Abdullah of Saudi Arabia

1400: 1715:(arranged when she was 15 without her having ever met him), whom he later divorced, Abdullah had four daughters: Sahar, Maha, Hala and Jawahir. They have been under house arrest for several years, and are not allowed to leave the country. After media releases in March 2014, Sahar and Jawahir received no food or clean water for 25 days, lost 10 kg each and their mother carried out weekly protests in front of the Saudi Arabian embassy in London. They spoke and released a video while under house arrest, pleading for help from the international community. After 2014, media reports of their condition dried up. Princess Hala died on 30 September 2021 at age 47, and there was no mention about the cause of her death. Funeral prayer for her was performed after evening prayers at the Grand Mosque in Mecca. 6786: 777: 75: 1517:, a body that is composed of the sons and grandsons of Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdulaziz, to vote by a secret ballot to choose future kings and crown princes. The council's mandate was not to have started until after the reigns of both Abdullah and Prince Sultan were over. It was not clear what was to happen when Prince Sultan died before the end of Abdullah's reign, leaving a question as to whether the council would vote for a new crown prince, or whether Prince Nayef would automatically fill that position. Despite such concerns, Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince on 27 October 2011 after consultation with the Allegiance Council by Abdullah. 1019: 1268:(ISIL), he issued a statement, "From the cradle of revelation and the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, I call on leaders and scholars of the Islamic nation to carry out their duty towards God Almighty, and to stand in the face of those trying to hijack Islam and present it to the world as a religion of extremism, hatred, and terrorism, and to speak the word of truth, and not fear anybody. Our nation today is passing through a critical, historic stage, and history will be witness against those who have been the tool exploited by the enemies to disperse and tear the nation and tarnish the pure image of Islam". 1077: 1152:—in the third axis of the fourth meeting, titled "With Whom We Talk," presented by Sheikh Badrul Hasan Al Qasimi. The session was chaired by Ezz Eddin Ibrahim, cultural adviser to the president of the United Arab Emirates. The session also discussed a paper presented on coordination among Islamic institutions on Dialogue by Abdullah bin Omar Nassif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Council for Preaching and Relief and a paper on dialogue with divine messages, presented by Professor Mohammed Sammak—Secretary General of the Islamic Spiritual Summit in Lebanon. 1087:

disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport was still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious conservatives. There had been almost no public tradition of women participating in sport in the country. Saudi officials said that, if successful in qualifying, female competitors would be dressed "to preserve their dignity". On 11 January 2013, Abdullah appointed thirty women to the Consultative Assembly or Shura Council and modified the related law to mandate that no less than 20 percent of 150 members would be women.

6660: 924:"God Almighty, in His wisdom, tests the faithful by allowing such calamities to happen. But He, in His mercy, also provides us with the will and determination, generated by faith, to enable us to transform such tragedies into great achievements, and crises that seem debilitating are transformed into opportunities for the advancement of humanity. I only hope that, with your cooperation and leadership, a new world will emerge out of the rubble of the World Trade Center: a world that is blessed by the virtues of freedom, peace, prosperity and harmony." 7206: 961: 1876: 6837: 6711: 6610: 1594:. They divorced later. Another wife, Sultana bint Abdulaziz bin Ahmed, was from the Al Sudairi clan. King Abdullah also married Jawahir bint Ali Hussein from the Al Jiluwi clan, with whom he had two children, Princess Anoud and Prince Saud. Tathi bint Mishan Al Faisal Al Jarba gave birth to another six of his children, including Prince Mishaal, Prince Turki, and Princess Oraib. Another wife was Malka bint Saud bin Zaid Al Jarba Al Choumri, and they had three children: Prince Saad, Princess Sahab and 1015:(the country's new flagship and controversially co-ed institution for advanced scientific research). Abdullah invested in educating the workforce for future jobs. The Saudi government also encouraged the development of non-hydrocarbon sectors in which the Kingdom had a comparative advantage, including mining, solar energy, and religious tourism. The Kingdom's 2010 budget reflected these priorities—about 25 percent was devoted to education alone—and amounts to a significant economic stimulus package. 1116: 1543: 6414: 1073:. Abdullah had appointed Humain in 2009 to head the "mutaween," which ensures the strict application of the country's ultra-conservative version of Islam, as a step towards reforming it. Humain hired consultants to restructure the organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some "out-of-control" officers for misbehaviour. 851: 808: 7076: 1049:, Abdullah laid down a $ 37 billion (€32.8 billion) programme of new spending including new jobless benefits, education and housing subsidies, debt write-offs, and a new sports channel. There was also a pledge to spend a total of $ 400 billion by the end of 2014 to improve education, health care and the kingdom's infrastructure. However, Saudi police arrested 100 Shiite protesters who complained of government discrimination. Later during the 1277: 1242:

tremendously and that friendship could be a difficult issue that requires work, but that the United States and Saudi Arabia had done it for 70 years over three generations. "Our disagreements don't cut to the bone", he stated. He was the leading gift-giver to the US president and his office in his first two years in office, his gifts totaling more than $ 300,000. A ruby and diamond jewelry set, given by the king and accepted by First Lady

1205: 1760:, on or before 4 September 2012, following a heart attack. However, there was no official report on this alleged operation—instead, it was announced that the King went on a private trip to Morocco, where he was known to frequent. He returned to Saudi Arabia from Morocco on 24 September. Nearly two months later, in November 2012, Abdullah underwent another back surgery in Riyadh and left hospital on 13 December 2012. 1467:, which mandates the amputation of hands as a punishment for theft and floggings for crimes like drunkenness. Execution by public beheading is common for murder, rape, drug trafficking and witchcraft, and Abdullah's policies towards the rights of women have also been criticized. In a slight rebuff to accusations of human rights violations, Saudi inmates of 830:, supported the appointment of their own full brother, Sultan. Abdullah was pressured to cede control of SANG in return for his appointment as second deputy prime minister. In August 1977, this generated a debate among hundreds of princes in Riyadh. Abdullah did not relinquish authority of SANG in that he feared that this would weaken his authority. 863:

large number of fringe and marginalized princes discontented with the prospect of the succession being passed among the Sudairi brothers one after the other. His control of the National Guard was also a key factor to his success in becoming crown prince. When King Fahd was incapacitated by a major stroke in 1995, Crown Prince Abdullah acted as

1525:. Abdullah is credited with building up the once largely ceremonial unit into a modern 260,000-strong force that is a counterweight to the army. The Guard, which was Abdullah's original power base, protects the royal family. This was suggested as an apparent sign that the elderly monarch was beginning to lessen some of his duties. 980:

70,000 young Saudis studied abroad in more than 25 countries, with the United States, England, and Australia as top three destinations aimed for by the students. There are more than 22,000 Saudi students studying in the United States, exceeding pre-9/11 levels. Public health engagement included breast cancer awareness and

1319:-like organizations in African countries, observing that the Iranians didn't think they were doing anything wrong and didn't recognize their mistakes. He said that the Iranians "launch missiles with the hope of putting fear in people and the world". The King described his conversation with Iranian foreign minister 1086:

In July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time and that the country's Olympic Committee would "oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify". The decision ended speculation that the entire Saudi team might have been

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The Saudi government's response to homegrown terrorism was a series of crackdowns including raids by security forces, arrests, torture and public beheadings. He vowed to fight terrorist ideologies within the country. He also made the protection of Saudi Arabia's critical infrastructure a top security

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On 13 June 1982 King Khalid died, and Fahd bin Abdulaziz became King. Abdullah became Crown Prince the same day who also maintained his position as head of the National Guard. During his years as crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz was described as a supporter of accommodation. He managed to group a

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In March 1979 when Crown Prince Fahd left Saudi Arabia and stayed in Europe for a long time Prince Abdullah presided over the council of ministers and held a much more active role in diplomatic affairs of Saudi Arabia. During the same period he was one of the members of the inner family council which

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From 2010 to 2012 Abdullah had four back surgeries. The first two surgeries were in New York, one in 2010 for a slipped disk and a blood clot pressing on nerves in his back and a second to stabilize vertebrae in 2011. The third surgery was in Riyadh in 2011, and the last one was also in Riyadh on 17

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Abdullah called for the establishment of an Arab common market in January 2011. Saudi foreign minister, Saud bin Faisal, stated that the Arab Customs Union would be ready by 2015, and that by 2017 the common market would also be in place. There have been intensive efforts to link Arab countries with

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Abdullah brought about a top-to-bottom restructuring of the country's courts to introduce, among other things, review of judicial decisions and more professional training for Shari'a judges. He developed a new investment promotion agency to overhaul the once-convoluted process of starting a business

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Abdullah was Commander of the Saudi National Guard from 1963 to 2010. He was Chairman of the Saudi Supreme Economic Council until 2009. He also continued to be the President of the High Council for Petroleum and Minerals, President of the King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue, Chairman of the

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Since Abdullah's visit to Beijing in January 2006, Saudi-Chinese relations have focused predominantly on energy and trade. The king's visit was the first by a Saudi head of state to China since the two countries established diplomatic ties in 1990. Bilateral trade with China has more than tripled,

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He told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime—which he encouraged—but he also urged that this be done covertly, stressing that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assessed that sanctions could help weaken

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The Bush administration ignored advice from him and Saudi foreign minister Saud Al Faisal against invading Iraq. However, other sources said that many Arab governments were only nominally opposed to the Iraq invasion because of popular hostility. Before becoming king, Prince Abdullah was thought to

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celebrations at the United Nations in New York City. In April 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States with President George W. Bush and he returned again in April 2005 with Bush. In April 2009, at a summit for world leaders President Barack Obama met with Abdullah, while

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Abdullah showed great support for Obama's presidency. "Thank God for bringing Obama to the presidency", he said, adding that Obama's election created "great hope" in the Muslim world. He stated, "We (the US and Saudi Arabia) spilled blood together" in Kuwait and Iraq, that Saudi Arabia valued this

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as well as physical abuse. It also includes a provision obliging employees to report instances of abuse in the workplace to their employer. The move followed a Twitter campaign. The new laws were welcomed by Saudi women's rights activists, although some expressed concerns that the law could not be

