4687:Tait 1999 4660:Hull 2006 4208:, Ch. 60. 3484:"Wantage" 3331:Æthelstan 3222:instead. 3106:is born. 3104:Æthelflæd 3067:lands in 3008:Æthelwulf 2983:Æthelbald 2953:Æthelwulf 2861:in 1910. 2851:Cleveland 2730:Southwark 2715:Southwark 2705:Southwark 2613:venerates 2541:Dr Milner 2532:dissolved 2507:Ealhswith 2453:Ælfthryth 2415:Æthelgifu 2297:Ælfthryth 2293:Æthelflæd 2278:Ealdorman 2270:Ealhswith 2168:filigreed 2149:, in the 2116:Anthology 2073:Leechbook 1991:Dialogues 1790:Elias III 1760:Solomonic 1651:Doom book 1588:herepaths 1514:A map of 1489:fierdwite 1457:palisades 1371:River Lea 1362:walls of 1356:Welshpool 1348:River Wye 1302:Middlesex 1292:, on the 1205:Rochester 1152:Londinium 1101:River Lea 1012:ealdormen 1006:of three 996:Hampshire 992:Wiltshire 934:Hampshire 930:Wiltshire 882:Gravesend 865:promise. 855:Æthelwold 851:Æthelhelm 716:Æthelbald 707:Victorian 699:confirmed 671:Childhood 537:Ælfthryth 529:Æthelgifu 517:Æthelflæd 513:ealdorman 505:Ealhswith 466:Æthelbald 462:Æthelstan 416:Berkshire 400:Æthelwulf 338:Æthelbald 330:Æthelwulf 205:Ealhswith 157:Berkshire 133:Successor 10404:Wulfstan 10399:Werferth 10242:Lacnunga 10206:Charters 10193:Geþyncðo 10155:Blostman 9994:Homilies 9813:Treaties 9758:English 9684:Assandun 9655:Ringmere 9427:(865–78) 9323:Hvitserk 9258:England 9171:Monarchs 9108:(946–954 9076:Ecgberht 9072:Wessex: 8970:Ælfweard 8868:Ecgberht 8858:Cynewulf 8833:Cædwalla 8828:Centwine 8808:Seaxburh 8798:Cwichelm 8793:Cynegils 8788:Ceolwulf 8650:871–899 8639:Æthelred 8585:Alfred 8 8442:20690214 8311:Archived 8263:(1990). 8117:Archived 8041:(1971). 7851:Archived 7748:(1999). 7651:Archived 7554:Boethius 7524:Archived 7486:41466697 7392:2893362M 7372:(1983). 7343:Archived 7189:(1889). 7148:(2006). 7087:Archived 7053:43632294 7012:Archived 6967:(2011). 6749:: 1–32. 6720:: 1–33. 6598:Archived 6498:(2013). 6441:Archived 6416:BBC News 6334:Archived 6184:Archived 6142:Archived 6063:Archived 6058:BBC News 6031:Archived 3488:Archived 3169:Tamworth 3002:Preteen 2957:Æthelred 2934:marries 2738:medieval 2699:George V 2462:Married 2368:Married 2311:, Chief 2241:— 2189:mancuses 2163:Somerset 2112:Blostman 2015:Boethius 2003:Wærferth 1942:Grimbald 1842:Modwenna 1671:law code 1551:boroughs 1453:ramparts 1433:— 1412:law code 1310:Shoebury 1306:Benfleet 1296:between 1247:Æthelred 1179:In 883, 1057:, Ch. 56 1052:— 1014:, royal 986:east of 969:Somerset 950:folklore 922:Somerset 918:Athelney 826:Aldworth 724:Æthelred 655:Sandwich 589:ætheling 569:Ecgberht 545:Flanders 474:Æthelred 346:Æthelred 70:Legend: 10377:Authors 10168:Dialogi 9843:Culture 9737:Danelaw 9703:Fulford 9362:Battles 9335:Hastein 9329:Guthrum 9214:Guthred 8985:italics 8848:Cuthred 8823:Æscwine 8803:Cenwalh 8778:Ceawlin 8596:at the 7298:Peritia 7285:1610468 7276:1293470 7199:(ed.). 6911:Bibcode 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