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In August 2013, the Saudi cabinet, for the first time, approved a law making domestic violence a criminal offence. The law calls for a punishment of up to a year in prison and a fine of up to 50,000 riyals (€11,500/US$ 13,000). The maximum punishments could be doubled for repeat offenders. The law

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On 4 June 2000, the Al Saud Family Council was established by Crown Prince Abdullah to discuss some private issues, including the business activities of House of Saud members and the marriages of princesses to nonroyals. In May 2001 he did not accept an invitation to visit Washington due to the US

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In December 2011, Abdullah called on leaders of the Gulf Cooperation Council to strengthen their alliance into a united "single entity" as they confront threats to national security. "I ask you today to move from a stage of cooperation to a stage of union in a single entity", Abdullah said at the

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with a letter asking for Abdullah's agreement to establish a formal back channel of communication between the two leaders. Abdullah said he had agreed, and the channel was established, with Velayati and Saud Al Faisal as the points of contact. In the ensuing years, the King noted, the channel had

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be completely against the US invasion of Iraq; this, however, was not the case. Riyadh provided essential support to the United States during the war and proved that "necessity does lead to some accommodations from time to time". The King expressed a complete lack of trust in Iraqi Prime Minister

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In 2005, Abdullah implemented a government scholarship program to send young Saudi men and women abroad for undergraduate and postgraduate studies in different universities around the world. The program offered funds for tuition and living expenses up to four years. It is estimated that more than

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The King had curtailed his activities from June 2010 with no clear explanation. Diplomats said there had been uncertainty about the extent of his health problems since Abdullah canceled a visit to France. In a television appearance in which he was seen to use a cane, Abdullah said he was in good

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Abdullah is said to have been born on 1 August 1924 in Riyadh. However, some sources state that this date is incorrect, and that he was approximately eight years older. He was the tenth son of King Abdulaziz. His mother, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim, was a member of the Al Rashid dynasty, longtime

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was his half-brother Crown Prince Sultan until the latter's death on 22 October 2011. The title of Crown Prince then passed to Prince Sultan's full-brother, Nayef, until his death in Geneva, Switzerland, on 16 June 2012, while undergoing medical tests for an undisclosed ailment. His third heir

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appointed Abdullah as second deputy prime minister on 29 March 1975 just four days after his kingship which was a reflection of his status as second in the line of succession to the Saudi throne. Therefore, he became the number three in the Saudi administration. However, his appointment caused

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In October 2015, King Abdullah's son Prince Majid was arrested in Los Angeles on suspicion of "forcing oral copulation", amid allegations that he had been unlawfully imprisoning, threatening, sexually harassing, and assaulting employees while under the influence of cocaine and alcohol. He was

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Abdullah had thirty-six children, sixteen of whom are male. His eldest son, Mutaib, died at a young age. His second eldest son, Prince Khalid, was deputy commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard West until 1992. His third son, Prince Mutaib, is former commander and former minister of the

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to "promote dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, as well as activities related to a culture of peace" and calling for "concrete action at the global, regional and subregional levels." It brought together Muslim and non-Muslim nations to eradicate preconceptions as to Islam and

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On 30 October 2007, during a state visit to the UK, Abdullah was accused by protestors of being a "murderer" and a "torturer". Concerns were raised about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom and over alleged bribes involving arms deals between Saudi Arabia and the UK.

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In January 2012, Abdullah dismissed the head of Saudi Arabia's powerful religious police, replacing him with a more moderate cleric, state news agency SPA reported, without giving reasons. Abdullatif Abdel Aziz al-Sheikh was named, in place of Sheikh Abdulaziz al Humain, to head the

947:. In the summer of 2003, Abdullah threw his considerable weight behind the creation of a national dialogue that brought leading religious figures together, including a highly publicized meeting attended by the kingdom's preeminent Shi'i scholar Hasan al-Saffar, as well as a group of 4456: 1655:, who served as minister of education. She is one of the few Saudi princesses with a semi-public role, and is a known advocate of a woman's right to drive. She was also known as "her father's public face". On 6 June 2011, Abdullah's daughter Princess Sahab (born 1993) married 1132:

dialogue. In the same month, Saudi Arabia and Spain agreed to hold the interfaith dialogue in Spain. The historic conference finally took place in Madrid in July 2008, wherein religious leaders of different faiths participated, and which later led to the 2010 proclamation of

1391:, to China to gain its support regarding Saudi Arabia's attitude towards the Arab Spring. In turn, lucrative arms contracts were secretly offered to China by the Kingdom. Furthermore, Abdullah believed that China as well as India were the future markets for Saudi energy. 667:

During his reign, Abdullah maintained close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom and bought billions of dollars worth of defense equipment from both states. He also gave women the right to vote for municipal councils and to compete in the

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priority. His strategy against terrorism was two-pronged: he attacked the roots of the extremism that fed Al-Qaida through education and judicial reforms to weaken the influence of the most reactionary elements of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment.

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faith in Saudi Arabia. Two letters were sent in November 2006 and February 2007 asking him to remove the travel ban on critics of the Saudi government. Human Rights Watch has not yet indicated whether they have received any response to these letters.

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of the country, 23 September, would be a public holiday in an attempt to reduce the influence of religious figures and some social restrictions. It was criticized by the religious figures who argued that such celebration was not part of Islam.

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in his youth. His stables were considered the largest in Saudi Arabia, with over 1,000 horses spread throughout five divisions led by his son Prince Mutaib. The King also owned Janadria Farm, a large complex located in the suburbs of Riyadh.

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woman. “This is it. Those bastards!" Abdullah yelled over the phone, according to an account that Bandar has given associates. “Even women they're stepping all over them." Later, he also condemned Israel for attacking families of suspects.

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Abdullah had long been pro-American and a longtime close ally of the United States. In October 1976, as Prince Abdullah was being trained for greater responsibility in Riyadh, he was sent to the United States to meet with President

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In June 2008, Abdullah held a conference in Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders. He discussed with, and obtained approval from, Saudi and non-Saudi Islamic scholars to hold the

1433:. They met in Damascus on 7 October 2009. In addition, Assad attended the opening of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in October 2009. Relations between Syria and Saudi Arabia deteriorated as a result of the 1639:

released on bail, and felony charges were dropped for lack of evidence; a civil suit filed by three housekeepers continued. Another son, Mohammed, is married to Nouf bint Nayef, a daughter of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and

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In November 2010, Prince Nayef chaired a cabinet meeting because of the deterioration of the King's health. During the same month, Abdullah transferred his duties as Commander of the Saudi National Guard to his son Prince

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estimated the documentable wealth of King Abdullah and his immediate family at US$ 21 billion, making him one of the world's richest monarchs. One estimate places his wealth at US$ 18 billion, making him the

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on behalf of the United States, was worth $ 132,000. However, according to US federal law, gifts of such nature and value are accepted "on behalf of the United States" and are considered property of the US government.

1042:. Similar decrees since 2005 were previously seldom enforced. Individual fatwas relating to personal matters were exempt from the royal decree. The decree also instructed the Grand Mufti to identify eligible scholars. 4280: 5076: 3642: 1704:, a member of the Al Kabir branch of Al Saud, is married to a daughter of King Abdullah, Oraib, who is the full sister of Turki bin Abdullah. Another daughter, Seeta, was married to Faisal bin Thamir, a son of 7406: 4668: 3760: 1554:

Abdullah mostly married women who had tribal backgrounds. He had 36 children with about 30 different spouses. His wives, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren have been subject to travel bans since 2017.

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carried out a series of bombings that threatened to destabilize the country, Crown Prince Abdullah, together with other decision-making elites began to deal with political concerns. As Toby Jones wrote in

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and held out little hope for improved Saudi-Iraqi relations as long as Al Maliki remained in office. Abdullah told an Iraqi official about Al Maliki, "You and Iraq are in my heart, but that man is not."

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refinery. Based on a WikiLeaks cable, the King told the Chinese that it was willing to effectively trade a guaranteed oil supply in return for Chinese pressure on Iran not to develop nuclear weapons.

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to be tracked using an implanted microchip, in a way similar to race horses. The King made the private suggestion during a meeting in Riyadh in March 2009 with White House counterterrorism adviser,

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at will from Pakistan during Abdullah's reign due to the close relations between the two countries. Abdullah had a longstanding relationship with Pakistan, and brokered a compromise between General

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health but had something "bothering" him. In a visit by US diplomats to Saudi Arabia in April 2014, he was seen connected to breathing tubes during talks, indicating increasing health problems.

3583: 8871: 3439: 799:, became a modern armed force under his command. Beginning 1985, SANG also sponsored the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized traditional folk dances, camel races and tribal heritage. 5870: 5283: 3061: 1327:

affairs, Mottaki apparently protested that "these are Muslims". "No, Arabs", countered the King. "You as Persians have no business meddling in Arab matters". Abdullah said he would favor

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One of such moves was his project to promote more tolerance for religious diversity and rein in the forces of politico-religious extremism in the kingdom, leading to the establishment of

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after a blood clot complicated a slipped disc and underwent successful back surgery. The lead surgeon was Muhammad Zaka, who probably removed the herniated disk and performed a

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rated King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah as the second worst dictators in the world. Most of this criticism stems from the fact that most of Saudi citizens live under a strict

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and was told to rest by doctors. To maintain the Kingdom's stability, Crown Prince Sultan returned from Morocco during the King's absence. The King was admitted to

1422:, under conditions of no further political involvement. According to leaked cables, Abdullah was more receptive than Crown Prince Sultan to former Yemeni President 1743:. He subsequently had another successful surgery in which surgeons "stabilized a number of vertebras". He left the hospital on 22 December 2010 and convalesced at 4229: 3167: 9409: 1347:, sent 1,200 troops to Bahrain to protect industrial facilities, resulting in strained relations with the United States. The military personnel were part of the 1179:

in Vienna was signed between the governments of Austria, Spain, and Saudi Arabia. The official opening of the centre was in November 2012, with foreign minister

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opening session of a GCC meeting in Riyadh in comments aired on Saudi state television. "No doubt, you all know we are targeted in our security and stability".

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Abdullah implemented many reform measures. He re-shuffled the ministry of education's leadership in February 2009 by bringing in his pro-reform son-in-law,

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implemented successfully without new training for the judiciary, and that the tradition of male guardianship would remain an obstacle to prosecutions.

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In November 2010, Abdullah's back problems came to light in the media. He had an "accumulation of blood" around the spinal cord. He suffered from a

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and China would soon be Saudi Arabia's largest importer. Saudi Arabia also committed significant investments in China, including the $ 8 billion

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King Abdullah's advanced age—a leaked U.S. cable placed him at ninety-six, much older than the previously estimated eighty-eight or eighty-nine

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Abdullah has also been criticized for his policies on religious freedom and the Saudi government allegedly has arrested Shiite pilgrims on the

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Abdullah visited Turkey in August 2006 being the first Saudi king who paid an official visit there. In November 2009, Abdullah was received by

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named him as the seventh-most-powerful figure in its list of the "World's Most Powerful People" for 2012, being the sole Arab in the top ten.

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In April 2012, he was awarded by the United Nations a gold medal for his contributions to intercultural understanding and peace initiatives.

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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud’s statement to the Arab and Islamic Nations and the International Community

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For holidays, the King maintained a large palace complex with several residential compounds in Casablanca, Morocco. It is equipped with two

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and died on 23 January at the age of 90. In accordance with Islamic tradition, his funeral was held the same day, a public ceremony at the

1148:. The Mecca conference discussed a paper on dialogue with monotheists—highlighting the monotheistic religions of southeast Asia, including 512: 232: 6049: 3000: 9478: 9099: 9093: 8367: 7710: 7539: 6427: 4362: 944: 17: 5331: 1619:

between 2013 and 2015. Prince Abdulaziz was the King's former Syria adviser and was deputy foreign affairs minister from 2011 to 2015.

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as "a heated exchange, frankly discussing Iran's interference in Arab affairs". When challenged by the King on Iranian meddling in

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Abdullah received a number of international high orders. Most notably, he was an honored knight of the strictly Roman Catholic

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had with Saudi Arabia was not evident with Sarkozy. In January 2011, the Kingdom granted asylum to the ousted Tunisian leader,

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as crown prince. According to various reports, Abdullah married up to 30 times and had more than 35 children. He was among the

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in New York City. On 22 January 2011, he left the United States for Morocco, and returned to the Kingdom on 23 February 2011.

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In 2012, Abdullah was named as the most influential Muslim among 500 Muslims for the previous four years. In December 2012,

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Munira bint Abdullah Al Sheikh was the mother of King Abdullah's eldest living son, Prince Khaled. One of Abdullah's wives,

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Abdullah succeeded to the throne upon the death of his half-brother King Fahd. He was formally enthroned on 2 August 2005.

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P. R. Kumaraswamy; Md. Muddassir Quamar (2016). "More effective as regent than as monarch: Abdullah's reform legacy".

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He donated $ 10 billion to the endowment fund of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in May 2008.

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apparent was his half-brother Salman, who was named as crown prince on 18 June 2012, and would succeed him in 2015.

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a railway system and an electricity power grid. Work on the power grid project has started in some Arab countries.

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was led by King Khalid and included Abdullah's half-brothers Prince Mohammed, Crown Prince Fahd, Prince Sultan and

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from 2014 to 2015). His youngest son, Prince Bandar, was born in 1999, when Abdullah was about 75 years old.

1598:. Haifa Al Muhanna was the mother of Abdullah's youngest child, Prince Bandar. A prominent wife of the King, 1364: 1134: 4781: 4511: 2717: 1011:

in Saudi Arabia and created a regulatory body for capital markets. He also promoted the construction of the

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One of Abdullah's daughters, Noura, died in 1990 in a car accident near Riyadh airport. She was married to

1612: 1575:, and Al Jarbah of the Iraqi branch of the Shammar tribe. He had about 30 wives, and fathered 36 children. 1311:, "recalled the King's frequent exhortations to the US to attack Iran" and to put an end to that country's 781: 776: 757: 749: 720: 653: 626: 517: 297: 165: 4113: 2327: 696:, whom he had requested to be exiled to Saudi Arabia for a 10-year exile following Sharif's ouster in the 9126: 8696: 8581: 7733: 7673: 7509: 7416: 7384: 7190: 7050: 7008: 6952: 4562: 3803: 3109: 2743: 1656: 1595: 1587: 741: 737: 712: 532: 527: 2388: 648:. Abdullah held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of 9272: 9250: 9186: 7758: 7629: 7551: 6964: 6884: 3735: 1897: 1624: 1599: 1018: 753: 522: 466: 3888:"Turkey's relations with Egypt and Saudi Arabia: From hopes of cooperation to the reality of conflict" 3712: 1054: 1034:

In August 2010, Abdullah decreed that only officially approved religious scholars associated with the

9538: 9238: 9122: 9069: 9017: 8718: 8412: 8138: 7924: 7698: 7661: 7656: 7591: 7401: 7369: 7359: 7256: 7214: 6386: 3554:"WikiLeaks: Saudi King Abdullah Encouraged U.S. to Attack Iran; Chinese Politburo Hacked into Google" 1883: 902: 826:

friction in the House of Saud. Then-Crown Prince Fahd, together with his full-brothers, known as the

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Abdullah had never previously made overtures for dialogue with eastern religious leaders, such as

9300: 9075: 8103: 7861: 7799: 7720: 7683: 7586: 7497: 7453: 7236: 7142: 6826: 5498: 1844: 1419: 1312: 1217:. He again traveled to the United States as Crown Prince in October 1987, meeting Vice President 1035: 901:, commonly referred to as the "Abdullah plan", to achieve a mutually agreed-on resolution of the 6006: 2596: 660:

took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the

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The political economy of rentier states: A case study of Saudi Arabia in the oil era, 1950-1990

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Speech of Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger in the King Abdullah Center

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in June 2009 he hosted President Obama in Saudi Arabia. In turn, Obama hosted the King at the

30:"Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud" redirects here. For the Saudi governor of the same name, see 9378: 9051: 8573: 8229: 8194: 8083: 8026: 7877: 7787: 7780: 7765: 7753: 7743: 7644: 7634: 7448: 6328: 4536: 4482: 4317: 2662: 2600: 2526: 2491: 2445: 1628: 1169: 1076: 984:

cooperation to set up an advanced epidemic screening network to protect 2010's three million

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in the world. Upon his death in 2015 at age 90, he was succeeded by his half-brother Salman.

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Council of Civil Service, and head of the Military Service Council until his death in 2015.

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Daniel L. Byman (Spring 2005). "The Implications of Leadership Change in the Arab World".

8: 9138: 9063: 9045: 9023: 8547: 7882: 6977: 6775: 6755: 6419: 4135: 3584:"Wikileaks: King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia 'wanted Guantánamo Bay detainees microchipped'" 1752: 1664: 1620: 1522: 1129: 507: 368: 6357: 5816: 5734: 5659: 5581: 3998: 3245: 3190: 2036: 1990: 715:

was named heir to the throne, but Nayef himself died the next year. Abdullah then named

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While still Crown Prince, Abdullah paid for the separation surgery of a pair of Polish

1514: 1479: 1456: 1423: 1320: 1288: 992: 935: 890: 5890: 3297: 3133: 2238:

Nabil Mouline (April–June 2010). "Power and generational transition in Saudi Arabia".

9310: 9215: 9005: 8505: 8471: 8224: 8011: 7728: 7170: 7165: 6438: 4648: 4621: 4542: 3898: 3366: 3054:"Saudi ruler offers $ 36bn to stave off uprising amid warning oil price could double" 2824: 2668: 2647: 2606: 2530: 2497: 2373: 2272: 2220: 1941: 1780: 1776: 1712: 1450: 1363:

published by WikiLeaks revealed that Abdullah wanted all released detainees from the

1218: 1105: 886: 765: 761: 641: 479: 442: 395: 6351:"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1982" 4749: 3525: 2519: 1404: 9398: 9221: 8793: 8620: 8463: 7993: 7443: 7185: 3826:"Chinese president arrives in Riyadh at start of "trip of friendship, cooperation"" 3494:"KAICIID: Historic Day for International Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue" 2752: 2700: 2691:(2009). "From fragility to stability: A survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". 2635: 2420: 2361: 2247: 2212: 1843:

He donated $ 50 million in cash and $ 10 million worth of relief materials for the

1434: 1109: 740:. She died when Abdullah was six years old. Abdullah had two younger full-sisters, 689: 2251: 2216: 9404: 9057: 8739: 8610: 8521: 8123: 8007: 7180: 6303: 5874: 5717: 5412: 5393: 5190: 4756: 4518: 4167: 3810: 3719: 3646: 3532: 3443: 3419: 3396: 3377: 3350: 3275: 3116: 3004: 2724: 2516: 2441:

Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century

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sent an open letter to Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the

1468: 1430: 1411: 1368: 1257: 960: 875: 685: 652:, his first public office. The following year, he was appointed commander of the 645: 613: 597: 422: 6669: 4644:

The House of Saud in commerce: A study of royal entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia

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Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of the House of Saud".

1623:

was the head of the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society. Abdullah's seventh son,

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Abdullah supported renewed diplomatic relations with the Syrian government and

1415: 1351:, which is stationed in Saudi Arabia, but not affiliated to one country alone. 1308: 1304: 1243: 1180: 1023: 917: 630: 6249: 2704: 2424: 1387:

In late March 2011, Abdullah sent Bandar bin Sultan, Secretary General of the

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In August 1963, Abdullah was made commander of Saudi National Guard replacing

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to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to Washington,

1183:

as its first general secretary and Austria's former federal justice minister

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Saudi Arabia: Islamic Threat, Political Reform, and the Global War on Terror

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Madawi Al Rasheed (2009). "Modernizing authoritarian rule in Saudi Arabia".

951:

clerics that had previously expressed their loathing for the Shi'i minority.

768:

led to delay in his rise to higher status among the sons of King Abdulaziz.

9244: 8563: 8341: 8173: 8118: 8031: 7130: 6599: 5635:"Saudi Arabia King Abdullah's NY Back Surgery Successful, Royal Court Says" 5429:"An Interview with the Imprisoned Daughter of Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah" 4858:"Saudi prince accused over drug-taking, drinking and escorts at LA mansion" 4804:"Saudi prince avoids felony charges in sex assault case near Beverly Hills" 4337:"Saudi Arabia's crown prince uses travel restrictions to consolidate power" 2928: 1696: 1300: 1280: 1226: 1165: 1115: 1092: 693: 625:

from 1 August 2005 until his death in 2015. Prior to his accession, he was

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Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and Elites: Conflict and Collaboration

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Saudi Embassy in Washington DC. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

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In 2011, an agreement for the establishment of the Abdullah bin Abdulaziz

9294: 8455: 8428: 8284: 8078: 7561: 6167: 5332:"The case of a Saudi prince illustrates a pattern of arbitrary detention" 1744: 1579: 1568: 1414:, who committed various diplomatic faux pas. The diplomatic relationship 1235: 1222: 1214: 1155:

In November 2008, Abdullah and his government arranged discussion at the

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Shouts of 'murderers' and 'torturers' greet King Abdullah on Palace tour

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Gulshan Dhanani (19 June 1982). "The King Is Dead, Long Live the King".

2301: 9081: 8002: 2688: 2476: 2061:"King Abdullah said Nawaz was his friend, had to let him go: Musharraf" 1230: 1161: 1120: 855: 6194: 5217: 4698: 3945: 1471:

sent the King well-wishes from jail and wished him a speedy recovery.

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argues that Abdullah's maternal roots and his earlier experience of a

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and is surrounded by large mansions on 133 acres of vegetation.

1764: 1483: 1460: 1316: 1276: 1145: 816: 792: 109: 6276:"King Juan Carlos of Spain dishonors the Order of the Golden Fleece" 5973:"Whitehall's King Abdullah half-mast flag tribute criticised by MPs" 5357: 7326: 6795: 6619: 6383:"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan" 2332: 2271:. Indianapolis, IN: University of Indianapolis Press. p. 193. 1826: 1564: 1547: 929: 732:

rivals of the Al Saud dynasty. She was descended from the powerful

669: 5521:"الديوان الملكي ينعي الأميرة هلا بنت عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود" 5474:"King Abdullah dead: The late Saudi monarch's 'jailed' princesses" 3663:"Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia... And does It Matter?" 2626:

Gulshan Dhahani (1980). "Political Institutions in Saudi Arabia".

1602:, is the mother of Prince Faisal and Princess Abeer among others. 1177:

International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue

707:. Upon becoming king in 2005, Abdullah appointed his half-brother 9288: 8279: 8234: 8209: 7842: 7576: 6050:"Saudi King Abdullah named 7th most powerful figure in the world" 4592: 2929:"Saudi First: How Hyper-Nationalism is Transforming Saudi Arabia" 2092: 1750:

Abdullah left Saudi Arabia on "special leave" on 27 August 2012.

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terrorism, with world leaders—including former UK Prime Minister

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Abdullah's administration attempted reforms in different fields.

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as crown prince. When Sultan died in 2011, Sultan's full brother

664:

ruler of Saudi Arabia until ascending the throne a decade later.

560: 49: 44: 6552: 5306:"Picture of Saudi princess on magazine cover sparks controversy" 4988:"New abuse allegations filed in civil suit against Saudi prince" 8269: 8264: 8021: 8016: 7748: 6141: 4074: 4072: 3920:"WikiLeaks cables: Nicolas Sarkozy, the Saudis and Carla Bruni" 1793: 1572: 1464: 1381: 1141: 867: 796: 703:

The three crown princes during Abdullah's reign were among the

391: 6250:"Saudi's King Abdullah grants $ 10 Bn for new university fund" 5944: 5552:"Saudi King Abdullah has back surgery described as successful" 2975:"Saudi Arabia's Education Reforms Emphasize Training for Jobs" 2517:

P. Edward Haley; Lewis W. Snider; M. Graeme Bannerman (1979).

1287:

In 2006, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei had sent his adviser

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Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia: The Challenge of Succession

4316:(PhD thesis). The George Washington University. p. 125. 2899:"Saudi Arabia Sending Seventh Most Students to United States" 2871:

Toby Jones (2007). "Saudi Arabia's not so New Anti-Shi'ism".

2496:. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. p. 218. 1324: 1176: 1071:

Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice

1039: 948: 649: 5918:"King Abdullah, Who Nudged Saudi Arabia Forward, Dies at 90" 5387:'They are hanging to life' - Saudi king's ex-wife speaks out 4069: 885:

In August 2001, he ordered then Saudi Ambassador to the US,

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Shifting Sands: On the power transition in Abdullah's death

6028: 5791:"Saudi King Abdullah returns after month-long Morocco trip" 5133:"Shaikh Khalid bin Hamad marries daughter of Saudi Monarch" 5015:"Nanny to Saudi Royals Claims They Forced Her into Slavery" 3686: 1763:

On 2 January 2015, Abdullah was hospitalized in Riyadh for

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the government, but only if they are strong and sustained.

985: 5520: 4913: 4281:"Discreetly, Saudis speculate about the throne succession" 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 1225:

to the United States to meet in Washington with President

756:, who were the children of his mother's first marriage to 5947:"Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah Given Simple Muslim Burial" 5915: 5735:"Saudi King offers benefits as he returns from treatment" 5275:"Gay Saudi prince 'murdered servant in ferocious attack'" 5245: 3736:"US embassy cables: Saudi king's advice for Barack Obama" 3461:, Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs 3272:"Saudi Arabia passes historic domestic abuse legislation" 2040: 1994: 681: 4831:"Saudi prince arrested, faces sex charge in Los Angeles" 4026:"Saudi King Abdullah Calls for a Closer Arab Gulf Union" 3640:

Bush belatedly tries good-will building over Iraq, Midea

6029:"The Muslims 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims" 5582:"Saudi prince returns as king readies for US treatment" 5358:"هكذا يعبر مئات الأمراء من آل سعود عن رفضهم لابن سلمان" 3051: 2543: 916:, Crown Prince Abdullah wrote a letter to US President 4890:"Police drop sexual assault case against Saudi prince" 4278: 3134:"Women in Saudi Arabia 'to vote and run in elections'" 2905:. Saudi Arabia, District of Columbia. 16 November 2010 1651:

Abdullah had twenty daughters. Princess Adila married

7961: 5817:"Saudi king health fears calmed after back operation" 5711:"Saudi King Arrives in Morocco After Treatment in US" 5186:"Saudi purge: Why Mohammed bin Salman can never rest" 4186:"Defense Minister New Heir to Throne in Saudi Arabia" 3767:, copy at Internet Archive Retrieved 23 October 2011. 3216:"Saudi Arabia's Timid Flirtation With Women's Rights" 3191:"London 2012 Olympics: Saudis allow women to compete" 3085:"Saudi arrests 100 Shi'ite protesters – rights group" 2088:"Saudi Arabia urges ex-Pakistani PM to stay in exile" 1900:(the Spanish branch), which caused some controversy. 672:. Abdullah maintained the status quo when there were 6409: 6297:

Are Spanish media betting on King Juan Carlos again?

5945:

Lubna Hussain; F. Brinley Bruton (23 January 2015).

5868:

Saudi King, 90, Hospitalized; Pneumonia Is Diagnosed

4916:"Saudi prince won't face felony charges in sex case" 4774:"Khaled appointed Riyadh governor, Turki his deputy" 3897:. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. p. 22. 3804:"UK Training Saudi Forces Used to Crush Arab Spring" 2822: 2595: 2437: 1690:. Abdullah's daughter Fayza is the mother of Prince 6192: 5448:"New footage emerges of 'trapped' Saudi princesses" 4699:"الفحولة وآل سعود... والشرف المراق على جوانبه الدم" 4309: 4252:"Saudi king transfers National Guard duties to son" 3917: 3689:"WikiLeaks Archive – Cables Uncloak U.S. Diplomacy" 2525:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 1315:. Abdullah asserted that Iran was trying to set up 1013:

King Abdullah University for Science and Technology

6106: 5273: 4361: 3802:Jamie Doward and Philippa Stewart. (28 May 2011) ( 3687:Scott Shane; Andrew W. Lehren (28 November 2010). 3582: 3576: 3574: 3246:"Saudi Arabia cabinet approves domestic abuse ban" 3020: 2518: 2325: 1221:. In September 1998, Crown Prince Abdullah made a 1081:King Abdullah University of Science and Technology 8988: 6699: 5406:"Ex-wife of Saudi King Pleads for Her Daughters." 4392: 3730: 3728: 2410: 2389:"Analysis: Al Rashid Opposition Group (part one)" 1119:Abdullah in a meeting with US secretary of state 736:tribe and was the daughter of former tribe chief 9455: 5996: 5660:"Saudi king Abdullah has 'successful operation'" 5271: 4363:"King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz Al Saud - Obituary" 4183: 3885: 3437:When a King and a Pope Sit Down to Talk Religion 2444:(PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 192. 2291: 1208:Abdullah visits the United States in April 2005. 928:By late 2003, after the Saudi Arabian branch of 614:[ʢæbˈdɑɫ.ɫɐbenˈʢæbdælʢæˈziːzʔæːlsæˈʢuːd] 5916:Douglas Martin; Ben Hubbard (22 January 2015). 5218:"رسالة من ابناء واحفاد الملك عبدالله رحمه الله" 5157: 4941:"L.A. police arrest Saudi prince on sex charge" 4051:"The World's 10 Worst Dictators: King Abdullah" 3571: 3243: 2740: 2625: 2558: 2462: 1394: 1299:, Abdullah had told the US Ambassador to Iraq, 1264:In September 2014, following the spread of the 5970: 5632: 5558:. Riyadh. AP. 17 November 2012. Archived from 5471: 5246:Bradley Hope; Justin Scheck (25 August 2020). 5012: 4613: 4334: 3725: 3615:"Saudi king's gifts for Obama worth $ 300,000" 2972: 2926: 2493:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 2406: 2404: 2402: 2085: 2037:Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan 1586:'s wife. Abdullah had two children with Aida: 771: 8974: 8375: 7947: 7909: 7115: 6811: 6685: 6581: 6220:"More countries offer aid to quake-hit China" 4696: 4534: 4210:Aged Saudi ruler to fly to US over blood clot 3970: 3667:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3551: 3269: 3188: 2945: 2660: 2351: 2328:"The Monarch who Declared His own Revolution" 2237: 2151:. Saudi Arabia. 4 August 2010. Archived from 5546: 5544: 5542: 5183: 4640: 4457:"تعرّف على أبناء وبنات الملك عبد الله الـ36" 3854: 3580: 3547: 3545: 3239: 3237: 3160:"Saudi king dismisses religious police head" 3082: 3052:Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (24 February 2011). 2718:"King Fahd ibn Abdel Aziz Al Saud: Obituary" 2489: 2386: 2264: 2149:Ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabia 629:since 13 June 1982. He was the tenth son of 233:Second Deputy Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 7525:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 6104: 5940: 5938: 4854: 4279:Anne-Beatrice Clasmann (20 November 2009). 2399: 1494: 811:Abdullah's two predecessors on the throne, 636:Abdullah was the son of King Abdulaziz and 9433:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 8981: 8967: 8382: 8368: 7954: 7940: 7916: 7902: 7122: 7108: 6818: 6804: 6692: 6678: 6588: 6574: 6321:"King Abdullah receives UNESCO Gold Medal" 5841: 4828: 4780:. Jeddah. 15 February 2013. Archived from 4692: 4690: 4506: 4504: 4483:"A Princely Rivalry: Clash of The Titans?" 4174:, 31 October 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2008. 4106:"Saudi inmates send king wishes from jail" 4023: 3999:"Saudi Arabia recalls ambassador to Syria" 2870: 2818: 2816: 2780: 2687: 2521:Lebanon in Crisis: Participants and Issues 1771:before burial in an unmarked grave at the 845: 73: 32:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1931–2015) 9143:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 9117:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 7923: 7129: 6595: 6136: 6134: 5809: 5783: 5608:"Saudi king has back surgery in New York" 5539: 5381: 5379: 5241: 5239: 4887: 4850: 4848: 3542: 3234: 2731:, 1 August 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2008. 2336:. Vol. 153, no. 13. p. 40. 2321: 2319: 1914:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia 1003:, as the new minister. He also appointed 5935: 5835: 5445: 5212: 5210: 5208: 4395:"King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia Obituary" 3918:Angelique Chrisafis (30 November 2010). 3472:"New centre for interreligious dialogue" 1541: 1398: 1343:Saudi Arabia, by the endorsement of the 1275: 1203: 1114: 1075: 1053:, in September 2011, the King announced 1017: 959: 920:, which ended with the following words: 849: 806: 775: 8480:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 5077:"Saudi Arabia's King Changes the Guard" 4687: 4501: 4082:. About. 3 October 2011. Archived from 3855:Bruce Riedel (September–October 2011). 3521: 3519: 3413:Let concord replace conflict – Abdullah 3344:The King’s call for interfaith dialogue 2922: 2920: 2843:"Crown Prince sends message to America" 2813: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1187:as the first deputy general secretary. 1168:, US President George W. Bush and King 955: 838:as well as his uncles Prince Ahmed and 617:; 1 August 1924 – 23 January 2015) was 551:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman 14: 9524:Royalty and nobility with disabilities 9509:Deputy prime ministers of Saudi Arabia 9469:20th-century Saudi Arabian politicians 9456: 9425:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 9415:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 6193:Mohammed Rasooldeen (5 January 2005). 6131: 5376: 5236: 4845: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 3372:, 4 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008 3110:"Saudi king gives women right to vote" 3021:Christopher Boucek (23 October 2010). 2776: 2774: 2316: 1563:Abdullah married the daughters of the 1501:Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne 1099: 27:King of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015 9504:Deaths from pneumonia in Saudi Arabia 8962: 8389: 8363: 7935: 7897: 7103: 6799: 6673: 6569: 6556: 6168:"Metropolitan Emmanuel in Casablanca" 5844:"Saudi King Abdullah leaves hospital" 5686:"Saudi Arabia's Oil Policy Vacancies" 5205: 5158:Simon Henderson (26 September 2011). 5107:"Saudi Arabia Changes Course, Slowly" 4393:Madawi Al Rasheed (22 January 2015). 3331:Center Muslim-Christian Understanding 2933:European Council on Foreign Relations 2145:"King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" 1853: 1756:reported that he had an operation at 1692:Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud 1190: 612: 605:ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Saʿūd 9420:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 9159:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 8836:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 8748:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 8679:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 6825: 6119:from the original on 11 January 2022 6080:"No. 3: King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz" 5286:from the original on 11 January 2022 5006: 4968:. CBS Los Angeles. 24 September 2015 4869:from the original on 24 October 2015 4374:from the original on 11 January 2022 3893:. In Gönül Tol; David Dumke (eds.). 3778:"Bahrain imposes state of emergency" 3595:from the original on 11 January 2022 3526:"No Politics for Ben Ali in Kingdom" 3516: 3390:Inter-faith meet to be held in Spain 3108:Asma Alsharif. (25 September 2011). 2917: 2823:Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (Summer 2010). 2340: 2326:Christopher Dickey (30 March 2009). 2294:"Saudi Arabia without King Abdullah" 1718: 1528: 1444: 1266:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 991:In 2005, Abdullah declared that the 905:. The initiative was adopted at the 463:Tathi bint Mishan al Faisal al Jarba 9519:Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award 5891:"Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies" 5633:Peter S. Green (24 November 2010). 5272:Caroline Gammell (5 October 2010). 5050:. 27 September 2018. Archived from 5013:Brandi Buchman (27 February 2018). 4591:(in Arabic). Marefa. Archived from 4442: 4226:"Saudi king suffers herniated disc" 3435:Rebecca Tobias. (15 January 2014). 2771: 2086:Zeeshan Haider (8 September 2007). 1683:, with whom she has five children. 1104:In November 2007, Abdullah visited 971: 601: 24: 9479:21st-century kings of Saudi Arabia 9410:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 9301:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 8154:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 6142:"The stables of the King Abdullah" 5971:Andrew Sparrow (23 January 2015). 5472:Ishaan Tharoor (25 January 2015). 5083:. 29 November 2011. Archived from 4914:Michael Martinez; Cheri Mossburg. 4750:"King Abdullah Arrives in Morocco" 4697:Jafar Al Bakl (16 December 2014). 4510:Simon Henderson. (14 April 2011). 4228:. 12 November 2010. Archived from 4161:Saudi king's royal meet draws fire 3832:. 10 February 2009. Archived from 3761:Saudi King urged US to attack Iran 3324:"The 500 Most Influential Muslims" 3244:Sebastian Usher (28 August 2013). 2946:Julian Borger (16 February 2009). 2757:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00538.x 2605:. New York: Springer. p. 54. 1967:US confirms $ 60bn Saudi arms deal 1921:Order of the Defender of the Realm 1906: 748:, and two maternal half-brothers, 684:report, Saudi Arabia could obtain 485: 25: 9555: 7312:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 6557: 6439:Saudi king details succession law 6430:collected news and commentary at 6405: 6056:. 7 December 2012. Archived from 5184:David Hearst (7 September 2020). 4184:Neil MacFarquhar (18 June 2012). 3581:Andrew Hough (29 November 2010). 3500:. 2 November 2012. Archived from 3367:Saudis launch Islamic unity drive 3298:"Historic Saudi visit to Vatican" 3166:. 13 January 2012. Archived from 2980:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2014:Saudi Arabia: Fundamental change? 1889:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 1354: 1229:. In September 2000, he attended 912:On the second anniversary of the 802: 640:. His mother was a member of the 460:Munira bint Abdullah Al Al Shaykh 66:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 9339:Agreement on Movement and Access 7204: 7074: 6835: 6784: 6709: 6658: 6608: 6412: 6375: 6343: 6313: 6290: 6268: 6242: 6212: 6186: 6160: 6098: 6072: 6042: 6021: 5997:Sohail Choudhury (9 June 2012). 5990: 5964: 5909: 5883: 5861: 5797:. Riyadh. AFP. 24 September 2012 5767:. 27 August 2012. Archived from 5753: 5727: 5704: 5678: 5652: 5626: 5600: 5574: 5513: 5491: 5465: 5439: 5421: 5399: 5350: 5324: 5298: 5265: 5177: 5151: 5125: 5099: 5069: 5033: 4980: 4958: 4933: 4907: 4881: 4822: 4796: 4766: 4743: 4717: 4661: 4647:. New Delhi: I.S. Publications. 4634: 4607: 4112:. 8 January 2011. Archived from 3895:Aspiring Powers, Regional Rivals 3270:Lisa Anderson (28 August 2013). 2948:"Woman Saudi Education Minister" 2667:. DIANE Publishing. p. 17. 2387:Talal Kapoor (1 February 2007). 1919:Honorary Grand Commander of the 1912:Honorary Grand Commander of the 1874: 1805:In 2011, the financial magazine 1537: 1199: 1059:2015 municipal council elections 1051:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 909:'s Beirut summit in March 2002. 9514:Prime ministers of Saudi Arabia 9373:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 9367:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 9335:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 8540:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 8421:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 8179:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 7479:General Intelligence Presidency 6327:. 25 April 2012. Archived from 5999:"The philanthropist Saudi King" 5842:Amena Bakr (13 December 2012). 4855:Shehab Khan (24 October 2015). 4581: 4555: 4528: 4475: 4426:. 1 August 2005. Archived from 4420:"King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia" 4412: 4386: 4354: 4335:David Ignatius (19 June 2020). 4328: 4303: 4272: 4244: 4218: 4203: 4177: 4154: 4128: 4098: 4043: 4024:Glen Carey (19 December 2011). 4017: 3991: 3973:"Saad Hariri's Moment of Truth" 3964: 3938: 3911: 3879: 3848: 3818: 3796: 3770: 3754: 3706: 3680: 3655: 3633: 3607: 3552:Mike Vilensky (20 April 2008). 3486: 3464: 3452: 3429: 3406: 3383: 3360: 3337: 3316: 3290: 3263: 3208: 3182: 3152: 3126: 3102: 3076: 3045: 3014: 2987: 2973:Ursula Lindsey (October 2010). 2966: 2939: 2891: 2864: 2835: 2734: 2711: 2681: 2654: 2619: 2589: 2559:Simon Henderson (August 2009). 2510: 2483: 2456: 2431: 2380: 2285: 2258: 2231: 2196: 2167: 1702:Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Salman 1403:Abdullah with Polish president 1157:United Nations General Assembly 633:, the founder of Saudi Arabia. 298:Commander of the National Guard 9012:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 8828:Palestinian militancy campaign 6428:Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia 6105:Anita Singh (21 August 2008). 5527:(in Arabic). 30 September 2020 5431:. 1 April 2016. Archived from 5385:Fatima Manji. (19 March 2014). 3189:Frank Gardner (24 June 2012). 3123:. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 3083:Jason Benham (23 March 2011). 2137: 2107: 2079: 2053: 2035:Mark Urban. (6 November 2013). 2029: 2007: 1984: 1960: 1934: 1812:third-wealthiest head of state 1758:Mount Sinai Hospital, New York 1631:and served as governor of the 1295:In April 2008, according to a 623:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 594:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 91:Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia 13: 1: 9499:Crown princes of Saudi Arabia 9100:American trusteeship proposal 8169:Popular Resistance Committees 7469:Chairman of the General Staff 7090:Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia 6701:Crown princes of Saudi Arabia 6226:. 15 May 2008. Archived from 4888:Ben Hoyle (21 October 2015). 3971:Hilal Khashan (Winter 2011). 2825:"Arabs vs. the Abdullah Plan" 2465:Economic and Political Weekly 2438:Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). 2268:Saudi Arabia: A Modern Reader 2252:10.1080/17550912.2016.1238110 2217:10.1080/17550912.2016.1189108 2115:"King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz" 1927: 1840:in Riyadh on 3 January 2005. 1737:NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital 1671:. Sara bint Abdullah married 1641:Maha bint Mohammed Al Sudairi 1513:In 2006, Abdullah set up the 1365:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1135:World Interfaith Harmony Week 726: 602:عبد الله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود 9544:People with speech disorders 6535:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 6108:"The world's richest royals" 5224:(in Arabic). 3 February 2015 4563:"More talk, less distortion" 4310:Rayed Khalid Krymli (1993). 2927:Eman Alhussein (June 2019). 2781:Elsa Walsh (24 March 2003). 2366:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050 2181:. 7 December 2012. p. 1 1817:King Abdullah was an expert 1786: 1706:Thamir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1700:magazine's June 2018 issue. 1646: 1395:Relations with other nations 1091:criminalizes psychological, 758:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid 654:Saudi Arabian National Guard 627:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 166:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 7: 9534:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims 8697:Palestinian suicide attacks 7711:Water supply and sanitation 7540:History of the oil industry 7407:Mutaween (religious police) 5364:(in Arabic). 25 August 2020 2852:. Jeddah. 10 September 2002 2744:Political Science Quarterly 1838:King Abdulaziz Medical City 1657:Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa 772:Commander of National Guard 644:, historical rivals of the 312: 265: 251: 197: 185: 169:First Deputy Prime Minister 18:King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz 10: 9560: 9529:Saudi Arabian billionaires 9494:Burials at Al Oud cemetery 9273:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 9261:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 9255:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 9187:Palestinian autonomy talks 5041:"Second Amended Complaint" 4080:"Asia's 5 Worst Dictators" 3983:(1): 65–71. Archived from 3742:. London. 28 November 2010 3449:Retrieved 22 January 2015. 3023:"Saudi Fatwa Restrictions" 2640:10.1177/002088178001900104 2602:Succession In Saudi Arabia 2354:Journal of Arabian Studies 2265:Winberg Chai, ed. (2005). 1942:"Who's who: Senior Saudis" 1898:Order of the Golden Fleece 1836:, which took place at the 1600:Hessa bint Trad Al Shaalan 1498: 1338: 1297:leaked US diplomatic cable 1038:would be allowed to issue 964:Royal Standard of the King 897:In 2002, he developed the 874:support for Israel in the 705:full brothers of King Fahd 698:1999 Pakistani coup d'état 692:and ousted prime minister 676:in the kingdom during the 467:Hessa bint Trad Al Shaalan 38: 29: 9387: 9230: 9183:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 9108: 9040:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 8997: 8958: 8731: 8594: 8439: 8397: 8359: 8334: 8313: 8257: 8187: 8074:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 8056: 8049: 7979: 7931: 7855: 7813: 7719: 7620: 7611: 7505: 7496: 7429: 7350: 7332:National Security Council 7292: 7288: 7279: 7222: 7213: 7202: 7141: 7083: 7072: 6842: 6833: 6782: 6716: 6707: 6656: 6615: 6606: 6563: 6541: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6509: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6460: 6195:"Thank you, Crown Prince" 5478:The Sydney Morning Herald 4136:"Letter to King Abdullah" 3886:Meliha Altunışık (2019). 3478:(2). 2013. Archived from 3274:. Reuters. Archived from 2829:The Middle East Quarterly 2705:10.1080/17550910802576114 2693:Contemporary Arab Affairs 2425:10.1080/17550910903244976 2413:Contemporary Arab Affairs 2292:Hassan Hanizadeh (2010). 2205:Contemporary Arab Affairs 1882: 1873: 1860: 1800: 1389:National Security Council 780:Abdullah as commander of 638:Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim 586:Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim 581: 576:Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia 571: 559: 550: 545: 541: 478: 430: 415: 401: 378: 374: 364: 354: 350: 303: 296: 288: 280: 276: 239: 230: 220: 212: 208: 173: 164: 156: 145: 138: 128: 118: 108: 97: 84: 72: 63: 58: 9222:Israel–Lebanon agreement 9034:Anglo-French Declaration 9030:Declaration to the Seven 8603:Misgav Am hostage crisis 7577:Tadawul (stock exchange) 7572:Supreme Economic Council 7520:Capital Market Authority 7474:General Staff Presidency 7327:Mabahith (secret police) 5411:4 September 2014 at the 3718:4 September 2014 at the 3060:. London. Archived from 3011:, Retrieved 17 May 2008. 2175:"Too Many Saudi Princes" 1688:Sultan bin Turki Al Saud 1661:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 1558: 1495:Succession to the throne 1374: 1361:leaked diplomatic cables 1345:Gulf Cooperation Council 1331:in an Iranian election. 880:World Trade Organization 471:(23 or more other wives) 448:Jawahir bint Ali Hussein 8914:Israel–Palestine crisis 8765:Bringing Home the Goods 8104:Guardians of the Cedars 7459:Strategic Missile Force 6302:7 February 2015 at the 5019:Courthouse News Service 4755:23 January 2011 at the 4614:Mordechai Abir (1988). 4517:13 October 2012 at the 4166:1 November 2007 at the 3857:"Brezhnev in the Hejaz" 3809:29 January 2017 at the 3645:18 January 2021 at the 3531:21 January 2011 at the 3447:The Interfaith Observer 3442:23 January 2015 at the 3418:14 January 2009 at the 3395:14 January 2009 at the 3349:14 January 2009 at the 3115:17 October 2015 at the 3003:2 November 2007 at the 2240:Critique Internationale 2047:11 January 2020 at the 2023:29 January 2014 at the 1978:9 December 2013 at the 1845:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1659:, son of Bahraini King 1605: 1420:Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali 1271: 1250: 1036:Senior Council of Ulema 846:Crown Prince and Regent 9331:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 9251:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 9133:Tripartite Declaration 8756:Ain es Saheb airstrike 8637:South Lebanon conflict 6746:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz 6731:Muhammad bin Abdulaziz 5873:18 August 2017 at the 5160:"All the King's Women" 5021:. Alexandria, Virginia 4535:Stig Stenslie (2012). 2661:Sherifa Zuhur (2005). 1769:Grand Mosque of Riyadh 1675:and they had one son, 1669:Fahd bin Turki Al Saud 1551: 1478:. On 24 January 2007, 1407: 1349:Peninsula Shield Force 1284: 1209: 1185:Claudia Bandion-Ortner 1124: 1083: 1027: 965: 953: 926: 859: 819: 784: 680:. According to a 2013 140:Regent of Saudi Arabia 9379:John Kerry Parameters 9052:Churchill White Paper 9018:Sykes–Picot Agreement 8574:Coastal Road massacre 8195:Arab Higher Committee 8084:Arab Liberation Front 8027:Palestinian Authority 7925:Arab–Israeli conflict 7307:Consultative Assembly 6521:Saudi Arabian royalty 6278:. Tradition in Action 5392:19 March 2014 at the 4641:Sharaf Sabri (2001). 3977:Middle East Quarterly 3861:The National Interest 2996:. (31 October 2007). 2628:International Studies 2561:"After King Abdullah" 2490:Nadav Safran (1985). 2179:The National Interest 1711:From his marriage to 1629:Royal Saudi Air Force 1627:, was a pilot in the 1545: 1499:Further information: 1449:On 16 February 2003, 1402: 1279: 1207: 1170:Abdullah II of Jordan 1118: 1079: 1055:women's right to vote 1021: 963: 941: 922: 903:Arab–Israeli conflict 899:Arab Peace Initiative 853: 810: 779: 445:(1972–2003; divorced) 79:King Abdullah in 2007 9474:21st-century regents 9464:20th-century regents 9361:Annapolis Conference 9355:UNSC Resolution 1701 9345:UNSC Resolution 1850 9327:UNSC Resolution 1583 9321:UNSC Resolution 1566 9317:UNSC Resolution 1559 9267:Wye River Memorandum 9123:Armistice agreements 8880:Gaza border protests 8802:Gaza–Israel conflict 8514:Lod Airport massacre 8347:United Arab Republic 8290:United Arab Emirates 8200:Arab Liberation Army 6766:Muqrin bin Abdulaziz 6761:Salman bin Abdulaziz 6751:Sultan bin Abdulaziz 6736:Khalid bin Abdulaziz 6726:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 6503:King of Saudi Arabia 5716:22 July 2016 at the 5690:Washington Institute 5338:. CNN. 17 April 2019 5111:Washington Institute 4620:. Kent: Croom Helm. 4512:"Outraged in Riyadh" 4291:on 21 September 2013 3765:Agence France-Presse 3763:, 28 November 2010, 3476:International Vienna 3376:19 July 2008 at the 2723:29 June 2011 at the 2597:Joseph A. Kéchichian 2568:Washington Institute 1991:Saudi Arabia profile 1679:. She later married 1663:. Another daughter, 1615:was governor of the 1582:, was the sister of 1571:, the Al Shaalan of 1164:, Israeli President 956:King of Saudi Arabia 914:September 11 attacks 782:Saudi National Guard 717:Salman bin Abdulaziz 709:Sultan bin Abdulaziz 411:Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 292:Sultan bin Abdulaziz 225:Sultan bin Abdulaziz 9204:UNSC Resolution 497 9198:UNSC Resolution 478 9192:UNSC Resolution 452 9179:UNSC Resolution 446 9169:UNSC Resolution 425 9163:UNSC Resolution 350 9153:UNSC Resolution 339 9149:UNSC Resolution 338 9139:Khartoum Resolution 9127:Lausanne Conference 9076:Morrison–Grady Plan 9046:San Remo conference 9024:Balfour Declaration 8896:Gaza–Israel clashes 8888:Gaza–Israel clashes 8663:Mothers' Bus attack 8240:Revolutionary Cells 7567:Saudi Central Bank 7375:Freedom of religion 7156:Early Islamic State 6776:Mohammed bin Salman 6756:Nayef bin Abdulaziz 6454:, 17 November 2013. 6420:Saudi Arabia portal 6174:. 20 September 2012 6172:The National Herald 5562:on 17 November 2012 5556:The Washington Post 5137:Bahrain News Agency 4784:on 15 February 2013 4370:. 22 January 2015. 4368:The Daily Telegraph 4341:The Washington Post 4232:on 21 November 2010 3987:on 25 January 2021. 3836:on 17 February 2009 3589:The Daily Telegraph 3140:. 25 September 2011 3064:on 27 February 2011 3058:The Daily Telegraph 2155:on 24 December 2012 2001:27 May 2018 at the 1653:Faisal bin Abdullah 1283:meets with Abdullah 1238:in the same month. 1100:Interfaith dialogue 1026:on 11 February 2007 1022:King Abdullah with 1001:Faisal bin Abdullah 882:, surprising some. 836:Prince Abdul Muhsin 369:Mutaib bin Abdullah 266:Prime Minister 198:Prime Minister 9349:Quartet Principles 9283:Clinton Parameters 9173:Camp David Accords 8556:Savoy Hotel attack 8406:1948 Palestine war 8245:South Lebanon Army 8134:Muslim Brotherhood 7582:Telecommunications 7365:Capital punishment 7297:Allegiance Council 7176:Emirate of Diriyah 7161:Rashidun Caliphate 7151:Pre-Islamic Arabia 6771:Muhammad bin Nayef 6741:Fahd bin Abdulaziz 6721:Saud bin Abdulaziz 6433:The New York Times 6060:on 7 December 2012 5922:The New York Times 5878:The New York Times 5823:. 28 November 2012 5765:Saudi Press Agency 5741:. 23 February 2011 5666:. 24 November 2010 5614:. 25 November 2010 5588:. 22 November 2010 5310:The Economic Times 5113:. 18 February 2009 5087:on 25 January 2016 5057:on 18 January 2021 4763:, 22 January 2011. 4731:. 18 November 2011 4489:. 13 February 2010 4260:. 18 November 2010 4190:The New York Times 4116:on 25 October 2011 4086:on 16 October 2011 3952:. 28 December 2009 3693:The New York Times 3539:, 19 January 2011. 3498:PR Newswire Europe 3278:on 18 January 2021 3170:on 24 January 2013 3027:Carnegie Endowment 2873:Middle East Report 2801:on 26 January 2012 2577:on 21 October 2012 2304:on 6 December 2010 2067:. 14 February 2008 1854:Honours and awards 1552: 1515:Allegiance Council 1480:Human Rights Watch 1463:interpretation of 1457:David Wallechinsky 1408: 1359:In December 2010, 1289:Ali Akbar Velayati 1285: 1210: 1191:Arab common market 1125: 1084: 1028: 966: 936:Middle East Report 860: 820: 785: 457:Munira Al Otaishan 284:Fahd bin Abdulaziz 216:Fahd bin Abdulaziz 9451: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9311:Geneva Initiative 9279:Camp David Summit 9239:Madrid Conference 9216:Reagan peace plan 9189: 9094:UN Partition Plan 9088:London Conference 9070:London Conference 9006:Damascus Protocol 8954: 8953: 8855:Pillar of Defense 8506:Sabena Flight 571 8472:Battle of Karameh 8391:Armed engagements 8355: 8354: 8253: 8252: 8225:Japanese Red Army 7980:Primary countries 7891: 7890: 7851: 7850: 7679:Human trafficking 7607: 7606: 7492: 7491: 7425: 7424: 7317:Foreign relations 7275: 7274: 7171:Abbasid Caliphate 7166:Umayyad Caliphate 7097: 7096: 7067: (1947–1994) 7061: (born 1945) 7053: (born 1942) 7047: (born 1942) 7041: (1942–2007) 7035: (1941–2012) 7029: (1941–2013) 7023: (1940–2023) 7017: (born 1939) 7011: (1938–2003) 7005: (1937–1958) 6999: (born 1935) 6993: (1934–2008) 6987: (1934–2016) 6981: (1934–2012) 6973: (1932–2015) 6967: (1932–2013) 6961: (1932–2000) 6955: (1931–2018) 6949: (1931–2019) 6943: (1931–2017) 6937: (1928–2011) 6929: (1926–2017) 6923: (1925–1985) 6917: (1924–2015) 6911: (1923–2013) 6905: (1923–2019) 6899: (1921–2005) 6893: (1921–1951) 6887: (1915–1993) 6881: (1913–1982) 6875: (1911–1984) 6869: (1910–1988) 6861: (1906–1975) 6855: (1902–1969) 6849: (1900–1919) 6793: 6792: 6667: 6666: 6551: 6550: 6542:Succeeded by 6510:Succeeded by 6452:Midwest Diplomacy 6445:, 9 October 2007. 6331:on 31 August 2013 6310:. 1 February 2015 5897:. 23 January 2015 5880:. 3 January 2015. 5724:, 22 January 2011 5336:Egypt Independent 4994:. 23 October 2015 4992:Los Angeles Times 4810:. 20 October 2015 4808:Los Angeles Times 4654:978-81-901254-0-6 4463:. 23 January 2015 4430:on 5 October 2011 4142:. 8 February 2007 4057:. 4 February 2008 3621:. 20 January 2011 3304:. 6 November 2007 3222:. 16 January 2013 2674:978-1-4289-1011-9 2612:978-0-312-29962-0 2536:978-0-8156-2210-9 2503:978-0-8014-9484-0 2471:(25): 1021–1022. 2278:978-0-88093-859-4 1948:. 30 October 2007 1894: 1893: 1781:Westminster Abbey 1777:Buckingham Palace 1719:Illness and death 1713:Al Anoud Al Fayez 1667:, is the wife of 1529:Various positions 1445:Criticism as king 1292:never been used. 1219:George H. W. Bush 1106:Pope Benedict XVI 945:National Dialogue 887:Bandar bin Sultan 870:of Saudi Arabia. 766:speech impediment 762:Madawi Al-Rasheed 721:wealthiest royals 642:Al Rashid dynasty 591: 590: 555: 554: 443:Al Anoud Al Fayez 396:Sultanate of Nejd 149:1 January 1996 – 16:(Redirected from 9551: 9539:Sons of Ibn Saud 9399:Trump peace plan 9391: 9185: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8960: 8959: 8945: 8942:Israel–Hamas war 8937: 8933:Shield and Arrow 8927: 8917: 8909: 8899: 8891: 8883: 8875: 8872:Wave of violence 8867: 8859: 8849: 8839: 8831: 8823: 8815: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8759: 8751: 8743: 8724: 8714: 8704: 8692: 8682: 8674: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8640: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8606: 8587: 8577: 8569: 8559: 8551: 8548:Ma'alot massacre 8543: 8535: 8525: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8493: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8464:War of Attrition 8459: 8451: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8413:Arab–Israeli War 8408: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8258:Other countries 8054: 8053: 7994:Egyptian Kingdom 7956: 7949: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7871: 7864: 7704:response to ISIL 7618: 7617: 7562:Riyal (currency) 7503: 7502: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7232:Cities and towns 7220: 7219: 7208: 7186:Kingdom of Hejaz 7124: 7117: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7078: 6839: 6827:Sons of Ibn Saud 6820: 6813: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6713: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6662: 6612: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6554: 6553: 6527:Preceded by 6493:Preceded by 6483: 6476: 6458: 6457: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6385:. Archived from 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6356:. Archived from 6355: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6317: 6311: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6005:. Archived from 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5725: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5692:. 7 January 2011 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5548: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5435:on 1 April 2016. 5425: 5419: 5403: 5397: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5277: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4860: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4829:Cheri Mossburg. 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4770: 4764: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4287:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215:21 November 2010 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3723: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3586: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3540: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3504:on 29 April 2014 3490: 3484: 3483: 3482:on 14 July 2013. 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3433: 3427: 3410: 3404: 3387: 3381: 3364: 3358: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3018: 3012: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2800: 2794:. Archived from 2787: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2738: 2732: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2570:. Archived from 2565: 2556: 2541: 2540: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2408: 2397: 2396: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2349: 2338: 2337: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2300:. Archived from 2289: 2283: 2282: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2121:. Archived from 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2033: 2027: 2019:19 October 2010 2011: 2005: 1988: 1982: 1974:20 October 2010. 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1878: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1611:National Guard. 1435:Syrian Civil War 1123:, 5 January 2014 1110:Apostolic Palace 1045:In light of the 972:Domestic affairs 690:Pervez Musharraf 674:waves of protest 616: 603: 543: 542: 513:Prince Abdulaziz 497: 489: 408: 388: 386: 246: 243:25 April 1975 – 235: 180: 152: 104: 101:1 August 2005 – 93: 77: 56: 55: 21: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9437: 9405:Abraham Accords 9389: 9383: 9226: 9208:1981–1982 9104: 9058:Peel Commission 8993: 8991:peace proposals 8987: 8950: 8940: 8930: 8920: 8912: 8902: 8894: 8886: 8878: 8870: 8862: 8852: 8842: 8834: 8826: 8818: 8808: 8800: 8792: 8782: 8772: 8762: 8754: 8746: 8740:Second Intifada 8738: 8727: 8720:Grapes of Wrath 8717: 8707: 8695: 8685: 8677: 8669: 8661: 8653: 8643: 8635: 8627: 8619: 8609: 8601: 8590: 8580: 8572: 8562: 8554: 8546: 8538: 8528: 8522:Munich massacre 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8435: 8427: 8419: 8411: 8404: 8393: 8388: 8351: 8330: 8309: 8249: 8205:Black September 8183: 8124:Lebanese Forces 8045: 8041:Ba'athist Syria 8037:Syrian Republic 7982:and authorities 7981: 7975: 7974: 7960: 7927: 7922: 7892: 7887: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7847: 7809: 7771:Public holidays 7715: 7603: 7547:Foreign workers 7488: 7421: 7346: 7337:Nuclear program 7271: 7209: 7200: 7181:Emirate of Nejd 7137: 7128: 7098: 7093: 7079: 7070: 6840: 6829: 6824: 6794: 6789: 6780: 6714: 6703: 6698: 6668: 6663: 6654: 6613: 6602: 6594: 6559: 6547: 6538: 6530: 6515: 6506: 6498: 6482:23 January 2015 6477: 6471: 6470: 6463: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6389:on 19 July 2019 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6363:on 31 July 2020 6360: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304:Wayback Machine 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6254:Financial Times 6248: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6086:. 11 March 2011 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6009:on 16 June 2012 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5943: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5875:Wayback Machine 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5771:on 15 June 2013 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718:Wayback Machine 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5418:. 11 April 2014 5413:Wayback Machine 5404: 5400: 5394:Wayback Machine 5384: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5244: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5191:Middle East Eye 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4863:The Independent 4853: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757:Wayback Machine 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4695: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4569:. 27 March 2007 4561: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4519:Wayback Machine 4509: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4329: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4178: 4168:Wayback Machine 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4005:. 8 August 2011 3997: 3996: 3992: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3811:Wayback Machine 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3784:. 15 March 2011 3776: 3775: 3771: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3720:Wayback Machine 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3652:, 15 March 2003 3650:Pittsburgh Post 3647:Wayback Machine 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3579: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3550: 3543: 3533:Wayback Machine 3524: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3444:Wayback Machine 3434: 3430: 3420:Wayback Machine 3411: 3407: 3397:Wayback Machine 3388: 3384: 3378:Wayback Machine 3365: 3361: 3351:Wayback Machine 3342: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3242: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117:Wayback Machine 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3015: 3009:The Independent 3005:Wayback Machine 2992: 2988: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2940: 2925: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2846:(Press release) 2845: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2821: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2739: 2735: 2725:Wayback Machine 2716: 2712: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2544: 2537: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2461: 2457: 2436: 2432: 2409: 2400: 2385: 2381: 2350: 2341: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2263: 2259: 2236: 2232: 2201: 2197: 2184: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2125:on 18 June 2012 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2049:Wayback Machine 2034: 2030: 2025:Wayback Machine 2012: 2008: 2003:Wayback Machine 1989: 1985: 1980:Wayback Machine 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1909: 1907:Foreign honours 1884:Reference style 1866: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1834:conjoined twins 1803: 1789: 1773:Al Oud cemetery 1728:November 2012. 1721: 1673:Turki bin Talal 1649: 1633:Riyadh Province 1617:Makkah Province 1608: 1584:Rifaat al-Assad 1561: 1546:Abdullah was a 1540: 1531: 1503: 1497: 1469:Najran Province 1447: 1431:Bashar al-Assad 1412:Nicolas Sarkozy 1397: 1377: 1369:John O. Brennan 1357: 1341: 1313:nuclear program 1274: 1258:Nouri Al Maliki 1253: 1202: 1193: 1102: 974: 958: 876:Second Intifada 848: 805: 774: 738:Asi bin Shuraim 729: 686:nuclear weapons 646:Al Saud dynasty 611:pronunciation: 537: 499: 498: 495: 483: 482: 474: 439: 438: 426: 423:Al Oud cemetery 420: 419:23 January 2015 410: 406: 405:23 January 2015 390: 384: 382: 346: 345: 323: 322: 314: 272: 267: 260: 253: 244: 231: 204: 199: 192: 187: 178: 177:13 June 1982 – 168: 150: 103:23 January 2015 102: 85: 80: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9557: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9401: 9394: 9392: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9341: 9323: 9313: 9307: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9175: 9165: 9155: 9145: 9135: 9129: 9119: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8989:Diplomacy and 8986: 8985: 8978: 8971: 8963: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8938: 8928: 8918: 8910: 8900: 8892: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8850: 8845:Returning Echo 8840: 8832: 8824: 8816: 8798: 8790: 8780: 8770: 8760: 8752: 8744: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8710:Accountability 8705: 8693: 8683: 8675: 8667: 8659: 8655:First Intifada 8651: 8641: 8633: 8629:Bus 300 affair 8625: 8617: 8607: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8570: 8560: 8552: 8544: 8536: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8498:Yom Kippur War 8494: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8425: 8417: 8409: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8326:United Nations 8323: 8321:European Union 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8295:United Kingdom 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8129:al-Mourabitoun 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8012:Ba'athist Iraq 8005: 8000: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7654: 7652:Discrimination 7649: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7484:Military ranks 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7464:National Guard 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7342:Prime Minister 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7196:Modern history 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6540: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6488:Regnal titles 6485: 6484: 6464: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6446: 6436: 6424: 6423: 6407: 6406:External links 6404: 6401: 6400: 6374: 6342: 6312: 6289: 6267: 6241: 6230:on 17 May 2008 6211: 6185: 6159: 6148:. Riyadh. 2013 6130: 6097: 6071: 6041: 6020: 5989: 5963: 5934: 5908: 5882: 5860: 5834: 5808: 5782: 5752: 5726: 5722:New York Times 5703: 5677: 5651: 5625: 5599: 5573: 5538: 5512: 5490: 5464: 5452:Channel 4 News 5446:Fatima Manji. 5438: 5420: 5398: 5375: 5349: 5323: 5297: 5264: 5235: 5204: 5176: 5164:Foreign Policy 5150: 5139:. 16 June 2011 5124: 5098: 5068: 5048:Cohen Milstein 5032: 5005: 4979: 4957: 4932: 4906: 4880: 4844: 4821: 4795: 4765: 4742: 4716: 4686: 4675:. 21 June 2017 4660: 4653: 4633: 4626: 4606: 4595:on 2 July 2021 4580: 4567:The Daily Star 4554: 4547: 4527: 4523:Foreign Policy 4500: 4474: 4441: 4411: 4385: 4353: 4327: 4302: 4271: 4243: 4217: 4202: 4176: 4153: 4127: 4097: 4068: 4042: 4016: 3990: 3963: 3937: 3910: 3903: 3878: 3867:(115): 27–32. 3847: 3817: 3795: 3769: 3753: 3724: 3705: 3679: 3654: 3632: 3606: 3570: 3541: 3515: 3485: 3463: 3451: 3428: 3405: 3382: 3359: 3336: 3315: 3289: 3262: 3233: 3207: 3181: 3151: 3125: 3101: 3075: 3044: 3033:on 7 June 2011 3013: 2986: 2965: 2938: 2916: 2890: 2879:(242): 29–32. 2863: 2834: 2812: 2791:The New Yorker 2770: 2733: 2710: 2680: 2673: 2653: 2618: 2611: 2588: 2575:(Policy Paper) 2542: 2535: 2509: 2502: 2482: 2455: 2430: 2419:(4): 587–601. 2398: 2379: 2339: 2315: 2284: 2277: 2257: 2230: 2211:(3): 445–460. 2195: 2166: 2136: 2106: 2078: 2052: 2028: 2006: 1983: 1959: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1855: 1852: 1814:in the world. 1802: 1799: 1788: 1785: 1733:herniated disc 1720: 1717: 1648: 1645: 1613:Prince Mishaal 1607: 1604: 1560: 1557: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1496: 1493: 1446: 1443: 1416:Jacques Chirac 1405:Lech Kaczyński 1396: 1393: 1376: 1373: 1356: 1355:Guantánamo Bay 1353: 1340: 1337: 1309:Adel al-Jubeir 1305:David Petraeus 1303:, and General 1273: 1270: 1252: 1249: 1244:Michelle Obama 1201: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1181:Saud Al Faisal 1101: 1098: 1024:Vladimir Putin 973: 970: 957: 954: 918:George W. Bush 854:Abdullah with 847: 844: 804: 803:Second in line 801: 773: 770: 728: 725: 631:King Abdulaziz 589: 588: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 568: 563: 557: 556: 553: 552: 548: 547: 539: 538: 536: 535: 533:Princess Abeer 530: 528:Princess Adila 525: 520: 518:Prince Mishaal 515: 510: 505: 496:36, including: 494: 493: 492: 490: 476: 475: 473: 472: 469: 464: 461: 458: 455: 449: 446: 436: 435: 434: 432: 428: 427: 421: 417: 413: 412: 409:(aged 90) 403: 399: 398: 380: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 356: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 329: 320: 319: 318: 317: 315: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 268: 262: 261: 256: 254: 248: 247: 241: 237: 236: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 200: 194: 193: 190: 188: 182: 181: 175: 171: 170: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 147: 143: 142: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 99: 95: 94: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 61: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9556: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9086:1946–47 9085: 9083: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9007: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8979: 8977: 8972: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8923:Breaking Dawn 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8785:Autumn Clouds 8781: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8448:Samu incident 8445: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335:Former states 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314:Transnational 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8300:United States 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215:Holy War Army 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089:Army of Islam 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050:Organizations 8048: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008:Iraqi Kingdom 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7989:All-Palestine 7987: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7971:Organizations 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7113: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6915:King Abdullah 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6814: 6809: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6787: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6661: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6558:King Abdullah 6555: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475:1 August 1924 6474: 6469: 6468: 6467:House of Saud 6459: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6410: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6325:Royal Embassy 6322: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6277: 6271: 6256:. 19 May 2008 6255: 6251: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6147: 6146:Janadria Farm 6143: 6137: 6135: 6118: 6114: 6113:The Telegraph 6109: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5640: 5639:Bloomberg L.P 5636: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5500: 5494: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5312:. 1 June 2018 5311: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5280:The Telegraph 5276: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4691: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4627:9780709951292 4623: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4548:9781136511578 4544: 4541:. 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